Essay communism and capitalism

brevity essay Brevity is a magazine that has been publishing well-known and emerging writers in essay communism, brief (750 words or less) essay form, craft essays and book reviews.The mission has been to publish new writers but Brevity has also enjoyed well known writers such as two Pulitzer prize writers, NEA individuals, Pushcart winners, and Best American authors. Taking a look at three essays in particular from Spring; “Can You Teach Me How To Dance Real Slow” by Allison Williams and “Letter to a Future Lover” by Ander Monson, and So Little by Josey Foo in 2014 the authors do a fantastic job of painting a picture in our minds of the emotions being experienced by the individuals in the text . Within the Winter publications we find essay’s such as “The Hard Part of Community College” written by Heal Mcknight in 2012 then “Seascape with Eagle, Driftwood, Ravens, Seagull, Two Men and essay, Their Phones” by Nicole Stellon O’Donnell in 2014, then also Girl Fight by essay, Joey Franklin written in 2014. In these essay’s from Spring and building, Winter there are different way’s the authors describe imagery and the tones they use in the essays. Focusing on essay communism and capitalism the differences in imagery and dissertations, tones between Spring and Winter will allow us to see if the times of year affect what individuals are writing about and publishing in Brevity. The imagery that winter paints in its 2014 “Seascape with Eagle, Driftwood, Ravens, Seagull, Two Men and and capitalism, Their Phones” is a descriptive picture that carries symbolism of the introduction history essay unknown. Then in the 2012 essay the imagery gives the picture of and capitalism what it is like at community college as a teacher. When taking a look at the Spring pieces we can see a distinct desire to portray a strong emotion. In “Can You Teach Me How To Dance Real Slow” there seems to be a strong desire to dissertations, escape, the author does a fantastic job of allowing us as the reader to see and essay, even feel this as we read through the words. When taking a look at “Letter To A Future Lover”, there is a cry for answers. The letter is clearly directed at a specific audience, but the reader is left without an answer throughout the entire piece causing them to feel the confusion the writer speaks of. In Girl fight (winter) the author puts you right there in the middle of the hallway as he chases Marty out the doors.

You feel the excitement of a fight about to break out. You can picture what’s about to happen next. In spring 2014 So Little its almost as if the author is telling a dream. Its seems to be real but at the same time you are unsure. Spring Versus Winter Tone. Within Winter 2012 publications took on a form of brief vivid prose.

They focused on inadvertent idiocy, stillness, gunfire, family funerals, how quickly gossip travels, almonds, narrative and fire paper, our selection about community college. “The Hard Part of Community College” is a touching essay. Communism And Capitalism! It is to family history a grim story of essay communism a college student who has attended a writing class and within his writing the teacher discovers who this young man is. The tone is humble while the teacher describes how this young man disappeared from his class: “Your students just disappear sometimes, “You never know why. They’re just completely gone. Robert Frost Fire Research Paper! It’s the hard part of community college.” This teacher exhibits sadness and then later grace and empathy for one of essay his students. The tone of Winter 2014 is insightful and sincere. The writer describes what is going on between two men taking a picture, an eagle and also a seagull. A sense of curiosity comes from the writer as she describes herself as the introduction to family history essay only object unnoticed. She then describes her uncertainty of what is essay communism really happening and if what she has seen is true. Inside the Spring Issue 2014 the building dissertations pieces were similar to winter in a sense that they were a brief snap of an emotional scene. “Can You Teach Me How To Dance Real Slow” is an essay that begs for escape. It talks of a child forced to and capitalism, grow up way too fast, using elements of music and dance to paint a picture of desperation.

The girl in this essay is e-business trapped in a world of sin when all she wants to do is be young. She uses the songs played to predict the mood of the DJ and how the audience will react to her dance; “If a DJ doesn’t like you he plays ‘Superfreak’ or ‘Bye Bye Miss American Pie’. One’s an insult, the other just takes forever.” Taking a look at “Letter to a Future Lover”, the author stumbles across a love letter written within the binding of the book. The prose is read at a quick pace as we follow the author through their curiosity as to who the communism and capitalism letter was written for. We follow the lover as they draw our hearts into their every thought. The Difference In Writing Upon Seasons. Knowing that seasons affect individuals emotions and feelings it makes sense that it might affect what people write about, the imagery used as well as the tone.

Winter is known to be a time where more individuals feel depressed or sad. While Spring is a time that individuals are happy and energetic. Buy Essays Online Secure Page! Within Brevity we can see the essay possibility of to family history essay how the seasons affect writing. Like in essay and capitalism, “Can you Teach me How to Dance Real Slow” we get a surprisingly light take on in organizations thesis a yet soreal essay from a stripper while the sincere tone of “The Hard Part of Community College” comes off more serious. The imagery provided within the “Seascape with Eagle, Driftwood, Ravens, Seagull, Two Men and Their Phones” is very descriptive and the writer uses a clever set of words after sentences to draw the reader in. The imagery in “Letter to a Future Lover” takes a surprising turn when it comes to communism, tone.

Although it is within the introduction to family essay spring collection it has a darker feel. There is a certain sadness as you read through the words of a lost lover writing to essay communism, their other half. The loss is captured and writing essay, the curiosity felt as questions are left unanswered; “. Was it ever sent? Ever read?”. Winter and Spring Present Different Publications. After our observations of the two seasons of and capitalism writing in steps writing great essay, Brevity we can see the difference in tone and essay communism, imagery enough to conclude that the dissertations seasons do play a role into what individuals write about based from how they feel. Like in Winter when people tend to be the most sad or depressed we get stories of hardships in college and dealing with a student whose writing is revealing in a humbling way. The essay from and capitalism Winter 2014 in history essay, an uncertain and descriptive essay while Spring essay’s such as “Can you Teach Me How To Dance Real Slow” covers a serious topic but in essay and capitalism, a nonchalant manner leading to an undertone of bitterness toward stripping. Great Essay! This is also the case in “Letter to a Future Lover”, there is a slight sound of sadness as the reader is taken through the life of the lover and their desire to be heard. There is communism a sense of realization towards the end of the piece as the author sees their reading of the letter a form of two places essay closure for the writer.

Someone read their letter, heard their words, and took in the emotion trapped within the bindings. There was a definite change in pace when reading through both sets of work. Winter took more time and and capitalism, some pieces required a rereading due to their pace, while Spring work flowed at a much more consistent pace. All essays were very concise in their writing, given the writing great essay nature of “Brevity”, but they were categorized on purpose to allow the reader to see the differences seasons can have on words. May 2014:Issue 46 “Can You Teach Me How To Dance Real Slow”. Allison Williams. May 5, 2014. Spring 2012: Issue 39 “Letter To A Future Lover”. Essay Communism! Ander Monson.

April 27, 2012. Winter 2014: Issue 45 “Seascape with Eagle, Driftwood, Ravens, Seagull, Two Men and Their Phones”. Dissertations! Nicole Stellon O’Donnell. January 18, 2014.

SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips. Just as with most essays, the major secret to excelling on the SAT essay is to pre-plan the examples and essay evidence you want to use. But wait! I hear you cry. Can you do that on the new SAT essay? Isn’t the point of the essay that you’re supposed to be using information from the passage in your answer, which you don’t know about ahead of time? The answer: Yes and no. While the specifics of each example will obviously change, depending on the passage, the types of examples you choose to contrast discuss (and the way you explain each example builds the author’s argument) can be defined, and thus prepared for, ahead of time.

In this article, we give you 6 good SAT essay examples you’ll be able to find in nearly every prompt the SAT throws at you. By assembling a collection of these reliable examples that can answer most prompts, you'll cut down on planning time and significantly increase the amount you can write, making you able to walk into every SAT essay confident in essay communism and capitalism, your abilities. If you haven’t already read our introduction to the SAT essay prompt, read it now. This will give you a good idea of what the SAT essay assignment looks like. Then come back to dissertations this article. The SAT essay prompts have several important things in common: They’re all passages that try to convince the reader of the veracity of the author’s claim They’re all around the same length (650-750 words) They’re all meant to be analyzed and essay and capitalism written about in a relatively short period of time (50 minutes) This means that you can have a pretty good idea ahead of time of what types of argument-building techniques you might see when you open the booklet on test day. Buy Essays Online Page. The main techniques the author uses aren't going to be overly complex (like the first letter of every word spelling out a secret code), because you just don’t have the time to analyze and write about complex techniques.

And because of communism that, you can prepare yourself with SAT essay examples that’ll be likely to found across persuasive passages about many different issues —we've provided some ideas below. We've chosen two examples of steps writing great essay evidence, two examples of reasoning, and communism and capitalism two examples of stylistic/persuasive elements you can use as stellar evidence to support your thesis . Play to the features of the secure page, passage – if there are a lot of facts/statistics, make sure to discuss that; if it dwells more on personal anecdotes/appeals to emotion, discuss those. For each example below, we also show you how you can use the type of evidence to essay and capitalism support your thesis across a range of in organizations prompts. This should prove to you how effective pre-planned examples are. So, without further ado, onto our list of multipurpose support for any SAT Essay prompt. The most basic way author builds an argument is by supporting claims with evidence . Essay. There are many different kinds of evidence author might use to support her/his point, but I'm just going to discuss the two big ones I've seen in the various official SAT Essay prompts that have been released. These two types of evidence are Facts and Statistics and Anecdotes . Example Type #1: Facts and thesis Statistics.

Employing statistics and essay communism and capitalism facts to thesis bolster one's argument is essay communism one of the most unassailable methods authors can use to build an argument. This argument-building technique is particularly common in essays written about scientific or social studies-related topics, where specific data and building dissertations facts are readily available. Statistics usually show up in the form of specific numbers related to the topic at hand - maybe as percents, or maybe as a way to communicate other data. Here're a couple of examples of statistics from an official SAT essay prompt, Let There Be Dark by Paul Bogard: Example : 8 of 10 children born in the United States will never know a sky dark enough for the Milky Way. Example : In the United States and Western Europe, the amount of light in the sky increases an essay and capitalism, average of about 6% every year. Factual evidence can also be in the form of steps essay non-numerical information. Often, you'll see facts presented with references to the research study, survey, expert, or other source from which they're drawn. Here's another example from Let There Be Dark: Example : Already the World Health Organization classifies working the night shift as a probable human carcinogen.

Another form of evidence that is often used as an alternative to actual facts or statistics is the anecdote. This type of evidence is most often found in speeches or other sorts of essay prompts that are written as a personal address to the reader. An anecdote is essay communism and capitalism a short story about compare essay, a real person or event . When an author discusses own personal experience or personal experience of someone they know or have heard of, that's anecdotal evidence. Here's an example of (part of) an anecdote from an official SAT essay prompt that was adapted from a foreword by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter: One of the most unforgettable and humbling experiences of communism our lives occurred on the coastal plain. We had hoped to see caribou during our trip, but to our amazement, we witnessed the migration of tens of thousands of buy essays secure caribou with their newborn calves. In a matter of a few minutes, the sweep of tundra before us became flooded with life, with the sounds of grunting animals and clicking hooves filling the air.

The dramatic procession of the Porcupine caribou herd was a once-in-a-lifetime wildlife spectacle. We understand firsthand why some have described this special birthplace as “America’s Serengeti.” Even though anecdotes aren't statistics or facts, they can be powerful because it’s more relatable/interesting to the reader to read an anecdote than to essay be presented with dry, boring facts. People tend to put more faith in experiences if they can personally connect with the experiences (even though that doesn't actually affect how likely or not a statement is to buy essays page be true). In the example above, rather than discussing the statistics that support the creation of wildlife refuges, Jimmy Carter instead uses an anecdote about experiencing the wonder of nature to illustrate the same point - probably more effectively. Essay And Capitalism. By inviting the reader to robert and ice paper experience vicariously the majesty of essay communism witnessing the migration of the Porcupine caribou, Carter activates the reader's empathy towards wildlife preservation and so makes it more likely that the reader will agree with him that wildlife refuges are important. All authors use reasoning to some extent, but it’s not always a major part of how the author builds her/his argument. It's not always enough just to robert frost fire and ice paper throw out support for a claim – an essay communism, author may choose to use reasoning to explain how the evidence presented actually builds the argument. Example Type #3: Counterarguments and Counterclaims. One way in which an author might use reasoning to persuade the reader to accept the claim being put forward is to discuss a counterargument, or counterclaim, to the author's main point.

The discussion (and subsequent neutralization) of writing great counterarguments is found in prompts across all subject areas. A counterargument or counterclaim is simply another point of view that contradicts (either fully or partially) the author's own argument. Essay Communism. When some might claim, however, or other contrast words and phrases show up in an essay prompt, the author is likely presenting a counterclaim. Here's an example of an effective presentation (and negation) of a counter claim from an robert frost research, official SAT essay prompt, The Digital Parent Trap by and capitalism Eliana Dockterman: “You could say some computer games develop creativity,” says Lucy Wurtz, an administrator at the Waldorf School in Los Altos, Calif., minutes from Silicon Valley. “But I don’t see any benefit. Waldorf kids knit and build things and paint—a lot of really practical and creative endeavors.” But it’s not that simple. Great Essay. While there are dangers inherent in communism, access to buy essays secure page Facebook, new research suggests that social-networking sites also offer unprecedented learning opportunities. So how does bringing up an communism and capitalism, opposing point of dissertations view help an essay communism, author build her argument? It may seem counterintuitive that discussing a counterargument actually strengthens the main argument. Online Secure Page. However, as you can see in the brief example above, giving some space to another point of essay communism and capitalism view serves to make it seem as if the discussion’s going to buy essays online page be more “fair.” This is communism still true whether the author delves into the counterargument or if the author only robert research briefly mentions an opposing point of view before moving on. But a true discussion of the communism, counterargument , as is present in Dockterman's article, also shows a deeper understanding of the topic than if the article only presented a one-sided argument . And because it demonstrates that the author knows the topic well enough to be able to see the e-business in organizations, issue from multiple sides, it means that the reader is and capitalism more likely to trust that the author's claims are well-thought out and worth believing.

In the case of the Dockterman article, the author not only mentions the opposite point of compare contrast two places view but also takes the time to essay and capitalism get a quote from someone who supports the opposing viewpoint. This even-handedness makes her following claim that it's not that simple more believable, since she doesn't appear to be presenting a one-sided argument. Example Type #4: Explanation of Evidence. In some cases, the clarity with which the author links her evidence and her claims is integral to the author's argument. As the College Board Official SAT Study Guide says, Reasoning is the connective tissue that holds an argument together. It’s the “thinking” — the logic, the analysis — that develops the introduction to family history, argument and communism ties the claim and evidence together. This is one of the trickier argument-building techniques to discuss (at least in my opinion), because while it is present in many essay prompts, it isn't always a major persuasive feature.

You can pretty easily identify an author's explanation of evidence if the author connects claims to support and explains it , rather than just throwing out evidence without much ceremony or linking to the claim; however, whether or not the explanation of the evidence is a major contributing factor to the author's argument is e-business in organizations thesis somewhat subjective. Here's a pretty clear instance of a case where an author uses explanations of essay communism and capitalism each piece of evidence she discusses to logically advance her argument (again from the Dockterman passage): And at MIT’s Education Arcade, playing the in organizations thesis, empire-building game Civilization piqued students’ interest in history and communism and capitalism was directly linked to an improvement in compare contrast two places essay, the quality of their history-class reports. Unfortunately, the explanation the essay communism, Official SAT Study Guide gives for how to discuss an author's reasoning is a little vague: You may decide to e-business in organizations thesis discuss how the author uses (or fails to use) clear, logical reasoning to draw a connection between a claim and the evidence supporting that claim. But how exactly you should go about doing this? And wh y is it persuasive to clearly explain the link between evidence and claim? In general, when an author explains the logic behind her argument or point, the communism and capitalism, reader can follow along and understand the author’s argument better (which in some cases makes it more likely the reader will agree with the author). In the Dockterman example above, the author clearly lays out introduction history essay, data ( Civilization leads to improvements in history class), a claim (this is because of engagement with the game and thus the communism, subject material), provides data that back up that claim (retention rate skyrockets when students do things for themselves), and links that smaller claim to a larger concept (actively browsing pages on a computer or tablet is contrast essay way more brain-stimulating than vegging out in essay communism, front of the TV). Compare Two Places. This clear pattern of data-explanation-more data-more explanation enables the reader to follow along with Dockterman's points. It's more persuasive because, rather than just being told Civilization leads to improvements in history and having to essay communism and capitalism take it on steps essay, faith, the reader is forced to reenact the thinking processes that led to and capitalism the argument, engaging with the topic on a deeper level.

Examples of Stylistic/Persuasive Elements. This final category of examples is the top layer of writing argument building. The foundation of a good argument is evidence, which is often explained and elucidated by reasoning, but it is essay often the addition of stylistic or persuasive elements like an ironic tone or a rhetorical flourish that seals the deal. Vivid language is truly the icing on the persuasive cake. As with explanations of evidence, vivid language can be found across all topics of essay prompts (although they usually play a larger role when the passage is in organizations light on facts or logic). Vivid language is pretty easy to spot - it shows itself in similes, metaphors, adjectives, or any words that jump out at you that don’t seem to have purely functional purposes . Here are a couple of examples - the first is Paul Bogard again: …show that what was a very dark country as recently as the essay and capitalism, 1950s is now nearly covered with a blanket of light. This example is relatively restrained, using the metaphor of a blanket of light to add emphasis to Bogard's discussion of light pollution.

A more striking example can be found in another official SAT essay prompt, adapted from secure Martin Luther King, Jr.'s speech Beyond Vietnam - A Time To Break Silence: Vietnam continued to draw men and skills and money like some demonic destructive suction tube. Vivid language is an effective argument building device because it puts the essay and capitalism, reader in the author’s shoes and building dissertations draws them into essay communism, the passage . If used in moderation, vivid language will also make the topic more interesting for the reader to read, thus engaging them further. In the excerpt taken from Martin Luther King Jr.'s speech above, the phrase demonic destructive suction tube is startling and provocative, meant to rouse the audience's indignation at the injustice and waste of the Vietnam war. If King had left out the compare two places essay, second part of the sentence and essay only said, Vietnam continued to compare contrast draw men and skills and essay communism and capitalism money, his point would not have had as big of an dissertations, impact.

Example Type #6: Direct Addresses and Appeals to the Reader. The last category I'll be discussing in this article are direct addresses and appeals to the reader. These stylistic elements are found across all sorts of different passage topics, although as with the previous category, these elements usually play a larger role when the and capitalism, passage is light on facts or logic. Direct addresses and appeals to the reader are wordings or other stylistic devices specifically designed to provoke a response (often emotional) in the reader . This category covers many different elements, from appeals to emotion to rhetorical questions. Here's an example of an appeal to building dissertations emotion, taken again from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s speech: Perhaps a more tragic recognition of reality took place when it became clear to me that the essay communism and capitalism, war was doing far more than devastating the e-business in organizations thesis, hopes of the poor at home. It was sending their sons and their brothers and their husbands to fight and to die in extraordinarily high proportions relative to the rest of the population.

And here's an example of a rhetorical question (from the Paul Bogard article): Who knows what this vision of the night sky might inspire in each of us, in essay, our children or grandchildren? Appealing to the emotions , as Martin Luther King, Jr. does in his speech, is an alternate route to persuasion, as it causes readers to emotionally (rather than logically) agree with the author . By describing how the building, war was causing their sons and their brothers and their husbands to communism fight and die, King reminds the reader of the terrible costs of war, playing upon their emotions to get them to agree that the introduction essay, Vietnam War is a mistake, particularly for the poor. Rhetorical questions , on the other hand, get the readers to step into the author's world. By reading and thinking about the author's question, the reader engages with the topic on a deeper level than if the reader were just given a statement of what the author thinks . In the case of the Bogard example above, the essay communism and capitalism, rhetorical question draws the reader into thinking about compare essay, his/her descendants, a group of people for whom the reader (presumably) only wishes the best, which then puts the essay, reader into a positive mood (assuming the reader likes his/her descendants). As you can see, these examples of different argumentative techniques can be extracted from a lot of different article types for a wide range of topics . E-business Thesis. This is because the examples themselves are so meaningful and complex that they can be used to discuss a lot of issues. The main point is, you don't have to wait until you see the prompt to develop an arsenal of types of essay communism and capitalism argument-building techniques you can use to support your points. Instead, preparing beforehand how you’ll discuss these techniques will save you a lot of time and anxiety when the steps great, test rolls around . If you're reading this article, you probably want to excel on the SAT essay. We've written a bunch of detailed guides to make sure you do. Took the and capitalism, old SAT and not sure how the new essay compares to the old?

Start with our article about robert fire research paper, what’s changed with the communism and capitalism, new SAT essay, then investigate the SAT essay rubric for further edification. Want to score a perfect SAT score? Check out our guide on how to score a perfect SAT score, written by building dissertations our resident perfect scorer. How happy would you be with adding an extra 160 SAT points to your score ? If it's a lot, check out our guide to how you should study to essay communism improve your SAT score by 160 points: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article!

Laura graduated magna cum laude from Wellesley College with a BA in Music and Psychology, and earned a Master's degree in e-business, Composition from the essay communism and capitalism, Longy School of Music of Bard College. She scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and GRE and loves advising students on how to steps writing great excel in high school. You should definitely follow us on social media. Essay Communism And Capitalism. You'll get updates on our latest articles right on your feed. Follow us on all 3 of our social networks:

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I had a job for 7 years and compare contrast, during that time I wore many hats, Executive Admin, Purchasing, Vendor Management, Project Coordination, etc. How would I write that on my resume? Perhaps the Company name and then all the essay communism and capitalism related roles under that and the times I did those jobs? I was always the Executive Admin, but I did other jobs during that period. Yes, your suggestion is correct. Writing Great. Start with the company name and included the related jobs with their own bullet points underneath. Essay Communism. Good luck! Consider trying the ‘Job Hopper’ or the ‘Executive.’ They should able to thesis, fit all your jobs nicely.

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Which resume template would you recommend for contrast essay, someone trying to tap into the finance and essay, accounting market. Looking for dissertations, an entry-level position. You should go with the ‘Entry-Level’ template. Good luck with the job hunt. I have worked 32+ years as a nurse, the last 4 years taking care of my elderly father and communism and capitalism, online work. Now seeking to get back into the job market for extra income, not necessarily in the health field, just to building, earn some income and socialize. Essay Communism And Capitalism. What resume do you suggest? Try the great ‘Job Hopper’ template.

Good luck with your job search! Hi! What resume template would you recommend for a 9th grader trying to apply for essay, a doctor (any)?? Apparently, resume making and interviewing is frost fire, our project for essay communism, the fourth quarter this year. I couldn’t find any clear examples on the web, and I was hoping you could help me out with what template I should use.. Try using the ‘Elegant 2.0’ template. Good luck on your project.

Yes, if you click the e-business thesis View all Resume Designs button and click the download link for the template pack of your choice. If you’ve never written a resume before, I’d recommend checking out our “How to Write a Resume” guide to essay communism and capitalism, get a clearer idea (it’s much more comprehensive than any answer I can give here). https://resumegenius.com/how-to-write-a-resume. Hit us up with any follow-up questions after giving that a read we’ll see if we can help further! Good luck! Hey there Margaret, In order to best understand which template works, it’s a good idea to check out which resume format fits your particular needs; then you can take it from steps there. https://resumegenius.com/resume-formats. All of the templates were created by professional resume writers, so it’s hard to go wrong with any of essay communism, them — it just depends on your preference. Good luck!

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As an aside, you may want to online page, look into and capitalism whether you’re qualified to get back into accounting after that many years outside of the e-business in organizations thesis field. I understand that some regulations and rules change over the years — it may just be a matter of taking a test or updating your certifications, but I’m not certain. Essay And Capitalism. If that doesn’t seem to steps, be a problem then go with the functional resume for communism and capitalism, sure. Good luck on the job hunt! If you are lacking in major experience, I’d recommend using a reverse chronological format for your resume. Introduction History Essay. Our “Classic” template on this page should do the trick: https://resumegenius.com/resume-templates/ Good luck at the job fair! I recommend you first check out our internship resume sample page: https://resumegenius.com/resume-samples/internship-resume-example. Afterwards, feel free to choose any format – just use a comprehensive education section instead of a professional experience section, and you should be good.

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How To Make An Appendix In An Essay 728277. This topic contains 0 replies, has 1 voice, and was last updated by libanchetamel 4 days, 20 hours ago. Communism? How To Make An Appendix In An Essay. Building? How to Write an Appendix for an Essay | The Pen and The Pad An appendix serves both the communism reader and the writer of a research paper . Essay? In the appendix , writers can include material that supports their theses but that would be Using an Appendix | Essay Help UK Essays Our professional essay writers can assist you with writing an appendix or even a whole essay including references and a bibliography. Find out more here:. And Capitalism? Appendices UNE to explain your findings in the essay or report that you have written.

Some examples from student essays . Robert And Ice Research Paper? 4. Appendices may include some of the following:. The Easiest Way to Write an Appendix wikiHow 29 Sep 2016 Include raw data. The appendix should be a space where you can include raw data that you collected during your research for your paper or Q. How do I do an APPENDIX in APA style? Answers title page; abstract; text of paper ; references list; tables; figures; appendices To refer to the Appendix within your text, write , (see Appendix A) at the end of the How to Write an Appendix essay writing help from Essay.uk.com A written appendix works in much the same way as an essay communism and capitalism appendix in the human digestive system remove it, and the body will still function perfectly well without it. How to Write an Appendix YouTube 1 Oct 2010 Watch more How to steps writing essay Write a Book videos: http://www.howcast.com/videos/383550- An appendix can be added at the end of an essay to Writing an Appendix Adding Non-Essensial Information to Papers For longer papers , containing a wealth of essay and capitalism, information, writing an appendix is a useful way of including information that would otherwise clutter up the paper and compare two places essay How to communism and capitalism reference an appendix (Harvard)? The Student Room For the essay in-text reference I just put ( Appendix 1) for image 1, essay do i have to cite that again in the essay and put the appendix number? Referencing your own appendices in your text RGU Harvard People often get confused about how to reference an appendix to their work, but the answer#039;s easy – you don#039;t reference the appendix itself.

All you need to do. Appendices Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper. 22 Sep 2017 Appendices are always supplementary to the research paper . As such, your It is appropriate to include appendices for the following reasons:. Appendices Monash University These contain material that is too detailed to essay communism include in the main report, such as raw data or detailed drawings. The conventions for appendices are as follows:. Using appendices in your report UniLearning UOW Examples of information that could be included in building, an appendix include figures/tables/charts/graphs of results, statistics, questionnaires, transcripts of interviews, How to essay communism lay out an essay University of Glasgow Do not put your name on the title page or elsewhere in the essay . Robert Fire? quotation mark before the full stop (see below, Appendix 1, first sentence in the mock essay ); WRITING EFFECTIVE REPORTS AND ESSAYS 6 Conclusions. 7 Summary. 8 Recommendations. 9 Appendices (and don#039;t forget the reference list when writing an academic report). B. The Format of a Report. Full Paper with Appendices University of Oregon Programs relevant to essay this paper please see Appendix A. Literature . usually between 5-10 cents, because they perform well and will make money for frost paper Google.

An appendix to a dissertation Scribbr 8 Sep 2014 You can use appendices to make sure your paper is not too long, avoid disrupting the text with a lot of tables and figures, and essay communism and capitalism add background Works Cited List Sample Paper MLA Citation Guide (8th Edition If you are adding an appendix to your paper there are a few rules to follow that comply with MLA guidelines: The Appendix appears before the Works Cited list Writing A Law Dissertation Appendix Law Teacher Unless your institution stipulates that you must produce an appendix , the best advice is to buy essays avoid producing Law Essay Writing Service Essay Marking Service. Purdue OWL: Writing in essay, Psychology: Experimental Report Writing 12 Mar 2013 Appendices allow you to include detailed information in your paper that would be distracting in the main body of the building paper . Examples of items Q. How should I cite my paper#039;s appendices in-text for APA format Note: This is an answer only for citing appendices you create in the body of essay communism, your paper . Introduction To Family? If you are looking for information on how to cite sources within your. Essay? 12 Feb 2009 Note: An author note is optional for robert fire students writing class papers , theses, and . HomeNet project (see Appendix A for more information on essay and capitalism the Running head: SAMPLE APA PAPER FOR STUDENTS 1 Sample UV You may not have to include an abstract with your paper ; if in doubt, ask your . Refer to the table in e-business, the Appendix of essay, this guide for more information about. Introduction To Family? 059 English Essay , Junior English essays , appendix page Appendix page research paper Of the essay and capitalism research officer at the bibliography. Essay , Junior English essays , appendix page research paper Online Writing Lab. Introduction To Family History Essay? Appendix I: Writing the Paper Writing About Art If the subject of the paper is communism a work in a museum, go to the museum as soon as Make sure you record all bibliographic information (see Appendix III: Citation Writing an Essay /Dissertation University of Essex Writing an Essay /Dissertation (with an appendix on #039;reading a paper #039;). Remember you are writing an essay with the following purposes in mind: To show the How to Write an to family essay Appendix | Howcast The best how-to videos on the An appendix can be added at the end of an essay to essay present supplemental information that will aid the reader in in organizations thesis, understanding the material presented. Incorporating music examples How to communism and capitalism incorporate music examples into your writing of steps writing essay, your text and make clear exactly what point it essay rather than in essay, an Appendix at the end [See B].

APA Resources Appendicies When you refer to introduction to family history essay your appendix in the body of your paper , write something like: A copy of the essay and capitalism survey used can be found in Appendix B. Don#039;t give a page Visuals Appendices APA @ Conestoga This section explains how to include visuals such as figures (graphs, photographs, etc.), tables, and appendices in your paper . This section covers. Figures.

constrast essay An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers. Despite vanquishing his opponents in the long series of civil wars 49-45 BC, Caesar did little to communism address the underlying ills of the Republic. His concerns were first and foremost the defeat in the field of his political opponents. During these years, and following his final victory, he was content to compare maintain control by a combination of the consulship and the revived, albeit reviled, dictatorship. Extensive and excessive honors of all sorts were also voted to Caesar by a sycophantic senate: he refused none, save attempts to crown him king. Communism And Capitalism. Nevertheless, his broad disregard for tradition and precedent, and the general air of arrogance and high-handedness that marked Caesar's dealings with his peers, made him appear Rome's king in all but name. To be sure, he passed various items of legislation dealing with immediate problems (for instance, debt relief or the calendar), but he made no serious effort to systematize his position or tackle the issues that had generated the Roman Revolution in the first place. In fact, in the last months of his life he was planning to leave Rome for several years to campaign against the Parthians in the East.

That the cabal of nobles who conspired to building dissertations kill Caesar included disaffected members of his own party constitutes stark testimony as to the effects of Caesar's tactlessness. Communism. On 15 March, 44 BC C. Julius Caesar, dictator for life, was surrounded by the conspirators at a meeting of the senate and cut down with twenty-three stab wounds. He died at the foot of a statue of his great rival, Pompey. The senatorial Liberators, covered in blood and brandishing their daggers, rushed out to accept the gratitude of the building liberated. They met with a somewhat different reception. The people had loved Caesar, even if his recent behavior had been disappointing [[3]] . The Liberators, who were led by L. Cassius Longinus and M. Junius Brutus, held public meetings in the Forum, but the reaction of the people was equivocal at best. Essay. The senate, meeting on buy essays online page, March 17, vacillated and essay communism and capitalism, declared an building, amnesty for the Liberators (inferring legitimacy for their act of tyrannicide) while ratifying all of Caesar's acts and decreeing him a public funeral in the Forum (inferring legitimacy for Caesar's power). It may have seemed a workable compromise, but when Caesar's mutilated body was displayed to the crowd and communism and capitalism, the contents of his will were made public--in which some gardens were bequeathed to the public and an individual stipend given to each member of the Roman people--the dam of emotion burst and rioting ensued.

The Liberators fled the history essay city. Essay. Power seemed firmly in the hands of the pro-Caesar camp and, in particular, in introduction to family history essay those of M. Antonius (Mark Antony), Caesar's right-hand man. Communism. The dictator's will, however, had contained something of a political bombshell that was to shake this situation to its foundations. For Caesar named as his chief heir and adopted son one of history, his three great-nephews, C. Octavius. The nature of the relationship between Caesar and the young Octavius is and capitalism, not clear. Dio claims (45.1.2) that after Octavius reached maturity (in 48 BC), Caesar took him in and began training him to be his successor. This assertion is clearly more informed by later imperial behavior than by Late Republican practice, and is unlikely in e-business any case, since Caesar was much occupied with the civil wars at this time (49-45 BC). There is no evidence that the two actually met before Octavius was in his mid-teens, but that the dictator noticed Octavius is hardly to and capitalism be doubted.

Suetonius ( Aug . 8.1) presents a more likely series of events. In 48 BC the young Octavius was elected to the pontifical college. When Caesar celebrated his multiple triumphs in September 46 BC, Octavius took part in the procession and was accorded military honors. At some time in this period, Octavius was also adlected into the patrician order. He then followed Caesar to Spain when the latter went to e-business in organizations thesis fight the Pompeians at Munda (45 BC). He earned the admiration of the dictator for the daring of and capitalism, his journey, which included a shipwreck; he was to show this same daring repeatedly in future months and years. In 44 BC Caesar nominated the magistrates several years in advance (another shunning of tradition on Caesar's part), and the young man was included as his Master of compare contrast two places, Horse for 43 or 42 BC. Despite these indications of favor, it is fair to say that in the broad scheme of things Octavius was a non-player and a political nobody in March 44 BC, when his great-uncle was killed.

When he heard of essay communism and capitalism, Caesar's murder, Octavius was in Apollonia in Illyricum, preparing to join Caesar on building, his Parthian campaign. His friends and some senior army officers urged him to take refuge with the army in Macedonia; his family advised that he lie low and come to Rome unthreateningly as a private citizen. He opted for essay communism the latter course of action and arrived in southern Italy, south of robert fire research paper, Brundisium. Here, he heard more details about Caesar's death and of his own adoption. His family, now fearful for his life, urged him to renounce the adoption and inheritance in order to secure his personal safety. In a tremendous act of daring, he instead made directly for Brundisium and the large concentration of communism, troops there. Steps Writing Great Essay. [[5]] Entrance into Politics: April 44-November 43 BC [[6]] Antony paid no attention, at least officially.

He sent no deputations to meet Octavian and inquire as to his intentions. Perhaps he dismissed the youth's actions as a sideshow bearing little relevance to the main thrust of essay and capitalism, politics. [[9]] At that time Antony was deeply occupied with several important matters, not the least being to secure powerful provinces for himself while downgrading those of Cassius and Brutus, the leaders of the Liberators. E-business Thesis. Thus, when Octavian finally entered Rome toward the end of April, Antony continued to ignore him. Octavian kept his cool and arranged a meeting. When he showed up--ironically, in the gardens of Pompey on the Oppian Hill--he was pointedly kept waiting. The ensuing exchange did not go well. [[10]] In subsequent weeks, Antony blocked Octavian's moves to communism and capitalism have his adoption officially recognized and also prevented him from standing for public office.

But Octavian curried favor with the compare essay crowd, and communism, tensions with Antony rose. [[11]] Events around Mutina in e-business in organizations northern Italy brought matters to essay and capitalism a head, both between the Caesarian camp and the Liberators and between Antony and Octavian. E-business In Organizations Thesis. Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus had been a supporter of Caesar's -- and one of his assassins. The dictator had appointed him to the governorship of Cisalpine Gaul (roughly the Po Valley region of essay communism, modern Italy), an appointment confirmed by the senate. The senate had also assigned Antony, consul in building 44 BC, the essay province of Macedonia. Through tribunician legislation in June 44 BC, Antony had his command in Macedonia exchanged for that in proximate and powerful Cisalpine Gaul. Decimus Brutus's term was up at e-business thesis, the end of 44 BC, but Antony decided to assume command of Cisalpine Gaul in November. Decimus Brutus resisted and was supported by essay communism a senate largely well disposed toward the essay Liberators, whom it regarded as tyrannicides. [[12]]

Against this backdrop of looming crisis between the Caesarians and the Liberators, the relationship between Antony and Octavian continued to deteriorate, despite occasional public reconciliations. Antony accused Octavian of plotting against essay him, while Octavian attempted, through agents, to buy essays secure undermine the loyalty of the army that Antony was bringing to Italy from essay Macedonia. Antony went to Brundisium to steps secure his army (things did not go well there for him), at communism and capitalism, which juncture Octavian showed his daring once more. Despite the e-business in organizations thesis risk of being branded a public enemy, he toured the Caesarian colonies of Campania and, relying on old loyalties, raised a private army from among Caesar's veterans, perhaps 10,000 strong. Communism And Capitalism. It was a vivid demonstration of the power of the name Caesar. Antony, meanwhile, returned to Rome and intended to denounce Octavian to the senate when he heard that two of his five legions from Macedonia had defected to Octavian.

Fearing the worst, he took the remainder of his force and hastened to attack Decimus Brutus in Cisalpine Gaul. [[13]] The situation was now highly volatile. Decimus Brutus, backed by e-business the senate, was resisting Antony under arms, and retired to the fortified town of Mutina in Cisalpine Gaul. Antony had four legions, Octavian had five. All the armed parties were mutually antagonistic. The senate, led by Cicero in his last great political action, identified Antony as the greater threat. [[14]] Cicero and Antony were now on opposing sides, following an acrimonious oratorical exchange in the senate that started in September 44 BC. At this crucial juncture, then, Cicero deployed his considerable rhetorical skill to Octavian's benefit and began to champion his cause as a foil to Antony's power. As a result, on communism, 1 January, 43 BC Octavian's essentially illegal command of men under arms was legitimized with a grant of propraetorian power. As such, Octavian continued his preparations to attack Antony, now declared a public enemy, who had begun besieging Decimus Brutus at Mutina. Octavian, now an official representative of the e-business in organizations thesis republic, led his force into the region and moved against Antony. And Capitalism. [[15]]

In two engagements in April, Antony was bested and fled over the Alps to his political allies in Transalpine Gaul. Both consuls for fire research 43 BC, however, perished in essay communism the fighting around Mutina, and Octavian, as the senior commander on the spot, refused to cooperate any further with Decimus Brutus, a murderer of his father. The senators, it appears, hoped that Octavian would now go away. They appointed Decimus Brutus to the overall command against Antony, issued decrees of public thanks to him, and palmed Octavian off with an ovation. When a commission to distribute land to veterans was set up, Octavian was pointedly omitted. Smarting at such insulting treatment, Octavian bided his time and put in requests for introduction a consulship (with Cicero as his colleague) and essay, a triumph.

Meanwhile, Antony was preparing to return to Cisalpine Gaul with enormous forces gained from Caesarian commanders in Transalpine Gaul. The situation remained unstable. Contrast Two Places. [[16]] In the face of essay and capitalism, all these developments, Octavian once more acted with courage and determination, even if with shocking directness. Having secured his army's loyalty, he marched on Rome and seized the city with eight legions. Three legions brought from outside Italy to robert frost fire and ice paper counter him defected. Unsurprisingly, Octavian was elected consul to replace the deceased consuls of 43 BC. He now carried the long-delayed ratification of his adoption, paid out the remainder of Caesar's legacy, revoked the amnesty for the Liberators, and tried and convicted them en masse and in absentia on a single day.

Despite his control of Rome, Octavian's position was perilous. Antony was massing huge forces in essay communism Cisalpine Gaul and, across the online page Adriatic, Cassius and and capitalism, Brutus had taken the opportunity offered by the enmity between the Caesarian leaders to steps writing gain control of most of the eastern empire, it might be noted, with no great regard for and capitalism either legality or scruple. [[17]] These complicated events have been treated here in robert frost and ice research paper detail due to their immense importance in establishing Octavian in the mainstream of Roman politics. Dismissed by Antony and then by the senate as a bit player, he proved repeatedly capable of deft and resolute action in defence of his interests. Essay Communism And Capitalism. On account of his tender years, he lacked the nexus of influential support that most leading Roman politicians, including Antony, found essential to their success and therefore he had to rely more on direct appeals to the mob, his troops, and supporters of Caesar. His actions might not have been always scrupulous or admirable, but Late-Republican politics was a vicious and cutthroat business and e-business, few involved adhered solely to essay and capitalism principle (the Liberators, for buy essays online instance, went about the eastern empire seizing provinces and only had their acts ratified post factum by a compliant senate). Octavian had only two reliable tools available to essay him at this early stage in his career: his name, Caesar, and promises of bounty to the soldiers, and he deployed both with daring and decisiveness when he had to. In the autumn of 43 BC, he was to make his most ambitious move yet. The Triumvirate I: Early Challenges, 43-36 BC.

The rule of the three got off to an inauspicious start. Their first act was the implementation of in organizations, proscriptions, unused since the horrible days of Sulla's dictatorship. Since the essay and capitalism property of the proscribed was forfeited, the main motive of the triumvirs in instigating the terror appears to great essay have been financial, as many of their most implacable enemies were not in Rome or Italy at all but with Brutus and Cassius in the East. A recent interpretation has questioned this view and argues that the proscriptions were a purely political act, designed to root out all opposition to the triumvirs in Italy. Our sources preserve, in excruciating detail, dozens of tragic anecdotes about the communism and capitalism proscribed as well as the text of the chilling proclamation announcing the proscriptions. Cicero, Antony's bitter enemy, was one of the first victims, with Octavian's compliance. The apparent financial reason for the triumvirs' need for money was soon to be made clear, when mass veteran settlements took place. Thousands perished in the chaos and mayhem that inevitably followed hard on the heels of the proscriptions. [[19]]

Next, the Liberators had to be dealt with. Writing Great Essay. After a prelude in and capitalism Africa early in 42 BC, in which a pro-senate governor was ousted by Octavian's appointee, Antony and Octavian moved on Cassius and Brutus in the summer and autumn of that same year. The campaign took place in the Balkans and culminated in a double battle some weeks apart in October at Philippi in Macedonia. Buy Essays Secure. The Liberators were decisively defeated, Cassius and Brutus committed suicide, and the Caesarians established their control over essay communism and capitalism, the whole Roman world. Octavian, who had not played a glorious part in the battles, showed complete implacability in executing any and all of those implicated in the murder of Caesar who fell into his hands. A reshuffling of the e-business provinces was required in light of the new situation: Antony got the East but retained Transalpine and Narbonese Gaul; Octavian got most of the West; Lepidus, fast being overshadowed by his more ambitious and ruthless partners, was effectively sidelined in Africa. Following Philippi, Antony moved east, Octavian returned to Italy, and a new polarization of the Roman world began to communism and capitalism manifest itself. [[20]] In the West, Octavian faced an immediate problem: the settlement of some 40,000 veterans in Italian communities. Veteran settlement was of steps writing, paramount concern, since it spoke to Octavian's trustworthiness as a patron and so could influence the future loyalty of his armies. The procedure entailed the forcible eviction of inhabitants from their land followed by communism and capitalism its redistribution as individual plots among the ex-soldiers. Prior to e-business thesis Philippi, eighteen rich towns in communism and capitalism Italy had been promised to introduction to family the soldiers--now it was time to pay up.

Beginning in 41 BC and continuing for perhaps a year or more afterward, life in the towns and regions selected for settlement underwent massive disruption. It seems that the dispossessed were not compensated for essay communism and capitalism their loss, so that the whole process made Octavian enormously unpopular in Italy. [[21]] This unpopularity generated an opportunity for the opponents of the triumvirate and led to the so-called Perusine War. One of the consuls of 41 BC was L. Antonius, brother of Mark Antony. Online Secure Page. Playing on Octavian's poor reputation among the Italians, he stirred up as much trouble for the triumvir as he could. He began spreading rumors that Antony's veterans were being shabbily treated compared to Octavian's and, along with Antony's wife Fulvia, started lobbying for the dispossessed Italians. His actions carried grave political dangers for Octavian, who could not allow army loyalties to essay and capitalism be divided in Italy. The big question in all this remains how cognizant, even complicit, Mark Antony was in thesis his brother's agitation. By late in 41 BC the communism situation had so deteriorated that war between Octavian and L. Antonius in Italy was inevitable. When hostilities broke out, operations focused on Perusia, where Octavian holed Lucius and Fulvia up in early 40 BC up. After several months of siege, Lucius surrendered and was magnanimously spared by Octavian, though the councilors and people of Perusia were not so fortunate: Octavian executed the local council and gave the town over to his soldiers to plunder.

He then adjourned to Gaul, there to contrast supervise the transfer of the region to essay communism and capitalism his own command, since the Antonian governor had died. History Essay. [[22]] Mark Antony reacted to this situation by moving west in the spring of 40 BC and besieging Brundisium. Octavian gathered his forces and essay and capitalism, marched south to confront him. The triumvirate appeared to be over, its two chief members at war. And Ice Paper. However, neither army was keen for war and negotiations produced an essay and capitalism, agreement instead, termed the Pact of Brundisium. By means of this agreement, Antony ceded Gaul to Octavian, relinquishing his last foothold in introduction to family essay the West, but was confirmed in the East. Lepidus continued to essay languish in Africa.

Further, Antony was married to Octavian's sister, Octavia. Compare Contrast Two Places. (Fulvia had unexpectedly, and conveniently, died in Greece in the interim.) The triumvirs then travelled to Rome amidst scenes of great public rejoicing. [[23]] The attention of the triumvirs was then directed toward Sextus Pompeius in Sicily, who was posing a challenge to their authority in the West. Sextus, the youngest son of Pompey, is and capitalism, one of the history more colorful characters of the essay communism Roman Revolution. Surviving the Pompeian defeat at Munda in 45 BC, he fought guerilla warfare in Spain and then took to the sea as a pirate leader. When he was recalled to Rome following Caesar's murder, he cautiously sailed to Massilia and buy essays, awaited developments. During the war at essay communism, Mutina, when the fortunes of the senate and e-business thesis, the Liberators appeared to be in the ascendant, he found himself appointed prefect of Rome's fleets and Italy's coastal zones (on 20 March, 43 BC). With the establishment of the triumvirate six months later, he seized Sicily and, as a beacon of essay communism and capitalism, resistance against the triumvirs, was greatly reinforced by refugees from the proscriptions, survivors of Philippi, those dispossessed by the veteran settlements in Italy, and any remaining forces of republican sentiment. He beat off attempts by Octavian to oust him from Sicily.

Antony formed a pact with him, in order to make his move against Octavian in 40 BC but, if Sextus had hoped for some concrete reward for this service, he got none: he benefited in no way from the Pact of Brundisium and great essay, was not officially recognized by the triumvirs. Now he exacted revenge by blockading Italy and essay communism and capitalism, placing a stranglehold on Rome's grain supply. Antony and Octavian were forced to act. Incapable of assailing Sextus militarily, they were forced to essay negotiate. At a meeting off the coast at communism, Misenum or Puteoli, an agreement was reached (the Treaty of Misenum [or Puteoli]) in the summer of 39 BC. Fire And Ice Research Paper. This agreement saw Sextus's control over Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily made official with a promise that he'd be given the Peloponnese and a consulship in due course. Sextus appeared well entrenched in triumviral politics, a fourth important player in essay and capitalism the complex game. Building Dissertations. [[24]]

The Treaty of Misenum was to have a short shelf life. Antony returned to the East, to Cleopatra and indecisive campaigns against the Parthians. Octavian remained in Italy and communism, worked at robert frost research, extending his circle of followers and his influence in general. Toward that end, the presence of Sextus Pompeius was an obstacle. When the Peloponnese did not come his way as had been promised, Sextus blockaded Italy again in 38 BC. Octavian moved against communism him, but lost a naval engagement at Cumae and e-business, much of his fleet in a subsequent storm. He now appealed to essay communism Antony for help. The two met at Tarentum in the summer of 37 BC. Aside from Octavian's acquisition of some 120 ships from Antony for the effort against Sextus (in return for a promise of 20,000 Italian troops for Antony's planned Parthian campaign), the meeting saw the triumvirate renewed for a further five years. Steps Writing. The office had expired on 31 December, 38 BC, but none of the incumbents had paid any attention to that inconvenient detail and continued to exercise its prerogatives (illegally) for the first months of essay, 37 BC.

Now their power was renewed. Robert Frost And Ice Research Paper. [[25]] Since equilibrium had been restored with Antony, Octavian now turned his full attention to defeating Sextus. Essay Communism. Elaborate preparations, mostly under the direction M. Vipsanius Agrippa, finally readied Octavian's fleet for action in 36 BC. While Agrippa held Sextus's fleet at bay, Lepidus was marshalled from Africa, to assault Sicily from the south. Another of two places essay, Octavian's generals was to converge on Italy from the northeast, while Octavian himself would move from Campania. But ship-destroying storms and another naval defeat for communism and capitalism Octavian at the hands of Sextus seemed to signal the failure of the entire operation. Agrippa, however, saved the fire and ice research day and took several of Sextus's ports before engaging and essay, destroying the steps great essay rebel's fleet at the battle of Naulochus on 3 September, 36 BC. Sextus fled east but was murdered not long afterward. Despite reverses, then, Octavian had ultimately emerged victorious and, in Sextus, had eliminated one the essay rivals to his position of dominance in the West.

Fate allowed him to neutralize the other. Lepidus, so long in writing essay the shadows, now decided to make a play for power. Finding himself in control of twenty-two legions in Sicily, he defied Octavian and made demands that he quit the essay island for good. Octavian marched in his direction, at which point Lepidus's men deserted him. At an embarrassing scene in Lepidus's camp, Octavian spared his former triumviral colleague but stripped him of his powers and confined him to house arrest at the pleasant seaside town of Circeii. There he lived out his life unmolested until he died, of natural causes, in 12 BC. [[26]] Octavian was now the unchallenged master of the Roman West. In one campaigning season he had rid himself of the open challenge of Sextus Pompeius and compare, the sleeping challenge of Lepidus. He set about consolidating his position for the inevitable clash with Antony. The Triumvirate II: Showdown with Antony, 36-30 BC. In the East, Antony was not faring terribly well.

He had, since 36 BC, been involved in essay communism and capitalism sporadic and difficult contests with the Parthians and Armenians. There had been no decisive outcome and, in fact, there was a rather hasty retreat back to Syria. This was all the buy essays more regrettable (in Antony's eyes), since Octavian had been successful against essay and capitalism Sextus and then, in 35-33 BC, against the tribes of Illyricum. But Antony's behavior in the East raised problems for him in the political arena, fully exploited by Octavian. His continuing link with Cleopatra, despite his marriage to dissertations Octavia, was among the most troublesome, and it had produced two children.

Antony also appeared to have gone native, wearing eastern dress, with an eastern despot as a consort, and practising eastern customs. Even more appalling, having seized Armenia in 34 BC, Antony staged a spectacle in essay Alexandria's gymnasium known since as the Donations of Alexandria. In this spectacle, Antony declared Cleopatra Queen of Kings and dissertations, her son by Caesar, Caesarion, King of Kings; he then divided up the eastern Roman Empire among Cleopatra, Caesarion, and his own children. Essay Communism. It seemed, from an Italian perspective, that Antony was under the building dissertations spell of Cleopatra, whose ultimate goal, it was rumored, was to communism and capitalism become Queen of Rome. Buy Essays Secure Page. Furthermore, Antony's recognition of Caesarion as Caesar's son undercut Octavian's most fundamental claim to political leadership. In an atmosphere such as this, tensions rose between Antony and Octavian. And Capitalism. At Rome, meanwhile, Octavian further heralded his new image by having his righthand-man Agrippa appointed aedile in 33 BC to see to the restoration of many long-neglected services in the city, especially the sewer system and water supply.

The city was also beautified with new buildings and secure, the restoration of dilapidated ones, often by Octavian's supporters acting at his instigation. The popular image of Octavian's caring, popular administration must have been greatly bolstered by these actions. [[28]] The year 32 BC was a difficult one and saw Octavian and Antony finally embark openly on the road to war. In the first place, Octavian's second term of triumviral powers ran out on 31 December, 33 BC. This made his legal position somewhat delicate, but the niceties of legality were far less important than his demonstrable exercise of power and influence, especially among his troops.

Who was going to challenge him? It is interesting to observe that Octavian immediately ceased using the title triumvir; Antony did not. Essay Communism. In dropping the title, Octavian once more ostentatiously respected Roman tradition. Robert Fire And Ice Research Paper. As matters turned out, events at Rome were to offer Octavian a new basis for claiming legitimate leadership of the Roman people, albeit a non-legal one. On 1 January, 32 BC, the Antonian consul, C. Sosius issued a speech denouncing Octavian and communism, proposing something that required a tribunician veto to quash (the precise content of the proposal is unknown). Octavian, not in the city at the time, soon entered with an armed escort, convened the senate, and denounced Antony.

This action so effectively cowed the Antonians that Sosius and his fellow consul Ahenobarbus fled eastward followed by the other pro-Antony senators. News then reached Rome that Antony was forming his own senate in Alexandria from among the exiled senators and that he had officially renounced Octavia as his wife. Octavian, enraged, seized Antony's will from the Vestal Virgins (a completely illegal and unscrupulous act) and read it aloud in the senate. Its contents shocked Roman sentiment: Antony wished to be buried in Alexandria, next to building dissertations Cleopatra. It seemed to many that, after all, he was indeed planning to establish a renegade eastern empire with a foreign queen at communism and capitalism, its helm. Building. War was declared on Cleopatra, and traditional rituals revived to emphasize that the official enemy was a foreigner, not a fellow Roman. As preparations for war geared up in the summer of 32 BC, a remarkable thing happened. First Italy and then the communism and capitalism western provinces swore an oath of allegiance to Octavian personally. Whether the oath was voluntary, as Augustus later claimed in his Res Gestae , or a more carefully orchestrated piece of political theater, Octavian could now claim to be the people's choice for the war against Cleopatra. It was not a legal position, but it was an unassailable one. [[29]]

In prospect, the in organizations war between Antony and Octavian promised to be the largest civil conflict ever conducted by the Romans. Communism. Arrayed against each other were the robert frost research resources of the entire empire, East against West. The not inconsiderable resources of Ptolemaic Egypt, the last surviving major Hellenistic kingdom, were also in the mix. Essay Communism. In the end, however, the building war ended not with a bang but with a fizzle. The massive forces moved against each other and essay and capitalism, converged in Greece, as had Caesar and Pompey at the outset of an earlier great conflict. The two sides encamped on the north side of the in organizations thesis Ambracian gulf, near the promontory of Actium . Cleopatra's presence proved problematic for Antony, and there were defections to Octavian. Meanwhile, Antony and communism and capitalism, Cleopatra managed to get their ships blockaded in the gulf by Octavian's fleet, under Agrippa's able command. In an attempt to break out on buy essays, 2 September, 31 BC (almost five years to the day since Sextus' defeat at Naulochus) Antony was decisively defeated. In ancient accounts, Cleopatra and then Antony fled the battle prematurely. The land forces never engaged, but Antony's men defected to Octavian en masse. Everything had been decided in a few hours of naval warfare. [[30]]

The victory of Octavian was complete. Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt. And Capitalism. Octavian made his way there via Syria, securing the loyalty of all as he went. Antony's forces and former supporters defected in droves. On reaching Egypt and Alexandria in e-business thesis the summer of 30 BC, Octavian faced Antony's forces on land and sea. A great battle seemed imminent -- until Antony's navy and cavalry defected en masse before the very eyes of their general and his infantry were defeated (1 August, 30 BC). Essay And Capitalism. Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide, and passed from historical reality into e-business thesis the realm of romantic legend. Octavian had Caesarion and essay and capitalism, Antony's eldest son (Antyllus) executed, and he annexed Egypt as a province of Rome, ending the Ptolemaic period of that country's history. Introduction To Family History Essay. He was now sole master of the entire Roman world.

If, indeed, it had been his intention from the essay communism start to reach this position, it must have been a particularly rewarding day. For fourteen years he had played a careful, dangerous, and patient game. Now it was time to secure the future, for himself and for Rome. [[31]] From Octavian to Augustus: A New Order Established. In the wake of Actium , however, there was work to be done. After taking Egypt and settling affairs there, Octavian stayed away from Rome as he saw to introduction to family history the organization of the East.

For the most part, Antony's arrangements were left in place, as long as old loyalties were suitably redirected. Octavian returned to Rome and Italy, amid tumultuous celebrations, in August of 29 BC. Large numbers of veterans were settled (perhaps 25 legions totalling 40,000 men or more) both in Italy and the provinces, this time without complaint, since the vast wealth of Egypt allowed for ample compensation. When he entered Rome, he celebrated three triumphs over three days (over Dalmatia, Actium, and Egypt). Communism. Legally, his difficult position of 32 BC had been bypassed and Octavian held the consulship every year from 31 BC onwards (until 23 BC).

Just as important, however, was the non-legal basis for his dominance, later expressed by Augustus as universal consent. The roots of this consent must lie in the oath of 32 BC, now extended in principle, if not in steps essay practice, to embrace the entire empire and all its armies. Octavian was, as he later put it, in complete control of affairs precisely because everyone wanted him to essay communism and capitalism be and, just as significantly, because he was the last man standing. There is political posturing in his claim to universal consent, to be sure, but possibly also some kernel of truth. He had ended the civil wars, and all hopes for a peaceful future now rested with him and him alone. E-business In Organizations Thesis. In light of this, the senate and people voted him numerous honors in 29 BC, some of which Octavian judiciously refused, consonant with his image as respecter of tradition. [[32]] Octavian's holding continuous consulships would be insufficient as a mode of administration in the long term, especially if, as he intended, the old order was to and capitalism be seen to be restored.

He needed, somehow, to compare essay find a firm place simultaneously within and above established norms. His position at the head of affairs therefore needed careful consideration, and this no doubt explains the eighteen-month gap between his return to Rome in August 29 BC and the so-called First Constitutional Settlement of 13 January, 27 BC which, with the broadest of brush strokes, began painting the portrait of the new order. Communism. Memories of building dissertations, Caesar's fate must have loomed large. Despite that dictator's huge popularity among the essay communism masses, his complete victory over his enemies in civil war, and the devotion of his troops, he had been laid low by a few dozen disillusioned aristrocrats. Among the uppermost considerations pressing on in organizations, Octavian, therefore, must have been the need to appease the sensibilities of the essay and capitalism elite. In addition, the divided loyalties of highly politicized armies had been a plague on thesis, the Late Republic. This situation too would require remedying. These two issues, in essay and capitalism fact, were at secure page, the heart of the First Settlement, staged in the senate on and capitalism, 13 January, 27 BC. [[33]]

On that day, Octavian entered the senate and, to the shock of those not in the know, surrendered his position and retired to private life. E-business In Organizations Thesis. The senators, possibly confused, reacted with indignance and insisted that Octavian remain at the helm of the state. After a show of reluctance, Octavian graciously accepted a share in the running of the state, gaining command of Spain (except Baetica), Gaul, Syria, Cyprus, and Egypt while the senate and people kept the rest. Within his extended provincia , granted for ten years, Octavian could appoint legates to administer regions on communism, his behalf. Modern scholars have failed to reach agreement on compare, the exact legal status of Octavian's command over his provinces (was it by virtue of imperium consulare or proconsulare , imperium maius or aequum ?), but the case for imperium proconsulare is the stronger; it also had precedents, in the form of the extraordinary commands of Pompey or Caesar in the Late Republic.

This situation would have appealed to Octavian's desire to appear to be maintaining traditions while also doing nothing alarmingly new or innovative. Other honors and privileges were also forthcoming, at and capitalism, a second meeting on 16 January. Frost Fire Research. Here Octavian was named Augustus, a word ringing with religious (augur) and social ( auctoritas ) meaning but not suggestive of overt political dominance. C. Julius Caesar Octavianus now became Imperator Caesar Augustus. Other honors carried more symbolic meaning (laurels placed on the door of his house; award of the corona civica for saving the lives of citizens; the Shield of Virtues erected in his honor) but they were no less significant for that: they helped establish Augustus's pre-eminent place in communism the state and craft the beginnings of an Augustan ideology.

By means of this settlement, Augustus was simultaneously commander, leader, savior. [[34]] In the summer following the settlement, Augustus left Rome to tour Gaul and Spain. The journey kept him away from Rome until 24 BC--probably a wise choice on his part, to be out of the public eye while the new arrangements took root. While he was away his aides Agrippa and Maecenas supervised matters in Rome. The summer after his return, probably in June or July, the Second Constitutional Settlement was staged. At around this time a conspiracy was unearthed and two principals, Fannius Caepio and Varro Murena, were executed.

In the absence of dissertations, evidence, scholarly debate has raged about the timing, aims, methods, and members of the communism conspiracy: was the Second Settlement a reaction to the conspiracy, or vice versa? Or were the introduction history events unrelated? In the end, the communism and capitalism conclusion has to be left open, but the case for the conspiracy's occurring after the buy essays online secure settlement seems the stronger, though any causative links between events remains little more than putative. The outline of the Second Settlement itself is clear enough, even if several details remain debatable. Augustus relinquished the essay and capitalism consulship (which he had been monopolizing since 31 BC) and was only to robert frost and ice paper take it up on two further occasions in the rest of his life, for essay dynastic reasons. In return, he received an empire-wide grant of proconsular power ( imperium proconsulare ) for five years. Steps. It is debated whether this imperium was greater ( maius ) than that of any other governor or equal ( aequum ) to it. Five decrees found in essay and capitalism Cyrenaica, dated to the period 6-4 BC, show Augustus intervening in the internal affairs of this province.

The implication is that his imperium overrode that of the governor on the spot (and so was maius ), though the possibility that it was co-extensive with it must also be allowed (making the imperium aequum ). Whatever the e-business in organizations thesis legal details, by virtue of this grant of imperium in 23 BC, he could intervene in the affairs of any province in the empire. Unlike other governors, he was also given dispensation to retain his power within the city limits of Rome (the pomerium ), probably for purely practical reasons: otherwise, every time he left the city, his proconsular power would need to be renewed. In relinquishing the consulship, Augustus lost certain powers and communism and capitalism, privileges within the city of Rome and robert research paper, its polity (his proconsular power notwithstanding). These were now compensated for by a grant of tribunician power ( tribunicia potestas ), also for five years, that allowed him all the rights and communism and capitalism, privileges of a tribune of the people, without actually holding that office: he could summon the people, propose legislation, veto meetings and proposals, and essay, so on. With both his tribunician power and proconsular power, Augustus now had the ability to communism direct affairs in every wing of domestic and foreign administration. These two powers were long to remain the twin pillars of the Roman emperors' legal position. E-business. [[35]] While the major settlements of 27 and 23 BC established the bases of Augustus's position, further refinements were necessary.

As with the essay communism settlement of 27 BC, Augustus soon left Rome for the East (22-19 BC). Before he left, he was forced to refuse offers of the dictatorship or perpetual consulship pressed on him by the people, who appear to buy essays online page have completely missed the subtleties of the essay Second Settlement the year before. Over the coming years, he received, piecemeal, some significant privileges and honors. In 23 BC, for instance, he was given the right to convene the senate whenever he saw fit ( ius primae relationis ). In 22 BC, he was appointed to oversee Rome's grain supply (for how long is unclear). In 19 , when he had returned from the East, he was given censorial powers for five years. When Lepidus finally died in 13 or 12 BC, Augustus became chief priest ( pontifex maximus ). Finally, in 2 BC, he was granted the title Father of his Country ( pater patriae ), a title of which he was immensely proud. It is not hard to see why, since the title placed Augustus in a relationship with the online page Roman state analogous to that of a paterfamilias over his charges: he was to be in complete control of everything. In addition, there was his membership of all the colleges of priests, numerous symbolic privileges (e.g., immunity from taxes), and the matter of essay communism and capitalism, auctoritas . This personal quality, impossible to translate into English with a single word, was a combination of authority and influence derived from one's social and political position, family, abilities, and achievements.

It was, most importantly, an building dissertations, informal virtue: it could not be voted to anyone by the senate or the people. In this way, the extent of Augustus's auctoritas reflected the extent and success of communism, his life's work, and it helped him get a lot of business done without constantly invoking his legally-conferred powers. In Organizations. Augustus simply had to make known his preferences for matters to transpire accordingly, so that, for instance, candidates for office whom he favored invariably got elected. And Capitalism. No wonder he was proud to introduction history essay boast that he surpassed all in auctoritas . [[36]] The complex edifice of the Augustan Principate was, at heart, a sham. But, like any successful sham, it was one that people could believe in. Above all, there was political genius in Augustus's slow and careful acquisition of overarching authority in every area of public life. At every step of the way--from the oath of 32 BC through the constitutional settlements and the honors and essay communism and capitalism, privileges conferred upon him piecemeal--he could present himself as the passive partner. On all occasions, the senate and people of Rome voluntarily conferred powers, privileges, and honors on him. He sought nothing for himself; he was no Caesar.

Indeed, he often expressed reluctance to building dissertations accept offices and honors that struck him as excessive, and essay communism and capitalism, occasionally he refused them outright. In sharp contrast to Caesar, Augustus constantly had one eye on aristocratic sensitivities. Furthermore, none of his cardinal powers were conferred for life but, rather, for building fixed periods of and capitalism, five or (later) ten years. Essay. That these powers were never rescinded when they came up for renewal is entirely beside the point: there was the illusion of choice. That is what mattered.

The vocabulary Augustus chose to express his power, too, was a model of tact: leading citizen ( princeps ) not dictator, authoritative influence ( auctoritas ) not command ( imperium ). Throw into the equation his modest lifestyle, affable approachability, routine consultation of the senate, and and capitalism, genuinely impressive work ethic, and introduction history essay, we have in Augustus one of the greatest and most skillfully manipulative politicians of any nation in any age. The Nature of the Principate and The Problem of the essay and capitalism Succession. After Actium, Augustus moved on the succession problem quickly. He began to show signs of favor to his nephew, Marcellus. He himself only had one natural child, Julia, his daughter by his second wife, Scribonia. The first sure sign of favor to building Marcellus was his participation in and capitalism Augustus's triple triumph of 29 BC. In 25 BC, Marcellus was married to Julia, forming a closer family link with Augustus. The following year, Marcellus became aedile and, on building, Augustus's request, was granted the privilege of sitting as an and capitalism, ex-praetor in the senate and of standing for the consulship ten years in advance of the legal age. By 23 BC he was widely considered, in Velleius's words, Augustus's successor in writing essay power ( successor potentiae ). Then, a surprise. Augustus fell seriously ill in 23 BC. Essay. As he lay on what he thought was his deathbed, he handed an account of the state's resources to the consul Cn.

Calpurnius Piso, and his signet ring to Agrippa. To Family. The symbolic message was clear: Marcellus was too young; experience was yet preferred at the top. Augustus recovered from his illness, but later that same year Marcellus fell ill and was not so fortunate. He was nineteen when he died and was entombed with all due pomp and ceremony in Augustus's family mausoleum. [[38]] The career of Marcellus, short though it was, already revealed the elements of Augustus's methods: he was to use family links (marriage or adoption) in conjunction with constitutional privileges (office-holding and the privilege of standing for office early) to indicate his successor. His inspiration appears to have been his personal experience: as Caesar had presented Octavius to the public at his triumphs of September 46 BC, so now did Augustus display Marcellus at his own triumphs in August 29 BC; as the essay communism senate had Octavius granted the right to stand for the consulship ten years in advance of the legal age in 43 BC, so Augustus had the same right granted to Marcellus in introduction to family history essay 24 BC; and just as Caesar had bound Octavius to him by a familial link, so now did Augustus with Marcellus's marriage to and capitalism Julia (although such political alliances through family ties had long been a staple of the steps writing great essay Roman nobility).

Each event had its precedent; it was their combination that was significant. [[39]] Marcellus was soon replaced by Agrippa. Shortly before Marcellus's death, Agrippa had left for the East. In the essay and capitalism face of Marcellus's earlier preferment, the sources abound with rumors of Agrippa's voluntary departure in high dudgeon or of his forcible exile, but such speculations are demonstrably without merit. Agrippa had been favored when Augustus was ill in steps writing great essay 23 BC and subsequently went East with a grant of imperium proconsulare , a share in Augustus's own powers.

This is not what Augustus would have done with a man of whom he was suspicious or who had fallen in any way from favor. Augustus had business in the East, to which he was shortly to attend personally, and Agrippa was doubtless sent ahead to pave the way. Essay. Maecenas, Augustus's other chief advisor and no friend of robert frost and ice research, Agrippa, is reported to have commented in 21 BC that Agrippa had now been raised so high that either Augustus must marry him to Julia or kill him. Augustus chose the former route. Essay Communism. Julia was married to Agrippa in dissertations that year. Until his death in 12 BC, Agrippa was clearly intended to be Augustus's successor. Aside from his marriage to Julia, in 18 BC Agrippa's proconsular power was renewed and, more significantly, he received a share of tribunician power (renewed in 13 BC). [[40]]

By virtue of these powers and privileges, had anything happened to Augustus in essay the years 21-13 BC, Agrippa would have been ideally placed to take over writing, the reins of government. Coins of the period 13-12 BC depict Agrippa as virtual co-emperor with Augustus, although the latter was always the essay communism and capitalism senior partner. This straightforward interpretation of the situation in these years has been complicated by Augustus's treatment of Agrippa and writing essay, Julia's sons, Gaius (born in 20 BC) and Lucius (born in 17 BC). When Lucius was born, Augustus adopted them both as his own sons and they became Gaius and Lucius Caesar. A further complication is added when the ongoing careers of Augustus's stepsons, Tiberius and Drusus, who were also advanced over these years, are taken into consideration. The intent behind these labyrinthine machinations appears to have been to create a pool of eligible candidates, headed by a frontrunner. Any other princes as were advanced in the background are best considered as insurance against fate or as indicators of Augustus's preferences for the third generation of the Principate.

In this way, Agrippa was to succeed Augustus, but the adoption of Gaius and Lucius signalled Augustus's desire that one of essay, them succeed Agrippa (which one was to robert frost research be preferred remains unclear, given subsequent events). Tiberius and and capitalism, Drusus, as imperial princes, can be expected to have enjoyed high public profiles and earned various privileges, but they were very much on the backburner in these years. Notions of Regency (Agrippa over Gaius and Lucius) or paired succession (Gaius and Lucius, Tiberius and Drusus) proposed by modern scholars seem remoter possibilities. Introduction To Family History Essay. [[41]] Augustus's vision for the succession can be seen in action again in 12 BC, when Agrippa died. Julia, now widowed a second time, was married to Tiberius the following year. Tiberius was Augustus's stepson and essay, the most senior and experienced of the secondary princes in the imperial house. As such, he was a natural choice. Not long afterward, Tiberius left for campaigns in Germany and Pannonia, possibly with a grant of proconsular imperium . In 7 BC he entered his second consulship and the following year his position was made plain when he received a large commission in page the East and a grant of tribunician power.

In short, between 12 and 6 BC Tiberius was upgraded to take Agrippa's place in Augustus's scheme and was installed to communism be Augustus's successor. But it was to be a rocky road indeed that led to to family history his eventual succession in AD 14. In 6 BC Tiberius unexpectedly retired to Rhodes, despite his prominent public position. Augustus, apparently angered by Tiberius's action, had little choice (Drusus, Tiberius's brother had died in communism and capitalism Germany in 9 BC). Frost Fire Research Paper. He appears to have relied on his increasingly robust health to see his adopted sons Gaius and Lucius Caesar to their maturity. Essay Communism. But fate intervened once more and both young men died, Lucius in AD 2 and Gaius two years after that. In a burst of dynastic activity in great June of AD 4, Tiberius was rehabilitated and essay communism and capitalism, adopted by Augustus, as was Agrippa Postumus (the youngest child of Julia and Agrippa); Tiberius was constrained to adopt his nephew Germanicus . Again, debate has swirled around these arrangements but, following the suggestions made above, it is probably best to avoid notions of regency or paired succcession and see here an attempt by steps writing great Augustus to essay re-establish a pool of buy essays online page, princes from which to draw candidates, with Tiberius as the favored successor and Germanicus to come behind him.

The adoption of Agrippa Postumus remains puzzling, but he was still only essay, a teenager at building, the time and the move may have been intended only to secure his prominence in future succession plans. Germanicus , twenty years old at the time of his adoption by Tiberius , was clearly the frontrunner for communism the third generation of the Principate. Through him, also, Augustus could hope for a Julian heir to the throne, but it is far from clear whether this remote consideration played any decisive role in Augustus's thinking. [[42]] The succession issue was not a happy one for the imperial house and carried in its train some domestic tragedies. Aside from the writing essay deaths of the various princes, Augustus banished his own daughter Julia in 2 BC and her daughter, also named Julia, in AD 8. In AD 6-7 Agrippa Postumus was disinherited and banished to the small island of and capitalism, Planasia, only to be murdered shortly after Augustus's death. The banishment of two places essay, Julia the Elder is emblematic of this group of events. Julia's marriage to Tiberius had not been successful and she appears to have sought solace in the arms of various noblemen and equestrians. In 2 BC her indiscretions were brought to and capitalism Augustus's attention and, enraged, he banished her to the island of Pandateria. Frost. She never returned to Rome. The sources unanimously ascribe Julia's fate to her licentiousness and immorality, but modern scholars have rightly questioned this presentation and seen instead dynastic scheming behind Julia's actions and subsequent banishment.

Whatever the actual degree of essay and capitalism, Julia's political acumen, the informal and allusive nature of the succession system itself was the root cause of her demise. Online Secure. For, in the Augustan system, an imperial princess who had been married to no less than three indicated favorites (Marcellus, Agrippa, and Tiberius ) and who then brought outsiders into her bed was also bringing them into the heart of the dynasty. Essay Communism. That could not be tolerated. Secure Page. That Augustus interpreted his daughter's misdeeds in political terms, at least in part, is suggested by the trial for treason of one of Julia's lovers, Iullus Antonius, and his subsequent execution or suicide; others of her lovers were banished. And Capitalism. The same can be said for the fall of Agrippa Postumus and then of Julia the Younger. However murky the details in each case, they can all be seen as victims of the Augustan succession system. Compare. [[43]] In all, then, the succession problem was a difficult one for essay communism and capitalism Augustus, and his solutions only perpetuated it for all future emperors. Steps Writing Great. Despite the internal difficulties engendered by the issue, Augustus was keen to essay and capitalism present a united image of the imperial house to the populace.

This is best illustrated by the Altar of the Augustan Peace ( Ara Pacis Augustae ), dedicated in January, 9 BC, and e-business in organizations, laden with symbolic significance largely outside the purview of essay and capitalism, this biography. Contrast. For our current purposes, most important is the presentation to the people, on the south frieze, of the imperial family--women and children included--as a corporate entity. The message of dynastic harmony and essay communism, the promise of building dissertations, future stability emanating from the imperial house is palpable. The reality, as we have just seen, was rather different. Augustus and the Empire I: the Army. Augustus completed the ongoing professionalization of the Roman military by establishing a force of 28 standing legions (three were to be lost in Germany in essay AD 9), made up of volunteer recruits.

For the citizen soldiers of the legions, service was for a prescribed period (first 16, then 20 years), on steps essay, a regular wage, and with fixed rewards upon discharge. After 14 BC, land grants were discontinued in essay communism and capitalism favor of cash pension payments; such payments were funded, after AD 6, by a new public treasury (the aerarium militare ). For the first time, military service became a career choice in introduction history and of itself. Essay. Augustus also created a non-citizen wing of the army (corresponding to building the Republican era's allies and extraordinarii ). These auxiliary troops were formed into communism and capitalism cohorts of infantry and wings ( alae ) of cavalry, usually 500 or 1000 strong, sometimes under their own commanders, sometimes under a Roman officer (an ex-centurion or tribune). Under Augustus, auxiliary units were mostly raised as needed and research paper, disbanded when the campaign(s) ended; some units were incorporated into the new permanent force, on terms of service similar to those for the legionaries. And Capitalism. Augustus also regularized the in organizations organization and terms of service in the Roman navy and communism and capitalism, created the buy essays page praetorian guard, a personal force which he discreetly and tactfully billeted in townships around Rome. Essay Communism And Capitalism. [[44]] Augustus was careful to channel the loyalties of this new professional army solely in his direction. The troops' loyalty to Augustus was assured by compare contrast two places their taking a personal oath of loyalty to him and by his role as their sole paymaster and guarantor of their rewards on discharge.

In short, he was their patron. Essay Communism. The army's commanders on-the-ground were handpicked legates of Augustus; its campaign commanders were often the likes of Agrippa, Tiberius , or Gaius Caesar, that is, members of Augustus's own family or immediate circle. He also kept the army busy in thesis major campaigns in Spain, the Alpine regions, along the Danube and Rhine rivers, across the Rhine in essay communism and capitalism Germany, and in numerous small-scale actions all along the empire's frontiers. Where active campaigns were not prosecuted, as in Gaul or in the East, the army was used as a means of aiding political settlements (as in the return of the Parthian eagles in 20 BC or the meeting of compare two places essay, C. Caesar and the Parthians on an island in the Euphrates in AD 2) or as a garrison over local populations (as in Gaul). And Capitalism. While Augustus did not go so far as to station the legions along the robert frost fire research frontier as a defensive garrison force (as was to communism happen in later ages), he at least removed them from the center of power and dissertations, began the communism process of keeping them in the vicinity of the frontiers. Although Augustus appears to e-business some scholars to essay have been aiming at establishing scientific frontiers along the Rhine/Elbe and Danube lines, the whole issue of his foreign policy--indeed, whether even such a policy existed--remains most unclear. For the scientific frontiers view to be true, certain problematic assumptions are requisite, not the least concerning the Romans' cartographic capabilities and their appreciation of geographic realities well beyond their immediate purview; it is also questionable to what degree the online secure page administration of the empire in general adhered to clearly conceived policy on anything, rather than reacting ad hoc as circumstances and local conditions dictated.

On the whole, then, we should probably avoid notions of essay and capitalism, Roman imperial policy on the model of modern national policies. One of the robert research chief political values of Augustus's campaigns was that it kept his new professional army busy--idle trained killers can be a somewhat destabilizing element in society--and afforded him considerable personal military glory, which further reinforced his claim to the loyalty of the troops. [[45]] The importance to and capitalism Augustus, as well as to the state, of online, his monopolization of army loyalties is revealed in communism and capitalism two suggestive incidents in 27 BC, when the Augustan order was still in its infancy. At this delicate time, M. Licinius Crassus, grandson of the great Late Republican magnate, raised a serious problem for Augustus. As governor of Macedonia he had undertaken successful campaigns south of the building dissertations Danube in essay communism and capitalism 29-28 BC and had personally killed the introduction to family history enemy leader in battle. In 27 BC, then, he was awarded a triumph but he went further: he claimed the ancient honor of spolia opima (the most honorable spoils), awarded to a Roman commander who had slain his counterpart with his own hand. These honors, involving the dedication of the enemy commander's captured panoply to Jupiter Feretrius, had only been earned on three prior occasions in all of Roman history. Since Crassus's claim to the spolia opima would have raised Crassus into the uppermost echelons of military glory, it had the potential to confuse the soldiers' loyalty toward Augustus.

So Augustus blocked the claim on a technicality. And Capitalism. Crassus held his triumph and promptly disappears from our records. (It is unlikely that he was killed but, rather, that his public profile died a death in the face of Augustus's displeasure, a good example, if true, of the contrast workings of auctoritas .) Not long afterward, another governor proved problematic. C. Cornelius Gallus had been appointed the first prefect of essay, Egypt on its annexation in 30 BC. Like Crassus, he had embarked on campaigns to steps writing great surpress revolts and to attack neighboring people. He then celebrated his successes with statues of himself and bragging inscriptions, one of which has survived. Enraged, Augustus let it be known that he no longer considered Gallus his friend. Charges were immediately brought and proposals laid that Gallus be convicted in absentia , exiled, and his property given to Augustus. His social status and political career in ruins, his very life perhaps in danger, Gallus committed suicide (possibly in communism 26 BC). Both of these men had behaved fully within the boundaries of republican precedent but had failed utterly to appreciate a fundamental rule of the new order: there was to be no military glory but Augustus's.

In contrast, Agrippa, for so long Augustus's right-hand man, repeatedly refused honors and triumphs granted to him; all his victories were celebrated by Augustus. Essay. [[46]] Augustus and the Empire II: Administration. In the sphere of external affairs, many of the essay army's conquests were formed into building dissertations new provinces, especially along the south shore of the Danube (Moesia, Pannonia, Noricum, and Raetia) and the Alps (Alpes Cottiae and Maritimae). In the East and in Mauretania in North Africa, client kingdoms and principalities were allowed to exist, sometimes in very complex arrangements, as with the Tetrarchs in Palestine or the numerous lesser kingdoms that dotted the interior and eastern reaches of Asia Minor. From 27 BC onward these provinces were divided into those that fell into the vast provincia of Augustus (the imperial provinces) and and capitalism, those that were retained by the senate and people (the senatorial or public provinces; see above, From Octavian to Augutus: A New Order Established). When the building dissertations disposition of the provinces is examined (as it stood on Augustus's death in AD 14), it shows that the imperial territories outnumber the public ones by a factor of essay and capitalism, almost two, and that all but one of the empire's twenty-five legions then in to family history service fell under the emperor's command.

Further, the Cyrenaica decrees reveal the emperor making decisions about the internal operation of this, a public province. Such interference on Augustus's part was legitimated by essay the improved imperium proconsulare granted him in the settlement of 23 BC and brings into question any notions of building, joint rule by senate and princeps (so-called dyarchy). Ultimately, all the provinces were Augustus's concern. [[48]] Overall, it is fair to say that the provinces, whether public or imperial, benefited enormously from Augustus's reign. Communism. Not only had he brought them peace, he also brought them good government. Legates in frost imperial provinces were appointed by Augustus for periods of three years or more depending on local conditions, whereas proconsuls in the public provinces continued to rotate annually.

The men varied in rank from senators (proconsuls, usually of communism, praetorian rank, in public provinces; legates of praetorian or consular rank in imperial ones) to equites (governing as prefects, as in Egypt and some of the online page smaller, unarmed provinces). Whatever their status, under the new order governors had no reason to extort from their provinces the essay communism and capitalism huge sums of money that Republican-era proconsuls and propraetors had used to bankroll their domestic political careers, since the success of those careers now depended less on victory at the polls and more on the emperor's favor. Indeed, extortion in the provinces could be positively dangerous, as it raised suspicions about the nature of one's ultimate ambitions. These strictures applied no less in the public than in building the imperial provinces, since all governors were now answerable to essay communism a single source of authority in a way they had not been under the Republic. This does not mean that rapacious governors entirely disappeared as a breed but that, for the most part--the disappointments of Gallus and Crassus aside--Augustus's gubernatorial appointments were sound. We hear of no major failings in the management of the provinces during his reign and certainly nothing on a par with the rapacious activities of the likes of Caesar or Sulla under the Republic. Augustus, by virtue of proconsular power, could also intervene directly in any provincial dispute, as he did famously in Cyrenaica. Hardly surprising, then, is the fact that of all the emperors, Augustus's image is the in organizations most commonly found in the provinces, even long after his death. The remarkable period of peace and prosperity ushered in by Augustus's reign is known not only as the Pax Romana but also as the Pax Augusta . [[49]] Augustus, as the protector and communism and capitalism, guardian of online page, Roman tradition, also sought to inculcate a return to that tradition by means of legislation: by new laws passed at my instigation, I brought back those practices of our ancestors that were passing away in essay and capitalism our age ( RG 8.5). Thus, for building instance, he passed laws limiting public displays of extravagance (so-called sumptuary legislation) in the manner of the old Republican senate, and essay, he attempted through marriage regulations to put a cap on divorces and punish childlessness and adultery among the elite.

He also reinforced the traditional social hierarchy, making sure that everyone knew their place in it. Minimum property qualifications for membership of the upper orders were reinforced, and fire research paper, status symbols for all the classes, especially the amorphous equestrians, clearly established. The convergence of this sort of legislation is communism and capitalism, illustrated by the series of laws pertaining to freed slaves, passed between 17 BC and AD 4. In the online first place, the numbers of and capitalism, slaves that could be informally manumitted or freed in wills was restricted in building dissertations proportion to the total number of slaves owned. This is a piece of sumptuary regulation, limiting overly extravagant displays of wealth and generosity in public. Second, informally freed slaves were placed into a special class of quasi-citizenship termed Junian Latinity that was capable of essay and capitalism, being upgraded to full citizenship only after the frost and ice research paper Junians had proved themselves worthy; one way of achieving worthiness was to have children. Such regulations, then, encapsulated the Augustan attitudes toward public extravagance, maintenance of the essay and capitalism social hierarchy, and marriage and reproduction. In his private life, Augustus fell short of his own ideals (witness the turmoil engendered in his family by adultery and infidelities of all sorts), but the thrust of his social legislation was less to regulate individuals' private behavior than to maintain the writing essay proper outward appearance of dignitas and decency that Augustus felt had been lost during the Late Republic.

As such, it pertained to the ruling classes of the state and hardly at all affected the commoner on the street. [[50]] Finally, there is the essay and capitalism issue of the worship of Augustus. The imperial cult evolved gradually over many centuries, and it has been long recognized that ruler worship extended back well before Roman times in the eastern Mediterranean. In the East, then, the worship of Augustus as a god commenced not long after Actium. Augustus, reticent in this regard, often rejected divine honors outright or insisted that his worship be coupled with that of Rome. He probably had an eye on Caesar's fate in so acting. The situation in the West, however, was more difficult. In Rome itself there could be no question of Augustus being worshipped as a living god, which would go against the grain of the Principate. In any case, he was already the son of a god and the revered one (Augustus).

A compromise solution appears to have been to have his will ( numen ) or essence ( genius ) recognized as divine. In Italy and out in the western provinces Augustus did not actively block direct worship, and buy essays page, two major cult centers were established at essay and capitalism, Lugdunum in Gaul and Cologne on the Rhine with altars at each place to Rome and Augustus, maintained by officials drawn from the local elite. In communities all across the West, in robert fire research paper fact, altars and temples to Rome and Augustus and to essay Augustus himself are attested, all staffed by locals. Such cult centers therefore acted not only to promote unity in the previously barbarous western provinces and to direct loyalties accordingly, but they also facilitated the assimilation of local populations into building a Roman way of life. [[51]] The Augustan literary scene was also exceptionally vibrant. This is the era of some of Rome's most famous and influential writers, including Vergil, Horace, Ovid, Propertius, and Tibullus in poetry, and Livy in prose. Vergil, in particular, crafted a new national epic for communism the Romans in the Aeneid , which quickly came to replace Ennius's Annales as the poem every schoolchild learned by heart. This great flowering of literary activity was generated by online secure page the development of literary circles of patronage, which had been mostly in abeyance since the communism and capitalism second century BC. The most famous literary, indeed artistic, patron of his day was C. Maecenas, a close associate of Augustus from the very beginning but one who never played an writing great, active role in politics (in contrast to Agrippa). Something of a bon vivant , he actively supported the careers of and capitalism, Vergil and Horace, for instance, until his death in 8 BC.

Another circle formed around M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus, who promoted the careers of Tibullus and Ovid. For the historian the most intriguing question such literary circles prompt is the degree to which the political and cultural sentiments expressed by these writers were officially directed, and so in effect provided propaganda for the Augustan regime. When all the evidence is weighed, there can be no question of a state-controlled literature (on the model of media in building dissertations modern totalitarian states) but there may have been encouragement from the essay top to compare contrast express the correct view coupled, no doubt, with genuine gratitude and relief on the part of the patrons and essay and capitalism, writers alike that Augustus had restored peace and stability to public affairs. In this way, Vergil's Eclogues and Georgics can reflect the hope Augustus brought for in organizations a restoration of peace to communism the Italian countryside, while the Republican sentiments of Livy's history could be so pronounced that Augustus jokingly termed him my Pompeian. The point is that both authors flourished under the regime. [[53]] The inscription entitled The Achievements of the Divine Augustus ( Res Gestae Divi Augustae ; usually abbreviated RG ) remains a remarkable piece of evidence deriving from introduction to family essay Augustus's reign. And Capitalism. The fullest copy of it is the bilingual Greek and building dissertations, Latin version carved into the walls of the Temple of Rome and Augustus at Ancyra in Galatia (for this reason the RG used to and capitalism be commonly referred to introduction to family history essay as the essay communism and capitalism Monumentum Ancyranum ). To Family History. Other evidence, however, demonstrates that the essay original was inscribed on steps great essay, two bronze pillars that flanked the entrance to the Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome. The inscription remains the essay communism and capitalism only first-person summary of any Roman emperor's political career and, as such, offers invaluable insights into the Augustan regime's public presentation of itself. [[55]] In looking back on the reign of compare essay, Augustus and its legacy to the Roman world, its longevity ought not to be overlooked as a key factor in its success. Essay Communism. People had been born and reached middle age without knowing any form of government other than the Principate. Had Augustus died earlier (in 23 BC, for instance), matters may have turned out steps essay, very differently.

The attrition of the civil wars on the old Republican aristocracy and the longevity of essay, Augustus, therefore, must be seen as major contributing factors in the transformation of the Roman state into a monarchy in these years. Compare Contrast Two Places Essay. Augustus's own experience, his patience, his tact, and his great political acumen also played their part. All of these factors allowed him to put an end to the chaos of the essay communism and capitalism Late Republic and re-establish the Roman state on a firm footing. He directed the future of the empire down many lasting paths, from the existence of a standing professional army stationed at or near the frontiers, to the dynastic principle so often employed in the imperial succession, to the embellishment of the capital at the emperor's expense. Augustus's ultimate legacy, however, was the peace and prosperity the empire was to enjoy for the next two centuries under the system he initiated. His memory was enshrined in the political ethos of the Imperial age as a paradigm of the good emperor; although every emperor adopted his name, Caesar Augustus, only a handful earned genuine comparison with him. Benario, H.W., Octavian's Status in 32 BC, Chiron 5 (1975): 301-9. Birch, R.A., The Settlement of steps writing essay, 26 June, AD 4 and its Aftermath, CQ 31 (1981): 443-56. Bleicken, J., Zwischen Republik und Prinzipat: Zum Charakter des Zweiten Triumvirats (Göttingen, 1990).

________. Augustus (Berlin, 1998). Bradley, K.R., Slaves and Masters in essay communism the Roman Empire (Oxford, 1987). Braund, D., Augustus to Nero: A Sourcebook on Roman History 31 BC - AD 68 (London, 1985). Carter, J. M., The Battle of Actium: The Rise and Triumph of Augustus Caesar (New York, 1970). Conlin, D.A., The Artists of the Ara Pacis (Chapel Hill, 1997).

Corbett, J.H., The Succession Policy of Augustus, Latomus 33 (1974): 87-97. Crook, J., Consilium Principis: Imperial Councils and Counsellors from Augustus to buy essays online secure Diocletian (Cambridge, 1955). Demougin, S., L'Ordre equestre sous les Julio-Claudiens (Rome, 1988). Durry, M., Les Cohortes Prétoriennes (Paris, 1938). Eck, W., Die Verwaltung des römischen Reiches in der hohen Kaiserzeit , 2 volumes (Basel, 1995). W. Eck, The Age of Augustus (Oxford: Blackwell's, 2003)

Eder, W., Augustus and the Power of essay and capitalism, Tradition: The Augustan Principate as Binding Link between Republic and Empire, in online secure page Raaflaub and essay communism, Toher, 71-122. Fishwick, D., The Imperial Cult in the Latin West (Leiden, 1987). Galinsky, K., Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction (Princeton, 1996). Gowing, A.M. The Triumviral Narratives of Appian and Cassius Dio (Ann Arbor, 1992). Gray, E.W., The Imperium of M. Agrippa, ZPE 6 (1970): 227-38. Gruen, E. S., The Imperial Policy of Augustus, in Raaflaub and Toher, 395-416 (expanded on in his entry in frost and ice research paper CAH vol. 10) Gurval, R.A., Actium and Augustus: The Politics and Emotions of Civil War (Ann Arbor, 1995).

Hadas, M., Sextus Pompey (New York, 1930; reprint, 1966). Issac, B., The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East , revised edition (Oxford, 1992). Jameson, S., Augustus and Agrippa Postumus, Historia 24 (1975): 287-314. Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik, eine Ausstellung im Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin, 7. Juni-14. August 1988 . (Mainz, 1988) . Keppie, L., Colonisation and Veteran Settlement in Italy, 47-14 BC (London, 1983). ________. The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire , updated edition (Norman, 1998). Kienast, D., Augustus: Prinzeps und Monarch (Darmstadt, 1982).

________. Römische Kaisertabelle , 2nd edition (Darmstadt, 1996). Kolb, F., Zur Statussymbolik im antiken Rom, Chiron 7 (1977): 239-59. Lacey, W.K., Augustus and the Principate: The Evolution of the System (Liverpool, 1996). Lanza, C., Auctoritas Principis (Milan, 1996). Levick, B., Drusus Caesar and the Adoptions of and capitalism, AD 4, Latomus 25 (1966): 227-44.

________. Abdication and Agrippa Postumus, Historia 21 (1972): 674-97. ________. Julians and Claudians, Greece and Rome 22 (1975): 29-38. Lintott, A., Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration (London, 1993). Jones, A.H.M. Augustus (London, 1970) Magdelain, A., Auctoritas Principis (Paris, 1947).

Mette-Dittman, A., Die Ehegesetze des Augustus: Eine Untersuchung im Rahmen der Gesellshaftspolitik des Prinzeps (Stuttgart, 1991). Millar, F., The Emperor, the Senate and the Roman Provinces, JRS 56 (1966): 156-66. ________. Triumvirate and Principate, JRS 63 (1973): 50-67. ________.

The Emperor in the Roman World (London, 1977). ________. The Roman Empire and its Neighbours , 2nd edition (London, 1981). Millar, F. and E. Introduction To Family Essay. Segal, Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects (Oxford, 1984). Ostrow, S.E., The Augustales in the Augustan Scheme, in Raaflaub and Toher, 364-78. Pollini, J., Man or God: Divine Assimilation and Imitation in the Late Republic and communism, Early Empire, in Raaflaub and Toher, 334-63. Prince, S.R.F., Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor (Cambridge, 1984) Raaflaub, K., and L. J. Samons II, Opposition to to family history essay Augustus, in Raaflaub and Toher, 417-54.

________. and M. Essay And Capitalism. Toher (eds.), Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and introduction to family, his Principate (Berkeley, 1990). Ramage, E.S., The Nature and Purpose of Augustus's Res Gestae (Stuttgart, 1987). Rawson, E., Discrimina Ordinum: The Lex Julia Theatralis, PBSR 55 (1987): 83-114 (reprinted in her Roman Culture and Society: Collected Papers [Oxford, 1991], 508-45). Rich, J.W., Cassius Dio and communism, the Augustan Settlement (Warminster, 1990). Reinhold, M., Marcus Agrippa: A Biography (Rome, 1965). Roddaz, J.-M., Marcus Agrippa (Rome, 1984). Salmon, E.T., The Evolution of buy essays online secure, Augustus's Principate, Historia 5 (1956): 456-78. Schlüter, W. The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest: Archaeological Research at Kalkreise near Osnabrück, in J.D.

Creighton and essay, R.J.A. Wilson (eds), Roman Germany: Studies in Cultural Interaction (Portsmouth, RI, 1999), 125-59. Shotter, D.C., Augustus Caesar (London, 1991) Simon, E., Augustus: Kunst und Leben in Rom um die Zeitenwende (Munich 1986). Southern, P., Augustus (London, 1998).

Syme, R., The Roman Revolution , rev. ed. (Oxford, 1952). ________. History in compare contrast two places essay Ovid (Oxford, 1978). ________. The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford, 1986). Talbert, R.J.A., The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton, 1984). Taylor, L. R., The Divinity of the and capitalism Roman Emperor (Middletown, 1931; reprint, New York, 1979). Von Premerstein, A. Vom Werden und Wesen des Prinzipate. Secure. (Munich, 1937). Ward-Perkins, J.B., Roman Imperial Architecture , 2nd edition (Hammondsworth, 1981). Weigel, R.D., Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir (London, 1992). Whittaker, C.R., Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A Social and Economic Study (Baltimore, 1994).

Williams, G., Did Maecenas 'Fall from Favor'? Augustan Literary Patronage, in Raaflaub and Toher, 258-75. Zanker, P., The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor, 1988). NOTES (throughout the communism notes, items in the bibliography are referred to in abbreviated form) [[1]] The chief ancient sources for the life of Augustus (mostly available as Penguin Classics or in the Loeb Classical Library) are: Appian B. Introduction History. Civ . books 3-5; Dio, books 45-56; Cicero, Philippics and some letters; Nicolaus of Damascus, Augustus ; Plutarch, Mark Antony ; Suetonius, Augustus ; the Res Gestae Divi Augusti (see the edition by P.A. Brunt and J.M. Moore [Oxford, 1967]). Fragments of the biography of Augustus by Nicolaus of Damascus (fl. ca. 20 BC) are especially valuable, since this work is and capitalism, widely accepted as preserving elements of Augustus's lost De Vita Sua (covering the compare contrast years down to 25 BC; Suet. Aug . 1-18 appears also to be based on essay communism and capitalism, this autobiography).

The surviving text of Nicolaus, however, only treats Octavian's life down to the raising of his private legions in 44 BC (for editions with English translations and compare contrast, notes, see J. Bellemore, Nicolaus of and capitalism, Damascus: Life of Augustus [Bristol, 1984]; C.M. Hall, Nicolaus of Damascus: Life of Augustus [Baltimore, 1923]). There are also innumerable references to him in other ancient literary works and inscriptions, and large quantities of iconographic evidence (statues, busts, reliefs, gems, etc). Essay. The number of modern accounts is also formidable, with useful and essay and capitalism, concise introductions to building dissertations be found in Shotter, Augustus Caesar and communism, Jones, Augustus . More thorough and specific treatments include Bleicken, Augustus ; Kienast, Augustus ; Millar and Segal, Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects ; Raaflaub and Toher, Between Republic and Empire ; Southern, Augustus ; Syme, Roman Revolution ; id. History in Ovid . In the interests of conciseness, the notes emphasize the ancient evidence; most of the secondary studies just cited tackle the issues addressed in this article. [[2]] The fall of the dissertations Roman Republic has also generated vast quantities of bibliography; see, esp., P.A. Brunt, The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays (Oxford, 1988); M. Essay. Crawford and M. Beard, Rome in the Late Republic (Ithaca, 1985); F. Millar, The Crowd in Rome in introduction essay the Late Republic (Ann Arbor, 1998); E. Gruen, The Last Generation of the Roman Republic (Berkeley, 1974); Syme, Rom. Communism. Rev . [[3]] The lack of popular enthusiasm for Caesar's naked autocracy is reflected in a famous incident during the Lupercalia (15 February) in building 44 BC. Essay And Capitalism. Caesar had twice been offered a royal diadem in front of the crowd.

The crowd, we hear, reacted badly to this spectacle, remaining largely silent, despite the presence of a pro-Caesar claque in their midst. Only when Caesar refused the crown did the crowd cheer wildly. See Dio 44.11-12; App. B. Civ . 2.109; Plut. Caes . 61-62. To Family History. Suet. Caes . 79.2 only alludes to the incident. [[4]] Ancient accounts of Augustus's birth and essay, early life are seriously marred by fantastical prophesies of future greatness, so that the historical reality is hard to weed out. He seems, however, to have lived a largely uneventful first nineteen years. See Dio 45.1-2; Suet. Aug . 1-8; Nic.

Aug . 2-5; Tac. Dial . 28.5 Cicero's letters provide the only contemporary evidence for robert fire research paper Augustus's early career, and are indispensable for that, but provide little information on his early life. Communism. A note on names: Augustus was born C. Octavius, became C. Julius Caesar Octavianus (usually abbreviated Octavian in in organizations thesis modern sources) in 44 BC, and was renamed yet again as Imperator Augustus Caesar in 27 BC. Following standard practice, I shall refer to him by his appropriate name in each period. [[5]] Association with Caesar: Nic. Aug . 7-12. Aftermath of murder: App.

B. Civ . 3.9-11. Essay Communism And Capitalism. Octavian seems to have arrived in Italy in early April or late March: Cicero, in a letter from Astura dated 11 April, inquired of Atticus how it went ( Att . 14.5.3 = SB 359). Note that the dissertations influential Caesarian L. Communism And Capitalism. Munatius Plancus had taken note of the young Octavius prior to Caesar's murder, so the young man had not gone entirely unnoticed by the elite; see Cic. Fam . 10.24.5. [[6]] For ancient narratives of the introduction history essay events here described, see App. B. Civ . 3.11-98; Dio 45.5.1-46.52.4; Nic. Aug . 16-31; Suetonius ( Aug . 8.3-12) presents a conflated and essay communism, rather confused account. Augustus's own summary of this phase of his career ( RG 1.1) is restricted to the simple and to family history essay, tendentious assertion he successfully championed the liberty of the republic when it was oppressed by the tyranny of a faction. [[7]] Technically, however, the adoption was not made official until October/November 43 BC. That is why, it seems, Cicero comments that, when he met Octavian at Puteoli on communism, 22 April, 44 BC, his followers call him Caesar, but Philippus [Octavian's stepfather] does not, so neither do I ( Att . 14.12.2 = SB 366); the Liberator M. Junius Brutus also refers to Octavian as Octavius (Cic.

Ad Brut . 17.5-6, 25.1, 2, 7, 8, 11; dated June and e-business, July 43 BC). In contrast, L. Munatius Plancus, a Caesarian, calls Octavian Caesar in letters roughly contemporary with Brutus's (e.g., Cic. Fam . 10.23.6, 10.24.4-8). The political importance of the name was beyond doubt to contemporaries. [[8]] Cicero first met Octavian in and capitalism Naples on 19 April, 44 BC, one day after Octavian had arrived in page the city ( Att . Essay. 14.10.3 = SB 364). A few days later, on 22 April, he had decided that Octavian's influence on events could not be good, since his supporters were threatening death to online the Liberators ( Att . 14.12.2 = SB 366).

[[9]] For his part, Cicero paid little attention to Octavius, at least initially: on 12 April, 44 BC he wrote to Atticus ( Att . 14.6.1 = SB 360), As for Octavius -- it's neither here not there. [[10]] Appian ( B. Civ . 3.14-21) puts windy speeches into both their mouths: Octavian asks for his inheritance, Antony refuses by claiming the money is tied up in litigation, largely spent already, or not yet counted. Communism And Capitalism. In contrast, Dio (45.5.3) merely comments that Antony insulted Octavian, despite the latter's deference and failure to building demand his inheritance. Regardless of the essay and capitalism details, in both accounts the meeting was not successful. [[11]] Cicero, in writing great essay letters to Atticus dated 11 and 18 May, 44 BC ( Att . And Capitalism. 14.20.5 = SB 374, 14.21.4 = SB 375, and 15.2.3 = SB 379), makes reference to Octavian addressing a contio in Rome and preparing to give games (see Dio 45.6.4). C. Matius, an in organizations thesis, obscure but affluent Caesarian, saw to the games at Octavian's request (Cic. Fam . 11.28.6).

[[12]] See App. B. Essay. Civ . 3.27, 30; Dio 45.9.3. [[13]] All of this took place in October and November 44 BC, as Cicero's letters make plain ( Att . 16.8.1-2 = SB 418; Fam . Steps Great. 12.23.2). See also App. B. Civ . 3.40-48; Dio 45.12. [[14]] Cicero, however, had been from the outset doubtful about Octavian's nature and intentions; see Att . 14.12.2 = SB 366 (April 44 BC) and 16.9 = SB 419 (November 44 BC). Needless to say, it was also to essay the political benefit of the Liberators and their supporters (Cicero among them) to keep the Caesarian leadership quarrelling.

[[15]] Cicero's speeches against Antony, called the Philippics , have survived. In Philippics 3-5 (dated 20 December, 44 BC - 1 January, 43 BC), Cicero secured Octavian's appointment as propraetor from the e-business in organizations thesis senate. See also Cic. Fam . 10.28.3 (dated 2 February, 43 BC) [[16]] App. B. Communism And Capitalism. Civ . 3.49-73; Cic. Fam . 11.8.2 (Cicero to Decimus Brutus, dated late January, 43 BC), 10.30.4 (letter from Ser. Sulpicius Galba serving with consuls at Mutina, dated 15 April, 43 BC), 10.33.3-4 (letter from thesis C. Asinius Pollio, dated late May, 43 BC); Cic. Phil . 14; Dio 45.12-46.38. Cicero's quip, reported back to communism him by Decimus Brutus in a letter dated 24 May, 43 BC ( Fam . Robert And Ice Paper. 11.20.1) was that the youth [Octavian] should be praised, decorated, immortalized (the Latin-- laudandum, ornandum, tollendum --is deliberately ambiguous: tollere can mean both raise up and destroy). [[17]] App.

B. Civ . 3.74-95; Cic. Fam . 11.10.2, 11.13.1, 11.14.2 (correspondence to and from Decimus Brutus, dated May, 43 BC), 10.23.6 (letter from communism Plancus, dated 6 June, 43 BC). Octavian's election to e-business thesis the consulship took place on 19 August (as attested in the Feriale Cumanum , InscIt 13.2.278ff.), though his demand for the consulship appears to have begun in June (Cic. Ad Brut . 18.3); Dio 46.39-49. On Cassius and Brutus in communism the East, see App. B. Civ . 3.26, 63, 77-79, 96; Dio 47.20-36. [[18]] Overtures to Antony: App. B. Civ . 3.80-81. Online. Meeting and formation of the triumvirate: App. B. Civ . 3.96-4.3 (Appian places the meeting at communism and capitalism, Mutina); Dio 46.54.3-55.5. Passage of the lex Titia : App.

B. Civ . 4.7; Dio 47.2.2. The terminal date of the triumvirate is unequivocally established by the Fasti Colotiani . On the legalities of the writing essay Second Triumvirate, see Bleicken, Zwischen Republik und Prinzipat ; see also Millar, Triumvirate. [[19]] See App. B. Civ . 4.8-9 (text of proclamation) and 4.10-51 (anecdotes of the proscribed); see also Dio 47.9-13. Death of Cicero: App. B. Civ . 4.19; Dio 47.8.3-4; Plut. Cic. Communism And Capitalism. 46-49.

Plutarch ( Cic . 49.5) preserves the moving anecdote of Augustus, years later, unexpectedly confronted by his compliance in Cicero's murder. When visiting one of his grandsons, the fearful child attempted to conceal the book of Cicero he was reading. Augustus took the book, read it for some time, and gave it back to the boy saying, A learned man, my boy, learned and a true patriot. Dio (47.8.1), Pliny ( HN 7.147), Plutarch ( Ant . 21), Suetonius ( Aug . 27.1), and Velleius (2.66.1-3) unite in blaming the proscriptions mainly on Antony (and Lepidus), the former public enemies out for revenge; there has to be a suspicion of pro-Augustan retroactive finger-pointing here. (Perhaps the in organizations thesis later tradition of communism, Octavian's reluctance stems from apologia in Augustus's own Memoirs , now lost.) The final count of the dead is given by Appian ( B. Building. Civ . 4.5) as 300 senators and essay communism and capitalism, 2,000 Knights. Southern (57-59) joins Kienast (35) in arguing forcefully that the proscriptions were motivated by the mentality of the political purge, not financial need.

[[20]] Africa: App. B. Civ . Contrast Two Places. 4.53-56. Essay Communism And Capitalism. Campaign of Philippi: App. B. Civ . Steps Writing Great. 4.86-139; Dio 47.37-49. Octavian's limited role in the fighting: Dio 47.41.1-4; Pliny HN 7.148. Re-alignment of the triumviral provinces: App. B. Civ . 5.3, 12; Dio 48.1.2-3. (Cisalpine Gaul now ceased to be a province and was finally integrated into essay Italia.) [[21]] On the depradations of the soldiers in Italy, see Dio 47.14.4-5. On this settlement, see Keppie, Colonisation , 58-69.

On the e-business thesis methods and impact of veteran settlement, see ibid., 87-133. The eighteen towns: App. B. Civ . 4.3 (Appian says the towns were remarkable for their wealth and fine lands and houses). It should be noted that where the territory of a designated veteran colony proved insufficient for the requirements of settlement, the territory of essay communism and capitalism, neighboring towns would be encroached upon, occasionally to the point of building, total subsumption (e.g., Caudium, entirely absorbed by the settlement at Beneventum). Thus, many more than the eighteen towns mentioned by Appian were affected by the settlement process. [[22]] On the Perusine War, see App.

B. Civ . 5.14, 30-51; Dio 48.13-14 . And Capitalism. Antony's complicity: App. B. Steps Writing Great Essay. Civ . Communism. 5.21-22; Dio 48.28. Building Dissertations. Execution of councilors: App. B. Civ . 5.48; Dio 48.14.3. Acquisition of Gaul: App. B. Civ . 5.51, 53; Dio 48.20.1, 3. [[23]] Threatened war and Pact of Brundisium: App. B. And Capitalism. Civ.

5.52-65; Dio 48.28-30. [[24]] Career of Sextus: App. B. Civ . 2.105, 122, 3.4, 4.25, 36-54 (passim), 83-85, bk. 5 (passim); Dio 47.36.4, 47.49.4, 48.16-20. Date of contrast two places, appointment of Sextus to the prefecture of the communism fleet: Cic. Phil . Buy Essays Online Page. 13.13. Sextus's pact with Antony: App. B. Civ . 5.56. Treaty of Misenum/Puteoli: App. B. Essay And Capitalism. Civ . 5.67-74 (Appian places the meeting at Puteoli); Dio 48.36-38.

The scene at the latter was almost comical (as described by Appian): Antony and Octavian sat on a platform built over the sea close to buy essays secure the land; Sextus had his own, more seaward platform with his ships behind. A narrow strip of water separated the two platforms. Negotiations were then shouted across the sea until agreement was reached. On Sextus Pompeius, see also Hadas, Sextus Pompey . In Syme's view ( Rom. Rev ., 221), the Peace of Puteoli enlarged the Triumvirate to include a fourth partner, which is something of an overstatement, given its evidently expedient nature. [[25]] Collapse of Misenum/Puteoli agreement and war: App. B. Civ . Essay Communism. 5.77-92; Dio 48.45.4-49 . Treaty of Tarentum and renewal of triumvirate: App. B. Civ . 5.93-95; Dio 48.54.1-6. The issue of the duration of the online page second period of the triumvirate has proven difficult: was it renewed at Tarentum (September?, 37 BC) retroactively from and capitalism 1 January, 37 BC (to end on 31 December, 33 BC) or did it run directly from September(?), 37 BC (to end sometime toward the end of 32 BC)? The more convincing case is on steps great essay, the side of the retroactive view: see the excellent summary in Benario, Octavian's Status.

See also Bleicken, Zwischen Republik und Prinzipat , 65-82; id., Augustus , 269-70; W. Eder, Augustus and the Power of Tradition: The Augustan Principate as Binding Link Between Republic and essay and capitalism, Empire, in Raaflaub and building, Toher, 97-98; Jones, 31; Kienast, 55; Southern, 94. In all likelihood, Republican legalities played a lesser part in the considerations of the time than the observable reality of the essay communism and capitalism triumvirate's dominance and, therefore, in the actual operation of its power; see below, n. 29. On the growth of Octavian's party at this time, see Syme, Rom. Rev ., 227-42. [[26]] Final campaign against Sextus: App. B. Civ . 5.96-144; Dio 49.1-18.

Lepidus: App. Secure Page. B. Communism. Civ . 5.123; Dio 49.11.2-12.4; see also Weigel, Lepidus . Lepidus's rash actions were, in Syme's words, sparked by a strange delusion ( Rom. Rev ., 232). Writing Great. These events in Sicily were capped by unrest among the legions there, with the soldiers demanding rewards for communism and capitalism service. Compare Contrast Essay. Octavian discharged 20,000 of essay and capitalism, them on the spot and secure, promised the rest bounties after campaigns in Illyricum; see Appian and Dio locc. citt.; Keppie, Colonisation , 69-73. [[27]] One of the honors allegedly given to Octavian after Naulochus, late in 36 BC, was the tribunician power (App. And Capitalism. B. Civ . Compare Contrast Two Places Essay. 5.132). And Capitalism. However, Augustus later reckoned his tribunician power from 23 BC, which settles the argument decisively: he did not get it in 36 BC.

Dio is probably correct (49.15.6) in saying that he was given a tribune-like protection from insult or injury ( sacrosanctitas ). Refusal of the pontificate: App. B. Civ . Compare Two Places. 5.131; Dio 49.15.3; Suet. Aug . 31.1. Burning of the records: App. And Capitalism. B. Civ . 3.132. [[28]] Antony's wars in the East: Dio 49.19-30; Plut. Ant . 37-52. Octavian in Illyricum: App. Ill . 12-28. Antony's behavior and the Donations of writing great essay, Alexandria (much of it no doubt drawn from pro-Augustus propaganda): Dio 49.41, Plut.

Ant . Essay And Capitalism. 54.3-6 (Donations); Dio 50.4-5 (behavior). Cleopatra's ambitions: Dio 50.4.1, 5.4. Rising tensions: Plut. Ant . 54-55. Agrippa's aedileship and munificence instigated by Octavian: Dio 49.43.1-4; Pliny HN 36.121; Roddaz, 145-57 (aedileship); Suet. Frost Paper. Aug . Essay Communism. 29.4-5; Vell. Pat. 2.89.4 (munificence).

[[29]] On the date of the expiration of the triumviral powers, see above n. Steps Great Essay. 25. It is essay communism and capitalism, my opinion that many modern scholars, wedded to contemporary paradigms of legally-sanctioned government, have overstated the importance of legalities in establishing the powers of introduction to family essay, Roman Republican officials; precedent, ritual, and appearance were just as important, if not more so. Certainly traditional procedures and communism, practices were used during the Republic to legitimate magisterial authority, but many of these niceties had fallen by the wayside in the years since Pompey and Caesar. Time and again in two places essay the period after Sulla extraordinary powers and privileges had been voted to generals in recognition of their de facto supremacy. So too now, with Octavian. Technically, his triumviral powers had lapsed. Essay. No one, however, not even the Antonian consuls for robert frost and ice 32 BC, C. Essay Communism And Capitalism. Sosius and Cn.

Domitius Ahenobarbus, were going to point that out publicly; although the content of Sosius's anti-Octavian speech of thesis, 1 January, 32 BC has not survived, that he focused on the expiration of the triumviral powers is unlikely, since the lapse applied to and capitalism Antony as well. The reality of Octavian's pre-eminence in writing great essay the West overshadowed the strict legalities of his position. On ritual, ceremony, and appearance in essay communism Republican magistracy, see D.J. Gargola, Lands, Laws and Gods: Magistrates and Ceremony in the Regulation of Public Lands in Republican Rome (Chapel Hill, 1995), esp. 16-24; R. Stewart, Public Office in Early Rome: Ritual Procedure and Political Practice (Ann Arbor, 1998). The 1 January meeting of the senate and aftermath: Dio 50.2.3-7.

Reading Antony's will: Dio 50.3.1-4.1, Plut. Ant . 58.3-4. Oath: RG 25.2; Dio 50.6.3-4 (where the contrast essay oath is unmentioned but implicit); Suet. Aug . 17.2. Augustus himself ( RG , loc. cit.) states that the oath was voluntary ( sponte sua ), but it may not have been (see Dio and Suetonius, locc. citt.).

Syme ( Rom. Communism. Rev ., 284) was convinced the oath came before the denunciation of Antony in the senate and the declaration of dissertations, war and, in a rousing phrase, believed the essay communism oath riveted the essay shackles of [Italy's] servitude. [[30]] Campaign at Actium: Dio 50.10-35; Plut. Ant . 61-68.3; Vell. Pat. 2.84-85; Carter, Battle of and capitalism, Actium . The forces on each side were monumental: about 30 legions apiece, and Antony had 500 warships to Octavian's 250 (Plut. Ant . 61). Steps Great. For the later reception of the essay communism Actian campaign, see Gurval, Actium and Augustus . [[31]] Aftermath of Actium: Dio 51.1-17; Plut. Ant . 68.4-86. Date of the fall of in organizations, Alexandria: Fasti Praenestini and Amiterini ( InscrIt . 13.2.107 and 13.2.185).

Cleopatra, according to Plutarch ( Ant . And Capitalism. 78-86.3), was taken alive by building Octavian, who planned to display her at communism and capitalism, his triumph. Steps. But she had an asp smuggled into communism a banquet she was holding, hidden among a plate of figs. (The asp bit her on the arm, not the breast, according to Plutarch [ Ant . 86.1-3] and Dio [51.14.1-2].) The revolt or plot of Lepidus is a shadowy affair: Vell. Pat. 2.88; Dio 54.15.4; Suet. Aug . Essay. 19.1. [[32]] Settling affairs in the East: Dio 51.18. Veteran settlements: Keppie, Colonisation , 73-82. Wealth of Egypt used for settlements: Dio 51.17.6-8.

Three triumphs: Dio 51.21.6-9. By universal consent I was in complete control of affairs: RG 34.1. On 11 January, 29 BC the doors of the Temple of Janus in Rome were closed, symbolizing that the entire Roman world was at peace (though Dio is quick to point out the various wars still in essay progress in diverse locales): it had only online secure, happened twice before in all of Roman history (Dio 51.20.4-5). Such a symbolic gesture must have had a powerful effect on essay communism, those who witnessed or heard about it and reinforced the notion of Octavian as the bringer of peace. Honors: Dio 51.19-21. [[33]] None of this is meant to suggest that the system later called the Principate was, in its entirety, planned out and effected according to a pre-ordained blueprint, but rather that Octavian, in the run up to the First Settlement, must have given careful thought to his position and acted accordingly.

That attitude, in fact, had marked his behavior from the very outset of his career and was encapsulated in building his favorite aphorisms, Rush slowly ( festina lente ) and Whatever is essay communism and capitalism, done well enough is introduction history, done quickly enough ( sat celeriter fieri quidquid fiat satis bene ; see, for both, Suet. Aug . 25.4). These are the mottoes of a patient and essay, careful planner. Nevertheless, that the Principate emerged piecemeal over almost three decades was demonstrated long ago by E.T. Salmon in his seminal article, The Evolution of Augustus's Principate; see also Lacey, Augustus and the Principate . Introduction To Family Essay. Need for a rector : Cic. And Capitalism. Rep . 2.51; 5.5, 6; 6.13. As consul in 28 BC, Octavian had annulled all the illegal acts of the triumvirate, effectively wiping the slate clean in that department (Dio 53.2.6); his behavior in this year, with Agrippa as his colleague, was generally traditional, generous, and exemplary (Dio 53.1-2). A new beginning was being heralded, support for it organized, and its nature indicated: later, Augustus himself considered the events of 28 and 27 BC as part of a single process of transferring the republic from my power to the dominion of the senate and people of Rome ( RG 34.1).

[[34]] First Settlement: Dio 53.3-17.1; RG 34.1-2; Suet. Aug . 28.1; Vell. 2.89. Settlement staged: Dio 53.2.7. Division of online page, provinces: Dio 53.12; see also Millar, The Emperor, the Senate and the Roman Provinces. Debate over legal status of Octavian: Southern, 111-13.

Imperium proconsulare is more likely to have been granted for ten years than imperium consulare , which Octavian already held by virtue of his consulship: or was it expected he would be consul every year for the following ten years? On the settlement, see, e.g., Bleicken, 315-42; Rich, Cassius Dio ; Southern, 111-17; Syme, Rom. Essay And Capitalism. Rev . 313-30. [[35]] Travels of Augustus: Dio 53.22.5. Illness and recovery: Dio 53.30.3; Hor. Essay. Epist . 1.15; Pliny HN 25.77; Suet.

Aug. Essay Communism. 81.1. Robert Research. Conspiracy: Dio 54.3.2-3 (who dates the essay event to 22 BC, so breaking the direct link between it and the Settlement of 23); Vell. Pat. 2.91.2; the details are perceptively discussed by dissertations Raaflaub and essay communism and capitalism, Samons, Opposition to Augustus, 425-27; see also Rich, Dio Cassius , 168-69.

Second Settlement: Dio 53.32; RG 10.1; Suet. Aug . 28.1. For the Cyrenaica decrees, see below n. 48. [[36]] Refusal of dictatorship et al.: Dio 54.1.3-4; RG 5.1-2; Vell. Pat. 2.89.5; Suet. Aug . 52.

Cura annonae : Dio 54.1.3. Ius primae relationis : Dio 54.3.3. E-business In Organizations. Privileges of 19 BC: Dio 54.10.3-7; RG 6.1; Suet. Aug . 27.5. Father of the essay communism and capitalism Country: Dio 55.10.10; RG 35.1; Suet. Robert Fire Research. Aug . 58. Priesthoods: RG 7.3. Auctoritas : RG 34.3; see also Cic. Off . 2.2; Magdelain, Auctoritas Principis ; Lanza, Auctoritas Principis ; a useful overview is now Galinsky, 10-41.

Dio (55.34.2) reports that in AD 8, when he had become too infirm to attend elections in person, Augustus would post the names of the candidates for essay communism and capitalism office he favored; it's hard to imagine such candidates failing. Galinsky (42-79) surveys the writing great establishment of the Principate with emphasis on the terminology of power Augustus uses to describe it. [[37]] Continuity of Principate: Suet. Aug . 28.1-2. [[38]] Before marrying Livia Drusilla in 39 BC, he had been married to Clodia, stepdaughter of Antonius ( PIR 2 C 1057), from 43-41 BC; and then to Scribonia ( PIR S 220), from 40-39 BC. Appearance at communism, triumph: Suet. Tib . 6.4.

Marriage: Dio 53.27.5. Aedile/legal age: Dio 53.28.3. Successor in power: Vell. Pat. 2.93.1. Deathbed scene: Dio 53.30.1-2; Suet. Robert Frost Fire Research. Aug . 28.1. Essay Communism And Capitalism. Death and burial of Marcellus: Dio 53.30.4. Livia 's rumored hand in his demise (Dio 53.33.4.) is entirely unproven; that summer in Rome was considered particularly unhealthy and death by illness was widespread (Dio loc. Essay. cit.).

Marcellus was not adopted by Augustus: the RG (21.1) refers to him as my son-in-law as does Marcellus's epitaph (Braund, 27). [[39]] Octavius in Caesar's triumph: see n. 5. Octavius granted right of standing early: App. B. Civ . 3.51. [[40]] Agrippa goes East: Dio 53.31.2-4; Pliny HN 7.149; Tac. Ann . 14.53.3; Suet. Aug . 66.3, Tib . 10.3. Agrippa's power in essay and capitalism the east: Gray, Imperium of M. Agrippa. Maecenas's quip: Dio, 54.6.5. Marriage: Dio 54.6.5; Suet. Aug . 63.1. Agrippa's powers: Dio 54.12.4-5 (18 BC), 54.28.1 (13 BC).

[[41]] Coins: RIC nos. 407, 408, 414. Gaius and Lucius Caesar: Dio 54.18.1, Tac. Essay. Ann . Essay. 1.3. Tiberius and Drusus' advancement: see DIR's Tiberius . As to the Regency or paired-succession propositions (for which, see, respectively, R. Seager, Tiberius [London, 1972], 18-22, 24-26, 29-38, recently restated in Southern, 162, 168; and B. Levick, Tiberius the Politician (London, 1976), 19-67; ead., Drusus Caesar), what ensured that Agrippa the regent would step down when required to do so? What mechanisms realistically existed for depriving an incumbent regent or princeps of his powers? Indeed, if Agrippa did not step down but died in office, what makes him a regent and not an emperor?

The paired accession idea is no more convincing, since Augustus was under no illusions as to the extreme inadvisability, if not impossibility, of attempting to share supreme power (see Suet. Aug . 28.1): his own career as triumvir was illustration enough of e-business, that. Essay Communism And Capitalism. As it was, joint accessions were not seriously entertained until the second century and beyond, when the Principate was well established, and most were unsuccessful. That Augustus was blind to the danger of building dissertations, presenting two equally qualified and favored candidates to the armed forces is all but inconceivable. [[42]] Death of Agrippa: Dio 54.28.2-3, 29. Marriage of Tiberius and essay communism, Julia: Dio 54.31.2. Writing Great. For more detailed discussion of these events with reference to the ancient material involved, see the DIR's Tiberius , C. and L. And Capitalism. Caesar, Germanicus , Agrippa Postumus. See also, Birch, Settlement; Levick, Drusus Caesar; Seager, Tiberius , 35-38.

Germanicus, the son of to family history, Tiberius' brother Drusus, was himself a Claudian but his marriage to Agrippina (Augustus's granddaughter) offered hope of essay and capitalism, a Julian heir in the fourth generation. [[43]] Fall of Julia the Elder: Dio 55.10.12-16; Suet. Aug . 65.1, Tib . 11.4; Tac. Ann . 1.53.1; Vell. Pat. 2.100.2-5. Writing. For the political scheming view, see Levick, Julians and Claudians.

Fall of essay communism and capitalism, Agrippa Postumus: Dio 55.32.1-2; Suet. Aug . 65.1, 65.4; Levick, Abdication; Jameson, Augustus and Agrippa Postumus. Fall of Julia the Younger: Suet. Aug . 19.1, 65.1. [[44]] For a concise account of the Roman army under Augustus, see Keppie, Making of the Roman Army , 145-71; also Bleicken, 541-63, Jones, 110-16. On the compare two places essay praetorians, see Durry, Cohortes Prétoriennes , esp. 65-89. [[45]] On Augustus's campaigns, see RG 26-27; Keppie, loc. cit. in n. 44. On the essay and capitalism Varan disaster, see Schlüter, The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. For an buy essays online secure page, overview of Augustus's foreign policy, see Gruen, Imperial Policy.

On the bigger question of frontiers and imperial growth, see Isaac, Limits of Empire , esp. Communism And Capitalism. 372-418; Whittaker, Frontiers of the Roman Empire , esp. 10-98 (who includes discussion of ancient concepts of space and cartography). On the reactive nature of compare two places essay, ancient government, see Millar, Roman Empire and essay, its Neighbours , esp. 52-80. For the online page stations of the legions on communism, Augustus's death, see n. 48.

[[46]] On the Crassus affair, see Dio 52.23.2-27.3; Livy 4.19-20 (the previous awards of spolia opima were to A. Cornelius Cossus in the late fifth century BC and M. Claudius Marcellus in 222 BC). On Gallus, see Dio 53.23.5-24.1. The inscription ( ILS 8995) is contrast two places, worth quoting: C. Cornelius Gallus, son of Cnaeus, Roman knight, appointed the first Prefect of Alexandria and of Egypt after its kings had been defeated by Caesar, son of a god; he [Gallus] was twice victor in pitched battles during the Theban revolt, within 15 days, in which he defeated the enemy; he took by assault five cities (Boresos, Coptus, Ceramice, Diospolis Magna, and Opheium) and captured the leaders of their revolts; he led an army beyond the communism cataphract of the Nile, into which region arms had not previously been borne either by the Roman people or by the kings of Egypt; he took Thebes, the shared fear of in organizations, all the kings (of Egypt); he received ambassadors of the Ethiopian king at Philae and received that king into his protection; he appointed a ruler over the Ethiopian region of Triacontaschoenus. He [Gallus] gave and dedicated this monument to the ancestral gods and the Nile, his helper. A useful overview of both incidents is provided by Southern (115-17).

Augustus arrogated for himself victories won by his generals: the successes of Tiberius and Drusus on the Rhine and Danube in essay communism 12 and 11 BC caused him to add two imperatorial acclamations to buy essays online page his titles; Tiberius and Drusus got none (Dio 54.33.5). Agrippa refusing triumphs: Dio 53.23.4 (general modesty of Agrippa), 54.11.6 (over the Cantabri), 54.24.7 (over the Bosporus). [[47]] For a useful overview of this subject, see Lintott, Imperium Romanum , 111-28. On the consilium , instituted between 27 and 18 BC, see Dio 53.21.3-5 (quote at 53.21.6); Suet. Aug . 35.4; Crook, Consilium Principis . On the role of the imperial senate, see Talbert, Senate of essay, Imperial Rome , esp.

Part Three: Functions. On suffect consuls, see ibid., 202-7. Newly-created positions: Suet. Aug . 37. On the equestrians, see Demougin, Ordre Equestre . The rosy picture of imperial rule painted by frost fire research Velleius Paterculus (of equestrian status) reflects, perhaps, not only Velleius's sycophantic personality but also a genuine sense of gratitude toward the essay communism and capitalism imperial regime on the part of his class as a whole. Steps Writing. Note also Syme, Augustan Aristocracy . [[48]] Cyrenaica decrees: SEG 9 (1944) 8 = FIRA 1.68. The disposition of the and capitalism empire's territories on Augustus's death was as follows: Territory Status Type of compare contrast, Governor Legions. Baetica Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Lusitania Imperial legat.

Aug. (ex-praetor) - Tarrocensis Imperial legat. Aug. Communism. (ex-consul) 3. Narbonensis Public (23 BC) proconsul (ex-praetor) - Aquitania Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-praetor) - Belgica Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-praetor) - Lugdunensis Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-praetor) - Germany (after AD 9, the area west of the Rhine) Military zone n/a 2 legat. Aug. (ex-consuls) 8 (4 and 4) (Upper and Lower)

Cottian Imperial equest. pref. - Maritime Imperial equest. pref. - Upper Danube region. Raetia Imperial equest. pref. - Noricum Imperial equest. pref. - Lower Danube region/northern Balkans. Illyricum Imperial (11 BC) legat. E-business In Organizations Thesis. Aug. (ex-consul) 2. Pannonia Imperial legat. Aug. Essay Communism And Capitalism. (ex-consul) 3.

Moesia Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-consul) 2. Macedonia Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Achaea Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Thrace Client kingdom - - Asia Public proconsul (ex-consul) - Bythinia-Pontus Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Galatia Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-praetor) - Lycia Free federation - - Pontus Client kingdom - - Cappadocia Client kingdom - - Several client principalities - - Syria Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-consul) 4. Judaea Imperial equest. pref. - Several client principalities - - Egypt Imperial equest. pref.

2. Cyrenaeca Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Africa Public proconsul (ex-consul) 1. Mauretania Client Kingdom - - Sicily Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Sardinia Imperial (AD 6) equest. pref pro legato - Corsica Imperial (AD 6) equest. pref pro steps great essay legato - Cyprus Public (23 BC) proconsul (ex-praetor) - Crete was part of Cyrenaeca. [[49]] For a concise overview of Augustus's arrangement and administration of the provinces, see Jones, 94-109. See also Bleicken, 391-438; Eck, Verwaltung , 1.83-158. In the regions of essay and capitalism, Augustus's military activity, of course, matters were not so pleasant; see Dio 56.16.3 on contrast two places essay, the comment of Bato, leader of the Pannonian revolt of AD 6-9, that the Romans were responsible for the war, since you send as guardians of your flocks not dogs or shepherds, but wolves. Sulla in the East: Plut. Sulla 12.3-9 (pilfering of Greece), 22.5 (indemnity from Mithridates), 25.2 (vast fine extorted from Asian communities). Essay. Caesar in Spain and robert and ice, Gaul: Plut. Caes . 12.4 (Spain), 29.3-4.

On Augustus's image, see Zanker's seminal work, The Power of Images . [[50]] There remains to be written a comprehensive account of Augustus's legislation and social programmes; most of the standard biographies contain pertinent chapters or sections of chapters (e.g., Jones, 131-43; Southern, 146-52). On the and capitalism marriage laws, see Mette-Dittman, Ehegesetze . On the status symbols of the in organizations thesis equestrians, see Kolb, Status-symbolik. A good example of his stiffening of the social hierarchy was the communism and capitalism regulation of compare contrast essay, seating arrangements at spectacles by social class, enforced empire-wide: see Suet. Aug . 44.1; Rawson, Discrimina Ordinum. Legislation on communism and capitalism, manumission and online page, freedmen: Bradley, Slaves and Masters , 84-95. Augustus's private foibles: Suet. Aug . 68-71. [[51]] On the imperial cult, see the still classic study of Taylor, Divinity . For regional studies, see Fishwick, Imperial Cult (on the West) and Price, Rituals and Power (on the East). On the growth of the cult in Augustus's lifetime, see Galinsky, 312-31; Ostrow, Augustales ; Pollini, Man or God. On the contemporary worship of Augustus's numen , see, e.g., Hor.

Epist . 2.1.15; Ovid Trist . And Capitalism. 3.8.13. [[52]] Quote: Dio 56.30.3; Suet. Aug . 28.3. Building projects: RG 19-21, 24. Augustus's building activity and his encouragement of others to munificence: Suet. Aug . 28.2-29.5; Vell. Pat.

2.89.4. A succinct survey of the Augustan building programme in Rome remains Ward-Perkins, Roman Imperial Architecture , 21-44. On the much-studied Ara Pacis, see RG 12.2; Dio 54.25.1-4; recent analyses include Conlin, Artists of the Ara Pacis ; Galinsky, 141-55. Building. For a survey of the communism varied artistic achievements of the period, see Galinsky, 141-224; Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik . [[53]] On the literature of the period, consult any standard history of Latin literature (e.g., the paper Cambridge History of Classical Literature , vol. 2, ed. E.J. Kenney, [1982]); for a concise overview, see Galinsky, 225-87.

On Maecenas, see Williams, Did Maecenas 'Fall from Favor'? (note also the essay communism individual chapters in Raaflaub and buy essays, Toher treating Livy, Vergil, Horace, and Ovid). For the communism and capitalism definitive presentation of the state-controlled model of Augustan literature, see Syme, Rom. Rev ., 459-75. For more moderated views, see., e.g., Galinsky, passim (esp. 229-34).

My Pompeian: Tac. Ann . 4.34.4 (the anecdote, ironically, appears in the context of the robert and ice research trial of a later historian, A. Cremutius Cordus, charged with maiestas under Tiberius in AD 25 for praising Brutus and Cassius in his history). [[54]] Withdrawal: Dio 55.33.5, 55.34.2, 56.26.2-3, 56.28.1-2; see also Southern, 181-90. Tiberius's position: Suet. Tib . 21.1; Vell. Pat. 2.121.1. Livia 's alleged involvement: Dio 56.30. Death and burial: Dio 56.29-42; Suet. Aug . 98-101. Will: Dio 56.32; Suet.

Aug . Essay. 101.4. [[55]] Original position of the RG : RG pr.; Suet. Aug . 101.4. ). For a recent analysis, see Ramage, Nature and Purpose . Copyright 1999, Garrett G. Fagan. In Organizations. This file may be copied on the condition that the entire contents, including the header and this copyright notice, remain intact. Updated: 5 July 2004.

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essay source The following outline is intended as to provide one example of how to communism, write an essay. Treat it as food for thesis thought, as providing a set of suggestions some of which you might incorporate into your own method for writing essays. It is useful to begin by considering why essay-writing has long been the method of choice for assessment in history. The chief reason is that no other method provides as effective a means of essay testing a student's comprehension of a topic.

We want you to show us that not only have you acquired a knowledge of the topic but also that you fully understand the topic and the issues raised by it. Essays test understanding by asking you to select and re-organise relevant material in order to produce your own answer to the set question. An undergraduate essay need not be particularly innovative in its approach and insights, but it must be the product of the student's own dialogue with the subject. Essays which do not answer the robert frost fire and ice research question can only and capitalism be regarded as demonstrating some knowledge of the topic, they cannot be said to show understanding of the topic. Essays which plagiarise or merely reproduce what others have said do not even show knowledge of the topic. Plagiarism is thus not merely a matter of theft, it involves an buy essays page, entirely unacceptable subversion of the learning process. 2. Is there a right and communism and capitalism, a wrong answer? History essays are less about finding the correct answer to buy essays secure page, the set question than they are about demonstrating that you understand the issues which it raises (and the texts which discuss these issues). With most historical problems (certainly the most interesting ones) it is essay and capitalism seldom possible to arrive at a definitive answer. The evidence almost always permits a variety of solutions, and contrast essay, different approaches generate divergent conclusions. There are, however, limits to the field of possible solutions, since they must fit in with 'the evidence'.

Of course, exactly what constitutes 'the evidence' is almost invariably one of the issues under discussion among the essay communism and capitalism historians who are most deeply engaged with the problem, but in general for e-business each historical question there will be a body of evidence which is recognised as being relevant to it. This body of evidence will typically comprise what the primary sources tell us about the essay communism and capitalism events and phenomena under discussion. A good answer will need to harmonise with all of this evidence, or explain why particular items have been dismissed as having no bearing on the problem. It follows from all of this that there certainly are wrong answers that is, answers which fall outside the field of possible solutions or which fail to compare contrast, take account of received evidence even though there is no 'absolutely right' answer. Essential steps: select a question; identify the subject of the essay and capitalism question; what are you being asked to do - that is, what kind of information will you need to answer the question, and how will you have to treat it? Circling the key words in the question is sometimes a helpful first step in working out exactly what you need to do.

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'To-what-extent' questions involve a judgement of measure. Essay And Capitalism? One way of answering the question would be set up a series of 'tests', as it were, that can be investigated in turn. This essay will examine five spheres which cast light on the extent of Jewish influence in high medieval France: namely, their role in the commercial life of the towns, the role of Jewish banking in the agrarian economy, their influence on Christian intellectual life, .. [and so on]. The essay would need a conclusion in which you pulled together the results of your test cases: It has been seen that the Jews exerted a profound influence on the intellectual life of the universities but almost none on that of the established monastic orders.. 'Quote-and-discuss' questions require you to robert frost and ice research paper, identify the issue at stake and to produce a reasoned response.

You may respond, for example, by agreeing with the quotation in which case you will need to explain why agreement is the best response, why it would be wrong to disagree. You should consider the merits of a variety of responses. If possible you should always examine the book or article from which the essay communism quotation has been taken in order to buy essays online, discover what its author meant by it, to discover how the author has understood the issues. 'Compare-and-contrast' questions demand the identification of similarities and differences. One method of tackling such an essay would be to distinguish five or six areas of similarity and contrast, and to devote a section of the essay to each area - a section in which you would assess the essay communism and capitalism degree of similarity and reach a sub-conclusion. The conclusion would then require a summation of the various 'sub-conclusions'. It needs to be stressed that none of these types of question calls for a narrative approach . You will never be asked to to family history, produce a narrative of what happened.

In rare circumstances, a few sentences of narrative may form part of the evidence cited in support of a point, but the essay as a whole should be organised according to a logical structure in which each paragraph functions as a premise in the argument. The analytical and expository voice will always prove more effective than the narrative mode of writing. The aim of your initial reading should be to identify an argument which answers the question - one which you find plausible and can carry through with conviction. Essay Communism And Capitalism? For this purpose, it will be useful to read at least two or three items, including a recent book covering the building dissertations general area in communism, which the topic falls. Articles in reference books such as an encyclopaedia can provide an overview, but they rarely provide adequate coverage of the issues. Citing such works will undermine the credibility of your essay. Do not forget to make notes as you go. Making notes helps you to summarise arguments and e-business in organizations, ideas, to select points relevant to your essay, to clarify and essay, adjust your understanding of the essay question and of the topic it bears upon. But your main priority should be to discover an thesis, argument. Once you have come up with a working argument, you need to draw up a plan to guide the next stage of essay and capitalism your research.

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You will need this information when it comes to footnoting your essay. Inevitably, the previous stage will turn up things you hadn't thought of and books with better things to say about the topic. Do not panic. Ask yourself: can your argument be saved with a few adjustments? Does the argument need to be re-constructed from scratch?

If so, how can I recycle the information I've already begun to collect? Much will depend upon how confident you now feel about in organizations, your argument. Follow your instincts: if the argument feels wrong, look for a better one. It is essay communism better to start again than to write an essay that lacks conviction. If complete reconstruction is unavoidable, go back to '5. Drawing up a Plan'. Having revised you argument (and plan), it's time to write your essay.

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It is also possible to assess the extent of the e-business in organizations catastrophe by looking at the level of demand for land in the major urban centres. Essay? In Genoa, for example, land prices fell sharply from a high in 1310 of. [several sentences of examples] . The dramatic fall in the prices of land within urban centres implies an equally sharp fall in the numbers of people wanting to live in cities and, thus also, a sudden decline in the actual number of people living there. Notice how the point briefly introduced in the topic sentence is developed naturally by essay the second sentence of the paragraph. It is essay and capitalism better to avoid trying the explain everything in a single sentence: clusters of sentences that flow from one to another are much more effective! Signposting your evidence will give the essay that all important sense of critical depth and originality: Seapower was a crucial to European expansion.

This much is illustrated by the way in which Europe expanded between the tenth and sixteenth centuries. Southwards and eastwards expansion in building, the eastern Mediterranean was heavily dependent upon the availability of effective fleets of warships and trading vessels. There were critical moments, such as in the late eleventh-century conquests of Sicily and Sardinia, when. [and so on.] You need to give the marker a sense of where your opinions end and of where the supporting evidence begins. But remember to vary your signposts: using the same phrase over essay, and over again will distract and bore the reader. If the supporting evidence is introduction to family not a well-known and essay and capitalism, irrefutable fact, it will probably need to be given the additional support of a footnote indicating where you have obtained your information or which historian's interpretation of the writing great piece of evidence being deployed you have chosen to follow. It will sometimes be useful to quote other authors, especially primary sources, but do not overdo it. It is often better to put things in your own words while still clearly signalling the source of the idea and using a footnote (e.g. 'According to Mayer the first crusade.'), since this helps to show that you have understood what was being said - providing that you have indeed grasped what was being said! (c) The Conclusion. All essays need a carefully thought out conclusion which follows logically from the points made and affirmed in the course of your essay.

It need not rehearse the points you have rejected. Always check to see that the conclusion you have drawn is the one which follows logically from the points and essay, evidence you have assembled. (d) Footnoting. Opinions differ over whether to steps great essay, footnote after completing the first draft or as you write. Sometimes, it is best to go back and footnote the essay after you have finished, because inserting footnotes can disturb the flow of your writing.

On the other hand, it is useful to consider what will need to be footnoted as you write, since footnotes are part of the rhetorical apparatus of a formal essay and give weight and power to an argument. For the same reason, it is best to put the notes at the bottom of the essay page rather than at the end of the essay. It looks more impressive (especially if you cite well and widely), and saves the marker flicking back and forth. The markers, it should be noted, are under instructions to check footnotes. (e) Once you have finished you should compile your bibliography . (f) Now save your essay, print out a text, put it aside for a couple of days, and work on something else. Inevitably, when you come to re-read your essay, you will always think of better ways of putting things. You may even think of steps essay supporting evidence you could add to the text, but make sure that any additions do not spoil the flow. You may find that some of your points are irrelevant: this material should be disregarded. You should also ask yourself whether the links between the paragraphs are clear and essay, logical? Perhaps the steps essay would be more effective if they were put in a different order? If the and capitalism essay has been written on a word processor it should be easy enough to e-business in organizations thesis, achieve this by cutting and and capitalism, pasting paragraphs.

Your essay should have a clear and consistent structure throughout, so that one paragraph follows another logically and carries the steps great essay argument forward. You will need to edit: for essay grammar, spelling and punctuation; to remove unnecessary verbiage, colloquialisms and jargon; to ensure that the footnotes and bibliography conform with the dissertations required style sheet; and for the coherence and quality of your writing. You should always check the printed text of essay your essay before submitting it. The eye tends to overlook errors on the screen, and e-business in organizations thesis, spell checkers almost invariably allow a significant number of mistakes to slip through. 'Their' and 'there', for communism and capitalism example, will both be accepted as correct by a word processor regardless of which one you should actually have used in introduction to family essay, a given context. The ability to write good essays does not come to many people easily. Essay? It is a skill which requires constant attention and practice.

It is, however, a skill which will serve you well no matter what you choose to do when you leave university. Effective communication is buy essays online a key to communism, success in many walks of secure life. There is, therefore, every incentive to apply yourself to the development of this art. Credits: This guide was devised and communism, developed by compare two places essay Paul Antony Hayward (2000-2007).