Ameren accounting assignment

Author#8217;s Purpose in Fahrenheit 451. In both Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 and our world today, the government uses censorship to control the thoughts and actions of the people. Censorship is very immoral and terrible for humanity. Censorship keeps people in the dark about the government and assignment, its happenings, and does not allow free thinking and drawing conclusions for oneself because of the lack of information to come to games, a decision using one’s best judgment. The censorship described by Ray Bradbury in a futuristic world is not far off from some of the examples of censorship we see in today’s world. We will write a custom essay sample. on Author#8217;s Purpose in ameren accounting Fahrenheit 451 or any similar. topic specifically for you. When the government censors information from the public and controls what people know or do not know about the an essay a means, government’s activities, it creates ignorance. Because of accounting, censorship, people do not have the information they need to make informed decisions about who they are going to vote for and why. In Fahrenheit 451, Mrs. Bowles says, “I voted last election, same as everyone, and I laid it on the line for President Noble.

I think he’s one of the nicest looking men ever to become president” (96). Mrs. Custom Admissions 2013? Bowles is saying that she voted for a man simply because of his looks, rather than on his plans of how he is going to run the country. There is very little rationale in ameren assignment that this man is going to be running the custom 2013, country, and all people care about is what he looks like. The reason the population does this is ameren accounting because the government censors out all the information, beliefs, and stances on political views so people do not know any better. The government censors out political ideas in the book because they want to p.laurel, control the information that gets to the public. Captain Beatty says to Montag, “If you don’t want a man unhappy politically, don’t give him two sides to a question to ameren accounting, worry him; give him one.

Better yet, give him none” (61). Beatty is an essay telling Montag that people are happier when they do not have to worry or think about a problem, so by not giving them any information,it is better for them. Then there will be no fighting amongst political parties. People are easier to control when they only know the information the government wants them to know. Page 2 Author#8217;s Purpose in Fahrenheit 451 Essay. Accounting Assignment? One can see this in today’s world by certain websites that favor either Democratic or Republican parties, showingnews that benefits that particular party. Also, there are articles written in the newspaper and programs on television and radio that give information that favors one party over another. Censorship about the government is very harmful to a nation and its political affairs.

When the government gives people only the information it wants them to know to control how they think, it makes it hard for custom admissions essays 2013, people to assignment, make decisions about anything because they forget how to think for themselves. While talking to essays, Montag, Beatty says, “Cram them [the people] full of noncombustible data, chock them so damned full of ‘facts’ they feel stuffed…Then they’ll feel like they’re thinking” (61). Beatty is saying that to ameren accounting assignment, make people feel like they are learning and thinking, make them learn useless facts about nothing. People will be so engaged about statement high, things like how much corn Iowa produces in one year that they will not actually do any thinking or decision making about what the government is doing. The government will get to continue to do whatever it wants without anyone questioning them. This is still in the world today in the form of game or trivia shows. Ameren Accounting? We glorify shows like “Survivor” and “Shark Tank” and watch them on TV with the of video, chance of the ameren, contestant winning a lot of do you write in present, money. Yet, the questions are always simple, black and white. There is no thinking about what the government is doing or any political issues, just on ameren, what the contestant needs to do to win money. A little later in the talk with Beatty and Montag, Beatty says, “Don’t give them any slippery stuff like philosophy or sociology to tie things up with. ” (61). What Beatty is by jose explaining is that philosophy and ameren accounting, sociology are complex and dicey subjects.

He is right; they are very complex and intricate, and everyone has a different opinion. What he is wrong about is that he is telling Montag that they are evil and bring sadness. Philosophy and sociology promote thinking and report, questioning the world around oneself, something the ameren assignment, government does not like people doing. When people start asking questions and thinking about political issues, the government has a much harder time controlling people and doing whatever it wants. The government still does this today to an extent. The core classes in school are math, reading, writing, science, and history. None of those include philosophy or sociology. To be fair, people can still take philosophy or sociology, they are just less common and not as important to the government as math, reading, writing, science, and history are.

If the government censors out all the write an essay about a means of transport, important information and just gives the people useless ‘facts’, then the assignment, people will be unfit to make their own decisions about life and other vital areas. In conclusion, censorship is very corrupt and abysmal for society. The two big reasons are lack of information about one’s own government, and censorship does not allow one to think for an essay about of transport, oneself and come up with answers to life’s significant questions. Ameren Assignment? These questions cannot be answered with the names of the state capitals or the lyrics to a popular song. They can only be answered with philosophy and pros of video games essay, sociology, subjects that actually make people think.

If the government censors what information gets out to the public, the public remains ignorant and the government has control over all the decisions that are made.

J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biographical Sketch. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (1892-1973) was a major scholar of the English language, specialising in Old and Middle English. Twice Professor of Anglo-Saxon (Old English) at the University of Oxford, he also wrote a number of stories, including most famously The Hobbit (1937) and assignment The Lord of the Rings (1954-1955), which are set in a pre-historic era in an invented version of our world which he called by the Middle English name of Middle-earth. This was peopled by custom admissions 2013 Men (and women), Elves, Dwarves, Trolls, Orcs (or Goblins) and of course Hobbits.

He has regularly been condemned by the Eng. Accounting Assignment! Lit. establishment, with honourable exceptions, but loved by literally millions of readers worldwide. In the 1960s he was taken up by many members of the custom 2013, nascent “counter-culture” largely because of his concern with environmental issues. In 1997 he came top of ameren, three British polls, organised respectively by Channel 4 / Waterstone’s, the Folio Society, and SFX, the UK’s leading science fiction media magazine, amongst discerning readers asked to vote for the greatest book of the by jose p.laurel, 20th century. Please note also that his name is spelt Tolkien (there is no “Tolkein”). The name “Tolkien” (pron.: Tol-keen; equal stress on both syllables) is believed to be of German origin; Toll-kuhn: foolishly brave, or stupidly clever – hence the pseudonym “Oxymore” which he occasionally used. His father’s side of the family appears to have migrated from Saxony in the 18th century, but over the century and a half before his birth had become thoroughly Anglicised.

Certainly his father, Arthur Reuel Tolkien, considered himself nothing if not English. Arthur was a bank clerk, and went to South Africa in the 1890s for better prospects of promotion. There he was joined by his bride, Mabel Suffield, whose family were not only English through and through, but West Midlands since time immemorial. So John Ronald (“Ronald” to accounting family and book thesis early friends) was born in Bloemfontein, S.A., on 3 January 1892. Ameren! His memories of Africa were slight but vivid, including a scary encounter with a large hairy spider, and influenced his later writing to some extent; slight, because on 15 February 1896 his father died, and he, his mother and his younger brother Hilary returned to England – or more particularly, the West Midlands. The West Midlands in do you essays in present, Tolkien’s childhood were a complex mixture of the grimly industrial Birmingham conurbation, and the quintessentially rural stereotype of ameren, England, Worcestershire and statement handout high school surrounding areas: Severn country, the land of the composers Elgar, Vaughan Williams and Gurney, and more distantly the poet A. E. Housman (it is also just across the ameren, border from Wales). Tolkien’s life was split between these two: the then very rural hamlet of Sarehole, with its mill, just south of Birmingham; and darkly urban Birmingham itself, where he was eventually sent to King Edward’s School. Write Essays In Present! By then the family had moved to King’s Heath, where the house backed onto a railway line – young Ronald’s developing linguistic imagination was engaged by the sight of ameren assignment, coal trucks going to and from South Wales bearing destinations like” Nantyglo”,” Penrhiwceiber” and “Senghenydd”. Then they moved to the somewhat more pleasant Birmingham suburb of thesis statement handout high school, Edgbaston. However, in the meantime, something of profound significance had occurred, which estranged Mabel and her children from both sides of the family: in 1900, together with her sister May, she was received into the Roman Catholic Church.

From then on, both Ronald and Hilary were brought up in the faith of Pio Nono, and remained devout Catholics throughout their lives. The parish priest who visited the family regularly was the accounting, half-Spanish half-Welsh Father Francis Morgan. Tolkien family life was generally lived on the genteel side of poverty. However, the situation worsened in 1904, when Mabel Tolkien was diagnosed as having diabetes, usually fatal in those pre-insulin days. Write An Essay About A Means Of Transport! She died on 14 November of that year leaving the two orphaned boys effectively destitute. At this point Father Francis took over, and made sure of the boys’ material as well as spiritual welfare, although in accounting assignment, the short term they were boarded with an essay unsympathetic aunt-by-marriage, Beatrice Suffield, and then with a Mrs Faulkner. By this time Ronald was already showing remarkable linguistic gifts.

He had mastered the Latin and Greek which was the staple fare of an accounting arts education at that time, and was becoming more than competent in a number of other languages, both modern and ancient, notably Gothic, and what report later Finnish. Ameren Accounting Assignment! He was already busy making up his own languages, purely for write essays tense, fun. He had also made a number of close friends at King Edward’s; in his later years at school they met regularly after hours as the accounting, “T. C. What Is A Book! B. S.” (Tea Club, Barrovian Society, named after their meeting place at the Barrow Stores) and they continued to accounting correspond closely and exchange and criticise each other’s literary work until 1916. However, another complication had arisen.

Amongst the lodgers at Mrs Faulkner’s boarding house was a young woman called Edith Bratt. When Ronald was 16, and she 19, they struck up a friendship, which gradually deepened. Eventually Father Francis took a hand, and forbade Ronald to see or even correspond with Edith for three years, until he was 21. Ronald stoically obeyed this injunction to the letter. In the summer of 1911, he was invited to custom 2013 join a party on a walking holiday in Switzerland, which may have inspired his descriptions of the Misty Mountains, and of Rivendell. In the autumn of that year he went up to Exeter College, Oxford where he stayed, immersing himself in the Classics, Old English, the Germanic languages (especially Gothic), Welsh and Finnish, until 1913, when he swiftly though not without difficulty picked up the ameren assignment, threads of his relationship with Edith.

He then obtained a disappointing second class degree in Honour Moderations, the “midway” stage of a 4-year Oxford “Greats” (i.e. Classics) course, although with an “alpha plus” in philology. As a result of this he changed his school from Classics to the more congenial English Language and Literature. One of the do you write in present, poems he discovered in the course of his Old English studies was the Crist of Cynewulf – he was amazed especially by the cryptic couplet: Eala Earendel engla beorhtast. Ofer middangeard monnum sended. Which translates as:

Hail Earendel brightest of angels, over Middle Earth sent to men. (“ Middangeard ” was an ancient expression for the everyday world between Heaven above and ameren accounting assignment Hell below.) This inspired some of his very early and what is a report inchoate attempts at realising a world of ancient beauty in his versifying. In the summer of accounting, 1913 he took a job as tutor and escort to two Mexican boys in Dinard, France, a job which ended in tragedy. Though no fault of essay p.laurel, Ronald’s, it did nothing to counter his apparent predisposition against France and things French. Meanwhile the relationship with Edith was going more smoothly. She converted to Catholicism and assignment moved to Warwick, which with its spectacular castle and beautiful surrounding countryside made a great impression on Ronald. However, as the pair were becoming ever closer, the nations were striving ever more furiously together, and war eventually broke out in August 1914. Unlike so many of write about a means, his contemporaries, Tolkien did not rush to join up immediately on the outbreak of war, but returned to assignment Oxford, where he worked hard and finally achieved a first-class degree in June 1915. At this time he was also working on various poetic attempts, and on his invented languages, especially one that he came to essay by jose p.laurel call Qenya [ sic ], which was heavily influenced by Finnish – but he still felt the ameren, lack of a connecting thread to do you write tense bring his vivid but disparate imaginings together. Tolkien finally enlisted as a second lieutenant in ameren, the Lancashire Fusiliers whilst working on ideas of Earendel [ sic ] the essay by jose p.laurel, Mariner, who became a star, and his journeyings.

For many months Tolkien was kept in boring suspense in England, mainly in Staffordshire. Accounting Assignment! Finally it appeared that he must soon embark for thesis handout, France, and he and Edith married in accounting assignment, Warwick on 22 March 1916. Eventually he was indeed sent to active duty on the Western Front, just in time for the Somme offensive. After four months in and out of the trenches, he succumbed to “trench fever”, a form of typhus-like infection common in high school, the insanitary conditions, and in ameren accounting assignment, early November was sent back to England, where he spent the next month in hospital in custom admissions essays 2013, Birmingham. By Christmas he had recovered sufficiently to stay with Edith at Great Haywood in Staffordshire. During these last few months, all but one of his close friends of the “T. Ameren Assignment! C. Essays In Present! B. S.” had been killed in action. Partly as an act of piety to their memory, but also stirred by reaction against his war experiences, he had already begun to ameren assignment put his stories into shape, “ … in huts full of blasphemy and smut, or by statement handout high school candle light in bell-tents, even some down in dugouts under shell fire ” [ Letters 66]. This ordering of his imagination developed into the Book of assignment, Lost Tales (not published in his lifetime), in of video, which most of the major stories of the Silmarillion appear in their first form: tales of the Elves and the “Gnomes”, (i. e. Deep Elves, the later Noldor), with their languages Qenya and Goldogrin.

Here are found the ameren, first recorded versions of the wars against Morgoth, the siege and fall of Gondolin and Nargothrond, and the tales of Turin and statement handout high school of Beren and ameren Luthien. Throughout 1917 and 1918 his illness kept recurring, although periods of remission enabled him to of transport do home service at various camps sufficiently well to be promoted to lieutenant. It was when he was stationed in the Hull area that he and Edith went walking in assignment, the woods at nearby Roos, and there in a grove thick with hemlock Edith danced for is a book report thesis, him. This was the inspiration for the tale of Beren and Luthien, a recurrent theme in his “Legendarium”. He came to think of Edith as “Luthien” and himself as “Beren”. Ameren! Their first son, John Francis Reuel (later Father John Tolkien) had already been born on 16 November 1917. When the of video games, Armistice was signed on accounting 11 November 1918, Tolkien had already been putting out feelers to statement high school obtain academic employment, and by the time he was demobilised he had been appointed Assistant Lexicographer on the New English Dictionary (the “Oxford English Dictionary”), then in ameren accounting assignment, preparation. While doing the write about a means, serious philological work involved in this, he also gave one of his Lost Tales its first public airing – he read The Fall of Gondolin to the Exeter College Essay Club, where it was well received by an audience which included Neville Coghill and Hugo Dyson, two future “Inklings”. However, Tolkien did not stay in this job for long.

In the summer of assignment, 1920 he applied for the quite senior post of Reader (approximately, Associate Professor) in English Language at the University of Leeds, and to his surprise was appointed. At Leeds as well as teaching he collaborated with E. V. Gordon on the famous edition of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , and pros continued writing and refining The Book of Lost Tales and his invented “Elvish” languages. In addition, he and Gordon founded a “Viking Club” for accounting assignment, undergraduates devoted mainly to reading Old Norse sagas and drinking beer. It was for this club that he and Gordon originally wrote their Songs for the Philologists , a mixture of is a report, traditional songs and ameren original verses translated into Old English, Old Norse and Gothic to fit traditional English tunes. Leeds also saw the birth of two more sons: Michael Hilary Reuel in October 1920, and Christopher Reuel in 1924.

Then in admissions essays, 1925 the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford fell vacant; Tolkien successfully applied for the post. Professor Tolkien, The Inklings and assignment Hobbits. In a sense, in returning to Oxford as a Professor, Tolkien had come home. Although he had few illusions about the essay by jose p.laurel, academic life as a haven of unworldly scholarship (see for example Letters 250), he was nevertheless by temperament a don’s don, and fitted extremely well into the largely male world of teaching, research, the comradely exchange of ameren accounting assignment, ideas and occasional publication. In fact, his academic publication record is very sparse, something that would have been frowned upon in these days of quantitative personnel evaluation.

However, his rare scholarly publications were often extremely influential, most notably his lecture “Beowulf, the Monsters and the Critics”. His seemingly almost throwaway comments have sometimes helped to transform the understanding of a particular field – for example, in his essay on “English and custom essays 2013 Welsh”, with its explanation of the origins of the term “Welsh” and its references to accounting phonaesthetics (both these pieces are collected in The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays , currently in print). Pros Of Video! His academic life was otherwise largely unremarkable. Ameren Accounting! In 1945 he changed his chair to the Merton Professorship of essays in present tense, English Language and Literature, which he retained until his retirement in accounting assignment, 1959. Apart from all the above, he taught undergraduates, and played an important but unexceptional part in academic politics and administration. His family life was equally straightforward. Edith bore their last child and only daughter, Priscilla, in 1929. Tolkien got into thesis statement handout high, the habit of writing the ameren accounting, children annual illustrated letters as if from Santa Claus, and a selection of these was published in 1976 as The Father Christmas Letters . He also told them numerous bedtime stories, of which more anon.

In adulthood John entered the priesthood, Michael and Christopher both saw war service in the Royal Air Force. Afterwards Michael became a schoolmaster and Christopher a university lecturer, and pros of video games essay Priscilla became a social worker. They lived quietly in North Oxford, and later Ronald and ameren accounting Edith lived in the suburb of Headington. However, Tolkien’s social life was far from thesis high, unremarkable. He soon became one of the founder members of a loose grouping of assignment, Oxford friends (by no means all at the University) with similar interests, known as “The Inklings”.

The origins of the name were purely facetious – it had to do with writing, and sounded mildly Anglo-Saxon; there was no evidence that members of the group claimed to have an “inkling” of the games essay, Divine Nature, as is ameren assignment sometimes suggested. Thesis School! Other prominent members included the above-mentioned Messrs Coghill and Dyson, as well as Owen Barfield, Charles Williams, and above all C. S. Lewis, who became one of ameren accounting assignment, Tolkien’s closest friends, and for whose return to by jose p.laurel Christianity Tolkien was at least partly responsible. The Inklings regularly met for conversation, drink, and frequent reading from accounting assignment, their work-in-progress. Meanwhile Tolkien continued developing his mythology and languages. As mentioned above, he told his children stories, some of which he developed into those published posthumously as Mr. Bliss , Roverandom , etc. However, according to his own account, one day when he was engaged in the soul-destroying task of marking examination papers, he discovered that one candidate had left one page of an answer-book blank. On this page, moved by who knows what anarchic daemon, he wrote “ In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit “.

In typical Tolkien fashion, he then decided he needed to find out what a Hobbit was, what sort of a hole it lived in, why it lived in a hole, etc. Do You Write Essays! From this investigation grew a tale that he told to his younger children, and even passed round. In 1936 an assignment incomplete typescript of thesis high, it came into the hands of Susan Dagnall, an employee of the assignment, publishing firm of George Allen and Unwin (merged in 1990 with HarperCollins). She asked Tolkien to write a means of transport finish it, and presented the complete story to Stanley Unwin, the then Chairman of the firm. He tried it out on his 10-year old son Rayner, who wrote an ameren approving report, and it was published as The Hobbit in 1937.

It immediately scored a success, and has not been out of essays in present tense, children’s recommended reading lists ever since. It was so successful that Stanley Unwin asked if he had any more similar material available for publication. By this time Tolkien had begun to make his Legendarium into accounting, what he believed to be a more presentable state, and thesis handout high as he later noted, hints of it had already made their way into The Hobbit . He was now calling the full account Quenta Silmarillion , or Silmarillion for short. He presented some of his “completed” tales to Unwin, who sent them to his reader. The reader’s reaction was mixed: dislike of the accounting assignment, poetry and praise for the prose (the material was the story of Beren and Luthien) but the overall decision at the time was that these were not commercially publishable. Unwin tactfully relayed this message to Tolkien, but asked him again if he was willing to write a sequel to The Hobbit . Tolkien was disappointed at do you write, the apparent failure of The Silmarillion , but agreed to take up the challenge of “The New Hobbit”. This soon developed into something much more than a children’s story; for the highly complex 16-year history of what became The Lord of the Rings consult the works listed below. Ameren Accounting! Suffice it to say that the now adult Rayner Unwin was deeply involved in the later stages of write an essay about a means, this opus, dealing magnificently with a dilatory and temperamental author who, at ameren accounting, one stage, was offering the whole work to admissions essays 2013 a commercial rival (which rapidly backed off when the scale and nature of the package became apparent). It is thanks to ameren assignment Rayner Unwin’s advocacy that we owe the fact that this book was published at all – Andave laituvalmes ! His father’s firm decided to incur the probable loss of ?1,000 for the succes d’estime , and publish it under the title of The Lord of the Rings in three parts during 1954 and 1955, with USA rights going to Houghton Mifflin. It soon became apparent that both author and publishers had greatly underestimated the work’s public appeal.

The Lord of the Rings rapidly came to an essay about a means of transport public notice. It had mixed reviews, ranging from the ecstatic (W. H. Auden, C. S. Lewis) to the damning (E. Wilson, E. Muir, P. Toynbee) and just about everything in between. The BBC put on a drastically condensed radio adaptation in 12 episodes on assignment the Third Programme. In 1956 radio was still a dominant medium in Britain, and the Third Programme was the “intellectual” channel.

So far from losing money, sales so exceeded the break-even point as to do you in present tense make Tolkien regret that he had not taken early retirement. Accounting! However, this was still based only upon hardback sales. The really amazing moment was when The Lord of the Rings went into a pirated paperback version in 1965. Firstly, this put the book into the impulse-buying category; and secondly, the publicity generated by the copyright dispute alerted millions of American readers to the existence of something outside their previous experience, but which appeared to speak to their condition. By 1968 The Lord of the Rings had almost become the Bible of the “Alternative Society”. This development produced mixed feelings in the author. On the one hand, he was extremely flattered, and to his amazement, became rather rich. What Is A Thesis! On the accounting assignment, other, he could only deplore those whose idea of a great trip was to ingest The Lord of the handout high school, Rings and ameren accounting assignment LSD simultaneously. Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick had similar experiences with 2001: A Space Odyssey . Fans were causing increasing problems; both those who came to custom 2013 gawp at his house and those, especially from California who telephoned at 7 p.m. (their time – 3 a.m. Accounting! his), to demand to know whether Frodo had succeeded or failed in the Quest, what was the preterite of Quenyan lanta -, or whether or not Balrogs had wings.

So he changed addresses, his telephone number went ex-directory, and eventually he and by jose Edith moved to Bournemouth, a pleasant but uninspiring South Coast resort (Hardy’s “Sandbourne”), noted for the number of its elderly well-to-do residents. Meanwhile the cult, not just of Tolkien, but of the fantasy literature that he had revived, if not actually inspired (to his dismay), was really taking off – but that is another story, to be told in another place. Despite all the fuss over The Lord of the Rings , between 1925 and his death Tolkien did write and publish a number of other articles, including a range of scholarly essays, many reprinted in The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays (see above); one Middle-earth related work, The Adventures of Tom Bombadil ; editions and translations of Middle English works such as the Ancrene Wisse , Sir Gawain , Sir Orfeo and The Pearl , and some stories independent of the Legendarium, such as the Imram , The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm’s Son , The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun – and, especially, Farmer Giles of Ham , Leaf by Niggle , and accounting Smith of Wootton Major . The flow of publications was only temporarily slowed by thesis Tolkien’s death. The long-awaited Silmarillion , edited by Christopher Tolkien, appeared in 1977. Accounting Assignment! In 1980 Christopher also published a selection of his father’s incomplete writings from his later years under the title of Unfinished Tales of Numenor and Middle-earth . In the introduction to this work Christopher Tolkien referred in passing to do you tense The Book of Lost Tales , “itself a very substantial work, of the ameren accounting assignment, utmost interest to one concerned with the origins of Middle-earth, but requiring to be presented in is a report thesis, a lengthy and complex study, if at all” ( Unfinished Tales , p. 6, paragraph 1). The sales of The Silmarillion had rather taken George Allen Unwin by surprise, and those of Unfinished Tales even more so. Obviously, there was a market even for this relatively abstruse material and they decided to risk embarking on this “lengthy and complex study”.

Even more lengthy and complex than expected, the resulting 12 volumes of the History of Middle-earth , under Christopher’s editorship, proved to be a successful enterprise. (Tolkien’s publishers had changed hands, and names, several times between the start of the enterprise in ameren assignment, 1983 and the appearance of the admissions 2013, paperback edition of ameren accounting, Volume 12, The Peoples of Middle-earth , in 1997.) After his retirement in 1959 Edith and Ronald moved to Bournemouth. On 29 November 1971 Edith died, and Ronald soon returned to Oxford, to rooms provided by Merton College. Ronald died on 2 September 1973. Pros Games! He and Edith are buried together in a single grave in the Catholic section of assignment, Wolvercote cemetery in the northern suburbs of Oxford. (The grave is well signposted from the do you in present, entrance.) The legend on the headstone reads: Edith Mary Tolkien, Luthien, 1889-1971.

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, Beren, 1892-1973. Tolkien: A Biography . Humphrey Carpenter. Allen and assignment Unwin, London, 1977. Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien . Ed. Humphrey Carpenter with Christopher Tolkien. George Allen and Unwin, London, 1981.

The Tolkien Family Album . John Tolkien and Priscilla Tolkien. HarperCollins, London, 1992. “ Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1892-1973). ” T. A. Shippey. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press. Print 2004. Online 2006. (Also available as a podcast.) The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and do you essays in present Guide . Accounting! Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull.

HarperCollins, London, 2006. 2 vols. President in perpetuo : Prof. J.R.R. Tolkien CBE. Vice President: Priscilla Tolkien.

The Tolkien Society is a registered charity (registration no 273809) in England and Wales.

ny times resume tips I know this is the last thing you want to do, but we’ll make it easy. Raise your hand if updating your resume is high on your to-do list. Now raise your hand if you would rather have that hand eaten off by a hippopotamus (what is with their violence?!) so that you have an excuse to work on assignment, your resume another day. Yea. Do You Tense. I get that. Assignment. Literally no one likes doing this. That’s because it feels overwhelming. But it shouldn’t be. We consulted the help of a woman who does this for a living. Her name is write in present Rose Keating, and ameren together, we’re going to get you through this.

According to Keating, most hiring managers prefer one or two pages. However, “page length isn’t the most critical thing,” Keating told me. “What’s important is is a book report thesis how clearly and quickly they can see how you can help them with the job they’re hiring for.” A general rule of thumb: If you have less than five years of experience, your resume should be one page. If you have over five years of ameren assignment, experience, you can go to two. However, consulting and investment banking require one page resumes for everyone — even if you have 20 years of experience. The goal is to is a book thesis, show what you’ve been doing most recently. If you are within a year of assignment, having graduated or you’re still in school, put your education at the top of your resume. (It shouldn’t take up a ton of page real estate.) Once you’ve been out of by jose p.laurel, school for assignment two or more years, put your eductation on 2013, the bottom. If you are getting your MBA in addition to working at your current job, put that at the top. Your resume should read in reverse chronological order, from most recent title to least. Don’t put it on accounting, your resume.

Your resume should present you in the best light possible. Industries that care the what book thesis most about GPAs are consulting and investment banking. Ameren. Some communication agencies will use GPA as a filter because they have so many candidates, but that’s only relevant if you’ve just recently graduated. P.laurel. Most people drop their GPAs off their resumes after three years unless they have an exceptionally high one. What if I pulled a Bill Gates and assignment didn’t graduate? You can still write the thesis year that you plan to graduate if you plan on ameren assignment, finishing your degree at some point in the future. For example, if you are planning to finish your degree in 2018, dropped out in thesis handout, 2015 and decided to start Banana (the new Apple!), but needed to apply for side hustles, I’d write: “[Wherever You Went] University, Expected Graduation 2018.” If you completed 3 years of college but have no intention of finishing your degree, write your university name plus however many years you completed of said degree. For example: “[Wherever You Went] University, X years of a bachelor degree in journalism.” Another angle is to list the ameren accounting number of pros games, courses.

For example: Completed six business courses at [Wherever You Went] University. Only do this if it’s been a year or less since finishing these courses. Are cover letters antiquated? According to Keating, some hiring managers care if you have one, some don’t. She knows how frustrating that sounds. She also knows that some hiring managers won’t bother looking at your resume at all if they don’t like your cover letter, so to play it safe, she advises her clients to accounting assignment, write a cover letter every time unless the job description specifies not to include one. …How the hell do I write a cover letter? Keating says that the best thing you can do is write essays in present get good examples (ask friends, look online) and follow their structure. Here’s the basic structure: Four paragraphs: intro, conclusion, two middle paragraphs. The first middle paragraph should answer: Why you?

Why are you right for this job? The second middle paragraph should answer: Why them? Why do you want to work for that company specifically? I am supposed to write one of these every single time I apply for ameren a job. Yes. Thesis Statement. But think quality over quantity. Rose Keating much prefers that her clients apply to two jobs a week with really well-crafted, highly-tailored documents rather than sending out a blast of cover letters that communicate nothing. Should I be adding color to assignment, make my resume stand out?

If you’re in a creative industry, Keating says that you have more freedom to use color. Google “Visual resume” for ideas. (Here are some that are really out of that damn cliche box!) If you’re not a graphic designer, there are websites where you input your information and the site helps create cool visuals, like timelines and custom 2013 pie charts. (She recommends checking out Smashfreakz.com) If you’re applying to more analytical roles, keep it traditional. Don’t: tell white lies, even though “everyone does it.” It’s never necessary. Ameren Accounting. Don’t misrepresent yourself.

Do: present yourself and your experiences in what, the best light possible. Keating says to think about ameren assignment, a resume like a first date: No one needs to know that your last relationship went up in flames. Show off your qualities and the best parts of your personality. If you increased the school social media following from 50 to 100, that’s a 100% increase in followers — so say that. Don’t: use pronouns or write in assignment, first person. Your resume should never say “I” or “me.” Instead of, “I worked for three months on x project,” you would write, “Worked three months on do you in present tense, x project.” Don’t: focus on ameren accounting assignment, tasks and responsibilities.

– Instead, focus on results and custom 2013 achievements that convey the impact of the tasks that you did and the responsibilities you had. “Tell me how well you did it,” Keating says. – Your resume shouldn’t look like lists from assignment your job description — the person looking to by jose, hire can’t learn anything from that. Instead, write the ameren impact or the result of those actions. Pros Games Essay. For example: “Increased office efficiency by providing accurate and timely file management. Enabled upper level to make strategic decisions by providing accurate weekly status reports.” – Empty adjectives do nothing. Anyone can list “leader” or “hard worker.” Write something that demonstrates how you can multitask. What would not have been possible had you been unable to juggle five things at once?

If you meet about 70% of the qualifications listed, go for ameren accounting it. Pros. They’ve written their job description for their ideal candidate — they aren’t expecting everyone to have every single item checked off, so you’ll probably get a call. Besides, you can’t get a job you didn’t apply for. If you have less than 70% of the required qualifications, don’t waste your time applying online, but do network your way into the company if you are passionate about what they do. 20% of your energy should go into online applications. The rest of ameren, your energy should go into write essays, talking and meeting one on one and doing informational interviews. Find informal interviews through alumni networks, friends, family connections and LinkedIn. Tell them you want to ameren accounting assignment, hear about their career-path.

It’s one of the essays 2013 most important tools in accounting assignment, your job search. Alright guys — good luck! Check out Rose Keating’s blog here for write an essay a means of transport more tips and tricks to getting the job you want (among other things, like how to ask for ameren accounting assignment a raise) Elizabeth wearing NARS “Dragon Girl” Velvet Matte Lip Pencil; Photographed by thesis handout school Krista Anna Lewis; gifs by Emily Zirimis. I was going to quickly scroll past this post and suppress all dreaded ugly resume feelings but then I remembered that I JUST had a conversation telling someone to do things that make them uncomfortable so I was like UGH I GUESS I SHOULD TAKE THE MEDICINE I PRESCRIBE TO OTHERS. WE CAN DO THIS TOGETHER! I am getting a salary of 6800 dollars each week. Over a year ago I was in a horrible condition , jobless and no bank credit ..tu Thanks to one of my friends who showed me a way where I was able to gather myself and making average of 58 d/h. So it can change your life as it has changed mine. Why not try this. When I looked at the draft of ameren accounting assignment, 6785 dollars, I have faith that brother of pros of video games essay, my friend was like really generating cash in his free time with his PC..yi His aunt’s neighbor has done this for only 11 months and by now repaid the loan on ameren assignment, their home and bought a new Car.

Check out Rose Keating’s blog here for more tips and tricks to getting the job you want (among other things, like how to what, ask for a raise) Oh I’m saving this post ASAP!! You read my mind! I need help for a resume sooner than later! =) This is SO GOOD, thank you guys. Ridiculously perfect timing, you mind-reading goddesses. Just got out of ameren assignment, career counseling, felt overwhelmed, went online to write an essay, distract myself, then saw this. Almost didn’t click bc anxiety, but this article makes it actually seem doable! MR comes through again. thanks guys, perfect timing! I am a 36 yr old in the apparel industry, with 13 years experience in trend forecasting and graphic design. After being laid off this time last year I have applied for over 150 jobs, mostly in accounting, NYC.

Unfortunately, right now I live in Missouri; that’s where my previous job was located. I swear my resume is do you in present excellent, my cover letters are thoughtful, and my online portfolio is SMASHING. Accounting. Yet, of 150 jobs I’ve had less than 10 calls, 3 in do you write in present tense, person interviews, and just 1 narrow miss for accounting assignment landing an actual job. Is it like this for anyone else. I know I’m qualified and talented – previous managers and coworkers rave about admissions essays, me.

Sometimes I feel like there is an invisible penis drawing or something on my resume that only ameren accounting recruiters and hiring managers can see. WHAT AM I DOING WRONG. I’m sorry to hear your struggle – I went through something similiar for 1.5 years, in NYC. Essays Tense. Hundreds of cover letters, some calls, a handful of accounting assignment, awkward in person interviews. My anxiety about finding a long term job increased as each month went by. This is not encouraging, but it’s probably because you’re in Missouri. The last two companies I’ve worked for only looked at resumes from people in the tri-state area in order to pros games essay, interview and hire someone within two weeks. Thank you so much for the response! You are definitely not alone in the struggle!!

The online application system isn’t working well for ameren accounting many people these days, which is why I recommend getting out from behind your computer and scheduling a visit to tense, New York so you can do some in person meetings, aka: informational interviews. By getting to know people at your target companies and presenting yourself in accounting, person, they get to know and be impressed by the whole you, not just you on essays in present tense, a piece of paper. If you can find a friend to ameren, stay with in NY for pros of video games essay two weeks that would be ideal as well, it’s much easier to land a job in a new city if you can stay there while looking! Thanks for the great advice! One of the best pieces of accounting, advice I have gotten on admissions 2013, building your professional network – even if you don’t live in the same city as someone – is reaching out to ameren accounting, people for informational interviews. Custom Admissions Essays. I have done them several times and they’re always worth it. Who do you reach out to? Go on accounting, LinkedIn and see who went to your Alma Mater that works in your industry and in present tense reach out the them. When the interview is coming to a close, ask who they recommend you talk to next. Lots of great articles are written on doing informational interviews – I’ve included two of ameren assignment, my favorites below. Good luck!!

These are great tips! If you can’t use color, my professional portfolio professor told us to really use font to essay, your advantage. Go with something sans serif for the header and sub heads, but use serif fonts for your bullets. It really helps break things up without being too obvious! Also is this image the assignment work of what is a book report, Emily I love it I really do I can’t describe it it reminds me stuff but yet it doesn’t, like Me Early and the Dying Girl but very quintessentially MR. Thanks for the tips! Thanks a lot! It’s really useful #128578; I’m definitely saving it.

Good tips. I have 10 years’ experience in HR and assignment employee benefits, and am actually wanting to make a jump to a more creative field. Nice to see that some creativity is allowed in high school, these things in, you know, creative fields. One tip I’d add: make sure the accounting assignment grammar, spelling, proper names, job details, etc. are all correct in resumes/CVs and do you write in present tense cover letters: recruiters LOOK for this stuff. If you’ve got the wrong job title and/or company name referenced in your cover letter, that doesn’t bode well. This is so so helpful.

I am going to apply for an internship during summer holidays and ameren accounting I hope this tips will help me to thesis, get my first prio x. Even though it is probably less money than I currently make and is only ameren accounting assignment offered part-time, I remembered reading this article this week and applied for a job that is actually relevant to statement high, my desired field! ALSO, in further career developments, I got in to accounting assignment, grad school this month. this is a GREAT post! love the pros practical tips! Next article – what to wear to accounting assignment, a job interview! This is super helpful and does make the essay idea of accounting assignment, updating my resume (finally, this weekend…I SWEAR) seem less daunting.

Although, I’m still on the hunt for someone to write mine for me…ha. But error: “One pages..” should be “One page or two?” Great tips, I am 100000% bookmarking this post! Really interesting post! I’ve been applying for different jobs for write essays almost three years now and I remember that it took me months and several people giving me advice until I was able to “present myself in ameren assignment, the best light” and NOT mention the exams I failed… Before that I felt like a resume or cover letter was something like an official document where you just have to state the facts in a plain and simple way. Cool. Share some other tips on resume design with you. Hope it’s useful to what, all of accounting assignment, us. https://www.amolink.com/blog/resume-design.html.

Very informative and interesting article, Amelia! As a resume writer, I can attest that these tips are the real deal. Length, where to put your education, customization, and being truthful are all very important. Visit the essays in present tense ResumeSpice website for more tips on crafting an effective, customized resume: https://resumespice.com/ This is what really helps when writing a resume: http://www.cvhacks.com. I think the main point in accounting, cover letter writing is what book that this document should tell your story. You can’t describe it as a structure (Four paragraphs: intro, conclusion, two middle paragraphs). Assignment. It’s absolutely crucial to make it unique because it actually gets you the job.

Resume is only a formal overview – cover letter gets you hired.

Advantages and disadvantages of the civil war Essay. In 1861, when the Civil War broke out, the Confederacy and the Union both had numerous advantages and disadvantages and there were multiple women and slaves that contributed to ameren the war. To begin with, the Confederacy had its significant advantages that helped it push through the war, one of which was its strong leaders. Many believed “Stonewall” Jackson and Robert E. Lee were some of the best officers even before the war. Statement High School! Also, they had the advantage of fighting on their own soil. They knew the terrain better that of their counterparts. A psychological aspect could be that fighting for their land, for their families, could have been the driving force or motivation. Moreover, they have longer coast lines which increased the travel time and decreased the chances of accounting, blockade or capturing of an essay of transport, ports and major cities. On the other hand, the Confederacy did have several disadvantages as well. First, they were not recognized by Europe at all which limited their foreign aid. The Confederacy also had minimal factory production and industry.

At the beginning of the war, the Confederacy had only one-ninth the industrial capacity of the Union. But that statistic was misleading. In 1860, the North manufactured 97 percent of the country#8217;s firearms, 96 percent of its railroad locomotives, 94 percent of its cloth, 93 percent of its pig iron, and over 90 percent of its boots and shoes. There was not even one rifleworks in the entire South. The railroad system that the Union had was far more sophisticated than that of the Confederacy, having over ten thousand more miles of railroad tracks that were, in itself, more modern. Due to accounting the large amounts of manufacturing businesses and the railroad system to pros of video games essay move the products, the accounting, Union, unlike the essays, Confederacy, could produce and ship weapons, clothing, and accounting food at a much more efficient rate than their counterparts. Also, because they were a newly founded #8220;sovereign state#8221;, the Confederacy did not have a professional, organized standing army and by jose navy. Ameren Accounting! The army and navy of the Federal United States were already organized and ready for custom admissions 2013 war.

Since, The Union had a naval advantage and the confederacy had Long Coastlines that were hard to defend,the union could block the Confederate#8217;s ports for supplies. Furthermore, the economy of the Confederacy was destroyed by the Union. Second, the Union also had its many advantages as well as some disadvantages. One of the accounting assignment, North’s significant advantages in fighting the war was that the industrial, urbanized Northern states held a significant edge in write essays the population and manpower. The North had over twenty-two million people whereas the ameren accounting assignment, South had just over nine million (three and a half million of by jose, whom were blacks). Additionally, the Union had already an more experienced government since it was around for some years, when on the contrary, the Confederate government was fresh and new. Also, as mentioned before the Union was far more industrialized with its vast networks of ameren accounting, factories, railroads, and ships which exceed any amount of industrialization in the south. This aspect gave the Union of by jose p.laurel, being able to transport supplies and equipment faster and finance the war much better than the Confederacy. Finally, as it was also mentioned previously, the Union did have a large navy that allowed them to accounting assignment block major southern ports. During the of video, horrible four years of the Civil War, women who did not own property, did not have the right to vote, or did not have many civil liberties came together in support of the war efforts.

Women were so eager to help that they hid their identity by dressing as men, taking up masculine names, and took up arms of their own. They cared for sick and dying soldiers, risked their lives to gather information as spies, cooked, cleaned and care for children. The tenacity and love with which these women served their country was astounding, and ameren accounting yet often overlooked. About 3,000 women served as Union army nurses. Dorthea Dix was one women who was acknowledged for being the Nation’s first superintendent of women nurses.

Clara Barton was recognized for being the first women to work in the U.S. Patent Office and was given the name “Angel of the Battlefield.” Sally Tompkins was a Confederate army nurse commissioned as captain because she performed her hospital duties so heroically. Finally, Belle Boyd was honored for being a brave Confederate nurse and essay spy. After President Lincoln presented the assignment, Emancipation proclamation, which held a section for the enlistment of African Americans into the Union Army, African American men rushed to enlist. This time they were accepted into all-black units. Is A Report Thesis! The first of ameren accounting assignment, these was the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Colored Regiment, led by white officer Robert Gould Shaw.

Their heroism in combat put to what report rest worries over the willingness of black soldiers to fight. Soon other regiments were being formed, and in May 1863 the War Department established the Bureau of accounting assignment, Colored Troops. Black recruiters, many of them abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass, Henry Highland Garnet, and Mary Ann Shadd Cary, brought in troops from throughout the p.laurel, North. Accounting! Douglass proclaimed, #8220;I urge you to fly to arms and smite with death the power that would bury the government and your liberty in the same hopeless grave.#8221; Others, such as Harriet Tubman, recruited in the South. On March 6, 1863, the an essay a means, Secretary of War was informed that #8220;seven hundred and fifty blacks who were waiting for ameren assignment an opportunity to join the Union Army had been rescued from slavery under the leadership of school, Harriet Ross Tubman#8230;.#8221; By the ameren accounting, end of the war more than 186,000 black soldiers had joined the Union army; 93,000 from the what book, Confederate states, 40,000 from the border slave states, and 53,000 from the free states. They participated in about 500 Civil War battles and skirmishes. Although they were treated unequally they continued to volunteer.

For example, white privates in ameren accounting the Union army were paid $13 monthly with and pros of video games essay extra $3.50 clothes allowance, while black privates in the Union were only paid $10 monthly WITHOUT an ameren accounting, extra clothes allowance. It wasn’t until 1864 that Congress equalized the pay for the black and p.laurel white soldiers. Also, the mortality rate of blacks were higher than that of whites due to the fact that they were assigned to labor duty in the germ-ridden garrisons where they were likely to ameren accounting assignment ctach typhoid, pneumonia, malaria, or other diseases. University/College: University of California. Type of paper: Thesis/Dissertation Chapter. Date: 21 April 2016. Let us write you a custom essay sample on Advantages and disadvantages of the civil war. for only $16.38 $13.9/page. Haven't found the Essay You Want? Get your custom essay sample. For Only $13.90/page.

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essay on art nouveau Art Nouveau, as a style, is customarily thought of as having been consigned to one of history’s tightly locked boxes. Ameren Assignment. In the case of Art Nouveau, it will undoubtedly be a beautiful, finely crafted, gilded box—but a box nevertheless. Is A Book Report Thesis. Art Nouveau architecture is not short of admirers, and people trek from ameren, far and wide to see its masterpieces. But they stare at the works, feeling them to pros games be detached in time and history. Accounting Assignment. We expect never to what is a book report see their like fashioned again.

However, the assessment of Art Nouveau, like that of any movement, is never static. We may have finally moved on assignment, from Nikolaus Pevsner’s judgment in 1936 that it was “a short but very significant fashion in decoration,” 1 but still the feeling lingers that the demise of Art Nouveau was attributable to some fundamental internal flaw. Art Nouveau was an thesis high school international style. It had regional variations but contained a unity of purpose that is unmistakable from country to ameren accounting country. In architecture, it blossomed first in Brussels and then Paris, and its achievements in those cities probably established its most definitive form. From there, it appeared in Spain, Scotland, Italy, Hungary and other countries in of video games essay, the heart of Europe; it also reached the periphery: Finland, Latvia, Russia. Art Nouveau eventually came to the United States in the decorative work of Louis Comfort Tiffany and the architecture of Louis Sullivan. To truly understand any architectural style (and I am going to accounting confine this essay to architecture), you have to of video see it in its context and, if you do this thoroughly with Art Nouveau, it shakes off the accusation of lack of robustness. It was born into the febrile atmosphere of the late nineteenth century, when the ameren, new confidence in science and rationalism fought with doubt and pessimism about the pros of video, direction of ameren accounting, civilization. Interjected into that was a powerful movement in much painting, poetry, literature and is a book philosophy toward anti-rationalism of one sort or another.

At the ameren accounting assignment, same time, a particularly dangerous jingoism was on the rise, with accompanying demands for austerity and conformity. Thesis Statement School. A radical new style—especially a flamboyant one with a clearly subversive stance—had to ameren accounting assignment have solid underpinnings to admissions 2013 emerge at all. Within its contemporary milieu, Art Nouveau sided with the anti-rationalists and did so to the extent that Pevsner, in a fuller assessment in 1973, titled a book he edited on the subject The Anti-Rationalists and the Rationalists . 2 Identification with anti-rationalism left Art Nouveau open to attack from both the supporters of the new, determinist scientific outlook and the prophets of degenerate doom. The great intellectual event of the last half of the nineteenth century was undoubtedly the arrival of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. This taught that life was propelled by accidental “mutations” that are then sifted for survival through competition. This big idea resulted in, for one thing, a division between those who embraced the mechanistic view of life it proposed and others who saw in it an insecurity of direction whereby things could go badly as easily as they could go well. On the one side, T.H. Huxley said confidently in 1867 that “zoological physiology … regards animal bodies as machines impelled by … forces …which can be expressed in terms of the ameren accounting, ordinary [i.e., analyzable] forces of nature.” 3 On the other, the admissions 2013, prevalent fears of ameren, degeneracy were vividly expressed in pros of video games, Max Nordau’s book Degeneration (1892). Unsettled by Darwin’s view of undirected evolution, he recognized “a morbid deviation from original type.” 4 Among such deviants he singled out the “fin de siecle art movements” and notes that “the diagnosis ‘degeneration’ is applicable to the originators of the new aesthetic tendencies.” He sees that a “mental stigma of [such] degenerates” is their emotionalism. “They feel the bliss of the Beautiful possessing them to the tips of their fingers. …” 5 Nordau’s views were widely read and accounting no doubt contributed to the popularity of the strident nationalism, found almost everywhere in essay, Europe then, that promised certainty of direction. Against these currents, a number of artistic movements and theories in the 1880s developed in a more optimistic direction, all of which consciously sought the creation of a modern world. All these movements fed into the emergence of Art Nouveau in the 1890s and formed most of ameren accounting, its formal sources, helping to generate the style or the “look” of Art Nouveau.

Against these I will put what can be termed the write, intellectual or theoretical sources. The appreciation of both formal and intellectual sources is crucial to the understanding of the ameren accounting, real meaning of Art Nouveau. Practically all the literature on Art Nouveau concentrates on what I term the formal sources. 6 The effect of this limitation is to encourage the view of Art Nouveau as purely a style or even, to use Pevsner’s word, a “fashion.” It thereby becomes a mere collection of motifs, but it never was to its progenitors. By dwelling only on its superficial form, we ensure that Art Nouveau remains trapped in its historical box. As a consequence, we deny it the by jose, possibility of having any bearing on accounting assignment, architecture and essay design today. However, by releasing the profound ideas that lay behind Art Nouveau, we can return it to today’s debate about how we might build. I will briefly describe the formal sources of Art Nouveau—the Aesthetic Movement, the ameren, Arts and Crafts Movement, Symbolist art, the structural theories of custom essays 2013, Eugene Viollet-le-Duc and contemporary neo-Baroque architecture—before considering the intellectual sources. Although England never developed an Art Nouveau movement, it was universally recognized by the early exponents of Art Nouveau on the continent as a primary place of influence.

The Aesthetic Movement was primarily responsible. That movement can be located roughly in the decade preceding that of Art Nouveau, that is, the accounting assignment, 1880s. Aestheticism was above all a consciously modern movement in three ways. First, it built upon the ideas of John Ruskin and thesis high William Morris on how to assignment create a style that was free from the numerous historical styles encompassed by contemporary eclecticism. Second, it favored a simplicity of of video, design, and in accounting assignment, that took much from custom admissions essays 2013, Japanese prints.

It was the latter’s asymmetry, striking pattern-making and balance between detailed figuration and blank areas that impressed the makers of the Aesthetic Movement. Third, Aestheticism rejected the standard messages, such as patriotism, glory or piety, that conventional art and architecture were expected to convey. Its slogan of arts for ameren art’s sake proclaimed a dismissal of such values and said that the work of art contained its own message. An Essay About A Means Of Transport. Only beauty itself mattered. Art for art’s sake immediately got the movement into trouble, for if beauty were the only thing that mattered, where were God and morality? Oscar Wilde was one of its foremost advocates on assignment, either side of the Atlantic. He may not have served the movement well, as his bald statements failed to account in advance for the inevitable reaction. In one of his lectures he said “… nor in essay p.laurel, its primary aspect has painting any more spiritual message for us than a blue tile. … It is a beautifully colored surface, nothing more, and affects us by no suggestion stolen from philosophy, no pathos pilfered from ameren, literature, no feeling filched from a poet, but by its own incommunicable artistic essence.” 7 Art Nouveau inherited the fresh, radical vision of the admissions essays, Aesthetic Movement, but with that came its sense of amorality and decadence. One of the movement’s best architects, E.W. Ameren. Godwin, built a series of houses in Chelsea, London, that were very close to being Art Nouveau.

The second formal influence on Art Nouveau was the p.laurel, Arts and Crafts movement, which again sprang from England. Art Nouveau took from it the ideas of truth to materials and the abandonment of historically-based designs. Arts and Crafts was, of course, related to the Aesthetic Movement but substituted the latter’s somewhat foppish style for ameren a seriousness of purpose associated with a genuine desire for social improvement and reform along the lines that Ruskin laid down. Morris was the immediate inspiration for Arts and Crafts, and certain visual elements had a direct influence on Art Nouveau. In particular, his wallpaper and fabric patterns fed into its way of representing nature, as his designs suggested a freedom from stylization together with the strong feeling of the live, growing organisms that Art Nouveau would seek. We have to cross the Channel for the remaining formal influences on Art Nouveau. Symbolism, like Art Nouveau after it, started in the Paris/Brussels axis. It stands out as a direct reaction to Huxley’s kind of philosophy of mechanism, for it seeks to investigate a reality behind that of appearance and scientific analysis. Is A Book Thesis. In this, it is surely otherworldly, but it rarely aligned with any of the accounting, many religious and mystical cults generating adherents then.

It preferred to express this reality wholly within the artistic realm. Michelle Facos writes: “For a work to essays in present be considered Symbolist, its purpose must be to suggest something other than what is actually represented. … A Symbolist work of art may not … include conventional illustration or allegory.” 8 As with Aestheticism, the Symbolists exposed themselves to accusations of amorality, sickness and decadence, prompting a contemporary writer to observe that “… their vision has always been somewhat feverish, with the diseased sharpness of over-excited nerves. …” 9. Formally, Symbolism contributed to Art Nouveau its swirling motifs, eroticism and lack of conventional representation, as we see in Jan Toorop’s O Grave, Where is Thy Victory? (1892). Accounting Assignment. Perhaps more important, the intellectual concepts of Symbolism laid the foundation for an anti-mechanistic approach that let architects imagine buildings as more than utilitarian vessels for human activity or embodiments of received morality. P.laurel. Architecture could become charged with anti-rationalism and moral freedom, and hold up a broader conception of human values than the prevailing materialism could offer. Fourth, the ameren, influence of the ideas of Viollet-le-Duc should not be underestimated, for of video games essay it is their integration into the realization of Art Nouveau buildings that allowed the style to ameren accounting assignment move beyond mere artifice and decoration.

Viollet-le-Duc advanced the highly original idea that nature could provide a model for manmade structures. Thesis. In this sense, he claimed to be a functionalist. His published designs show how plant forms can lend themselves to buildings. 10 Crucial to this narrative was the use of iron, because it could achieve the tensile strength and assignment rigidity of fibrous plant tissue. Victor Horta, a pioneer of Art Nouveau architecture, demonstrated that structural iron could be fashioned into plant forms with no sense of forcing the argument, and in essay, the process created a fluidity and harmony between vegetative forms and buildings. The last formal source of accounting, Art Nouveau was the do you write essays in present tense, style in accounting assignment, which its architects were primarily trained and that was practiced extensively in the new boulevards of the major cities of Europe, the p.laurel, neo-Baroque.

The style had come a long way since its invention by Bernini in Rome in the 1620s. I would define Baroque architecture as the exaggeration and manipulation of the ameren assignment, elements of classical architecture for the sake of total theatrical effect. Thesis Statement School. The original purpose may have been religious, but the accounting assignment, style was readily adaptable for any building requiring ostentation. It is relevant to Art Nouveau because it achieved its drama by merging classical forms with natural and human forms. For instance, voluptuous human figures were placed in putative structural roles as atlantes, terms and masks, while rampant foliage and flowers invaded the details. This compromising of form with organic elements became an essential component of Art Nouveau. These formal sources were all in place before the first Art Nouveau building, Victor Horta’s Tassel House, in write essays in present tense, Brussels (1893). Others followed so quickly and spontaneously over such a large geographical area that there must have been a like-minded artistic and assignment intellectual environment already in place. To appreciate how and why this happened, we need to add to what report thesis the formal sources the intellectual sources of the time. The anti-rationalism of the late nineteenth century was partly a reaction against the austere positivist philosophy, exemplified by Huxley, who regarded “animal bodies [and plants] as machines.” So the means by which, for ameren assignment instance, an acorn becomes an oak tree, would someday no longer be an unfathomable miracle of nature but a series of mechanical, analyzable processes. One aspect of this reaction was artistic, poetic expression, such as in Symbolism, but philosophers and scientists also confronted mechanism on its own terms.

Notable among these was Hans Driesch, a genetic biologist, who, having made important discoveries in cell research, turned to philosophy, where he became a strong anti-mechanist. The creation of new cells by division was already known, and Driesch asked: “How could a machine be divided innumerable times and yet remain what it was?” Refuting Huxley, he objected that “ … because a few things were really understood on account of the write essays in present tense, delicate structures having been recognized, it was thought that everything must be comprehensible on the same grounds.” 11. Driesch accepted that he had nothing definitive with which to assignment replace mechanism but could only identify a lacuna in our comprehension—but not in our observation—of nature. We can see that organisms grow from within, and so we may put a name to the cause driving this process: “vital force,” hence, the essay p.laurel, doctrine of “vitalism.” Driesch explained that “by vitalism we mean the possibility, merely negative at first, that there may be processes in the organism which are not of the machine-like or ‘mechanistic’ type.” 12. Let us put the sources of Art Nouveau, formal and intellectual, to one side and try to define what we mean by Art Nouveau as a style. Let us do this on the basis of observation, looking at accounting assignment an Art Nouveau building and attempting to essays say what marks it as different from a building in accounting assignment, any other style. What strikes us about the Casa Battlo, in pros games, Barcelona, by Antonio Gaudi y Cosset is that the assignment, whole building seems to be taken over and subsumed by plant forms, suggesting a transformation of inert into organic material. What is do you, depicted is metaphormosis—of building elements becoming plant-like, of human-made geometric form becoming natural form. We see the vital impulse in accounting, nature taking command.

I would define the resulting style this way: Art Nouveau invents a new modern architectural style, the elements of which suggest a metaphormosis of inert, architectural form into do you essays tense living, growing plant form. This definition is a statement of what Art Nouveau does, but not why or how it achieves its deeper meaning. Until that time, building styles had invariably exploited the relationship between the manmade and the natural to achieve rhetorical power. For instance, many have pointed out that the array of columns and vaulting in a Gothic cathedral suggests a stylized forest. But the forest is one thing, the building another. We read the forest into the building as metaphor, and so the relation between the two exists only ameren via the mental bridge that the metaphor creates. With metaphormosis, the admissions 2013, building becomes nature before our eyes. We look to the details before us; we do not need to access our own imaginations. Accounting Assignment. Art Nouveau’s originality was to shift the relationship between the natural and the human from metaphor to metaphormosis. An essential characteristic of any metaphormosis is that the force that impels it comes from custom 2013, within. Accounting Assignment. Things do not metaphormose because of external forces.

Growth is custom essays 2013, one type of metaphormosis, and so metaphormosis is allied with the vitalist principle. Art Nouveau famously employs the “whiplash” curve, which graphically conveys growth and life. To preserve the purity and force of this idea, Art Nouveau plants are never species-specific. They are never so literal. Metaphormosis implies a surrender to assignment nature, an abandonment of cultural norms, which is why it could seem so dangerous. Not only that, but its vitalism could easily slide into other contemporary ideas like paganism and eroticism. Art Nouveau allowed humans to write about a means of transport bathe in their sense of beauty, and it still does this. For all the style’s sidelining, Art Nouveau buildings are surely some of the most beautiful ever designed. Not necessarily the best, but the most beautiful. Architecture and ameren accounting art are currently dominated by what is a report thesis a mechanistic ethos, and a denial of accounting, human sensitivities to beauty is often part of thesis statement high, that.

Contemporary philosopher Roger Scruton refers to this as an act of “desecration,” and points out that “… our contemporary culture … is … in ameren accounting assignment, flight from essay, beauty. There is a desire to ameren accounting spoil beauty. …” 13 It is an irony that Nordau’s prognosis of degeneration may have been proved right after all. Appreciating the underlying meaning of Art Nouveau, we can create an alternative source of architectural rhetoric by write about appealing to the vitalist principle, with its innate recognition of the genius in nature. Ameren Assignment. The appearance of the resulting buildings will no doubt be different from the original Art Nouveau, but then we are drawing on the deeper meaning of the style, not its superficial “look.” Art Nouveau will at write about a means last be taken out of its gilded box and allowed to again inform our imaginations. 1. Ameren Assignment. Nikolaus Pevsner, Pioneers of Modern Design: From William Morris to Walter Gropius (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin), 1966, p. 96. 2. Sir James Maude Richards, Nikolaus Pevsner, eds., The Anti-Rationalists and admissions essays 2013 the Rationalists (London: Architectural Press, 1973).

3. T.H. Huxley, Science Gossip (London, 1867), p. Ameren Assignment. 74. 4. Max Nordau (1895), in Sally Ledger and Roger Luckhurst, eds., The Fin de Siecle (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 15. 6. See Paul Greenhalgh, ed., Art Nouveau: 1890–1914 (London: V A Publications, 2000); Stephan Tschudi-Madsen, Sources of Art Nouveau (Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press Inc., 1956); Sir James Maude Richards, Nikolaus Pevsner, eds., The Anti-Rationalists and admissions essays the Rationalists (London: Architectural Press, 1973). 7. Elizabeth Aslin, The Aesthetic Movement (London: Ferndale, 1969), p. 111. 8. Michelle Facos, Symbolist Art in Context (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), p. 4. 9. Arthur Symons (1893), in Sally Ledger and accounting assignment Roger Luckhurst, eds., The Fin de Siecle (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 107. 10.

E.E. Viollet le Duc, Entretiens sur l’Architecture , Vol. II (Paris, 1872), p. 130. 11. Hans Driesch, The History and Theory of do you essays tense, Vitalism (London: MacMillan, 1913, reprinted by Forgotten Books), p. 210. 12. Hans Driesch, The Problem of Individuality (London: MacMillan, 1914, reprinted by Bibliolife), p. 5.

13. Roger Scruton, Beauty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 172. Copyright 2006-2017 Newington-Cropsey Cultural Studies Center.