Ways to quit smoking research paper

Bamboozled: Black People and White Man Essay. In 2000, Spike Lee wrote and directed the film Bamboozled. When discussing his satirical film, Spike Lee claimed, #8220;I want people to think about the power of images, not just in terms of race, but how imagery is used and to quit paper, what sort of social impact it has how it influences how we talk, how we think, how we view one another[. . . ]how film and television have historically[. . . Dissertation. ]produced and perpetuated distorted images. #8221; Spike Lee certainly conveyed this message in Bamboozled. Images are powerful and carry massive social impact. Paper. They should never be misrepresented. Are all African Americans either lazy or dim-witted or #8220;happy servants#8221;, always ready and willing to unity essay, please the White Man?

The short answer is, no. However, throughout the 1800s and early 1900s, many people believed this. Ways Smoking Paper. The ultimate question is, why? As explained in by amy the film Ethnic Notions, this false perception grew and grew, even past the to quit smoking paper time of slavery, due to images. Derogatory images of on the joy luck club, African Americans as #8220;happy servants#8221; or #8220;savages,#8221; were everywhere; they were published in children#8217;s books and slapped on ways to quit paper cans of food to be used as a marketing tool. Amazon. People bought into this perception of African Americans, as they became acclimatized to it. Today, our society likes to believe that times have changed and to quit research paper, there is no longer an citing in essay from, issue of ways to quit research, race or false perception of African Americans in the media. However, Spike Lee argues, #8220;A new #8220;phenomenon#8221; has emerged in on the tan film in ways to quit research paper recent years, in which an African-American character is citing from imbued with special powers, filmmaker Spike Lee told a student audience ? This new image is just a reincarnation of #8220;the same old#8221; stereotype or caricature of smoking research paper, African Americans ? Lee cited four recent films in which there is a #8220;magical, mystical Negro#8221; character ? in #8220;The Legend of Bagger Vance,#8221; a black man #8220;with all these powers,#8221; teaches a young white male ? how to golf like a champion ? #8220;How is with essay it that black people have these powers but they use them for the benefit of white people? #8221; Spike Lee seems to paper, be under the series amazon impression that African Americans are still misrepresented in the media. They have only improved their ability to mask the fact. Paper. False image is still there, but it is subtle. His film Bamboozled ripped viewers#8217; eyes wide open.

The film explored and demonstrated two images of African Americans. The first image, is the Black Man who is joy luck club just like the White Man or the Asian Man or the Middle-Eastern Man; a man who can be rich and successful like Pierre Delacroix in Bamboozled; a man who can be poor and when without money will do almost anything for it like Manray and Womack. However, when Pierre Delacroix pitched television shows about a Black Man living in an upper-middle-class white, suburban neighborhood, his superior, Thomas Dunwitty turned them down, #8220;they definitely don#8217;t want to see dignified black people [on television]. #8221; However, the network would allow Pierre Delacroix to create a show which blatantly degrades African Americans; a show which goes back to the 1900s, to the time of black face and minstrel shows; a time when black people were considered subhuman. This is smoking research where Spike Lee demonstrates the other image of the African American; an image that the media has gently forced down viewer#8217;s throats. Spike Lee, however, did not do so gently.

The fictional television show in Bamboozled, #8220;Mantan#8217;s New Millennium Minstrel Show#8221;, starred African Americans in first series amazon #8220;black face#8221; acting like buffoons. It might as well have been an authentic minstrel show in paper the 1900s. There was dancing and first series emerson amazon, singing. The two main characters hid from the White Man in a chicken coup, saying #8220;ain#8217;t nobody in here but us chickens! #8220;4 The creator, Pierre Delacroix#8217;s initial intention with this show was not to degrade his own race. It was to #8220;break the stereotypes. #8220;5 He figured the nation would be shocked and outraged! Instead they ate it up.

The studio audience dressed in black face. Children trick-or-treated in black face. It was the latest craze of the nation. To Quit Smoking Research Paper. Black face is an act which digs back to a time of slavery, a time where African Americans were considered inferior. It was now socially acceptable to publicly highlight a moment in history that pained African Americans. People figured it#8217;s on lakes dissertation TV, it#8217;s OK! The black man was degraded, as he has always been, but in Bamboozled no mercy was spared.

Spike Lee used the film in to quit smoking research paper a variety of ways. He attacked today#8217;s media and the way in which it portrays African Americans. He explored the wide scope of African American#8217;s lives, which is no different than the sources from lives of any other race. He demonstrated the consequences of ways paper, greed and sacrificing one#8217;s dignity. Furthermore, he exposed society for what it really is: mindless. Lakes. The majority of to quit research, a population does not question the media. Instead it swallows images whole, even if those images are as false and misleading as a painted black face.

University/College: University of essays club by amy, California. Type of paper: Thesis/Dissertation Chapter. Date: 23 December 2016. Let us write you a custom essay sample on Bamboozled: Black People and White Man. for only $16.38 $13.9/page.

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Simple and Clean Resume Templates. Hiring managers look at very many of ways smoking research paper resumes. Their eyes get tired quickly, and having to look at elaborate resumes doesn’t help. In fact, fancy resume formats make the estrogen lakes dissertation, recruitment process even harder, since hiring managers have to look past the design elements in order to get to the content. Many job seekers believe that an eye-catching resume alone will help them land a job. Ways To Quit Research Paper? However, that is not usually the sources in essay internet, case. A clean, simple resume can help you stand out from the smoking research, pool of pollution problems and solutions essay applicants by being easy to read and pleasant to look at.

Professional resume formats will often use minimalist formatting to capture the attention of a hiring manager and showcase experience and skills. In this guide, we’ll talk about smoking paper, which types of employers prefer a simple resume format over essays club by amy tan a modern or creative one. We’ll also walk you through how to format and write a resume using one of our free resume templates. Let’s get you on to quit smoking paper the path to creating your resume today. A simple resume does not need to be a boring one. In fact, a simple resume format requires a lot of creativity because it should be both pleasing to the eye and tailored to your experience and desired job. A simple resume can be more conservative or more trendy, depending on citing sources from which template you use. All of to quit smoking our templates here have clean, simple layouts, but there is in essay, a lot of variety within the simple resume format, so you can choose one that suits your work history best.

What Jobs Require a Simple Resume? If you’re applying to a conservative or old-fashioned place of employment, a simple resume is the way to go. The legal field is an example of ways to quit smoking research a conservative workplace. So are most professions in finance and many large corporate offices. If the estrogen great, job you want has a conservative dress code, you should probably use a simple resume format. To Quit Smoking Research Paper? This is in a, like a dress code for your resume. Although a simple resume format is essential in those types workplaces, a well-crafted simple resume can also impress a potential employer in ways to quit research paper, a creative, modern field. If you’re going after a job where design is important, then knowing how to use simple design elements without relying on fancy fonts or borders can actually make your resume stand out. Font, formatting, color scheme, and use of white space all make an attractive simple resume. Estrogen Great? This requires solid design knowledge.

Whether you’re applying to be a graphic designer or a fashion designer, a simple resume can be an excellent example of ways smoking research paper your creative skills. If you’re applying to emerson, a newer company, the employer can also be impressed by to quit smoking research a clean, traditional simple resume, even if the corporate culture is obsession with, more laid-back. Smoking Research Paper? Many startups and tech companies use a minimalist aesthetic for their offices, websites, and products. You can show you’re a good fit by obsession love essay reflecting that same clean aesthetic in your resume. You need to decide what you’ll be putting on your resume before you can write and format it. To help you decide what should go on your resume, you can use your existing resume or you can note down some specifics about your skills and experience.

What you put on your resume will also depend on the details of the ways to quit smoking paper, desired job and the job description. If you’re applying in the medical field for example, it’s important to have a section for certifications and credentials. If you’re applying for a retail job, however, this section is probably not necessary. Here are the sections that should always go on pollution and solutions essay your resume: Here are some ideas for optional sections:

Career Objective, Objective Statement, or Professional Summary Interests and Activities Relevant Skills Achievements and Awards References. Your resume should have the minimum number of research paper sections necessary to showcase your abilities as a job candidate. Ruthlessly delete unnecessary information. Now that you’ve decided what sections to include, it’s time to lakes, format those sections into a beautiful, simple resume. You don’t need to do this work on your own. We’ve compiled a list of ways simple resume templates you can use.

However, you should know about essays on the joy luck club by amy tan, good resume design so you’ll know how to best customize the to quit smoking, template you choose. With all of our resume templates, you can change the bullet points, fonts, colors, and obsession with love essay arrangement as needed. Avoid large blocks of ways to quit smoking research paper text in your resume. Having white space between sections adds balance. If a section on your resume involves a list (such as a “Skills” section), you will want to choose a template with bullet points. These make your resume look organized and easy to read. There’s nothing wrong with a classic font like Times New Roman, but a simple resume often looks best with a clean, modern, sans-serif font like Helvetica Neue.

If you choose to use font colors to unity in a essay, dress up your resume, use them sparingly. Pick just one or two colors to smoking research, highlight aspects of your resume. For example, you might choose a conservative color, like gray or dark blue, for resume headers. Make sure any font color you choose is easy to read. Environmental Pollution Problems And Solutions? Avoid pink, yellow, and to quit lighter shades, which look unprofessional and are hard to estrogen dissertation, notice. Always be consistent. Ways Smoking Paper? Have your “Objective” header in the same color as your “Education” header.

Don’t write your “Skills” section in and solutions essay, Times New Roman and your “Work History” section in smoking, Helvetica. The following common resume mistakes make your resume look too complicated and poorly designed: Too many colors and fonts Hard-to-detect colors and fonts Unconventional fonts like Comic Sans Elaborate borders Colored or needlessly fancy paper Too many sections Unnecessary images Inconsistent formatting. If your resume is overly designed or messy, employers will be distracted from the content and more likely to sources in essay from internet, put your resume in the “No” pile. A really elaborate resume might even be automatically discarded before it gets read. Once you’ve chosen the right resume template for you, it’s time to write your unique resume content. If you’ve never written a resume before, use one of our detailed resume guides, or a free resume builder to help you get started. A simple resume is research, about more than just layout. There should be simplicity in your phrasing too. This is the case for all resumes, but especially for one with a simple design.

Don’t hide your impressive experience under flowery language or long sentences. State things simply so employers can easily learn about you. It may be tempting to add detail with more words, but wordiness will only make your resume look messy. Keep in mind that many job applications will also require a cover letter, where you can add more detail about your experience. Essays Joy Luck Tan? It doesn’t all need to to quit paper, go on your resume. Use active verb forms and short sentences or bullet points when describing things like skills or achievements. Environmental Pollution And Solutions Essay? Find places to to quit paper, cut or reword. It’s okay to club by amy tan, use sentence fragments in smoking paper, your bullet points. Not only with love do these points make your resume look good, they also make it more likely that a prospective employer will read all of smoking it. We have a variety of essays joy luck free simple resume examples to suit your needs, including chronological, functional, and combination resumes. Using what you’ve just learned in this guide, look through these templates and choose one that suits your current job search best.

Then customize it to reflect what you have to offer as a unique job candidate. Good use of white space gives this professional resume template an open feel while subtle colours add design touch. Two main sections let you detail your experiences and education in a reverse chronological order. Size: 183 B Downloads: 103838 Filename: upfront.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-09 20:18:00 / 6327. Very compact and ways smoking research neat professional layout. And Solutions Essay? Notice how the ways smoking research paper, use of red text draws the eye. Just the right amount in the right places can be really helpful to unity essay, the reader. Size: 183 B Downloads: 103213 Filename: neat.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-06 11:38:00 / 4968. Traditional format with light orange headers and to quit subtle gray titles.

Great sample resume for graphic designers, corporate writers, or administrative professionals. Size: 183 B Downloads: 52910 Filename: subtle-creativity.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-09 19:42:00 / 6315. Margin column for and solutions essay, titles and ways to quit paper headings provides lots of space for detailed, paragraph statements. Perfect resume example for business, industrial, or vocational professionals. Size: 183 B Downloads: 34054 Filename: broad-appeal.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-09 20:48:00 / 6348. Labor, manufacturing, educational, and service industry skills template. Good use of love essay white space to catch the eye with blue section divider lines and large, bold section titles. Size: 183 B Downloads: 17070 Filename: commencing.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-09 22:42:00 / 6409.

Just a bit of ways smoking research paper colour and creative use of indent make add a creative twist to this very traditional straight-forward design. Indented text helps the headings stand out. Size: 183 B Downloads: 16070 Filename: indent-line.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-06 17:22:00 / 5631. Excellent sample for those with lots of skills and training and maybe not a lot of experience. Bold headings with vertical divider lines and blue titles provide focus for sources from internet, the reader. Size: 183 B Downloads: 15324 Filename: fresh-take.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-08 16:54:00 / 6092. Conventional, two-page layout with profile photo and ways to quit research paper red and blue fonts add design touch. Plus signs used for bullet points.

Great for technology, engineering, or financial career seekers. Size: 183 B Downloads: 14473 Filename: creative-conventions.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-08 15:32:00 / 6023. Two-page format with a two-column layout offers much space for multiple sections. Light blue titles and dashed section lines add design touch. Estrogen Great Lakes Dissertation? Give all of your details here.

Size: 183 B Downloads: 13274 Filename: point-left.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-09 20:57:00 / 6354. Subtle red titles and block, sans serif fonts give this template a stately feel. Smoking? Great use of great dissertation white space complements paragraph descriptions of your experiences, strengths, and objectives. Size: 183 B Downloads: 13088 Filename: stately.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-08 16:19:00 / 6065. Touches of red shadings and ways research paper gray background really draw in the reader#039;s focus. In A? Plus signs used for bulleted lists with room for to quit research, multiple sections. Size: 183 B Downloads: 12908 Filename: bold-red-shading.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-09 20:34:00 / 6345. Check box bullets tick off all of your great career highlights in this two-page resume with blue section divider lines. Environmental Problems Essay? Excellent resume style for very experienced and accomplished professionals.

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Great sample for marketing, public relations, or communications professionals. Size: 183 B Downloads: 8751 Filename: beaming.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-09 19:15:00 / 6278. Bold, open squares and to quit paper thin black lines divide the two-column page layout. Dates and essays joy luck by amy key words offset in the margins act as section intros. Ways To Quit Smoking Research? Excellent template for university and IT job seekers.

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Dark black section dividers complement light green and blue fonts and bullets. Large, three-columned Core Skills section for many key attributes. Serif font type completes mature, professional feel. Size: 183 B Downloads: 5797 Filename: cosmopolitan.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-08 15:41:00 / 6032. Two-page, one-column layout with red and orange for headings and titles. Ways To Quit Smoking? Lots of space for pollution problems and solutions essay, detailed, paragraph descriptions. Corporate and academia feel with this sample. Size: 183 B Downloads: 5630 Filename: tidy.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-09 19:23:00 / 6287. A traditional format that portrays a simple elegance. An initialed ribbon provides a smart touch which can be personalized with you initials, your highest qualification or your most prestigious award. Bullet points help you to squeeze in ways, a lot more information without making your resume too long.

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Large and small margins add white space while offering plenty of room for multiple sections. Bold orange and blues for titles focus the reader. Great template for entry level positions or new graduates. Size: 183 B Downloads: 4695 Filename: offset.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-08 16:08:00 / 6056. Bold section titles with arrow points and with love light maroon titles give this sample a vivid touch.

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Large Skills Abilities section great for the career changer. Size: 183 B Downloads: 4123 Filename: academia.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-06 20:17:00 / 5748. Open and love essay airy one-column format centered on the page. Blue headings and bold titles with plus signs and outlined circle bullets provide subtle design appeal. Ways To Quit Research? Service and labour workers take a look here. Size: 183 B Downloads: 4084 Filename: breezy.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-08 15:35:00 / 6026.

Colour contrast and essays first series different font types dictate the style and impact of this resume. The use of the red always pulls you back to the name of the applicant. Size: 183 B Downloads: 3990 Filename: simple-red.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-06 18:02:00 / 5655. Oversized captions for key words or job titles. Small profile photo with blue shaded section headers. Smoking? Excellent use of unity in a space for intern experience, new graduates, and creative professionals. Size: 183 B Downloads: 3942 Filename: caption.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-08 18:00:00 / 6144. Want a different way to distinguish your sub-headings from your headings? This layout shows how different shades of the same colour can do this.

Size: 183 B Downloads: 3823 Filename: mono-shading.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-06 11:48:00 / 4986. Light blue titles, bold headings, and carat bullets with good use of white space in smoking, this basic resume template. Perfect example for service industry and labour staff as well as new graduates. Size: 183 B Downloads: 3335 Filename: burgeoning.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-08 16:52:00 / 6089. Simple layout with bold headings and thick lines to separate different sections. Unity? Not the best format if you have a lot of information to ways to quit research, include. Size: 183 B Downloads: 3183 Filename: simple-central.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-06 18:10:00 / 5662. Offset sections balance out unity this sample. To Quit Smoking Research Paper? Good use of citing in essay internet white space helps focus the reader#039;s eye.

Orang titles provide design touch. To Quit Smoking Research Paper? Great format to joy luck by amy, take your few years of ways to quit smoking paper experience to the next level. Size: 183 B Downloads: 1183 Filename: moving.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-08 18:05:00 / 6147. Thin margins with stacked sections provide lots of area for all of your achievements. Unique Projects area lets you describe your accomplishments. IT, project management, and senior-level sample. Size: 183 B Downloads: 167304 Filename: substantial.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-08 16:36:00 / 6077.

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Can you summarize your abilities into a couple of sentences? Most prospective employers don#039;t have a lot of time to read through lengthy resumes. Size: 183 B Downloads: 6467 Filename: classic-elegance.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-06 11:36:00 / 4961. Great use of to quit smoking research paper contrasting text colour and line thickness to obsession with love essay, differentiate between sets of information. Size: 183 B Downloads: 5490 Filename: section-lines.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-06 17:49:00 / 5652.

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Size: 183 B Downloads: 3894 Filename: skilled.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-07 20:05:00 / 5783. Bold, black headings and section dividers with light-gray lines used for bullets and great lakes dissertation blue font type for ways to quit smoking research, your name make this a non-traditional traditional template. Size: 183 B Downloads: 3884 Filename: non-traditional-traditional.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-08 12:13:00 / 5923. Complimentary colours for joy luck club, your personal information and the section headings catch the eye. Simple bullet list in ways to quit research paper, each section offer a straightforward, no nonsense approach. Size: 183 B Downloads: 3278 Filename: career-starter.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-06 19:34:00 / 5714. Gray shading and with essay colorful section headers give this contemporary resume a bold and to quit confident air. Here, your skills, strengths, awards, achievements, and career highlights take center stage. This resume lends a decisive and authoritative tone, while not being overbearing or fussy; it still allows your personality and unity essay background to shine. This is ways to quit research, a perfect template for club by amy tan, individuals seeking to change careers or industries, ex-military looking to enter the civilian workforce, and others who want to emphasise their talents and strengths, and not their previous job titles or employers.

Size: 183 B Downloads: 40845 Filename: bulletin.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-08 18:20:00 / 6162. Standard Europass CV / Resume Template used in paper, Europe. Size: 183 B Downloads: 30414 Filename: europass-cv-template.doc Uploaded: 2014-09-19 17:26:00 / 7451. Free Modern Resume templates that will get you noticed. Simple, elegant, discreetly modern, with a touch of citing in essay from internet color and creativity. Size: 183 B Downloads: 30382 Filename: discreetly-modern.docx Uploaded: 2014-09-19 17:09:00 / 7448.

Very classy and ways to quit research paper professional full-page two-column sample. Lots of essays on the club tan sections included for key skills, awards, and attributes. Red and blue titles add touch of colour. Great example for those with substantial work experience. Size: 183 B Downloads: 12942 Filename: firm.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-08 16:48:00 / 6086. Two column layout for full page with sections styled into ways to quit, various columns. Light gray divider lines and problems red and ways paper blue titles. Stylish with a corporate feel for marketing director, senior VPs, and principal managers. Size: 183 B Downloads: 9120 Filename: aristocratic.docx Uploaded: 2014-05-08 17:05:00 / 6104. Two-column layout with profile photo. Large Awards section to list your sales, academic, or artistic achievements.

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100 Easy Argumentative Essay Topic Ideas with Research Links and Sample Essays. VirginiaLynne has been a University English instructor for to quit smoking over 20 years. She specializes in helping people write essays faster and easier. Need a great argument topic? Below I give over by amy, 100 ideas. You'll write faster and easier if you pick a topic based on: Knowledge: Picking a topic you already know a lot about can make research faster and easier. Interest: Picking a question you want to know more about can make this paper more interesting.

Available Sources: I give links to many sources. Ways Research Paper! Check those for articles first and if you find some, your work is half done. Great Dissertation! I also save you time by giving you links to ways to quit paper, videos and sample student essays. Check out problems my guides for ways writing papers too. Good luck! If you get a good grade, be sure to come back and tell me! 1. Instructions for how to (and how not to) pick a topic. 2. Lists of on the joy luck club by amy, topic ideas (in the categories of food and health, obesity and dieting, recycling and the environment, families and relationships, and research, science and technology, with videos and problems, many links to research and student essay examples. 3. Step-by-step instructions for how to write your essay. To Quit Research! Choosing a topic that everyone is talking about makes writing an argument essay easier. Make sure you choose a question that doesn't have an answer people already agree on.

Pick a reader that doesn't agree with you, so that you are not preaching to the choir. It also helps if the topic is essay, something everyone has an ways research paper opinion about: this will make it easier to get examples to back up your essay, either from articles or from people you interview. Finally, you probably want to pick a topic that is interesting to with essay, you and that you care about. Steer clear of overused topics like abortion, gun control, and the death penalty. For one thing, your instructor has already read far too many of these essays and is not only probably bored with the to quit smoking topic, but also has already heard everything you might say. Moreover, although those may seem like easy topics, they really aren't, because most people are set in their ways about these issues and great lakes, it is hard to think of an to quit argument that might change their minds. Is Deforestation Worth it? Do the economic benefits of cutting down forests outweigh the essay environmental damage?

What is Love? What kind of ways smoking, love leads to a lasting relationship? Stay-at-Home Dad: Is it a good idea for a father to raise his children full-time? What causes a man to become a stay-at-home dad and citing, can it work out well for a family? Hunger Hurts: Should Americans think and do more about the research paper hunger faced by people around the citing in essay world? Why are Americans rapidly becoming more obese? Why are Americans rapidly becoming more obese? What can be done to help children maintain a healthy weight? How can people lose weight and keep it off? Is weight gain caused by genetics, environment, or some other factor? How do naturally thin people stay that way?

What is the to quit research paper relationship between food, exercise, and weight? Are low carbohydrate diets (like the Paleo, Adkins, and South Beach diets) really the best? Do planned-meal diets like Jenny Craig and Nutrisystem really work to help people keep weight off? Why are Weight Watchers and other calorie-counting diets often considered the essay best by doctors? Is controlling weight really a matter of calories in, calories out? What is the best diet for a young adult? Can vegetarian diets be healthy?

Why are so many people now choosing to go on gluten-free diets? Is sugar really bad for you? Does restricting the size of soft drinks that can be sold really help health? Should schools have vending machines that sell sodas, candy, and to quit smoking, other bad snacks? What can schools do to promote better health in students?

Does intermittent fasting really help you to be more fit? How can morbidly obese people lose weight safely? Is the T.V. show The Biggest Loser helpful in estrogen motivating people to be healthy? Does the show create negative or positive feelings about morbidly obese people? Does it exploit the contestants? What causes anorexia?

How can it be prevented? How can you help an anorexic friend? Why are more young men becoming anorexic? What is morbid obesity? How does morbid obesity affect a person's health?

What should we do about the cost of healthcare for to quit smoking paper overweight people? Should there be a greater insurance premium for people who are obese? Is surgery a good method for first series emerson amazon people to lose weight? Are sugar substitutes helpful for dieting? Is fat really bad for you? Is a low fat diet the best? Research Articles on ways, Obesity and Dieting. Here are some professional articles and websites that can help you start. Many of these articles contain links to other sources also.

Long Term Weight Loss Maintenance, by Rena R. Wing and Suzanne Phelan, in American Society for on the joy luck club by amy tan Clinical Nutrition (2005). The National Weight Control Registry. An account of over 10,000 individuals who have lost significant amounts of weight and kept it off for ways to quit smoking research paper long periods of time. Overweight and essays series emerson amazon, Obesity. U.S. Ways Paper! government reports from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Diet Topic Articles from Psychology Today . What can we do to club tan, help people around the smoking paper world have clean water to drink? Is hunting good or bad for the environment? Should the problems horns of smoking, wild rhinos be removed to essays series, prevent them from being poached? Can we protect wild areas and animals by promoting eco-tourism? Should the government discourage or regulate oil drilling in the gulf of Mexico? What are the smoking research paper dangers of fracking? Does recycling really make a difference?

Should all states adopt a deposit on soft drink bottles and cans in order to promote recycling? Should schools require students to bring refillable containers for water and other beverages rather than disposable ones? Should supermarkets charge for essay plastic bags in order to encourage the use of smoking research, reusable bags? Should your city (or campus) do more to encourage recycling? What causes people to on the joy luck club by amy tan, litter? What could motivate people to clean up after themselves?

What causes earthquakes? What can we do to reduce death or damage from earthquakes? Or how can we better predict them? Does being a vegetarian or vegan help the environment? Can using LED lights make a difference? How can composting help save the ways smoking research environment? What is hazardous household waste and why is it important not to throw it in the regular trash? What is deforestation? How does it happen? Can it be stopped? What is essays joy luck by amy tan, fracking?

Is fracking worth the risks? Does fracking hurt drinking water? What is ways smoking paper, a carbon footprint? How can we change our carbon footprint? What are the dangers for people living in cities like Beijing with high pollution?

Is nuclear energy really safe? What should be done with nuclear waste? What is the best way to handle our trash? Are landfills a good idea? Where can we use solar, wind, and other alternative energy sources effectively?

What is the unity in a best way to encourage alternative energy use? (Government regulations? Incentives? Helping companies that produce these products? Advertising?) The World Bank on Environment: Information and research about environmental issues around the ways to quit smoking paper world. The U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency: On the science and technology page, find research and information under different topics like water, pesticides, or ecosystems. In A! Discover Magazine: Search the environmental topics page for your topic. Smoking Paper! U.S. In A! Government Recycling and Conservation: Statistics and information. Should mothers stay home with their children? Do long distance relationships work? How can divorce be prevented? Is divorce something that kids can recover from? Are teenage marriages a good idea?

Should teenagers that get pregnant keep their children? How can you get out of the ways to quit friend zone? How can you know you are in an abusive relationship? Why do people stay in abusive relationships? What are the effects of domestic violence on children? Who should do the chores in a family?

What are helicopter parents and environmental pollution problems and solutions essay, how do they help or harm their children? Is it good to be an ways smoking only child? Is doing sports together a good thing for families? How have video games impacted family life? Why do some people treat their pets as family members? Is this a good or bad thing? How important are grandparents to children today? How does interracial adoption affect a family? Are large families better for children? How does birth order affect children?

Do older people make better parents? Have cell phones and social media made families closer or not? How should (or shouldn't) you use social media in a dating relationship? How long should people date before they become engaged? What makes people have a happy, long-lasting marriage?

Are the expectations raised by internet romantic movies damaging to real relationships? Are Beauty Pageants Good for ways smoking research paper Kids? What is nanotechnology and how has it already changed our lives? How will nanotechnology affect dentistry or medicine? How can nanotechnology be helpful in developing new types of computers, cell phones, or data storage? Does using cell phones make people more or less connected? Do cell phones cause a cancer risk? What should the laws be concerning the use of by amy, cell phones while driving? Have social media and ways smoking, texting hurt or improved the problems and solutions lives of ways to quit smoking research, teenagers? Why are children better at understanding new technology than their parents are? Do violent video games cause people to act out in a essay violently?

Should schools use video games as a teaching tool? Can students study better using digital textbooks than they can by using books, pens, and paper? Will paper and books become obsolete? What is the ways to quit smoking research difference between reading on a screen and reading a book? Should everyone wear a microchip with their personal information to avoid identity and environmental problems, credit card theft? Should parents be able to choose the genetics of their children? Are smart watches going to ways to quit, replace cell phones?

What is the obsession with love essay next big leap in technology? Which is better, the PC or the Mac? If we can help people live longer through technology, should we? Is there a balance between quantity and ways smoking paper, quality of life? How can 3-D printers be used effectively? SciTech Daily: Science and new technology news and research reports. MIT Technology Review: Massachusetts Institute of Technology's website for explaining new technologies. If you want to write a quick and easy argument paper, follow these simple steps: Pick a topic question from the lists above.

Decide your answer to obsession, the question (this is your beginning thesis). Write down everything you know about the topic. Talk to your friends or family to find out what they know, have heard, or have read recently about the to quit smoking research topic (have them give you the source if they know it). Look at some of the research articles or web sites about that topic. Look back at essay your question and refine your answer. Ways Paper! After gathering information, you may want to change it. Unity Essay! Write down three or more best reasons for your answer (these are your topic ideas for the body of your essay). Ways Paper! Using those reasons, look at the articles you've read or the ideas you've already written down for essays on the club by amy some evidence to support those reasons (this is the backup evidence for each topic sentence). Write your outline, then follow it to write your paper.

Do you have to do research for your paper? Easy Argumentative Essay Topics for College Students. by Virginia Kearney 5. Funny Argumentative Essay Topic Ideas. by Virginia Kearney 8. 100 Current Events Research Paper Topics with Research Links. by Virginia Kearney 16. How to Write a Proposal Essay/Paper. by Laura Writes 40. 100 Argument or Position Essay Topics with Sample Essays. by Virginia Kearney 37. 100 Science Topics for Research Papers. by Virginia Kearney 108. This is to quit research paper, a great resource. I've just entered into unity in a, college, and didn't know where to begin writing my first argumentative essay. Ways To Quit Research Paper! Thanks so much - voted up :) Do you know or have you written of anything to do with the argumentative essay of should smoking be banned because I have to do essays with research and I need some reliable sites. Virginia Kearney 3 weeks ago from United States.

Hi Aashi! I'm glad that younger students are finding my work too. Although I now teach college students, I started my career teaching in your grade for unity in a essay several years. I will have to ways to quit paper, put together some topics for primary grade students. Until then, you might want to look at my High School Topics, which have many ideas which are good for your age too. I am in primary school in first grade 6 and to quit smoking research, I want some good topics for primary students.

Good job making this page. Estrogen Great Lakes! I don't know what to do at first. I was clueless and to quit smoking paper, was browsing for answers but none of them made sense except for this. Obsession! Thank you very much! I think the ideas are wonderful and ways smoking research paper, are very helpful! I am a Junior in high school and I have to write an argumentative paper.

Your insight on how to essay, do so has been extremely helpful. I wanted to thank you for your intelligence on how to ways to quit paper, write an argumentative paper. Thanks! This website was very useful for obsession essay picking out a topic for my essay. Again, thank you for helping me out! King of Stuff 8 months ago. I find this website very interesting and helpful. Ways! Thank you for making it! Your tips on writing essays is really helping me out.

Mr. fluffypants 8 months ago. I love this article. You have helped me with my school essay. Thank you! letter pile 8 months ago. I LOVE this website. Thank you so much for writing it! It has helped me so much! Virginia Kearney 8 months ago from United States. Hi Nataly! You are welcome to in essay, shift the ways smoking focus of the questions to whether governments should take action.

My questions and topic ideas are just a starting point. I teach my students that there are a variety of ways to solve problems and one of those is by having governments or larger groups take action. However, I want my students to focus more on how they and their audience can personally take responsibility and action, so often my questions are more locally written. In my class, I focus on having my students address a very particular audience in obsession love essay their persuasive essays because effective arguments come from really thinking carefully about the viewpoint of the other person and developing points that would persuade that person. Research Paper! In my class, I do allow TedTalks as sources if the student is using other sources as well. Unity Essay! However, I don't think all professors do accept that type of source. Most people who do TedTalks have written out their arguments in papers or books, so I'd suggest you research to see if there is an ways to quit paper online paper you can cite as well.

I find your lists great and really appreciate the idea of in a essay, providing useful links. Still, I would rather shift the focus of some questions so that they ask students to think more globally, from the point of view of the state and the society. For example, should the state take actions to research, prevent high rate of divorces, which ones? Are people in obsession with love developed states responsible for providing water and food to the starving people around the ways to quit globe?, etc. I also wanted to ask you if TedTalks videos are officially recognized as credible resources. Have you ever heard of obsession with love essay, any cases when professors forbid to use it? Thank you for ways smoking research paper a good work! Hulya Gulyurt 9 months ago. This helped me so much with my homework, thank you!

Great Efforts . Well done. should guns be allowed on school campus. Virginia Kearney 13 months ago from United States. Obsession With! This is an ways smoking interesting topic idea bojoi--and definitely one that would be controversial. I'd love to hear how you would develop your thesis. preetyradd 14 months ago. i think this is cool i got a good grade on my essay thanks. Unity! Kanwal asif 14 months ago. Thank u so much God bless u. Virginia Kearney 17 months ago from United States. Research Paper! Glad this will help you three keys!

ThreeKeys 17 months ago from Australia. Im about to try out your suggestions in this great article. Im excited to see what the outcome will be in environmental essay how I take a more pointed or comprehensive approach in a written debate so to speak. Thanks so much! Thank you it is really helpful.

Thank you so much for the topics. Trisha Roberts 3 years ago from Rensselaer, New York. Love the great ideas! Absolutely love the to quit smoking list you shared with us. Citing Sources Internet! Thank you so much for this Article! Kalai 3 years ago from Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. Sometimes i find that the most easy or obvious topic the hardest to argue about.

The less the words the ways to quit smoking research paper greater the series emerson amazon headache. Ways Research Paper! When we prepare for debates, each word has the joy luck ability to make or break the case. Rae Saylor 3 years ago from Australia. What an interesting range of ideas and ways, tips! Massive thanks for writing this, pal! Voted up :) Eiddwen 3 years ago from Wales. A great hub Victoria ;thanks for sharing and first series amazon, I vote up.

Dianna Mendez 3 years ago. This is very useful to those who must teach essay writing (and to those who must write them). I know I will be using this next time I teach English Comp. Voted up++ ExpectGreatThings 3 years ago from Illinois. Wow! This is a very impressive list and great instructions. I like how you were able to write the questions without giving away your position on each topic. - Ginger.

Eric Dierker 3 years ago from Spring Valley, CA. U.S.A. Very interesting. Fun ideas and great food for ways smoking paper thought. Copyright 2017 HubPages Inc. and respective owners. Other product and and solutions essay, company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners.

HubPages ® is a registered Service Mark of HubPages, Inc. HubPages and Hubbers (authors) may earn revenue on paper, this page based on affiliate relationships and advertisements with partners including Amazon, Google, and others. Lakes Dissertation! Copyright 2017 HubPages Inc. and smoking paper, respective owners.

essay on ways smoking hybridity This article presents a critique of the notion of hybridity which has, in recent years, become increasingly popular within genre studies and has been applied chiefly, though not exclusively, to generic experimentation in contemporary literature. In this article I seek to estrogen great lakes, show that the main reasons for this are that the concept conveniently fits the semantics of the field of ways to quit smoking, genre studies which has largely been structured by genetic analogies, and because its use within postcolonial studies to describe the allegedly subversive potential of ‘mixing’ has inspired many critics to essays series, apply the notion of ‘hybridity’ to to quit smoking paper, literature which combines different genres in with essay their fictional critique of hegemonic discourses. Against this trend, I argue that the concept necessarily produces insufficient results and should be substituted for a more prolific alternative – generic blending. David Duff defines generic hybridization as “[t]he process by which two or more genres combine to form a new genre or subgenre; or by which elements of two or more genres are combined in a single work” (“Key Concepts” xiv). Ways Smoking. At first glance, this explanation is both plausible and illuminating. Intuitively, the term ‘hybridization’ appears to capture quite neatly the forms of overt experimentation with genre conventions often considered characteristic of great lakes, contemporary literature (Hassan 170) and other art forms. There is frequent talk of the ‘blurring’ or even ‘dissolution’ of genre boundaries (Hutcheon 9; Duff, “Introduction” 16). According to Ian Gregson, the allegedly ‘postmodern’ form of magic realism presents an example of a hybrid genre, because it “collides fairy tale with the realist strategies of the traditional European novel” (Gregson 75). Ansgar Nunning, on the other hand, speaks of a “proliferation of hybrid genres […]” ( Mapping the ways, Field 282) which integrate factual material into fictional narratives, such as “the ‘New Journalism’ and the ‘nonfiction novels,’ ‘historiographic metafiction,’ ‘documentary fiction,’ a revisionist type of ‘postmodernist historical novel,’ ‘uchronian fantasy,’ ‘parahistorical novels,’ and ‘factifiction’” (ibid.). In medical terms, ‘hybridity’ has become such a common and accepted diagnosis with regard to contemporary literature that a closer examination of individual ‘patients’ more often than not only seeks to identify textual ‘symptoms’ but do not questioning the value and validity of the ‘condition’ itself.

Despite its popularity and ubiquity, however, ‘hybridity’ is ultimately both inadequate for a fruitful interpretation of innovative uses of generic forms, and misleading as to essays club, the functions and effects of genre, for three reasons: 1) it harks back to a highly problematic discursive tradition; 2) the conjunctional and homogenizing logic underlying the concept is inherently flawed; and 3) it continues to describe genre in terms of text-intrinsic features rather than with regard to the cognitive processes involved in, and effects produced by, different forms of genre usage. At first sight, the discussion surrounding the validity of ‘hybridity’ to describe genres may appear as theoretical nitpicking. However, I contend that the fixation on this conception not only ways to quit research, detracts critics from the many different facets of pollution and solutions essay, generic experimentation in contemporary literature, but is also misleading in terms of the true political potential of installing and subverting specific genre conventions. What is at stake in this debate is therefore nothing less than an adequate understanding of the significance of genre (not only) in contemporary literature. The proliferation of the notion of hybridity within genre studies is, first and foremost, a token of the lingering influence of a biological conception of ways to quit paper, literary genres.

That genres present cultural constructs rather than organic entities in Ferdinand Brunetiere’s sense[1] is universally acknowledged nowadays and, as a result, the biological species paradigm is rarely drawn on explicitly within genre criticism today.[2] Nevertheless, its semantics – the club by amy, notion of the ways smoking paper, individual text ‘belonging’ to a specific class, the idea of a uni-directional development, or ‘evolution’ of that class, the concept of ‘kinship’ between certain texts and classes of texts – has become so naturalized that it still continues to structure our thinking about genres. This becomes manifest, for example, in the recent popularity of the notion of ‘family resemblance’ in genre studies. With regard to genre, the analogy is used to describe the way in which texts grouped together under a generic label relate to one another, each genre presenting a ‘family’ and the texts associated with the same as the pollution and solutions essay, ‘family members.’ Its popularity can in parts be attributed to the appealing openness of this concept (Fishelov, Metaphors 54), as its fuzziness at first glance seems to provide a felicitous analogy to paper, the relationship between different texts subsumed under a genre. However, the adoption of this metaphor from the field of language philosophy to that of genre theory can partly be attributed to joy luck by amy tan, another, often overlooked, factor: the to quit, family presents another schema that is nowadays conceived mostly in environmental terms of genetics; it shares many semantic features with the biological species analogy and therefore lends itself easily to an application to literary genres. Genetic conceptions of genre always face the problem that in literature there is to quit smoking research no underlying code that can be analyzed with the help of scientific methods. Biological relations are unequivocal (the underlying source for all phenotypic resemblance within a family is genetic makeup), whereas genre membership is not. The concept of ‘hybridity’ deriving from genetics, its application to literary genres is riddled with such inconsistencies. Despite the prevalent view that the notion can serve to undermine or even explode traditional categories and taxonomies, it remains inextricably caught up in their essentialist logic, as becomes clear if we consider the application of the citing in essay from, term in biology. To Quit Smoking Paper. According to Amar Acheraiou, Charles Darwin was the first to use the term in its modern sense in his experiments with cross-fertilization in plants: “The concept of ‘hybridity’ then had a purely biological dimension and pollution problems and solutions, suggested fixed essence” (88). The underlying genetic logic implies maybe not classificatory unequivocality (after all, borderline cases and mutations are part and to quit smoking paper, parcel of the evolutionary paradigm), but certainly unequivocality of development and principal exclusivity of the categories: the liger may be impossible to from, categorize as either lion or tiger, but this does not render the distinction between the two species problematic or obsolete. Because its parentage (and therefore its genetic makeup) is research paper quite clear, it can be integrated into environmental pollution and solutions the existing taxonomical system, allocating it a place between the two parental species.

Far from problematizing the integrity of the classification system, hybrids can serve to measure the genetic distance between, and compatibility of, two species and thus ultimately illustrate the principles of ways to quit smoking, common descent and progressive diversification that underlie the notion of evolution. Environmental Pollution Problems. Distinctness thus presents a necessary prerequisite for hybridization. Ideas of smoking research, distinctness and compatibility consequently also structure conceptions of literary hybridity. Thus, both Christin Galster (15) and Klaudia Seibel (137) stress the distinctness and heterogeneity of the literary classes as a precondition for the formation of hybrids at the outset of their studies on literary hybrids. According to Julia Ernst’s definition, the term ‘hybrid genres’ denotes literary forms that unite characteristics of dissertation, different genres and can therefore not only not be adequately described with the ways smoking paper, genre designations used in the Western poetic tradition, but also explode conventional genre typologies (267). However, unlike biological species, which are classified on the principle of descent, generic attribution occurs on the basis of vastly disparate and incommensurable criteria: “[g]enres can be defined socially, historically, functionally, authorially, politically, stylistically, arbitrarily, idiosyncratically, or by a combination of any of these” (Stockwell 28). Generic equivocality is a logical consequence of the unsystematicity of generic labeling. With regard to estrogen dissertation, the notion of to quit smoking research paper, hybridity, this disparateness of criteria presents significant conceptual difficulties, because it means that generic categories are by no means mutually exclusive or distinct. While the genre designation ‘short story’ is understood mainly in terms of certain formal and narrative conventions (e.g. Essays Club. length, focalization, abrupt beginning and ‘open ending’), ‘ghost story’ refers to a specific theme, usually complemented by a high level of indeterminacy (e.g. unreliable narration, discrepancy of awareness between reader and narrator, rising tension).

Evidently, there is ways smoking research no clear boundary between these two genres that can blur or be violated. As none of the key characteristics that play a role in the attribution of a text to essays by amy, the genres ‘short story’ and ‘ghost story’ are in direct opposition to one another, it is not hard to ways to quit research, imagine a text that fits into our conception of both genres. Saying that such a combination constitutes a hybrid is like saying that a motorbike is a hybrid because it combines the notion of ‘bike’ with that of a motorized vehicle, or that a house cat is a hybrid because it can be classified both as a predator and as a pet. Due to this incommensurability of criteria texts can always be attributed to more than one genre, according to which features are foregrounded: “how texts are grouped depends on which features the classifier has selected to observe – common prosody, organization, tone, aim, or effect on citing internet the reader, for example” (Devitt 7). Thus, Robinson Crusoe can variously be labelled as a) an ‘Erziehungsroman’, as it portrays the development of a young man rebelling against research paper social and familial constraints into the epitome of a self-made man; b) a ‘utopia’, if one comprehends the work first and foremost in terms of social critique and Robinson’s insular society as a Puritan alternative to essays on the, England; c) a ‘picaresque’, if one focuses on ways to quit paper the “strange surprising adventures” promised in the title and the protagonist’s cunning; d) as a ‘myth’, if one considers the work in terms of its socio-historical significance, as the environmental pollution and solutions essay, exemplification of “characteristic aspirations of Western man” (Watt 95); e) as the prototypical ‘robinsonade’ (Broich 58), for which setting, character constellation and the motif of the struggle against ways to quit paper nature are central; f) or simply as a novel. Does the circumstance that the text uses characteristics of various genres make Robinson Crusoe a generic hybrid?

I argue that it does not, but Galster indeed believes that hybridity and hybridization can be found within all historical eras and genres (16) and consequently analyzes novels from Defoe to Wilkie Collins as examples for estrogen great, hybrid novels. This already indicates the ways to quit, limited heuristic value of the concept of hybridity – which texts, then, do not fall under the category ‘hybrid’? Here, Seibel proposes an interesting solution by citing sources in essay from internet drawing on Marie-Laure Ryan’s taxonomy of generic worlds (Ryan 34), which distinguishes genres in terms of specific accessibility relations. Ryan defines (often obscure) genres such as ‘historical fabulation’, ‘science fiction’ and ‘Jabberwockism’ by delineating which dimensions of ways to quit smoking paper, that genre correspond to citing in essay internet, ‘the actual world’ (e.g. natural laws and shared language). Seibel suggests that a text that combines two genres which are, according to Ryan’s table, incompatible with regard to one or more dimensions of accessibility present strong instances of generic “contamination” (Seibel 142). However, Ryan’s positivistic conception of paper, reality not only disregards forms of ontological and epistemological doubt, as well as the existence of many alternative reality designs, but the environmental pollution and solutions essay, binary system underlying her classification also reveals a static and ways to quit research, normative understanding of genre and implies that the non-compliance with generic standards is tantamount to generic exclusion. Mutual exclusivity of the categories and obsession with love, uniformity of criteria present the to quit paper, logical premises for diagnosing biological hybridity. Because texts can be described with the help of various generic labels, there is not a single text that can only be understood as representing a single genre. The absence of consistent criteria for classifying genres means that no two genres are entirely incompatible.

This leads to a surprising diagnosis: due to the unsystematic nature of genre attribution, different genres can logically be combined much more freely than is generally acknowledged within genre theory. Unity Essay. The ease with which we can mix elements from different genres has so far been overlooked or ignored because it threatens to undermine the research, dominant conception of first series amazon, genre as something located inside the text that renders a text an instance of that genre. This container model of genre needs overhauling and we will return to it later. For now, we can say that the answer to the question “‘Why Can We Have Romantic Realism and to quit, not Doggy Cats?’” (Harshav qtd. in Fishelov, Metaphors 20) is the absence of an underlying systematicity and not, as Fishelov declares, that “hybridization in literature is […] more common than hybridization in nature […]” ( Metaphors 20). The Political Dimension of and solutions, ‘Hybridity’ As we have seen, the concept of generic hybridity perforce relies on an essentialist genre conception, as it depends on the ascription of a fundamental, even ‘natural’, difference between two genres and thus neglects both the diversity and adaptability of genre usage. Ways To Quit Smoking Research. Without such a static normative model it would be impossible to in essay from internet, ascribe the to quit, status of ‘hybrid’ to an individual text or genre. The allegation of essentialism may appear surprising if we consider the proliferous application of the concept of hybridity in essays series postcolonial studies, which are directed explicitly against essentialist conceptions of culture. As the term’s ubiquity within genre criticism is to quit research intricately connected to its career within the postcolonial discourse, it is necessary to digress a little and love, consider its uses and connotations with regard to colonial power structures.

Heterogeneity presenting a precondition for hybridization, the application of the smoking paper, label ‘hybrid’ to the offspring of “[…] human parents of different races, halfbreed […]” (“Hybrid”) played a significant role in citing internet discursively establishing a fundamental difference between colonizer and colonized. From 1980 onwards, the term has, as Monika Fludernik explains, been appropriated and revaluated in the context of the postcolonialism debate (10), most famously by ways to quit paper Homi K. Bhabha, who proposes to employ it to great, dislodge authority and domination: Hybridity is a problematic of colonial representation and individuation that reverses the effects of the colonialist disavowal, so that other ‘denied’ knowledges enter upon the dominant discourse and estrange the basis of to quit research, authority – its rules of recognition […]. Hybridity reverses the citing sources internet, formal process of disavowal so that the violent dislocation of the act of colonization becomes the conditionality of colonial discourse [author’s emphases]. (114) Thus, Fludernik observes, “[h]ybridity revalues, that is to say: reconstitutes, colonial identity through deformation and displacement and by means of strategies of subversion. The reversal occurs by to quit research means of the inversion of the gaze – from the colonizer on estrogen great dissertation the knowable colonial subject and back to the colonizer” (27) – as an “act of civil disobedience” (31). Fludernik thus describes a shift in to quit smoking paper the use of the term from environmental problems a tool used for the oppression of colonized subjects to one of ways smoking research, emancipation for same subjects, which implies the inversion of the values ascribed to each side of the estrogen lakes dissertation, binary.

It is, however, difficult to assess in how far the term has within the postcolonial discourse become progressively dissociated from the biological paradigm from which it derives: The term hybridity, from its moorings in sexual cross-fertilization, racial intermixture and intermarriage, has now drifted free to to quit smoking paper, connote (rather than denote) a variety of interstitial and antagonistic set-ups which are clearly linked to a ‘subaltern’ (Gramsci, Spivak) perspective and obsession, a positive revaluation of hybridity. Hybridity comes to function as a key concept of cultural diversity in which racial ‘impurity’ has been reinscribed as a subversive multiplicity and ways research paper, as progressive (but not unidirectional) agency. (Fludernik 21) The question is in how far this shift includes a change in the way we conceive of hybridity itself and in how far the term continues to transport some of the implications that served to legitimize hegemonic thought. Fludernik’s explanation proves quite illuminating in this respect. Her mention of ‘agency’ (a notion that is unity in a entirely alien to smoking research, biological conceptions of hybridity) indicates the first, as does as her emphasis on problems essay the verb ‘connote’ which implies a certain cognitive detachment from the term’s origin. Ways Smoking Research Paper. Indeed, the term is more and more often used as largely synonymous to ‘pluralism’ or ‘multiplicity,’ inviting charges of “theoretical vagueness and ‘elasticity’ of the concept itself” (Acheraiou 102). At the same time, somewhat paradoxically, the very notion of ‘interstice’, the unity in a essay, space between, shows the concept’s continued reliance on a binary, essentialist model, as the two poles are still understood as oppositional in nature (not only in ways to quit smoking paper structure). In other words: the concept of citing from internet, ‘hybridity’ is to quit smoking research thinkable only in connection with its opposite pollution essay, – that of ‘purity’ – which is ways to quit smoking research located at both poles. Fludernik argues that the formerly negative notion of impurity has come to be viewed as positive. This revaluation, however, can hardly be said to present a “transcendence of binary oppositions” (Fludernik 11); instead it is an inverse repetition of a logic that continues to citing sources in essay, foreground the heterogeneity of colonized and colonizing subject and thus fails to ways, grasp the complexity of both relations of power and processes of emerson amazon, identity formation.

Moreover, I argue that ‘hybridity’ presents an altogether different schema to that of multiplicity: the first is based on the logic of amalgamation, of fusion at some elementary (or essential) level, while the to quit smoking research paper, latter describes one of concurrence. A hybrid thus combines two heterogeneous things A and B to form a third, C, which presents an amalgam of its ‘parents’, while multiplicity describes the juxtaposition of elements from A and essays first amazon, B, which then coexist alongside one another. Two popular metaphors for to quit, cultural diversity can serve to illustrate the citing in essay from internet, difference: the melting pot presents a metaphor for hybridity, while the salad bowl is a metaphor for pluralism. Conceiving of personal and cultural identity in terms of ways to quit smoking, hybridity leads to the reduction of a person or culture to one specific dimension, that of a particular interstice, thus overlooking the diversity and complexity of individual and cultural identity. To refer to former colonies as ‘hybrid’ not only perpetuates the false implication that these societies were quite homogenous prior to the interference of the colonizers, but simultaneously implies that the culture of the colonizers does not have the same status. After all, what sense would it make to speak of ‘hybridization’ if all cultures were always already hybrid?

If we posit cultural hybridity as a given, would the whole hybridity discourse not become vacuous? Discursively, Julika Griem concludes, the in a essay, effectiveness of hybridity as a subversive category depends on the supposition of the ways to quit, existence of stable identities, nations, cultures and ethnicities, which present its antithesis (220-1). Hence, the notion of hybridity relies precisely on obsession love that which it seeks to undermine, because drawing on an essentialist and binary schema necessarily results in the perpetuation of ways to quit, its very logic. What is first more, the concept reiterates the colonizer’s overemphasis on the significance of categories such as cultural heritage, ethnicity and nationality, which present but some of many dimensions that contribute to to quit research, the formation of an individual’s identity. I contend that these are not fundamentally different from other socially defined roles individuals perform on a daily basis, from that of parent to that of unity, employee to that of sexual partner, neighbor or consumer. In other words: identities, postcolonial or otherwise, are better described as multiple than as hybrid. Cultures and identities are neither static nor natural; they present constructed worlds and as such they are subject to permanent revision. In how far is all this relevant to our discussion of to quit smoking research, hybrid genres?

Firstly, the obsession with love essay, popularity of the notion of hybrid genres with regard to contemporary literature is clearly inspired by the concept’s success within postcolonial studies. It is quite evident that the same issues surrounding questions of smoking research paper, identity, knowledge and power that lie at the heart of much contemporary theory (from poststructuralist to postcolonial and gender theoretical approaches) also inspire the sources from internet, literary production in general and uses of genre conventions in particular. The term ‘hybridity’ in its revised sense has by many been considered a viable strategy for the subversion of smoking research, binary hegemonic discourses. In fact, “[i]n postcolonial debates the presumed resistive impulse of hybridity is often reiterated with force and zeal, verging on citing in essay conceptual dogmatism” (Acheraiou 95). Translated to the realm of literary production, this assumption ascribes to works that overtly mix genres a veritably subversive dimension: generic experimentation is considered to smoking paper, exemplify the strategy of hybridity on the level of cultural forms. It is evident that many contemporary texts employ generic experimentation to estrogen great lakes dissertation, express their critique of hegemonic discourses, but the mechanisms and effects of ways to quit smoking paper, generic experimentation are much more complex and diverse than the notion of hybridity can possibly capture. Reconceptualizing Genres as Schematized World-Constructions. The first and most important step to a reconceptualization of genre ‘mixing’ consists in the rejection of what Amy J. Devitt calls “a formal view of genre” (5), which departs from a container model of meaning, in which genre presents the form into which content is put. This conception of genre is first series emerson not only static and normalizing, it also focuses on the finished product rather than on processes of meaning-production.

Rather than conceiving genres as a set of formal features, genres should be understood as cognitive schemata (Hallet 53-71; Frow 83-7). David Rumelhart defines schemata as “[…] certain forms of rules of ‘productive imagination’ through which the understanding is able to apply its ‘categories’ to the manifold of sense-perception in the process of realizing knowledge or experience” (2). Ways Smoking Paper. Learning thus takes the shape of pattern-acquisition, in environmental pollution other words: we learn to understand and experience objects, activities, ideas, situations, etc., in terms of typical spatial and functional relationships associated with them. We can then recognise either part or whole of that concept and through the activation of the respective schema, infer information on the nature of the object, activity, idea, situation, etc., that is ways smoking paper unavailable to our sense perception: Once we have accepted a configuration of schemata, the schemata themselves provide a richness which goes far beyond our observations. Upon deciding that we have seen an automobile, we assume that it has an engine, headlights, and all of the standard characteristics of an automobile. We do this without the slightest hesitation. […] This allows our interpretations to far outstrip our sensory observations. In fact, once we have determined that a particular schema accounts for some event we may not be able to determine which aspects of our beliefs are based on direct sensory information and which are merely consequences of our interpretation. On The Joy Luck Club By Amy Tan. (Rumelhart 10) As they present the smallest units into which our knowledge is packaged, Rumelhart describes schemata as “the building blocks of cognition” (2). Genres present particularly complex schemata, or better: complexes of schemata. They form, through association, sets or clusters of typical features I refer to as ‘construction kits’ from research which the first series, writer can draw in his/her textual production, and which, in turn, shape the reader’s expectations towards a text.

Thus, genres, as John Frow observes, project specific worlds (73), or, more precisely, genres provide the parameters for constructing worlds[3]: Examples of research, such generically projected worlds would be: the world of the tabloid press, populated by sources from internet celebrities, criminals, victims, nude models, and scenarios centred on scandal, crime, and sport. Its moral tone tends to be at once moralistic and salacious, and its time is that of a static continuum punctured by ways paper arbitrary events; the world of the picaresque novel, a world of sharp-witted servants and dull masters, of environmental pollution, confidence tricks, of paper, hunger and the constant threat of poverty, of the road and the unforeseen adventure, of unity essay, upward and downward mobility, of a time which is at once episodic and ways smoking, recurrent; the world of the Petrarchan sonnet, where lovers are constant and fair mistresses are not, where suffering or bliss are the poles between which love moves, where eyes shoot beams to twine souls together, and where time is that of biological decay and its transcendence in love or in essays series amazon writing […]. (Frow 86) These different worlds are evoked by the text through specific markers (Seibel 138). From the moment we pick up or purchase a book and throughout the entire process of reading, we come across numerous generic indicators in ways to quit smoking research paper different shapes: the designation on the cover, as well as the cover design and the title of the book or text, furthermore characteristic phrases, such as “once upon a time”, and typical motifs such as space and time travel in the case of science fiction or the shipwreck motif in the case of the obsession with, robinsonade. We recognize these indicators which in turn activate our schematized knowledge and result in a tentative attribution to a specific genre (Hallet 59). This attribution then largely determines the reader’s expectations. We approach any text (as well as films, plays, paintings, music etc.) with a variety (which is, of course, determined by ways to quit our socio-cultural context) of schematised world-constructs at love essay, hand, trying to find a suitable match – a process which is mostly unconscious. Thus, when we read the word ‘cowboy’, we draw on ways smoking research our generic knowledge of the estrogen, western and consequently visualize a characteristic setting in the Old American West, a setting which includes such things as saloons, ranches, stagecoaches, sheriffs, bandits, roulette, cancan, show downs and tumbleweed, to name but a few.

Conversely, entities such as princesses, dragons and aliens do not belong to the genre’s general repertoire and paper, their appearance would present a striking deviation from the reader’s expectations. It is normally such surprising combinations that are described in environmental problems and solutions terms of hybridity, while the less glaring combinations go largely unnoticed, as Seibel observes (137). The notion that genres evoke schematized worlds is crucial to understanding the political dimension of genre usage, because these worlds transcend the to quit paper, text. Firstly, they can in essay various senses become institutionalized, for example in ways smoking research the form of specialized events, publications and marketing practices, creating specific genre communities on the basis of shared ideas, tastes and interests. Secondly, their structures and conventions respond to in essay from internet, specific socio-historical conditions and concerns.

In other words: the constitution of these worlds reflects and/or proposes specific world-views; changes within society consequently also affect these cultural practices and vice versa. Thus, while ‘hybridity’ describes a textual quality, a cognitive approach conceives of genres as expectations that guide literary production and reception . In order to capture this communicative dimension of genre ‘mixing’, I propose to borrow another concept from ways to quit cognitive literary theory that provides a productive alternative to hybridity: conceptual blending. Conceptual Blending as an first series emerson amazon, Alternative Concept for Genre ‘Mixing’ Unlike ‘hybridity,’ ‘blending’ does not describe the status of a cultural artefact, but a cognitive process – a text, genre or culture is or is not hybrid, while ‘blending’ refers to ways to quit, something one does . Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner describe blending as the first series amazon, partial projection of structural elements and schemata from ways paper one mental space onto another. Mental spaces are dynamic conceptual structures which we construct for specific purposes and according to specific situations (Fauconnier and Turner 40) and the schematized worlds we associate with particular genres present such mental spaces. Although Fauconnier and Turner’s concept clearly suggests itself for an application to in a essay, literary genres, its potential has so far gone largely unnoticed within genre studies, with the notable exception of Michael Sinding, who, to my knowledge is the first and only genre critic to employ ‘blending’ to genre mixtures. Processes of smoking research paper, blending are ubiquitous within all areas of language use; they are involved not only in the creation of estrogen great dissertation, parables, metaphors and other tropes, but wherever schemata from ways paper a specific realm are transferred to other realms. Thus, for example, the saying “‘[w]hen the cat’s away, the mice will play’ can be projected onto stories of the office, the classroom, infidelity, congressional oversight committees, computer antivirus utilities, and so on, over an unlimited range” (Turner 87). Most blending remains covert and unobtrusive; we only unity in a essay, become aware of the blended character of a construction when we come across surprising twists, logical inconsistencies or structural clashes, thus prompting the ‘hybridity diagnosis’. Although the to quit smoking paper, concept’s application to genres is, as I have shown, inherently flawed, when and emerson, how it is used is nevertheless significant because this provides an important clue as to the ways in which the quality of genre ‘mixing’ in contemporary literature may differ from combinations of genre schemata in other periods: processes of blending are increasingly foregrounded through the deliberate disappointment of, or confrontation between, generic expectations. Blending involves the following dimensions (Fauconnier and to quit smoking paper, Turner 41-2): Input Spaces : with regard to genre ‘mixing,’ the mental input spaces are the world-constructs evoked by genre labels.

These include plot structures, typical settings and entities, stock characters and character constellations, expectable actions and outcomes, but also such aspects as linguistic particularities, specific social hierarchies, atmospheres and moral attitudes. Cross-Space Mapping : “A partial cross-space mapping connects counterparts in the input spaces” (Fauconnier and Turner 41). Everything the input spaces have in common is contained in a so-called generic[4] space . Great Dissertation. Thus, reading a text as the instance of ways to quit smoking paper, a genre involves identifying counterparts between our construction kit of that genre and the text at hand. Cross-space mapping also enables us to blend different genres because their worlds (that is, the mental spaces we construct in relation to these genre labels) either share, or are compatible with regard to, certain elements and structures. The relevant aspects from the essays joy luck tan, input spaces are then projected onto ways smoking research a fourth space, the blended space , or ‘blend.’ Through the composition of particular elements and processes of completion , the blend can develop emergent structure that is not part of the inputs (Fauconnier and unity, Turner 42-3) but results from the interaction of the newly combined elements. This new structure can then partly be projected back onto the input spaces, as will be illustrated with the help of some examples. Unlike ‘hybridity,’ the concept of blending does not rely on an essentialist model, but describes cognitive constructions, and therefore does not conceive of the input spaces as stable or pure.

Consequently, any blend can provide an input space for new blends. Indeed, the application of the notion of ‘hybridity’ from biology to ways to quit smoking paper, colonial and postcolonial discourses to literary genres quite neatly illustrates the multiple stages involved in many processes of blending. Because genres evoke worlds with the help of complexes of great lakes, schemata, genre worlds are themselves already blended spaces and can in turn serve as input spaces for worlds that combine schemata from different genres. This repeatability of blending, presents the prerequisite for ways research, combining elements associated with different genres. Incidentally, this observation also provides a new perspective on generic labels such as ‘gothic thriller’ or ‘romantic comedy’, which are often understood in terms of subgenres or modes in the adjectival sense.

Contrary to these ideas, I argue that the often ad hoc coinage of such labels can be better and more simply explained as illustrating a blended space, or world, which combines elements or structures associated with two different genres. Generic Blending in Scorsese’s Taxi Driver. An example will serve illustrate how the citing sources internet, described multistage process can help us understand different forms and effects of generic ‘mixing’ – Martin Scorsese’s cult film Taxi Driver , which mixes elements associated with the psychological thriller and such associated with the western genre. Smoking. 26-year old ex-soldier Travis Bickle, who suffers from great lakes dissertation insomnia, witnesses on his nightly cab tours through New York scenes of violence, prostitution and drug abuse. “All the ways to quit paper, animals,” Travis contemplates, “come out at night – whores, skunk-pussies, buggers, queens, fairies, dopers, junkies… sick, venal. Someday a rain’ll come and wash all this scum off the street” (qtd. in Ray 352). Disgusted by what he sees and frustrated with his failed courtship of the classy Betsy, he finally decides to take matters into his own hands. He meets the 12-year old prostitute Iris whom he decides to ‘save’ and kills her pimp and his henchmen in citing in essay from internet a dramatic shootout. The film thus exhibits the dark mood and ways, vivid depiction of violence, as well as the love essay, narrative perspective and pre-occupation with mental processes characteristic of many films labelled ‘psychological thriller’ and a plot structure and to quit smoking, character constellation considered typical of the western. Before analyzing how the viewer integrates these two different genres, however, I would like to joy luck club tan, consider how another blend, namely that between the world of the ways research paper, western and late-70s urban America, is established. The primary input spaces here are ‘New York’ and the world of the western. The cross-spatial mapping of these spaces connects the lawlessness, vice and corruption associated with the Wild West with the lawlessness, vice and corruption Travis sees in first series emerson amazon the streets of New York.

Once this connection is established, one can identify many more counterparts in the generic space: the armed robbery of a convenience store resembles the smoking research, bank robberies we frequently find in westerns, New York’s prostitutes present counterparts to the ‘easy girls’ in frontier towns (Iris’s nickname, incidentally, is “Easy”), Sport’s long hair and headband recall the stereotypical Indian, and, most importantly, the loner Travis in his taxi recalls the lonesome cowboy, who aimlessly roams the wilderness on his horse. These parallels or ‘mappings’ become so suggestive to Travis that he adapts his behaviour to that of the cowboy: having decided to take matters into his own hands, he buys several revolvers, begins to practise his quick draw and tapes a knife to citing from internet, his cowboy boots. It is at this point that Travis’s blend becomes overt. Smoking Research. This illustrates how blends develop emergent structure: once Travis has recognized key similarities between the input spaces, he begins to complete the structure and identifies an ‘adequate’ solution to the perceived problem – vigilantism. Scorsese’s film is estrogen great dissertation particularly interesting, because while the protagonist is ways to quit research quite obviously psychopathic, it is never entirely clear whether his blend is merely the environmental and solutions essay, delusion of an to quit paper, individual who is losing his grip on great lakes dissertation reality, or if it indeed corresponds to a widely accepted world-view, as the implausible ending shows Travis being congratulated for his murderous actions. Conversely, some of the insights gained within the blend can be projected back onto the input spaces: the impressions of brutality and insanity the viewer gains from Scorsese’s film can be projected back onto the western to reveal the violent logic underlying dominant conceptions of this genre, while the surprising ending can (depending on the viewer’s interpretation) lead one to assume the lingering influence of the world-view associated with the western within parts of the US.

The concept of ways to quit smoking, blending thus also captures different dimensions of great, ideological critique involved in genre mixing. Although Taxi Driver effectively evokes the western genre, this does not mean that the viewer identifies the film as a western. Instead, viewers are more likely to understand Scorsese’s film as a psychological thriller. The reason for this is to quit not so much that elements associated with the psychological thriller ‘outweigh’ those associated with the western, although the contemporary urban setting may, for some, disqualify the film’s classification as a western. The main reason for such a view, however, is the discrepancy between the protagonist’s world-view and that of the in essay internet, audience.

Travis interprets his surroundings as analogous to the world of the western, whereas the viewer, confronted with various signs of the taxi driver’s mental decline which somewhat forestalls the identification with the protagonist, tends to understand Travis’s interpretation as a delusion, a result of ways smoking research, his pathological state of mind. Sources From Internet. This shows that genre evocation does not necessarily lead to genre attribution. That the majority of references to to quit smoking paper, a specific genre do not lead to with, genre attribution is a circumstance that is routinely neglected by proponents of smoking research, generic hybridity, because although Taxi Driver evokes two very different genres the film can hardly be termed a ‘hybrid’ of western and thriller. Environmental Pollution Problems. By the same token, the fact that a newspaper article refers to an event as a ‘tragedy’ does not mean that we classify it as pertaining to that literary tradition. Instead, the selective projection of schemata we associate with a particular genre enables us to interpret new information with the help of familiar patterns which then also govern our (re)actions, as Taxi Driver dramatically illustrates. As readily available world-constructs genres provide effective models for the structuring of extra-literary realities (Hallet 60). Ways Research. This presents the true political dimension of generic experimentation, because a text’s failure to adhere to our generic expectations leads to the foregrounding of these expectations, which renders them accessible to rational critique. Moreover, the discrepancy between generic expectations and textual actualizations may result in the adjustment of our genre schemata and therefore ultimately also to a revision of our understanding of estrogen dissertation, extra-literary realities. This shall be illustrated with some cursory reflections on blends drawing on the fairy tale, one of the ways smoking paper, few genres where criticism often explicitly focuses on in a essay questions of ideology and pedagogy, or on what I call ‘the politics of genre’. The tales subsumed under the label ‘classical fairy tale’ gradually found their way into the households of the literate classes, particularly of the bourgeoisie, in to quit smoking research the 18 th and 19 th century.

Counter to in essay from, common knowledge, the familiar versions read in to quit smoking research families and schools, such as those collected by the Brothers Grimm and Charles Perrault, exhibit significant alterations compared to the oral folk versions most of them are based on (Zipes Magic Spell 2). Far from faithfully reproducing tales that were orally transmitted for generations and generations, the ‘classical’ versions were adapted for a bourgeois audiences with the unity in a, purpose of promoting the morals and codes of behavior of the patriarchal bourgeois society in order to prepare men and to quit smoking, women for their respective roles therein: [T]he male hero learns to be active, competitive, handsome, industrious, cunning, acquisitive. His goal is money, power, and a woman (also associated with chattel). His jurisdiction is the open world. His happiness depends on the just use of power. The female hero learns to be passive, obedient, self-sacrificing, hard-working, patient, and estrogen dissertation, straight-laced. Her goal is wealth, jewels and a man to protect her property rights. Her jurisdiction is the home or castle.

Her happiness depends on conformity to patriarchal rule. (Zipes Fairy Tales 57) I would argue that up until today most people’s conceptions of the fairy tale are shaped mainly by the literary versions by Perrault, the Brothers Grimm and Hans-Christian Andersen, which are still widely read in families, but also circulated as children’s entertainment by the mass media. This means that there is a relatively limited stock of culturally shared generic schemata, which renders the projection of fairy tale motifs and structures to other genres and world-constructs both appealing and ways to quit research, effective. At the same time, because many of these structures are intimately tied to an ideology that is increasingly seen as problematic, they are often evoked against themselves, that is, to reveal and critique their ideological bias. Thus, in the last thirty years or so, there have been a growing number of rewritings of fairy tales that renegotiate the fixed gender conceptions promoted by the classical versions, often by portraying the fairy tale ‘heroine’ as active and ingenious rather than passive and simple-minded.

To name one of many examples, the Snow White in Tarsem Singh’s 2012 adaptation Mirror Mirror grows into a proactive heroine who fights the vain and cruel queen alongside the first series, seven dwarves. When the queen enters the ways to quit paper, forest to kill Snow White, the latter locks up her male helpers, including the prince, in the dwarves’ dwelling, resolved to confront the queen on her own. She tells the prince: ‘“You know, all that time locked up in the castle, I did a lot of reading. You read so many stories where the prince saves the essays joy luck club by amy tan, princess. I think it’s time we changed that ending!”’, at which the prince protests: ‘“But it’s been focused grouped and it works!”’. Ways Smoking Research Paper. This meta-generic quip foregrounds the cognitive process and implications of the completion of the genre schema by linking the gender roles promoted by fairy tale conventions to audience expectations and marketability. Snow White’s fight for a different ending consequently presents an sources internet, explicit critique of to quit smoking, these preconceptions. In order to grasp the sources internet, real political potential of genre it is paramount to to quit paper, understand that it is only through the familiarity with the generic schemata that the emancipatory message of subversive versions becomes effective in the reader’s mind, leading him/her to revise received genre conceptions, and thus renders the alterations socially relevant. Jack Zipes provides another intriguing example of a subversive blend: a television advert for a cleaning agent blends the generic input spaces of the fairy tale and of advertising by employing the Cinderella story to illustrate the key sales argument for problems and solutions essay, the product. One older sister: Cinderella, wash the floor.

Other older sister: Yeah, wash it, and then re-wax it. [Sisters leave for the ball.] Cinderella: Wash, wax, pfui. [Fairy Godmother appears.] Fairy Godmother: Phew, ammonia. That strips wax. To Quit Research Paper. But use Mr Clean with no ammonia. Mr Clean gets the dirt but leaves the obsession essay, wax shining and you get a shine. Fairy Godmother: And now off to the ball? Cinderella: Ball-schmall. Ways To Quit Paper. Tonight’s my bowling league. Essays First Series. ‘Bye. Ways Research. [author’s emphases] (Proctor and Gamble TV ad, qtd. in Zipes Magic Spell xxi)

This blend overtly deconstructs the expectations associated with both genres: firstly, instead of envying and emulating the citing internet, haughty sisters and subscribing to the upper and upper middle-class ideal of sophistication by attending a formal ball, where she could show off her beauty and find her prince, this self-determined Cinderella chooses a more working-class activity where she can roll up her sleeves and show her skills as part of a team. The ad thus exposes the gender and class bias of the familiar fairy tale version. Secondly, the emancipatory twist also presents a critique of the ways to quit smoking paper, conservative image of the happy housewife often evoked in the promotion of household products by the marketing industry, because by using Cinderella as a model, this advert portrays housework not as the woman’s vocation or a familial duty, but as a chore forced upon first series amazon, her by research others, thus subtly hinting at the coercive dimension of role allocation. Despite the increase in critical engagement with the unity in a essay, political dimension of folk and fairy tales, it remains largely unexplored how their structures shape particular extra-literary conceptions and discourses. This seems surprising considering the smoking research paper, socializing function so often ascribed to them. Dissertation. While the scope of this question certainly exceeds this article, I would like to suggest that they not only continue to affect gender conceptions and received notions of beauty and romantic love, but are also blended with other popular genres. Thus, many romantic films evoke, sometimes more, sometimes less explicitly, fairy tale motifs and metaphors, not to mention the ‘happy ever after’ formula. By the same token, the hierarchical structure of the fairy tale world tangibly inspires celebrity coverage in the popular press and on TV, because in the present age of communication and ways to quit paper, globalized markets, the environmental, celebrity occupies an elevated position analogous to that of the aristocracy in the feudal world of the ways smoking research, fairy tale. Beauty, wealth and prestige structure both world-constructs, rendering the blend as effective as it is first amazon unobtrusive. This recourse to fairy tale schemata in parts of the ways, mass media arguably partly accounts for the persistence of the internet, seemingly anachronistic institution of monarchy in so many Western democracies.

As in ways to quit smoking research paper the time of Perrault and the Grimm Brothers, the fairy tale semantics still imbues the royal sphere with glamour and fuels people’s hopes and aspirations of social advancement. In this light, the recent crisis of the British monarchy could, to some extent, be attributed to the failure of the projection due to an overt discrepancy between fairy tale conventions and the events surrounding the citing sources, marriage between Prince Charles and Diana Spencer portrayed in the popular media. This discrepancy becomes starkly apparent precisely because the projection at first seemed to fit very well indeed: although Diana is of noble descent, this is consistently downplayed or altogether neglected in the media’s portrayal of her as a Cinderella-figure (Gephart 157), which allows Prince Charles to become Prince Charming and ways to quit smoking research paper, select the beautiful young woman as his princess. More important than their ‘fairy tale wedding’ is the unity in a, circumstance that the Princess of Wales came to be seen as the ways to quit research paper, embodiment of the very virtues of the heroine of the classical fairy tale tradition: young and essays first amazon, beautiful, her initial shyness made her seem both passive and obedient, while the concern she displayed for the sick and poor, and her commitment to the battle against landmines, showed kindness, caring and selflessness. In other words: according to the gender conception associated with the classical fairy tale tradition, Diana Spencer rightfully deserved a happy ending with her Prince Charming. That she was denied this happy ending because the Prince had an affair with a married woman arguably undermines the smoking research, belief in the validity of the projection of the unity in a essay, fairy tale court, where the adherence to ways smoking research paper, the bourgeois moral code is rewarded, onto estrogen the British monarchy. Ways To Quit Paper. The fairy tale happy ending can arguably be considered to great lakes, represent something of to quit smoking paper, a ‘symbolical contract’ between nobility and unity in a essay, bourgeoisie, according to which the ways to quit smoking research paper, bourgeoisie’s acceptance of the nobility’s supreme status is premised on the latter’s acceptance of bourgeois values. In the aftermath of obsession love, Diana’s death, the institution of monarchy in Britain came increasingly under scrutiny, and was openly criticized as outdated. Today, this crisis seems to have been entirely overcome. Again, the reinvigoration of the ways to quit, fairy tale projection can be considered to be of symbolical significance to the revitalization of in a, monarchism: although the initial blend failed, the corrected cross-space mapping which substitutes Charles for his son in the role of Prince Charming seems to provide a suitable match including the ways to quit smoking paper, desired happy ending in the shape of essays series, a fairy tale wedding. As I have sought to show, genres are not only relevant in terms of classification, but as complexes of schemata they also present meaningful patterns that govern our interpretation of cultural artifacts, as well as of to quit smoking research, extra-textual worlds.

In this sense, for the sake of monarchism, William and Kate would do well to live up to the generic expectations of the fairy tale, in other words, happily ever after. [1]Brunetiere conceives of genres as possessing a life-span that can be divided into three stages: birth, maturity, death (13). He then applies this tripartite conception of generic development to literary history, allocating to estrogen great lakes, major works a specific place in the life-cycle of the genre he considers them to represent. [2]David Fishelov, who calls for a revivification of certain aspects of the evolutionary paradigm ( Life , 616) presents a notable exception. [3] I depart from a constructivist world-concept that defines worlds as structures which are conceived as having defined boundaries, their own specific rules and laws, and exclude certain individuals or entities. [4] Fauconnier and smoking research paper, Turner use ‘generic’ here in a broad sense, not in relation to artistic genres. Acheraiou, Amar. Series. Questioning Hybridity, Postcolonialism and Globalization. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. To Quit. Print. Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture.

London: Routledge, 1994. Print. Broich, Ulrich. Gattungen des modernen englischen Romans. Essays First Series Emerson Amazon. Wiesbaden: Athenaion, 1975. Print. Brunetiere, Ferdinand. L'evolution des genres dans l'histoire de la litterature.

Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1892. Print. Defoe, Daniel. Ways Smoking Research. Robinson Crusoe. Unity In A. NY [a.o.]: Norton, 1994. Print. Devitt, Amy J. Writing Genres. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois UP, 2008. Print. Duff, David. “Key Concepts.” Modern Genre Theory. Ed.

David Duff. Harlow: Longman, 2000. x–xvi. Ways Research. Print. ---. “Introduction.” Modern Genre Theory. Ed. David Duff. Harlow: Longman, 2000. 1-24. Print.

Ernst, Jutta. “Hybride Genres.” Metzler Lexikon Literatur- und Kulturtheorie: Ansatze - Personen - Grundbegriffe. 3rd ed. Ed. Ansgar Nunning. Stuttgart: Metzler, 2004. 267–68. Print. Fauconnier, Charles, and Mark Turner. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities.

NY: Basic Books, 2003. Print. Fishelov, David. Metaphors of Genre: The Role of Analogies in citing sources from internet Genre Theory. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State UP, 1993. Ways Research Paper. Print. ---. “The Strange Life and Adventures of great lakes dissertation, Biological Concepts in Genre. Periodization.” Canadian Review of Comparative Literature 21.4 (1994): 613–26.

Web. 4 Jun. 2011. https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/crcl/article/view/3347/2672. Fludernik, Monika. “The Constitution of Hybridity: Postcolonial Interventions.” Hybridity and Postcolonialism. Ways To Quit Smoking Research. Ed. Monika Fludernik. Tubingen: Stauffenberg, 1998. 19–54.

Print Frow, John. Genre. NY: Routledge, 2005. Essays Joy Luck Club. Print. Galster, Christin. Hybrides Erzahlen und hybride Identitat im britischen Roman der Gegenwart. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2001. Print. Gephart, Werner. “Die Marchenprinzessin Diana: Eine Heiligenfigur der Mediengesellschaft?” Medien-Mythos? Die Inszenierung von Prominenz und Schicksal am Beispiel von Diana Spencer.

Eds. Miriam Meckel, et al. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1999. 157–98. Ways Smoking Paper. Print. Gregson, Ian. Postmodern Literature. London: Arnold, 2004. Print. Griem, Julika. “Hybriditat.” Metzler-Lexikon Literatur- und Kulturtheorie: Ansatze - Personen - Grundbegriffe.

3rd ed. Ed. Ansgar Nunning. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1998. 220–21. Environmental And Solutions. Print. Gymnich, Marion, Birgit Neumann, and Ansgar Nunning, eds. Gattungstheorie und Gattungsgeschichte. Trier: WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2007. Print.

Hallet, Wolfgang. “Gattungen als kognitive Schemata: Die multigenerische Interpretation literarischer Texte.” Gattungstheorie und Gattungsgeschichte. Eds. Marion Gymnich, Birgit Neumann, Ansgar Nunning. Trier: WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2007. 53–72. Print.

Hassan, Ihab. The Postmodern Turn: Essays in to quit smoking paper Postmodern Theory and Culture. Ohio: Ohio State UP, 1987. Print. Hutcheon, Linda. A Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction.

NY [a.o.]: Routledge, 1988. Print. “Hybrid.” The Oxford English Dictionary. Ed. J. A. and E. S. Pollution. C. Weiner Simpson. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. Ways To Quit Research Paper. 523. Print. Mirror Mirror. Problems Essay. Dir. Tarsem Singh.

Relativity Media. Ways To Quit Smoking Research Paper. 2012. Pollution And Solutions Essay. Film. Nunning, Ansgar. “Mapping the to quit research, Field of Hybrid New Genres in the Contemporary Novel: A Critique of Lars Ole Sauerberg, Fact into Fiction and in a essay, a Survey of ways to quit research paper, Other Recent Approaches to the Relationship beween 'Fact' and 'Fiction'.” Orbis Litterarum 48.3 (1993): 281–305. Print.

Ray, Robert B. A Certain Tendency of the Hollywood Cinema, 1930-1980. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1985. Unity In A. Print. Rumelhart, David E. Schemata: The Building Blocks of Cognition. La Jolla, Calif., 1978.

Print. Ryan, Marie-Laure. Possible worlds, artificial intelligence, and ways smoking research paper, narrative theory. On The Club By Amy. Bloomington [u.a.]: Indiana Univ. Press, 1992. Print.. Seibel, Klaudia. “Mixing Genres: Levels of Contamination and the Formation of Generic Hybrids.” Gattungstheorie und Gattungsgeschichte.

Eds. Marion Gymnich, Birgit Neumann, Ansgar Nunning. Ways To Quit Smoking Research. Trier: WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2007. 137–52. Print. Sinding, Michael. “Genera Mixta: Conceptual Blending and Mixed Genres in Ulysses.” New Literary History 36.4 (1995). And Solutions. Print.

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Print. Watt, Ian. Ways To Quit Research Paper. “Robinson Crusoe as a Myth.” Essays in Criticism 2.I (1951): 95–119. Print. Zipes, Jack. Breaking the Magic Spell: Radical Theories of great, Folk and Fairy Tales. NY: Methuen, 1979.

Print. ---. Fairy Tales and the Art of Subversion: The Classical Genre for Children and the Process of Civilization. NY: Routledge, 1991. Print. Allen, Martina. “Against ‘Hybridity’ in Genre Studies: Blending as an Alternative Approach to Generic Experimentation”. Trespassing Journal: an online journal of trespassing art, science, and philosophy 2 (Winter 2013). Web. ISSN: 2147-2134.

Martina Allen was born in 1981 in to quit research paper Frankfurt/Germany. She studied English as well as Theatre, Film and Media Studies at the Goethe-University in Frankfurt and received her Master of Arts with Honours in both subjects in 2008. Since 2010, she has had several lectureships at the TU Darmstadt and currently holds a Dissertation Fellowship at the University of Konstanz/Germany. The subject of her dissertation thesis is the problems and solutions, significance and to quit paper, discursive functions of genre in citing sources contemporary Anglophone literature.