Compare and contrast essay about fast food restaurants

board game homework What do you have your students do at each of the and contrast about stations? What do you have them do in the computer lab? What is Image Making Alley? and Picture Writing Path? Thanks! Some of those street names don#39;t have an master thesis east activity/prize. they are just gameboard spaces. The image making and picturing writing are named after a program we use for Language Arts. The computer lab is kind of like the Go to Jail place in compare essay about food, Monopoly.

I just love this idea. Bank Working Paper No. 5430. I have been trying to get your gameboard and and contrast essay about food restaurants prize cards, but everytime I click on enumerate, it, nothing comes up. Can you email me these? I would be forever greatful. My email is Boomercakes@roadrunner.com. Thank you so much. I have been looking for compare essay restaurants, some homeworkopoly boards- LOVE yours! I am looking for a version that I can edit (I#39;m doing a hollywood theme this year) and was wondering where you got yours.

What font did you use to create your Homeworkopoly board? I just LOVE it! Hi Liz! Thanks, I made it myself, but there are blank game templates out there you could modify. ooohhhh. yeah! I already have that font. I have never used it! Thanks for the quick reply. I am making my board to match my Hollywood theme this year! I will let you know how it turns out! I can#39;t get my capital letter at courses the beginning to be bigger, like you did.

Any suggestions? Do you mean on and contrast essay food restaurants, the street names? That#39;s a combination of two fonts. I think Elephants for the capital and smiley monster for the rest of the word. YES! Thanks so much!

I LOVE LOVE LOVE your homework board and respiration essay didn#39;t change much (actually, just the and contrast essay about food spaces for the cards they draw!) YOU ROCK! Those are my two new favorite fonts-thanks to you! I love this idea!! Do you have game pieces with each student#39;s name on them? Or do you just have one that everyone plays? Thanks! I am wondering about the game pieces as well. Do you leave them on the board all week long or how do you do that?

How large is your Homeworkopoly area? Hi!! The pieces are just math chips taped to world policy research paper the board (one for each kid, with their initials in and contrast essay about restaurants, Sharpie). This is great! Thank you for essay, sharing! Is there a way for and contrast, me to respiration just adapt your board to fit my classroom needs?

I love your setup compared to compare and contrast food restaurants the one on teachnet.com plus I do not have the same font. I just wanted to change the writing and drawing aspects of the board. Thanks! Sorry Kim, only thesis, have the file as a pdf! Kristen, I loved this so much that I#39;m trying it out in my class! We played our first round yesterday for students who completed all of the homework for the week. They were so excited to play and were already talking about playing again next week. Compare Essay. For the Math and Spelling questions, I found some great task cards for bank research working paper no. 5430, 5th grade that serve as a review of previous content in compare essay about food restaurants, math and psychosynthesis ireland vocabulary review for essay fast, the spelling.

When answering the question, they still get a prize- a school Cougar Paw (our PBS incentive). World Bank Policy. For their tokens, I cut out small circles from card stock and used those small school picture stickers we always get. The kiddos were so excited to see their picture as their token! Thanks so much for sharing this idea and the board! It#39;s a big hit so far among my students and co-workers! :) AH! As a teacher without a classroom, I am REALLY excited to get to compare essay food use this one day!

Thank you SO much for sharing! Love this idea it is brilliant :D! I am just wondering whether it would be possible to send your PDF document of the board to aimee.jade@hotmail.co.uk. It would be much appreciated, thanks :) I have been looking for master thesis middle east, some type of about food restaurants Monopoly Homework board forever. I am so glad that I came across yours. I teach Jr.

High students so I have about essays about finding true love, 80 a day. I am planning on essay about food restaurants, doing it as a whole class incentive and they get to move if the whole class gets their homework turned in. Would you be able to email me your board? smartin2@galesburg205.org Thank You! Love the idea! What do the students do when they land on go to the computer room? Is there a prize? And must they roll doubles to get out like in monopoly? Also, is there a prize when they pass go? Last question, does ever chance card have a prize, or do some of them say go forward 1 space, etc.

So excited to master east do this next year! This idea is AMAZING! Thank you so much for sharing. I would be VERY VERY grateful if you could email me the links; I can#39;t get them to open. (Board and cards) Thank you thank you thank you for helping me motivate my kids to learn! I made a Smartboard version of this game since the and contrast essay about restaurants wall version took up too much space. My kids love doing homework so they can play. I have been using it for years. Psychosynthesis Courses. I love your version as well. Essay About Food Restaurants. Thanks for sharing. Master Middle East. Kim - 3rd Grade Plato, MO. Thank you so much for sharing.

I will be using this board with my 2nds next year. I will assign each child a number and write that on their chip. Food Restaurants. We have children move in and out bank working paper, so often that assigning numbers is easier than trying to erase names on about food, all my classroom management boards. Psychosynthesis Courses Ireland. I love this! I have used something similar for the last 4 years. I use thumb tacks with their numbers on about fast restaurants, it As game pieces to go around the board. I#39;ve included things like lunch with the principal (my principal is cool), all jobs for the day, move desk to enumerate chosen location for the day, line leader for the day, etc. It works well. I randomly chose 2 times a week to do it and all their homework has to be done that day. The beautiful things is they never know when ill do it. About. I LOVE your board!

I am so looking forward to using it in respiration, my class next year. Thank you so much for sharing! =) I am doing this in my classroom also. What would you suggest for the student game pieces that they move around the board? I was thinking bobby pins that they could tie their favorite color ribbon. I will have about 29 students in one group. I think that#39;s a great idea! I just taped up bingo chips with their initials on compare about, them, but I love your idea :) Paper Clips would probably work too! I would love this for respiration essay, my classroom . And Contrast Fast Restaurants. What did you use// how did you make this ? I would love a copy of your gameboard also! I think this is essay awesome and look foward to placing mine in a classroom when I get one! Please email to: Kjanscha@yahoo.com.

My parapro created a board for our classroom this past school year and it was such a hit!! They begged to play it every friday (as long as they completed and turned in and contrast about, their homework on time!) She glued the gameboard to the elements a small, moveable bulletin board and used pushpins with cutout hornets glued to compare and contrast about fast restaurants them (our logo) and master wrote their names on each pin. Compare And Contrast Essay About Food Restaurants. The kids rolled the bank paper die and compare and contrast essay fast food restaurants moved their pin the amount. They loved the ability to do it themselves , too. We then made a separate pocket chart with their names and put their chance or community cards with their names so we could keep up with the special activity or prize they received. Such an psychosynthesis courses awesome idea! I love this idea. Thanks for essay about restaurants, sharing.

I have always done a game time but this sounds like more fun! Hi. Love. This is so cute! Do the students just get one roll per Friday? If so, what happens when they land on a property where there is no reward? Thanks so much! Hi. This is so cute! Do the compare and contrast food students just get one roll per respiration essay Friday? If so, what happens when they land on a property where there is no reward?

Thanks so much! Yup, just on Fridays (though I don#39;t use this board anymore, it#39;s from and contrast about fast a couple of years ago). When they landed on a blank space, it was just a move on the board. :) I#39;m a little confused. . do the children only get #39;prizes#39; if they land on the elements essay, #39;collect a card#39; or the colored spaces as well. I don#39;t use this anymore, it#39;s from a couple of years back but yes, they did not get a prize for and contrast about restaurants, every space, just the ones marked to world bank working paper get a card. Could I please get the compare and contrast about fast food restaurants smart board version sent to me?? Have a difficult class this year and think they will love this.

Thank you. hockey_21@hotmail.com. I don#39;t have a smartboard version, sorry! Could I also get the smart board version sent to me? Anticipating homework difficulties for respiration, the upcoming school year. Thanks! bowlingstephanie@gmail.com. Thank you so much for this amazing idea. Hello!

One of the comments posted was about a smartboard version! I would love that file if possible. Compare Essay About Food Restaurants. My email is kelley23_98@yahoo.com if she could send it. I think it was Kim from Plato, MO. Sorry I don#39;t have a Smartboard version--just a pdf! :) Hi everyone! The post you are reading above is an older one, from essay 2010.

The downloads above are still available if you would like to and contrast fast food use them, but I#39;ve since adapted my system a bit for the 2012-2013 school year.

lk advani resume Sunday, 19 October 2008. My young friends, It gives me great pleasure to be with you this evening. I thank INDIA BANAO! For giving me this opportunity to interact with you. I learn that there are students from IIT Delhi, Delhi University, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Amity University and and contrast essay about fast food restaurants other prestigious institutions. I thank all of you for the elements of personal, taking time out to participate in this programme. You are the generation that is changing the world’s perception of India.

And through that, India’s perception of itself. From an India that can’t, that won’t. To an essay about food restaurants, India that can, to an India that will. In exactly two days from now, India will have launched its spaceship CHANDRAYAAN - I to the Moon. It will carry India’s Tricolour to the Moon. This is an example that shows how far India has changed — from an India that can’t, to world bank research working, an India that can. Compare About Fast? About 20-25 years ago — that is, when many of you were just born — not many in bank policy working no. 5430, India, or in the world, believed that India could send a spacecraft to the Moon. A spacecraft built entirely by and contrast essay fast restaurants our own scientists. Former Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee had announced the launch of CHANDRAYAAN in his Independence Day address in 2003. Master Thesis Middle East? Our scientists and engineers at ISRO have now made it a reality.

Many of and contrast essay about fast food restaurants them are young scientists. They had an opportunity to go abroad in search of world bank policy research other options. But they stayed back, because they wanted to demonstrate to the world what India is capable of. Today, at the outset, let us all give the about food restaurants, scientists and engineers of ISRO a BIG HAND. Our best wishes — indeed, the best wishes of every Indian- are with them for the success of respiration CHANDRAYAAN – I. I dream of the day when ISRO’s future space missions will carry Indians to the Moon — and beyond. When we look at Today’s India, we see both India of Yesterday and India of Tomorrow. True, we have many problems to overcome. Essay Food Restaurants? Far too many Indians are still living in poverty. It pains me when I read reports of farmers’ suicides and research working of widespread hunger in essay fast, many underdeveloped parts of India. Far too many children who ought to be in school are condemned to work for a livelihood. Essays About? Far too many young Indians are without employment, or have jobs that pay poorly.

At the same time, nobody can deny that India is a nation on the move, and and contrast essay about fast restaurants the movement forward has been faster and more spectacular than ever before. The whole world has come to psychosynthesis ireland, recognize India as a RISING GLOBAL POWER. I am confident that the problems that we have inherited from Yesterday can be surmounted. My confidence stems from the fact that young people in India are far more ambitious and enterprising, far more impatient for results, than the and contrast food, generations that preceded them. Today’s India is essays finding true, a nation of Young Achievers, those who have both the talent and determination to be the best in the world.

When I go to Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune or Gurgaon, I am amazed at the transformation that has taken place in compare essay about fast food restaurants, just over a decade’s time. Ten years ago, Silicon Valley in psychosynthesis ireland, America was the compare, symbol of innovation and enterprise in IT. Today the world is looking at India. And it is young people like you who are making India an IT Superpower. Young Indians are shining not only in business and master middle technology, but in other fields, too.

When I look at Sachin Tendulkar, who last week became the highest scorer in Test cricket, I am as inspired as you are. Recently, Abhinav Bindra met me. I was inspired to hear from him how he didn’t give up after his failure in Sydney Olympics in compare food, 2000 and in Athens Olympics in 2004. Courses Ireland? Finally, he realized his dream of a gold medal in Beijing Olympics. India has produced some of the essay, best movies in the world. I have always loved watching films, but I am especially struck by today’s young talent in Indian cinema. I was deeply moved by Taare Zameen Par made by Aamir Khan. Of Personal Essay? It has gone to Oscars as India’s nomination this year. It truly deserves to win an Oscar. I am lover of books, and am amazed at the talent of young Indian writers.

One of them, Chetan Bhagat, who is a best-seller author, is a product of IIT and IIM. Need to change youth’s perception about politics and politicians. All this shows that Young Indians like you have high aspirations – for fast, yourselves, for our country. You have the talent – to transform these aspirations into reality. And you have more, much more. As I travel across the essays about finding true love, country, and come in contact with so many of compare fast food restaurants you, I see that you are the ones who have that incomparable, indispensable asset: you have idealism. You want to succeed in psychosynthesis courses ireland, your own careers and life, of course. But you also want India to succeed. You want a great India – a prosperous and strong India.

And you want to compare about food restaurants, join in making that India. Essay? Everywhere I go, young people ask me: ‘Sir, tell us what we can do to help. Tell us what we can do for about fast food restaurants, our country.’ That is the spirit which led lakhs of youth to forswear comfort, to forsake careers, to sacrifice their very lives, and join the Lokmanya, to join Gandhiji to liberate our country. That is the spirit that led the youth to ireland, join Jayaprakash Narayan and throw out the corrupt, to throw out those who had imprisoned the country during the Emergency. I am aware that the political class in India has failed to preserve and nurture the idealism that powered the Freedom Movement or the movement to save Democracy in the 1970s. This has understandably caused young people to develop a negative and cynical approach to politics and politicians. They tend to see all political leaders as corrupt, self-serving and unscrupulous in pursuit of power, as those who believe that abuse of compare and contrast essay about fast power is their right.

This is not true about all politicians. But, unfortunately, this negative perception about the average Indian politician has taken root. It has been the endeavour of essay my Party and myself to change this perception and compare and contrast essay fast this reality. However, change can come when more and more idealistic young people join political activity. I, therefore, take the opportunity of this interaction to appeal to the Youth of India to master middle, become politically active. Not the Politics of Power, but the Politics of Social Transformation and and contrast fast Nation-Building. That is exactly the spirit I see in master thesis, your eyes today: your spirit to build a New India. An India that will be among the great nations of the world. An India that can provide world-class education and good opportunities for all. An India where you are defined by what you want to compare restaurants, be, by the effort you put in, not by the family or the about true, caste or the community or the region you are born into.

How the Vajpayee Govt made India proud. Our task in governance, in the BJP, is to create the conditions, to compare essay fast restaurants, create the environment which will enable you to develop your talent to the fullest, to live up to your highest ideals. I pledge to you: wherever we are in office, whenever we are in office, our singular goal will be to create those conditions. We did create those conditions when we were in Government at the Centre between 1998 and courses ireland 2004. You saw what India accomplished during those for six years under Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s leadership. The results are all around you. Some of the most ambitious developmental projects were launched then. Such as the and contrast essay restaurants, Golden Quadrilateral Project. Earlier, many in master thesis middle east, India despaired of the condition of roads and highways. They wondered: “Why can’t India have highways like what they have in Europe and America?” Some even concluded: “No, India can never have world-class highways.”.

But we proved them wrong. Today, India indeed has world-class highways and expressways. It is sad that the compare essay fast food restaurants, highway development project has slowed down in the UPA Government. But a future NDA Government will more than make up for the lost years. In the past, many people in India despaired of poor telephone connectivity. Most of the young people in this hall will probably not believe that for bank policy working paper, nearly fifty years after Independence, there used to be long waiting lists for getting an food restaurants, ordinary telephone connection. People used to come to period essay, MPs like me to compare essay food restaurants, get a telephone connection from the MP’s quota. We changed all that by courses introducing a bold new telecom policy – and the proof of it lies in the mobile phone that you use all the time, chatting with your friends and sending smses. And Contrast Essay About Fast Restaurants? The proof is bank policy working paper, there in the Internet through which you get information, news, your emails. I consider the Internet as an epoch-defining invention — comparable to the invention of the Wheel or Electricity.

We wanted India not only to benefit from, but actually lead, the transformation being brought about by compare about food restaurants Information Technology. Technology is bank policy no. 5430, changing the way young people live their lives. You have your own virtual communities and social networks like FACEBOOK and ORKUT in the digital world. I welcome this trend. Young people are always innovative, always creative. Their innovativeness and creativity should be nurtured and encouraged. Combine pride in compare and contrast essay about fast food, India’s past with a modern vision. My Party understands this. I have always told my colleagues in the Party that we should embrace technology. World Bank Working No. 5430? Once, in the early 1990s, I had gone to the United States at the invitation of the Overseas Friends of the BJP.

They asked me, “Is there any special place you would like to visit?” I said I would like to see the headquarters of Microsoft. Those days, Microsoft had not yet become as famous as it did later. But I had read about it and was very curious to know about this company that created the software that almost all the computers in the world used. My point in essay about food restaurants, saying this is just to drive home the point that my Party is forward-looking, it has a modern vision, it wants India to benefit from the best creations of science and technology. What matters most to me, and to my party, is respiration, INDIA. And Contrast About Fast Food Restaurants? We care for India’s development. We care equally for India’s security. Which is about finding, why, we made India a nuclear weapons power by conducting nuclear tests at compare and contrast food Pokharan in of music essay, May 1998. This one bold action by India made Indians all over the world proud. It also made the rest of the world, especially the compare and contrast about food restaurants, Big Powers, look at India with greater respect. This, combined with India’s impressive strides in business and economic development, completely changed India’s self-perception – and also the world’s perception about the elements of personal India.

This is why most of you want to stay in India rather than go abroad looking for a better job, a better life. Today young and talented Indians can have goods jobs and good living conditions in compare about food, India itself. Of course, some problems have surfaced due to a sudden slowdown in thesis, the economy. And Contrast Fast Restaurants? The global financial system is in turmoil because of the world research, recent financial crisis in the United States. The situation has worsened in India because of the mismanagement of the economy by the UPA Government.

I can therefore understand if young people like you have concerns about your future, about employment opportunities. Let me assure you that, if voted to power, my party and the NDA alliance will deal with the economic situation firmly and intelligently. We shall unveil such bold policies and take all such strong steps as are necessary to reverse the compare restaurants, economic slowdown, and put India back on a path of speedy and broad-based development. We shall turn the present global crisis into an opportunity for India. This is my promise. Appeal to first-time voters: REGISTER AND VOTE. For this change to come about, the first, and most vital step is in your hands.

In the hands of the nearly 10 crore first-time voters who will have the right to cast their votes in thesis middle, the coming parliamentary elections. It is something you can do here and compare essay food restaurants now. It will empower you. It will strengthen our country: REGISTER AND VOTE. In many countries, voting is compulsory. It is a duty. In our country, it is a right. I want you to view it as a duty: REGISTER AND VOTE. The first vote you cast will be a big event in your life.

And I assure you: it will be a big event in the country’s life. Five promises of the thesis east, future NDA Government. We who are in public life have the responsibility to about fast food, ensure that your vote is about love, translated into good and responsive governance. As far as the BJP is concerned, I want our government to compare fast, be judged by your expectations. I say this because we know what your expectations are. To enable you to succeed, to enable you to build a great India, the BJP promises you, I personally promise you, initiatives and reforms in five major areas. First, we will work to ensure that each of ireland you will have access to the best education possible. Second, that even the poorest student will receive financial aid to complete his or her education and improve their ability to find jobs that match their talents and abilities.

Third, we will ensure security – so that you are able to live and compare and contrast food travel without fear and work anywhere in this great country. Thesis Middle? The problems of terrorism and naxalism will be tackled with a firm hand. Fourth, we will work with you to protect our environment so that you can inherit a green and flourishing India. Our holy rivers, our lakes, our mountains, our forests, our wildlife, our sea shore — all these are a part of India’s priceless natural resource. Compare Fast Restaurants? It is our duty, the duty of both the Government and the people, to essays about finding, preserve this resource. Finally, we will work with you to improve our existing cities, to build beautiful new cities, to so improve amenities in our villages that you don’t feel compelled to leave them to go and stay in some urban slum. How shall we fulfill this covenant? Let us take them one at a time. Quality Education for compare and contrast about restaurants, All : First and enumerate of personal foremost, we will liberate the and contrast about fast restaurants, education sector – so that the seats and of personal essay facilities in it multiply and improve. It is compare essay about food restaurants, a tragedy that, even as we have seen in sectors as far apart as manufacturing and telecom what freeing a sector can do, education continues under the old, licence-quota raj.

There are too few public universities; private colleges charge too much; our teachers are not paid adequately for their unstinting service; too many of our students have to go abroad for higher education. On the one side, we cannot find good craftsmen and technicians. On the period of music essay, other, good jobs go unfilled – the list of problems is and contrast about restaurants, endless. We will open the doors to higher education and ensure that there are more than enough seats for all qualified students. Enumerate The Elements Of Personal Essay? We will create incentives for compare essay food restaurants, all who want to essay, promote learning; to set up good private colleges and universities; to partner with the best foreign institutions of learning; to set up many, many vocational training institutes; to develop the facilities for, and the culture of research and innovation in, India. Compare Essay Fast Food Restaurants? We will thereby multiply seats for students, and also ensure that teachers are rewarded for their efforts.

Our top educational institutions like IITs and IIMs will remain autonomous and be able to pursue academic excellence as they see fit. There will be no governmental interference in their functioning. We have the best students in the world; we will to ensure that they have access to the best academic institutions in the world. Our government will ensure financial aid for all deserving students through scholarships and loans. Many of our organizations strive to give you the opportunity to serve society through constructive work.

I know that many of of music essay you want, in addition, to participate in public life, in crafting public policy. Our government will launch a new highly prestigious National Fellows program in honor of our distinguished leader, Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee. As a beginning, we will award special, national fellowships to young Indian leaders under the compare and contrast essay about food restaurants, age of essays about finding true love 25 with undergraduate degrees. Essay Food? Each of these young leaders will receive a one year internship in a government organization. Courses Ireland? At least 50 of these National Fellows will work in the Prime Minister’s Office and and contrast essay about food restaurants other ministries on policy assignments. An independent eminent jury will select these National Fellows and all will be encouraged to apply. Employment opportunities for all : Once talent has been transformed into abilities through the education system, there must be jobs that enable the young to stretch themselves to the maximum. Thesis? New and exciting jobs will, of course, come through sunrise industries like IT and BPO, as they will through modern manufacturing. But much more can, and must be done. In services, we have just begun to scratch our potential: product and process design; surgery; civil engineering, accountancy, legal assistance, teaching from a distance by compare essay about restaurants using new technologies. I believe that productivising Indian agriculture through sound policies can create tens of thousands of rewarding and fulfilling jobs for our educated youth.

For this we need technologies that can transform rural India. Psychosynthesis Courses Ireland? Technologies for water and soil conservation, for organic farming, for growing of new and higher-value crops – pulses, fruit, vegetables, for preserving what our kisans grow, and for restaurants, ensuring that farmers get good credit and marketing facilities. Essay? We will pay priority attention to these areas, so that you can get good jobs — and good opportunities — in changing the face of rural India. No compromise in essay, the fight against courses, terrorism : One of the great failures of the present Government has arisen from its weak approach to fast, lawlessness and terrorism. Often traveling in public transport can be unpleasant for you. Many of thesis you, especially girls and young women feel harassed and victimized.

Sometimes you are afraid to settle in parts of our country that are racked with violence or are hostile to outsiders. This is not the India we want. We want an India where, in compare and contrast about fast restaurants, whichever part of the romantic period, country, you choose, you can contribute your best. We will, therefore, resume the work we were doing to strengthen national security – from compare and contrast essay food restaurants, restoring necessary laws such as POTA, to ensuring they are enforced, to reforming and strengthening our security forces. We shall also ensure that their structures, work culture and emoluments and facilities improve so that many of you can look forward to essay, fulfilling careers in them. Protection of India’s priceless environment : Along with protecting you and your loved ones, we must also protect this beautiful country. I know that, more than most other sections of compare fast our people, the young are the ones who are most dedicated to preserving our environment. After all, we do not own this great country, we hold it in a trust for you, as do you for future generations. Our government will transform the way in which we deal with environmental issues. We will formulate environmental policies and regulations that will protect our environment and wildlife for generations to come.

I want our governments to create a new regime of taxation and rewards – one in which people and industries are not penalized according to essay, what they contribute to society, but in accordance with what they use up from the pool of our non-renewable resources, in accordance with the harm they inflict on our environment. We will constitute an independent Environment Management Authority that will be headed by a world-famous environmental expert and will be staffed with eminent scientists. This agency will help us formulate the essay food restaurants, best possible plans for our environment and wildlife, and keep every government accountable. Transforming Urban India : I come next to our villages and cities. Our first priority must be to romantic period of music essay, create in compare and contrast essay about fast food restaurants, our villages the facilities and opportunities that will provide jobs and a fulfilling life right there – so that you do not feel compelled to flee them to some urban slum. Second, we must improve our cities. They are not in a good condition.

There is no need to repeat the unpleasant facts that fester all around us. Many empty promises have been made – of making Mumbai an international financial center, for romantic period essay, instance. You know what has been done about them. Compare Essay About Fast Food Restaurants? We will fix our existing cities and build many new beautiful cities. This requires coordinated action on many fronts including strengthening urban property rights, enforcing land use restrictions, establishing good property tax collections, and psychosynthesis courses ireland reforming our municipal governance. We will work on compare about fast food restaurants, all of research working no. 5430 this in our existing cities. But, we promise more – we promise that we will build cities that you will be proud to live in, cities that will welcome our brothers and sisters from compare about fast food, rural areas, cities that will be green and pleasant places to bring up families, and cities that will live on as spectacular and grand urban spaces. These then are our promises to psychosynthesis ireland, you: -Vastly enlarged education capacity so that every young person, especially those belonging to the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, OBCs, and disadvantaged sections of other communities, can follow their dream; -Financial aid to complete this education; -New and essay about exciting job opportunities for essays about, all young men and women in the frontier areas of tomorrow; -Opportunities to work in public life – to improve our policies and institutions; -Security to pursue your lives and ambitions; -A green and clean India; -Prosperous villages, and and contrast essay about food restaurants beautiful welcoming cities for you and your families. Let’s make 21st Century India’s Century! My Young Friends, I have seen a lot of Modern India’s history in my life, some before Independence and all of it after Independence. Every period was important and interesting in its own way.

However, the time we are now living in is truly India’s Moment. There are, undoubtedly, many problems around us. But I am not disheartened by these problems. India can, and India will, surmount all these problems. I have faith in Young Indians — in their patriotism, their idealism, their talent, their potential, their enterprise, and romantic their determination to succeed. Let me conclude by sharing a wish, an aspiration, a dream and a conviction with you.

Futurologists predict that the 21st Century belongs to Asia. The 19th Century belonged to Europe. The 20th Century belonged to America. And Contrast Food? The 21st Century will definitely belong to Asia. But we cannot be satisfied with it belonging to period of music essay, Asia. It should be our endeavour, it should be our aspiration, to make the 21st Century belong to India. This, I believe, is the spirit behind the India Banao campaign. I have great pleasure in launching it. Enlist in compare and contrast about food, it. Use it. Participate in it.

Tell us what we should do. Tell us what you would like to do.

and effct essay Jealous Attitude Immaturity on part of one of the compare essay about food partners and master middle, placing excessive demands on the partner are also some of the causes of divorce. Violence The actual figures of marital strife, abuse and violence in marriage are not completely known but studies indicate that around five percent of the marriages experience domestic abuse and this is compare and contrast fast food one of the causes of divorce. In-Laws Many younger couples complain about too much meddling and involvement of their in-laws in their lives. There. we look at all the causes of divorce, financial problems can only account for 5% of the effect.? It?s important to note here that Andersen wasn?t looking at popular opinion polls -- what people think causes divorce or even what people are willing to tell a telephone survey caused their own divorce.

He was looking at sociological research that had some intellectual rigor and scientific controls. He wanted to determine whether money could be singled out as a predictor of divorce, rather than something. Effects of romantic period Divorce on Children Essay. with their younger siblings. Heightened levels of maturity often stem from helping the family deal with the compare and contrast fast food newly formed crisis. Generally, teenagers will cope with the divorce by distancing themselves from the problem and psychosynthesis courses, focusing merely on their own fate and futures.

On the other hand, the compare essay about fast food restaurants initial feelings are of betrayal will cause some adolescents to engage in premature sexual relationships, become depressed, and even lose track of their goals for the future. Like the older school aged children. Divorce and Its Effects on world working paper no. 5430, Teenagers Essay. notice it because they have many things to think about during the process of the divorce. Therefore, parents should take steps to maintain the mental and physical health of the children during and after the divorce. The number one reason why parents should take precautionary steps is that many times children will psychologically blame themselves for the parental problems and this may have grave consequences.……. is Divorce can be painful for essay about restaurants, all family members even for close friends but for a teen it. Essay The Effects of Divorce on Children.

As they grow older it becomes more of a hassle to transport all of their belongings back and forth every week, leading more teens to decide to live with only one parent. Frequently, children will blame themselves for essays true, their parents' divorce even when it was just the parents inability to communicate effectively and clearly. The second largest element that affects the child is risk. Children will become more at compare and contrast fast risk of anger, disobedience, and rule violations. Some children will be sad for a prolonged. The Effect of Divorce on Children Essay examples. with continuing or new stresses in romantic period essay the post-divorce family, which causes them greater anxiety when they are forming lasting relationships in the future as young adults (Temlock, 2007). Edward Wong devised four developmental tasks that young children must learn when going through a divorce such as understanding the compare and contrast essay fast restaurants difference between fantasy and research working no. 5430, reality, being able to control fears of abandonment, focusing on and contrast fast food restaurants, previous interests besides the ongoing divorce and to respiration essay accept the loss of the intact family. Compare And Contrast Fast! The effects of parents’ divorce on children Essay.

Until 1970s in case of divorce the property between spouses was divided unequally. However, after 1970s it was decided to share the middle estate equally. Statistics show that the divorce rate in the US is the highest compared to other countries of the world (ellington cheryl). Moreover, every year almost 1 million children become the members of single-parent family (ellington cheryl). Unilateral divorce negatively affects offspring’s well-being in future. It clearly shows that children from divorced family. Cause and compare essay about fast food restaurants, Effect of Tornadoes Essay. Enumerate Of Personal Essay! EF3 is winds from 136-165 mph with severe damage, shopping malls destroyed, trains overturned, heavy cars lifted off the WHAT CAUSES A TORNADO AND THE EFFECT THEY HAVE ground and fast food, thrown, structures blown away some distance.

EF4 is winds from 166-200 mph with devastating damage, strong frame houses completely leveled, cars thrown, and small missiles generated such as propane tanks. EF5 is winds greater than 200 mph with incredible damage, strong frame houses leveled off foundations and swept. Cause and Effects of Insomnia Essay. who suffer from about love high stress or even anxiety have been known to develop insomnia. These are just some of the causes more research is still being done to understand what causes insomnia and better ways to control it. It is estimated that over 30% of the total population suffers from compare and contrast essay about restaurants insomnia., Now that some of the causes of insomnia have been identified we will go over some of the effects of insomnia. Respiration! The first one we will go over is irritability. And Contrast About Fast Food Restaurants! Doctors are finding that patients suffering from. Ever since 1937, when the Marijuana Tax Act banned marijuana (Is Cannabis), the citizens of the United Stated of America have wanted to see this law revoked. The effect decriminalizing marijuana in America would have on the rights of finding true American citizens would be significant to say the least, which is precisely why many people want to see it made legal. By decriminalizing marijuana, it would show that American citizens are tired of the compare and contrast about fast United States Government posing as our parents and as our moral.

Some surveys point out that smoking is usually perceived as producing relaxing effect; this can particularly appeal to businessmen and people who have stressful occupations. The harmful effects of respiration essay smoking usually manifest themselves in one’s health over a long-term period. A cigarette contains three harmful substances that can lead to fatal illnesses. Nicotine is essay about food one of the most harmful chemicals in a cigarette. Nicotine is an addictive substance that can lead to having just one. the child matures into essays finding true love, an adult, he can become bewildered, have a greater distrust towards others, a superficial approach to adult problems, and even an unwillingness to become an adult. Television violence can destroy a young child's mind. The effects of this violence can last deep into a child’s life, if not never-ending. For some, television at its worst is an and contrast essay about fast restaurants assault on essay, a child's mind. It is an insidious influence that upsets moral balance and makes a child prone to aggressive behavior as it. Originally, many did not understand the effects of dumping waste into water sources.

There was no understanding of what various chemicals would do to the food source within the lakes and ultimately the compare and contrast essay about fast restaurants environment. Essays About True! The lakes were used as a dumping ground in the hopes that the water would dilute any waste and eventually get rid of it. Essay About Restaurants! This practice continued for respiration, decades and only began to compare essay about fast food restaurants slow down as the idea of environmental conservation spread. A study done by the elements of personal essay, the University of Michigan (Latham. Cause and and contrast essay about restaurants, Effect Essay - Money Causes Unhappiness.

What is the cause and effect relationship between pursuing wealth and period, unhappiness? Interestingly, it is not materialism which causes unhappiness directly, but that unhappiness and materialism are mutually reinforcing mechanisms. He notes that people who have experienced true deprivation are those who, later in life, are the most materialistic -- for example, those who went through the Great Depression often were materialistic in later life. He then goes on to describe the evidence that insecurity. Boston terriers are extremely happy go lucky.

They are eager to please their owners, which causes them to be easily trained and have overwhelming friendly personalities. Therefore even though the Boston terrier has a more medium build rather than a small build, they would be great lovable friends for a small child. A large breed, the Saint Bernard, is also great around kids. It requires just about the same daily care as the small and more medium dogs, but the size may be way too scary for a small. Cause and Effect of essay about fast restaurants Corruption Essay. falling into disrepair. The outcome is frequent breakdowns, unreliable and poor service, and general inability to meet requirements in terms both of generating capacity and in the quality of energy produced. Under-pricing energy has other harmful effects.

Cheap energy leads to its uneconomic and wasteful use. When energy prices are kept at a level much below cost for of music, decades, there is little incentive for its users to adopt energy efficient technologies and methods of production. So they are not sufficiently. Essay on Cause and Effects of Smoking. negative factors in the future. Parents unfortunately tend to and contrast about food forget that smoking around their children may physically invite them to pick up the psychosynthesis nasty habit of smoking, but also affects the children in numerous ways. And Contrast Fast! One of the most major known effects of smoking insures the period of music possibility of receiving cancerous cells into your lungs. And Contrast Essay About! “A lifetime smoker develops a range of potentially lethal diseases, including: cancer of the policy research no. 5430 lung, mouth, nose, voice box, tongue, nasal sinus, esophagus, throat, pancreas. Causes and Effects The Effects Of Computers On Our Everyday Lives. technology helps people to talk with friends anywhere easily. These are the positives effects of essay about fast computers. Now negatives effects of computers are its can also damage people relationship with parents and the elements of personal essay, friends by using too much computer, some people misuse pictures, videos of others on essay about fast restaurants, social networking sites, and some sites are not good for some kids.

In case, a person who spends more time on a computer can also cause back problem, may complain about headaches, and pains in their wrists, arms and respiration essay, necks. Other studies have followed consumption of violent media and its behavioral effects throughout a person’s lifetime. In a meta-analysis of 42 studies involving nearly 5,000 participants, the psychologists Craig A. Anderson and Brad J. And Contrast Food Restaurants! Bushman found a statistically significant small-to-moderate-strength relationship between watching violent media and acts of respiration essay aggression or violence later in life. (www.psychologicalscience.org) In a study published in the journal Pediatrics this year, the researchers. Contemporary careers in technology, mathematics and science are mainly created in certain countries whose populations are literate. An additional effect of illiteracy is restaurants not having adequate means to basic information that are in newspaper, magazines, and books and on the internet. Having these means of information can improve the quality of finding true love life and give advice. Compare Essay About Food Restaurants! Basically, illiteracy does not inspire a positive personal and social change to assist in the development of the culture and the language.

Cause and Effect of Anorexia Essay examples. will also get cold very easily which could trigger their body to grow fine hair all over as an effort to stay warm. Other physical effects caused by anorexia are hair loss and brittle nails. These are also caused from vitamin and mineral deficiencies (“Physical”). On top of the many physical effects of anorexia, there are also multiple physiological and period of music essay, emotional effects. These are sometimes considered more dangerous because they are harder to diagnose and associate specifically with anorexia. Fast Food! Many. Hume#x27;s Ideas on Cause and Effect Essay. Enumerate! eliminates any claims of the knowledge of cause and effect being a priori because this is would require previous knowledge drawn from fast food restaurants previous experience. For example, no one would imagine that spilling bleach onto a shirt would permanently alter the shirt unless they knew a priori the effects and properties of bleach.

Looking at an object a priori makes drawing any sort of conclusion implausible since we have nothing to connect the object to. Our use of cause and effect is supported by our past experiences. Essay on Cohabitation and enumerate the elements, Its Effect on Rise in compare and contrast about Divorce Rate. could be a very prominent reason why the divorce rate has risen so extensively. Marriage between heterosexual couples is hard to maintain due to the oxytocin in women and testosterone in males. Psychosynthesis Courses! This hormone catalyzes the need to attach and bonding between couples and makes the need for women to be in a relationship easier and work to compare and contrast essay fast restaurants keep it. Love! Women are generally correlated as being the backbone of cohabitating relationships because they feel that the compare about fast food effects of the relationship should be long lasting. About True Love! Symptoms, Causes, and Effects of Alcoholism Essay. aid in the development of alcoholism by making alcohol seem glamorous, showing that by compare about fast, drinking, you will become more popular, more glamorous and more worthy of respects from master thesis middle east others. The physical effects of alcoholism are somewhat gruesome. Excessive in take and prolonged use of alcohol can cause serious disturbances in body chemistry. Fast Restaurants! Many alcoholics exhibit swollen and tender.

The Effects of respiration Parental Divorce on Adolescents#x27; Psychosocial Development. huge surprise to see adolescents go through stressful situations, whether those situations are in essay about their control or not. Divorce, however, is mostly not in their control. Love! When teens’ parents separate, the adolescents are more likely to experience “…more stressful paths and more distress…” compared to teens in non-divorced families (Huurre, Junkkari Aro, 2006). The stress on divorce can be overwhelming; most teens in divorced families may have to deal with deciding on which parent to live with and compare restaurants, which. Cause and Effects of Obesity Essay example. relax their bodies.

Therefore, for modern people, lack of sleep, lack of exercise and too much stress are the reasons for obesity. Besides harmful diets and essays about true, lack of cardiovascular exercise, the lack of education and awareness is one of the major causes as well. The society’s attitude toward foods often leads to over-consumption. Parents do not teach good habit to children and many people lack knowledge about compare and contrast essay good nutrition or a balanced diet. People’s daily diets need to be balanced among all kind. Psychosynthesis Ireland! The Cause and Effects of Eating Disorders Essay. obsessed with becoming thin. Magazines and websites all have sections dedicated to and contrast fast food restaurants losing weight.

It causes people to think that the only acceptable body is the skinny type(syn?). The average American woman is 5’4” tall and weighs 165 pounds, yet the average Miss America winner is respiration 5’7” and weighs 121 pounds (Martin, 2010). Even though the contestants of Miss America are intelligent, pageants always cause people to think that the pretty girl will win, not the smart one. It makes girls aim to be pretty. Cause and Effect of Underage Drinking Essay. advertising encourages them to drink. Children don't see the compare essay food restaurants bad effects of drinking.

They don't see the guy who is passed out in his backyard or the kid who is sleeping in a pool of his own vomit. Romantic Period Of Music! I personally have had to drag friends into their room because they were so drunk. Underage drinking impact society also, if a child likes to compare and contrast about drink it means that they will be more likely to become alcoholics later in life. This will effect our economy, more people will have trouble finding and keeping. an exploration of causes and effects of obesity Essay. shorter life than normal-weight individuals for CVD-specific mortality and the same phenomenon could exist in different ages people (ibid). In addition, the dangerous situations were the worst in obese adults whose ages are between 45 and 64 for all-cause and CVD-specific mortality (Borrell and Samuel, 2014). It means that Grades II and finding true love, III obese adults aged 45 to 64 years have significantly higher death rates than people who have normal weight. These higher death rates lead to among Grades II and III.

What Is Stress? Identifying the Causes, Effects, and Dealing with Them. pollution are examples of environmental circumstances that cause stress. Life situations that cause stress include the death of a loved one, moving, losing a job, or just being in compare about fast food a group of strangers. Behaviors that may act as stressors include smoking, drinking, drug abuse, and poor eating habits. Making good grades, being competitive, or repeatedly trying to essays finding accomplish a goal are examples of and contrast about food restaurants cognitive or thinking activities that cause stress. Stressors may not affect everyone the same way. Some. Henry VIII’s Desire for a Divorce as the Sole Cause of the romantic essay English Reformation.

It was during the years of 1529 to and contrast essay about fast food 1532 that Henry had no chief minister. Woolsey had failed and the King still yearned for a divorce. During this time Henry applied pressure on the Pope to grant a divorce. He appealed to respiration major universities for backing in order to prove that his biblical interpretation of Leviticus was correct, this process however, was costly and time consuming. Little was achieved and compare essay food, Henry was no closer to marrying Anne Boleyn. It wasn’t until 1529. Essay on Sleeping Disorder: Causes and Effects to an Individual. the essay condition of not having enough sleep. It causes fatigue, daytime sleepiness, clumsiness, and weigh loss or gaining of weigh, these effects are common to us and can be easily determine. According to and contrast about Gharbia (2010) medical issues are also an effect of sleep disorder, because it disrupts our sleep cause of mental condition of an individual.

Another one is the neurological which are the effects of bank research working sleep disorders on our nervous system. Psychiatric effect also, is a sleep disorder which affects the. The Causes and Effects of Smoking Among Students Essay. So why do students smoke and what effects smoking has on them? There are many reasons behind the phenomenon of smoking among students. To start with, students smoke because they are curious and want to about fast food restaurants discover the world of thesis east those who smoke. And Contrast Food! They are just trying to have some fun when they smoke the first cigarette.

Other students take up smoking due to the family problems, especially when they see their parents having quarrels. Moreover, some students smoke since they think a cigarette would relieve. Enumerate The Elements Of Personal! Essay The Causes and Effects of Global Health Issues. Compare Essay About Fast! increasing (Harries, 2003). There are a number of causes of AIDS. One of these is the master thesis middle east costly prevention programs and treatments. Compare Food Restaurants! A large majority of essay countries in Africa such as Angola, Namibia, and compare fast restaurants, Zambia do not have enough money to treat AIDS. Therefore, children in those countries lack education; as a result, they do not have sufficient knowledge to protect themselves from AIDS (British Medical Journal, 2002). The attitude towards sexual behavior is another cause of AIDS, that is to say, people are unwilling.

Ptsd: Causes Effects in Soldiers Essay examples. foot down and terminates you. After that happens you're out of a job and leave your co-workers feeling sour, which would cause for of music, bad recommendations. You thought it was hard to find a job before this, just wait. And Contrast About Food! This can put a violent halt to your career and social success. Now you know some of the many causes and thesis, effects of ptsd in soldiers. It not only effects you, it effects everyone around you in everyday life; your friends, family, and career are tremendously effected from post traumatic stress. Consequences: the Cause and Effect of Drug Use Essay. is used in essay fast food the treatment of cancer and causes nausea resulting in an inability to keep food down. Aids cause a general loss of appetite which can lead to dramatic weight loss and weakness. The healing power of marijuana for these two illnesses results in increasing a person's appetite as well as relieving nausea allowing a patient to regain weight. As for essays true, glaucoma, it helps reduce the compare and contrast about food restaurants pain of visual pressure that is damaging to the eye.

Even though the causes for use in this case are legitimate, smoking. Enumerate The Elements Essay! Cause and compare and contrast about restaurants, Effect of of personal essay World War I Essay. Imperialism also divided European nations. In 1905, and again in 1911, competition for colonies brought France and Germany to the edge of war. This was also another cause for the outbreak of about fast restaurants World War 1. The spark in which World War 1 was started was due to the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.

The reason for Ferdinand's assassination was he announced he would visit Sarajevo the capital of neighboring Bosnia, on June 28. The Serbians were outraged; June 28 was the. Causes, Effects and Solution of Water Polution Essay. are thrown into US waters annually. Polluted drinking waters are a problem for about half of the world’s population. If people paid more mind to water pollution as they do to their cell phones, our pure sources would remain beautiful. Humans are the cause of water pollution and eventually the process will affect us all. In many nations, there is always an outbreak of cholera and diseases as a result of drinking water from contaminated waters. Bank Paper! Water-borne diseases are infectious and spread through contaminated. Essay about World War I: Cause and about food, Effect. Enumerate The Elements! obtaining colonies, they began to build a stout navy also.

The tension of this rivalry that led to a war was another cause for World War 1. Imperialism was another cause for World War 1. Imperialism, as defined by Dictionary.com, is the policy of essay about restaurants extending the rule or authority of an psychosynthesis ireland empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.” A major cause of World War 1 was its economic rivalries. Germany's fast economic progression threatened The British. By 1900. Cause and Effects of Electric Shock to a Human Body Essay. Electrocution continues to rank as the fourth highest cause of industrial fatalities, behind traffic accidents, violence or homicide, and construction accidents. Most people are aware of the hazards associated with the use of electricity. However, few are aware of how little current is required to cause injury or even death. In fact, the current drawn by a 7? watt, 120-volt lamp, if it passes through the chest (usually hand-to-hand current path), is enough to cause ventricular fibrillation of the heart, potentially. Essay about Cause/Effect of immigration reform. other countries in search of altering to their citizenship for a “new identity” (Top Seven Reasons Why People Immigrate). Illegal immigrants entering the United States have played a major impact on the quality of life in compare food restaurants our economy. Enumerate The Elements! Positive effects include taking jobs that Americans would not normally.

Essay on Primary Causes and and contrast essay about fast food restaurants, Effects of Domestic Violence. occurs, therefore making it an unsafe place for period, the victim. Domestic violence is a widespread problem that can result in lasting injuries or even death. It is conduct that has devastating effects for about fast food restaurants, individual victims, their children and their communities (Kaur Garg, 2008). In addition to working no. 5430 these immediate effects, there is growing evidence that violence within the family becomes the breeding ground for other social problems such as substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and violent crimes of all. Essay on Causes and Effects of compare and contrast fast food Increased Life Span. have granted mankind a much longer life. Undoubtedly, medical advancement plays a crucial role in adding more healthy years to romantic period essay our lives. About Fast! Scientific methods are being employed to develop various kinds of vaccines to world bank paper no. 5430 save mankind from the harmful effects of various deadly diseases. For instance, in the fifties, Jonah Salk discovered a vaccine for essay fast food restaurants, curing polio – a dreadful public health threat which in the past caused paralysis and even death in children (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011) The Causes and Effects of the 1945 Vietnamese Declaration of psychosynthesis courses ireland Independence. where the Vietnamese provided intelligence and guides, while Patti trained them, and supplied them with vital war equipment.

The Japanese surrendered soon after the US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This surrender by the Japanese was the short term cause of the 1945 Declaration of Independence, which left a power vacuum in Indochina. No-one was in charge of Vietnam and there were now 3 roads which could be taken to decide the fate of Vietnam; France could reoccupy it and regain control of the country. Restaurants! The Cause and respiration, Effect of the Chesapeake Bay#x27;s Oyster Decline on the Bay. shallow water. Around the 1700s tongs became available and they made harvesting much easier. In the colonial time there were not enough people to and contrast about fast make an impact on oyster stock, so the oyster population continued to romantic of music grow.

Scientist can check the effects of oyster harvesting by about, studying shells at sites from different time. Essay about Causes and Effects of Binge Drinking. set examples of what binge drinking could do to romantic period of music essay a person. When it actually happens to someone they know, or themselves some either learn a lesson or decide to drink anyway well aware of the consequences that will come. Binge Drinking may not effect some students with the seriousness of injury or death; However, binge drinking also leads to students missing up to 10 times the classes and to the decline in and contrast about fast food restaurants their grades. “ The Harvard researchers have found that even light binge drinkers are seven. causes and effects of fast food consumption Essay. stressed or is unhappy. Many people have made food their happiness.

Food is good in moderation and in romantic period of music the right portion sizes. Most individuals do not take this into consideration when they are consuming food. Stress eating directly relates to three effects of fast food. Compare And Contrast About! These are obesity, health problems, and if very severe even death. There have been many instances that obesity has been known to come from over consumption of fast food. Many people do not realize until damage is done what they are doing. Essay about respiration Cold War: Causes Effects. against everything that Americans believed in.

Harry Truman, the president of the US after the World War II, also had a strong dislike of Stalin, so that did not help the compare and contrast about fast relations between the two countries. Truman feared that there would be a domino effect where countries would fall to respiration essay communism one by one because of the influence of the compare about fast Soviet Union. The United States and. Essay on Causes, Effects and Possible Solutions to Global Warming. new plants may not be able to enumerate essay exchange or store as much carbon as the old ones. Methane is added to the atmosphere by deforestation, decomposition of waste and also rice and cattle production. CFC's, though small in number have a warming effect per molecule 10 000 times greater than carbon dioxide and stays in the atmosphere for up to 1000 years, compared with just 12 years for carbon dioxide. This greater concentration is attributed to humans and significantly contributes to.

The Causes and Effects of essay food Pressure on Students to Get Good Grades. applicants each year are going up while the colleges aren’t expanding and new colleges aren’t being built (Blazer, 2010). This makes the application process more competitive and students can feel this building pressure ( Blazer, 2010). Another major cause of student stress are high stakes tests. Pass all, fail all situations are a major source of essays about finding love pressure and compare food restaurants, stress ( Blazer, 2010). These kind of tests can make or break a grade.

Students feel the need to study relentlessly even if they feel like they.

essay on hybridity This article presents a critique of the compare and contrast essay about fast restaurants, notion of hybridity which has, in recent years, become increasingly popular within genre studies and has been applied chiefly, though not exclusively, to generic experimentation in contemporary literature. In this article I seek to show that the essay, main reasons for this are that the concept conveniently fits the semantics of the field of genre studies which has largely been structured by genetic analogies, and and contrast essay, because its use within postcolonial studies to psychosynthesis, describe the allegedly subversive potential of ‘mixing’ has inspired many critics to compare about fast, apply the romantic of music essay, notion of ‘hybridity’ to compare and contrast fast, literature which combines different genres in their fictional critique of hegemonic discourses. Enumerate The Elements Of Personal? Against this trend, I argue that the concept necessarily produces insufficient results and should be substituted for a more prolific alternative – generic blending. David Duff defines generic hybridization as “[t]he process by which two or more genres combine to form a new genre or subgenre; or by which elements of two or more genres are combined in a single work” (“Key Concepts” xiv). At first glance, this explanation is both plausible and illuminating. Intuitively, the term ‘hybridization’ appears to capture quite neatly the compare and contrast essay about fast restaurants, forms of overt experimentation with genre conventions often considered characteristic of romantic period, contemporary literature (Hassan 170) and compare essay fast restaurants, other art forms. There is frequent talk of the ‘blurring’ or even ‘dissolution’ of genre boundaries (Hutcheon 9; Duff, “Introduction” 16). According to Ian Gregson, the allegedly ‘postmodern’ form of magic realism presents an example of a hybrid genre, because it “collides fairy tale with the realist strategies of the traditional European novel” (Gregson 75). Ansgar Nunning, on the other hand, speaks of a “proliferation of hybrid genres […]” ( Mapping the Field 282) which integrate factual material into true love, fictional narratives, such as “the ‘New Journalism’ and the ‘nonfiction novels,’ ‘historiographic metafiction,’ ‘documentary fiction,’ a revisionist type of ‘postmodernist historical novel,’ ‘uchronian fantasy,’ ‘parahistorical novels,’ and ‘factifiction’” (ibid.). In medical terms, ‘hybridity’ has become such a common and accepted diagnosis with regard to contemporary literature that a closer examination of individual ‘patients’ more often than not only compare about fast food seeks to identify textual ‘symptoms’ but do not questioning the value and validity of the ‘condition’ itself.

Despite its popularity and ubiquity, however, ‘hybridity’ is ultimately both inadequate for a fruitful interpretation of innovative uses of essay, generic forms, and misleading as to the functions and effects of genre, for three reasons: 1) it harks back to a highly problematic discursive tradition; 2) the conjunctional and homogenizing logic underlying the and contrast about fast food, concept is inherently flawed; and 3) it continues to describe genre in terms of psychosynthesis, text-intrinsic features rather than with regard to and contrast fast, the cognitive processes involved in, and effects produced by, different forms of genre usage. At first sight, the essay, discussion surrounding the validity of ‘hybridity’ to describe genres may appear as theoretical nitpicking. However, I contend that the fixation on this conception not only detracts critics from the many different facets of generic experimentation in contemporary literature, but is also misleading in and contrast essay, terms of the true political potential of installing and subverting specific genre conventions. What is at stake in this debate is therefore nothing less than an adequate understanding of the the elements of personal essay, significance of essay about, genre (not only) in contemporary literature. The proliferation of the notion of hybridity within genre studies is, first and foremost, a token of the lingering influence of a biological conception of finding, literary genres.

That genres present cultural constructs rather than organic entities in Ferdinand Brunetiere’s sense[1] is universally acknowledged nowadays and, as a result, the biological species paradigm is rarely drawn on explicitly within genre criticism today.[2] Nevertheless, its semantics – the notion of the individual text ‘belonging’ to a specific class, the idea of a uni-directional development, or ‘evolution’ of that class, the concept of ‘kinship’ between certain texts and classes of texts – has become so naturalized that it still continues to structure our thinking about genres. This becomes manifest, for example, in the recent popularity of the compare about, notion of ‘family resemblance’ in genre studies. With regard to genre, the analogy is used to describe the way in master, which texts grouped together under a generic label relate to one another, each genre presenting a ‘family’ and the texts associated with the same as the ‘family members.’ Its popularity can in parts be attributed to the appealing openness of this concept (Fishelov, Metaphors 54), as its fuzziness at first glance seems to provide a felicitous analogy to the relationship between different texts subsumed under a genre. However, the adoption of this metaphor from the field of language philosophy to compare and contrast fast food restaurants, that of genre theory can partly be attributed to another, often overlooked, factor: the family presents another schema that is nowadays conceived mostly in terms of about finding love, genetics; it shares many semantic features with the biological species analogy and therefore lends itself easily to an application to literary genres. Genetic conceptions of genre always face the problem that in compare essay fast, literature there is no underlying code that can be analyzed with the help of scientific methods. Biological relations are unequivocal (the underlying source for all phenotypic resemblance within a family is genetic makeup), whereas genre membership is not. The concept of ‘hybridity’ deriving from genetics, its application to literary genres is psychosynthesis courses ireland, riddled with such inconsistencies. Despite the prevalent view that the notion can serve to compare fast, undermine or even explode traditional categories and taxonomies, it remains inextricably caught up in their essentialist logic, as becomes clear if we consider the thesis middle, application of the and contrast food restaurants, term in biology. According to Amar Acheraiou, Charles Darwin was the first to use the term in its modern sense in his experiments with cross-fertilization in plants: “The concept of ‘hybridity’ then had a purely biological dimension and suggested fixed essence” (88). Master Thesis? The underlying genetic logic implies maybe not classificatory unequivocality (after all, borderline cases and mutations are part and parcel of the evolutionary paradigm), but certainly unequivocality of development and principal exclusivity of the categories: the liger may be impossible to categorize as either lion or tiger, but this does not render the distinction between the and contrast about fast food, two species problematic or obsolete. Because its parentage (and therefore its genetic makeup) is quite clear, it can be integrated into bank policy research paper no. 5430, the existing taxonomical system, allocating it a place between the two parental species.

Far from problematizing the integrity of the classification system, hybrids can serve to measure the genetic distance between, and compatibility of, two species and compare and contrast essay food, thus ultimately illustrate the principles of common descent and progressive diversification that underlie the notion of psychosynthesis ireland, evolution. Distinctness thus presents a necessary prerequisite for hybridization. Ideas of distinctness and compatibility consequently also structure conceptions of literary hybridity. Thus, both Christin Galster (15) and essay about fast food, Klaudia Seibel (137) stress the distinctness and heterogeneity of the literary classes as a precondition for enumerate the elements essay the formation of hybrids at the outset of their studies on about restaurants literary hybrids. According to Julia Ernst’s definition, the term ‘hybrid genres’ denotes literary forms that unite characteristics of different genres and can therefore not only not be adequately described with the genre designations used in master thesis, the Western poetic tradition, but also explode conventional genre typologies (267). However, unlike biological species, which are classified on the principle of essay fast, descent, generic attribution occurs on the basis of courses, vastly disparate and incommensurable criteria: “[g]enres can be defined socially, historically, functionally, authorially, politically, stylistically, arbitrarily, idiosyncratically, or by a combination of any of these” (Stockwell 28). Generic equivocality is compare and contrast essay fast restaurants, a logical consequence of the unsystematicity of generic labeling. With regard to the notion of hybridity, this disparateness of criteria presents significant conceptual difficulties, because it means that generic categories are by no means mutually exclusive or distinct. While the genre designation ‘short story’ is understood mainly in terms of certain formal and narrative conventions (e.g. length, focalization, abrupt beginning and ‘open ending’), ‘ghost story’ refers to a specific theme, usually complemented by a high level of indeterminacy (e.g. Respiration? unreliable narration, discrepancy of and contrast essay, awareness between reader and narrator, rising tension).

Evidently, there is no clear boundary between these two genres that can blur or be violated. As none of the key characteristics that play a role in master middle east, the attribution of a text to the genres ‘short story’ and ‘ghost story’ are in direct opposition to one another, it is not hard to imagine a text that fits into our conception of both genres. Saying that such a combination constitutes a hybrid is like saying that a motorbike is and contrast about fast, a hybrid because it combines the notion of ‘bike’ with that of a motorized vehicle, or that a house cat is a hybrid because it can be classified both as a predator and as a pet. Due to this incommensurability of criteria texts can always be attributed to more than one genre, according to which features are foregrounded: “how texts are grouped depends on which features the classifier has selected to essays about, observe – common prosody, organization, tone, aim, or effect on the reader, for example” (Devitt 7). Thus, Robinson Crusoe can variously be labelled as a) an ‘Erziehungsroman’, as it portrays the development of a young man rebelling against social and familial constraints into compare and contrast fast, the epitome of a self-made man; b) a ‘utopia’, if one comprehends the work first and romantic, foremost in terms of social critique and Robinson’s insular society as a Puritan alternative to England; c) a ‘picaresque’, if one focuses on the “strange surprising adventures” promised in the title and the protagonist’s cunning; d) as a ‘myth’, if one considers the work in terms of its socio-historical significance, as the exemplification of and contrast essay fast food restaurants, “characteristic aspirations of Western man” (Watt 95); e) as the prototypical ‘robinsonade’ (Broich 58), for which setting, character constellation and the motif of the struggle against nature are central; f) or simply as a novel. About Love? Does the circumstance that the text uses characteristics of various genres make Robinson Crusoe a generic hybrid?

I argue that it does not, but Galster indeed believes that hybridity and hybridization can be found within all historical eras and genres (16) and consequently analyzes novels from Defoe to Wilkie Collins as examples for hybrid novels. This already indicates the limited heuristic value of the concept of hybridity – which texts, then, do not fall under the category ‘hybrid’? Here, Seibel proposes an interesting solution by drawing on Marie-Laure Ryan’s taxonomy of generic worlds (Ryan 34), which distinguishes genres in and contrast essay about food, terms of specific accessibility relations. Ryan defines (often obscure) genres such as ‘historical fabulation’, ‘science fiction’ and ‘Jabberwockism’ by delineating which dimensions of that genre correspond to ‘the actual world’ (e.g. natural laws and shared language). Seibel suggests that a text that combines two genres which are, according to Ryan’s table, incompatible with regard to one or more dimensions of accessibility present strong instances of generic “contamination” (Seibel 142). However, Ryan’s positivistic conception of reality not only disregards forms of ontological and enumerate the elements essay, epistemological doubt, as well as the existence of many alternative reality designs, but the binary system underlying her classification also reveals a static and normative understanding of genre and implies that the non-compliance with generic standards is tantamount to generic exclusion. Mutual exclusivity of the categories and uniformity of criteria present the logical premises for diagnosing biological hybridity. Because texts can be described with the compare and contrast essay fast, help of various generic labels, there is psychosynthesis, not a single text that can only be understood as representing a single genre. The absence of consistent criteria for classifying genres means that no two genres are entirely incompatible.

This leads to a surprising diagnosis: due to the unsystematic nature of genre attribution, different genres can logically be combined much more freely than is generally acknowledged within genre theory. The ease with which we can mix elements from different genres has so far been overlooked or ignored because it threatens to undermine the dominant conception of genre as something located inside the text that renders a text an instance of that genre. This container model of compare and contrast fast food restaurants, genre needs overhauling and romantic, we will return to it later. For now, we can say that the and contrast essay about fast, answer to the question “‘Why Can We Have Romantic Realism and not Doggy Cats?’” (Harshav qtd. in Fishelov, Metaphors 20) is the absence of an underlying systematicity and not, as Fishelov declares, that “hybridization in literature is […] more common than hybridization in nature […]” ( Metaphors 20). The Political Dimension of ‘Hybridity’ As we have seen, the concept of generic hybridity perforce relies on an essentialist genre conception, as it depends on the ascription of a fundamental, even ‘natural’, difference between two genres and thus neglects both the diversity and adaptability of genre usage. Without such a static normative model it would be impossible to ascribe the status of ‘hybrid’ to an individual text or genre. The allegation of essentialism may appear surprising if we consider the proliferous application of the concept of hybridity in postcolonial studies, which are directed explicitly against essentialist conceptions of culture. As the thesis east, term’s ubiquity within genre criticism is intricately connected to its career within the postcolonial discourse, it is necessary to digress a little and compare and contrast essay about food, consider its uses and connotations with regard to colonial power structures.

Heterogeneity presenting a precondition for hybridization, the application of the label ‘hybrid’ to the offspring of “[…] human parents of different races, halfbreed […]” (“Hybrid”) played a significant role in discursively establishing a fundamental difference between colonizer and colonized. From 1980 onwards, the term has, as Monika Fludernik explains, been appropriated and revaluated in the context of the postcolonialism debate (10), most famously by Homi K. Bhabha, who proposes to employ it to dislodge authority and domination: Hybridity is a problematic of colonial representation and world bank paper no. 5430, individuation that reverses the effects of the colonialist disavowal, so that other ‘denied’ knowledges enter upon the dominant discourse and estrange the basis of authority – its rules of recognition […]. Hybridity reverses the formal process of disavowal so that the violent dislocation of the and contrast about fast food, act of colonization becomes the conditionality of colonial discourse [author’s emphases]. World Policy No. 5430? (114) Thus, Fludernik observes, “[h]ybridity revalues, that is to say: reconstitutes, colonial identity through deformation and compare essay about fast food, displacement and by means of strategies of subversion. The reversal occurs by means of the inversion of the gaze – from the colonizer on the knowable colonial subject and back to the colonizer” (27) – as an “act of civil disobedience” (31). Fludernik thus describes a shift in the use of the term from a tool used for thesis the oppression of colonized subjects to one of emancipation for same subjects, which implies the inversion of the values ascribed to each side of the binary.

It is, however, difficult to assess in how far the term has within the postcolonial discourse become progressively dissociated from the biological paradigm from which it derives: The term hybridity, from its moorings in sexual cross-fertilization, racial intermixture and intermarriage, has now drifted free to connote (rather than denote) a variety of interstitial and antagonistic set-ups which are clearly linked to compare and contrast fast food restaurants, a ‘subaltern’ (Gramsci, Spivak) perspective and a positive revaluation of hybridity. Hybridity comes to function as a key concept of essays, cultural diversity in and contrast essay fast food, which racial ‘impurity’ has been reinscribed as a subversive multiplicity and romantic period, as progressive (but not unidirectional) agency. (Fludernik 21) The question is in how far this shift includes a change in the way we conceive of hybridity itself and in how far the term continues to transport some of the implications that served to legitimize hegemonic thought. Fludernik’s explanation proves quite illuminating in this respect. Compare And Contrast About Food? Her mention of ‘agency’ (a notion that is entirely alien to biological conceptions of hybridity) indicates the first, as does as her emphasis on about finding true love the verb ‘connote’ which implies a certain cognitive detachment from the term’s origin. Indeed, the term is more and more often used as largely synonymous to ‘pluralism’ or ‘multiplicity,’ inviting charges of “theoretical vagueness and ‘elasticity’ of the compare and contrast fast, concept itself” (Acheraiou 102). Finding True Love? At the same time, somewhat paradoxically, the very notion of ‘interstice’, the space between, shows the concept’s continued reliance on a binary, essentialist model, as the two poles are still understood as oppositional in nature (not only in structure). Compare About Food Restaurants? In other words: the courses ireland, concept of ‘hybridity’ is thinkable only in connection with its opposite – that of ‘purity’ – which is located at both poles. Compare Essay Fast Food? Fludernik argues that the enumerate of personal essay, formerly negative notion of impurity has come to and contrast essay fast food, be viewed as positive. This revaluation, however, can hardly be said to present a “transcendence of respiration, binary oppositions” (Fludernik 11); instead it is an inverse repetition of a logic that continues to foreground the heterogeneity of colonized and colonizing subject and thus fails to grasp the compare fast restaurants, complexity of both relations of power and processes of identity formation.

Moreover, I argue that ‘hybridity’ presents an altogether different schema to that of multiplicity: the first is based on period of music essay the logic of about food restaurants, amalgamation, of fusion at master east, some elementary (or essential) level, while the latter describes one of concurrence. A hybrid thus combines two heterogeneous things A and B to form a third, C, which presents an about fast food, amalgam of its ‘parents’, while multiplicity describes the psychosynthesis, juxtaposition of elements from A and compare fast food restaurants, B, which then coexist alongside one another. Two popular metaphors for cultural diversity can serve to illustrate the difference: the melting pot presents a metaphor for hybridity, while the salad bowl is a metaphor for bank policy working pluralism. Conceiving of personal and food, cultural identity in terms of hybridity leads to the reduction of working paper, a person or culture to one specific dimension, that of a particular interstice, thus overlooking the diversity and complexity of individual and cultural identity. To refer to former colonies as ‘hybrid’ not only perpetuates the false implication that these societies were quite homogenous prior to the interference of the colonizers, but simultaneously implies that the culture of the colonizers does not have the same status. After all, what sense would it make to speak of compare fast restaurants, ‘hybridization’ if all cultures were always already hybrid?

If we posit cultural hybridity as a given, would the whole hybridity discourse not become vacuous? Discursively, Julika Griem concludes, the effectiveness of hybridity as a subversive category depends on the supposition of the existence of stable identities, nations, cultures and ethnicities, which present its antithesis (220-1). Hence, the respiration essay, notion of hybridity relies precisely on that which it seeks to compare essay fast, undermine, because drawing on an essentialist and binary schema necessarily results in courses ireland, the perpetuation of its very logic. What is more, the concept reiterates the colonizer’s overemphasis on the significance of categories such as cultural heritage, ethnicity and nationality, which present but some of many dimensions that contribute to the formation of an essay about fast, individual’s identity. I contend that these are not fundamentally different from other socially defined roles individuals perform on ireland a daily basis, from that of parent to and contrast about, that of employee to that of sexual partner, neighbor or consumer. In other words: identities, postcolonial or otherwise, are better described as multiple than as hybrid. Cultures and identities are neither static nor natural; they present constructed worlds and as such they are subject to permanent revision. In how far is all this relevant to our discussion of hybrid genres?

Firstly, the popularity of the notion of hybrid genres with regard to contemporary literature is clearly inspired by the concept’s success within postcolonial studies. It is about finding love, quite evident that the same issues surrounding questions of identity, knowledge and compare about food restaurants, power that lie at the heart of much contemporary theory (from poststructuralist to postcolonial and gender theoretical approaches) also inspire the master east, literary production in general and uses of genre conventions in particular. The term ‘hybridity’ in its revised sense has by many been considered a viable strategy for the subversion of binary hegemonic discourses. Compare Restaurants? In fact, “[i]n postcolonial debates the psychosynthesis courses ireland, presumed resistive impulse of hybridity is essay about food restaurants, often reiterated with force and zeal, verging on conceptual dogmatism” (Acheraiou 95). Translated to bank policy research paper no. 5430, the realm of and contrast essay about fast food, literary production, this assumption ascribes to works that overtly mix genres a veritably subversive dimension: generic experimentation is considered to exemplify the strategy of hybridity on enumerate the level of cultural forms. Compare About Food? It is evident that many contemporary texts employ generic experimentation to express their critique of hegemonic discourses, but the mechanisms and effects of generic experimentation are much more complex and enumerate the elements of personal essay, diverse than the compare and contrast restaurants, notion of essays true love, hybridity can possibly capture. Reconceptualizing Genres as Schematized World-Constructions. The first and most important step to a reconceptualization of genre ‘mixing’ consists in the rejection of what Amy J. Devitt calls “a formal view of about, genre” (5), which departs from a container model of meaning, in which genre presents the form into which content is put. This conception of genre is not only static and normalizing, it also focuses on the finished product rather than on processes of meaning-production.

Rather than conceiving genres as a set of formal features, genres should be understood as cognitive schemata (Hallet 53-71; Frow 83-7). David Rumelhart defines schemata as “[…] certain forms of rules of ‘productive imagination’ through which the understanding is able to apply its ‘categories’ to the manifold of thesis middle east, sense-perception in the process of realizing knowledge or experience” (2). Compare And Contrast About Restaurants? Learning thus takes the shape of pattern-acquisition, in other words: we learn to understand and experience objects, activities, ideas, situations, etc., in essay, terms of typical spatial and functional relationships associated with them. We can then recognise either part or whole of that concept and through the activation of the respective schema, infer information on the nature of the object, activity, idea, situation, etc., that is unavailable to our sense perception: Once we have accepted a configuration of schemata, the schemata themselves provide a richness which goes far beyond our observations. Upon deciding that we have seen an automobile, we assume that it has an engine, headlights, and all of the standard characteristics of an automobile. We do this without the slightest hesitation. […] This allows our interpretations to far outstrip our sensory observations. In fact, once we have determined that a particular schema accounts for some event we may not be able to determine which aspects of our beliefs are based on direct sensory information and which are merely consequences of our interpretation. (Rumelhart 10) As they present the essay food restaurants, smallest units into psychosynthesis courses ireland, which our knowledge is packaged, Rumelhart describes schemata as “the building blocks of cognition” (2). Genres present particularly complex schemata, or better: complexes of schemata. They form, through association, sets or clusters of typical features I refer to essay about fast food restaurants, as ‘construction kits’ from which the writer can draw in his/her textual production, and which, in turn, shape the reader’s expectations towards a text.

Thus, genres, as John Frow observes, project specific worlds (73), or, more precisely, genres provide the parameters for constructing worlds[3]: Examples of such generically projected worlds would be: the world of the the elements of personal, tabloid press, populated by celebrities, criminals, victims, nude models, and and contrast essay about food, scenarios centred on scandal, crime, and sport. Its moral tone tends to be at once moralistic and salacious, and its time is that of a static continuum punctured by arbitrary events; the world of the picaresque novel, a world of sharp-witted servants and dull masters, of of music, confidence tricks, of hunger and the constant threat of food restaurants, poverty, of the enumerate essay, road and the unforeseen adventure, of about fast food restaurants, upward and downward mobility, of a time which is at once episodic and recurrent; the world of the Petrarchan sonnet, where lovers are constant and fair mistresses are not, where suffering or bliss are the poles between which love moves, where eyes shoot beams to twine souls together, and where time is essay, that of biological decay and about restaurants, its transcendence in love or in writing […]. (Frow 86) These different worlds are evoked by the text through specific markers (Seibel 138). From the essays about true, moment we pick up or purchase a book and throughout the entire process of reading, we come across numerous generic indicators in different shapes: the designation on the cover, as well as the cover design and compare about fast restaurants, the title of the book or text, furthermore characteristic phrases, such as “once upon a time”, and master thesis middle, typical motifs such as space and time travel in the case of compare essay about food, science fiction or the shipwreck motif in the case of the robinsonade. We recognize these indicators which in turn activate our schematized knowledge and result in a tentative attribution to a specific genre (Hallet 59). This attribution then largely determines the reader’s expectations. We approach any text (as well as films, plays, paintings, music etc.) with a variety (which is, of course, determined by our socio-cultural context) of schematised world-constructs at hand, trying to essays about finding true, find a suitable match – a process which is mostly unconscious. Thus, when we read the and contrast about fast food restaurants, word ‘cowboy’, we draw on our generic knowledge of the western and respiration essay, consequently visualize a characteristic setting in the Old American West, a setting which includes such things as saloons, ranches, stagecoaches, sheriffs, bandits, roulette, cancan, show downs and tumbleweed, to name but a few.

Conversely, entities such as princesses, dragons and aliens do not belong to the genre’s general repertoire and their appearance would present a striking deviation from the reader’s expectations. It is normally such surprising combinations that are described in terms of hybridity, while the less glaring combinations go largely unnoticed, as Seibel observes (137). The notion that genres evoke schematized worlds is crucial to compare and contrast essay about food restaurants, understanding the political dimension of genre usage, because these worlds transcend the text. Firstly, they can in courses ireland, various senses become institutionalized, for and contrast about food restaurants example in the form of specialized events, publications and marketing practices, creating specific genre communities on the basis of thesis middle, shared ideas, tastes and interests. Compare About Fast Restaurants? Secondly, their structures and conventions respond to specific socio-historical conditions and concerns.

In other words: the master middle, constitution of these worlds reflects and/or proposes specific world-views; changes within society consequently also affect these cultural practices and vice versa. Thus, while ‘hybridity’ describes a textual quality, a cognitive approach conceives of genres as expectations that guide literary production and compare essay about fast food restaurants, reception . In order to capture this communicative dimension of genre ‘mixing’, I propose to borrow another concept from cognitive literary theory that provides a productive alternative to hybridity: conceptual blending. Conceptual Blending as an Alternative Concept for respiration Genre ‘Mixing’ Unlike ‘hybridity,’ ‘blending’ does not describe the status of a cultural artefact, but a cognitive process – a text, genre or culture is or is not hybrid, while ‘blending’ refers to something one does . Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner describe blending as the partial projection of structural elements and compare food, schemata from one mental space onto another. Mental spaces are dynamic conceptual structures which we construct for specific purposes and according to specific situations (Fauconnier and Turner 40) and the schematized worlds we associate with particular genres present such mental spaces. Although Fauconnier and Turner’s concept clearly suggests itself for an application to literary genres, its potential has so far gone largely unnoticed within genre studies, with the notable exception of Michael Sinding, who, to essay, my knowledge is the first and only genre critic to employ ‘blending’ to genre mixtures. Processes of blending are ubiquitous within all areas of language use; they are involved not only in and contrast essay about food restaurants, the creation of parables, metaphors and other tropes, but wherever schemata from a specific realm are transferred to other realms. Thus, for example, the saying “‘[w]hen the cat’s away, the mice will play’ can be projected onto stories of the office, the classroom, infidelity, congressional oversight committees, computer antivirus utilities, and so on, over an unlimited range” (Turner 87). Master? Most blending remains covert and unobtrusive; we only compare and contrast about food restaurants become aware of the blended character of a construction when we come across surprising twists, logical inconsistencies or structural clashes, thus prompting the ‘hybridity diagnosis’. Although the concept’s application to genres is, as I have shown, inherently flawed, when and how it is bank paper, used is compare and contrast about fast food, nevertheless significant because this provides an important clue as to paper no. 5430, the ways in compare and contrast about restaurants, which the quality of genre ‘mixing’ in bank policy paper, contemporary literature may differ from combinations of genre schemata in other periods: processes of essay about fast food, blending are increasingly foregrounded through the deliberate disappointment of, or confrontation between, generic expectations. Blending involves the following dimensions (Fauconnier and Turner 41-2): Input Spaces : with regard to genre ‘mixing,’ the mental input spaces are the world-constructs evoked by respiration genre labels.

These include plot structures, typical settings and compare essay fast food restaurants, entities, stock characters and character constellations, expectable actions and respiration, outcomes, but also such aspects as linguistic particularities, specific social hierarchies, atmospheres and moral attitudes. Cross-Space Mapping : “A partial cross-space mapping connects counterparts in compare fast food restaurants, the input spaces” (Fauconnier and Turner 41). Master Thesis East? Everything the fast food, input spaces have in common is contained in a so-called generic[4] space . Thus, reading a text as the instance of respiration essay, a genre involves identifying counterparts between our construction kit of that genre and the text at hand. Cross-space mapping also enables us to essay about fast food, blend different genres because their worlds (that is, the mental spaces we construct in relation to these genre labels) either share, or are compatible with regard to, certain elements and structures. The relevant aspects from the input spaces are then projected onto a fourth space, the blended space , or ‘blend.’ Through the composition of particular elements and processes of completion , the blend can develop emergent structure that is not part of the inputs (Fauconnier and Turner 42-3) but results from the interaction of the newly combined elements. Psychosynthesis Courses Ireland? This new structure can then partly be projected back onto the input spaces, as will be illustrated with the help of some examples. Unlike ‘hybridity,’ the concept of and contrast essay fast food restaurants, blending does not rely on an essentialist model, but describes cognitive constructions, and therefore does not conceive of the input spaces as stable or pure.

Consequently, any blend can provide an input space for new blends. Indeed, the application of the notion of ‘hybridity’ from biology to colonial and postcolonial discourses to literary genres quite neatly illustrates the multiple stages involved in many processes of blending. Essay? Because genres evoke worlds with the help of complexes of schemata, genre worlds are themselves already blended spaces and can in turn serve as input spaces for and contrast food worlds that combine schemata from different genres. Essays About True? This repeatability of blending, presents the prerequisite for combining elements associated with different genres. Incidentally, this observation also provides a new perspective on generic labels such as ‘gothic thriller’ or ‘romantic comedy’, which are often understood in terms of and contrast essay about food, subgenres or modes in thesis east, the adjectival sense.

Contrary to these ideas, I argue that the often ad hoc coinage of such labels can be better and more simply explained as illustrating a blended space, or world, which combines elements or structures associated with two different genres. Generic Blending in Scorsese’s Taxi Driver. An example will serve illustrate how the described multistage process can help us understand different forms and effects of generic ‘mixing’ – Martin Scorsese’s cult film Taxi Driver , which mixes elements associated with the psychological thriller and such associated with the western genre. 26-year old ex-soldier Travis Bickle, who suffers from insomnia, witnesses on his nightly cab tours through New York scenes of violence, prostitution and drug abuse. “All the animals,” Travis contemplates, “come out at night – whores, skunk-pussies, buggers, queens, fairies, dopers, junkies… sick, venal. Someday a rain’ll come and wash all this scum off the street” (qtd. in compare and contrast food, Ray 352). Disgusted by what he sees and frustrated with his failed courtship of the classy Betsy, he finally decides to take matters into his own hands. He meets the 12-year old prostitute Iris whom he decides to ‘save’ and world policy paper no. 5430, kills her pimp and his henchmen in a dramatic shootout. The film thus exhibits the dark mood and vivid depiction of violence, as well as the narrative perspective and pre-occupation with mental processes characteristic of many films labelled ‘psychological thriller’ and a plot structure and character constellation considered typical of the western. Before analyzing how the compare essay about food restaurants, viewer integrates these two different genres, however, I would like to consider how another blend, namely that between the world of the western and late-70s urban America, is the elements, established. The primary input spaces here are ‘New York’ and the world of the western. The cross-spatial mapping of compare and contrast essay about food, these spaces connects the lawlessness, vice and corruption associated with the Wild West with the thesis middle east, lawlessness, vice and corruption Travis sees in the streets of New York.

Once this connection is established, one can identify many more counterparts in the generic space: the armed robbery of a convenience store resembles the bank robberies we frequently find in westerns, New York’s prostitutes present counterparts to the ‘easy girls’ in frontier towns (Iris’s nickname, incidentally, is “Easy”), Sport’s long hair and and contrast essay restaurants, headband recall the bank working paper, stereotypical Indian, and, most importantly, the loner Travis in his taxi recalls the lonesome cowboy, who aimlessly roams the wilderness on his horse. Compare And Contrast About Fast Food? These parallels or ‘mappings’ become so suggestive to Travis that he adapts his behaviour to that of the essay, cowboy: having decided to essay about restaurants, take matters into his own hands, he buys several revolvers, begins to practise his quick draw and tapes a knife to his cowboy boots. It is at this point that Travis’s blend becomes overt. This illustrates how blends develop emergent structure: once Travis has recognized key similarities between the romantic period of music essay, input spaces, he begins to complete the structure and identifies an ‘adequate’ solution to the perceived problem – vigilantism. Scorsese’s film is particularly interesting, because while the protagonist is quite obviously psychopathic, it is never entirely clear whether his blend is merely the delusion of an individual who is losing his grip on compare reality, or if it indeed corresponds to a widely accepted world-view, as the implausible ending shows Travis being congratulated for his murderous actions. Conversely, some of the insights gained within the blend can be projected back onto the input spaces: the impressions of brutality and courses ireland, insanity the viewer gains from Scorsese’s film can be projected back onto the western to and contrast essay about fast restaurants, reveal the violent logic underlying dominant conceptions of this genre, while the surprising ending can (depending on thesis middle the viewer’s interpretation) lead one to and contrast essay about food restaurants, assume the lingering influence of the essays, world-view associated with the western within parts of the US.

The concept of blending thus also captures different dimensions of ideological critique involved in genre mixing. Although Taxi Driver effectively evokes the about food, western genre, this does not mean that the viewer identifies the of personal, film as a western. Instead, viewers are more likely to understand Scorsese’s film as a psychological thriller. The reason for this is not so much that elements associated with the psychological thriller ‘outweigh’ those associated with the western, although the contemporary urban setting may, for some, disqualify the film’s classification as a western. Compare About? The main reason for such a view, however, is the discrepancy between the protagonist’s world-view and that of the audience.

Travis interprets his surroundings as analogous to romantic of music essay, the world of the western, whereas the viewer, confronted with various signs of the taxi driver’s mental decline which somewhat forestalls the identification with the compare essay fast, protagonist, tends to master thesis middle east, understand Travis’s interpretation as a delusion, a result of about fast food restaurants, his pathological state of mind. This shows that genre evocation does not necessarily lead to genre attribution. That the majority of references to a specific genre do not lead to genre attribution is a circumstance that is routinely neglected by proponents of generic hybridity, because although Taxi Driver evokes two very different genres the film can hardly be termed a ‘hybrid’ of western and thriller. By the same token, the respiration essay, fact that a newspaper article refers to compare and contrast about fast food restaurants, an event as a ‘tragedy’ does not mean that we classify it as pertaining to that literary tradition. Instead, the selective projection of schemata we associate with a particular genre enables us to interpret new information with the enumerate the elements of personal essay, help of familiar patterns which then also govern our (re)actions, as Taxi Driver dramatically illustrates. As readily available world-constructs genres provide effective models for the structuring of extra-literary realities (Hallet 60). This presents the true political dimension of and contrast essay food restaurants, generic experimentation, because a text’s failure to adhere to our generic expectations leads to courses, the foregrounding of compare and contrast essay about fast food, these expectations, which renders them accessible to rational critique. The Elements Of Personal Essay? Moreover, the discrepancy between generic expectations and compare and contrast fast food restaurants, textual actualizations may result in the adjustment of bank policy research working paper, our genre schemata and therefore ultimately also to a revision of our understanding of extra-literary realities. This shall be illustrated with some cursory reflections on blends drawing on the fairy tale, one of the few genres where criticism often explicitly focuses on questions of ideology and pedagogy, or on what I call ‘the politics of genre’. The tales subsumed under the label ‘classical fairy tale’ gradually found their way into the households of the literate classes, particularly of the compare essay about fast food restaurants, bourgeoisie, in the 18 th and 19 th century.

Counter to common knowledge, the familiar versions read in courses ireland, families and schools, such as those collected by food restaurants the Brothers Grimm and Charles Perrault, exhibit significant alterations compared to the oral folk versions most of enumerate the elements essay, them are based on (Zipes Magic Spell 2). And Contrast Essay Restaurants? Far from faithfully reproducing tales that were orally transmitted for generations and generations, the ‘classical’ versions were adapted for a bourgeois audiences with the purpose of promoting the morals and codes of behavior of the patriarchal bourgeois society in order to prepare men and women for their respective roles therein: [T]he male hero learns to be active, competitive, handsome, industrious, cunning, acquisitive. His goal is essays about true love, money, power, and a woman (also associated with chattel). His jurisdiction is the open world. Compare? His happiness depends on the just use of bank paper no. 5430, power. The female hero learns to be passive, obedient, self-sacrificing, hard-working, patient, and straight-laced. Her goal is wealth, jewels and a man to and contrast essay food restaurants, protect her property rights. Her jurisdiction is the home or castle.

Her happiness depends on conformity to patriarchal rule. Of Personal? (Zipes Fairy Tales 57) I would argue that up until today most people’s conceptions of the fairy tale are shaped mainly by the literary versions by Perrault, the Brothers Grimm and Hans-Christian Andersen, which are still widely read in families, but also circulated as children’s entertainment by the mass media. This means that there is a relatively limited stock of culturally shared generic schemata, which renders the projection of fairy tale motifs and structures to compare and contrast fast, other genres and world-constructs both appealing and effective. At the essay, same time, because many of these structures are intimately tied to an ideology that is increasingly seen as problematic, they are often evoked against about restaurants, themselves, that is, to reveal and critique their ideological bias. Thus, in the last thirty years or so, there have been a growing number of courses, rewritings of fairy tales that renegotiate the fixed gender conceptions promoted by the classical versions, often by compare essay fast restaurants portraying the fairy tale ‘heroine’ as active and ireland, ingenious rather than passive and simple-minded.

To name one of many examples, the Snow White in Tarsem Singh’s 2012 adaptation Mirror Mirror grows into a proactive heroine who fights the vain and compare and contrast essay about fast, cruel queen alongside the seven dwarves. Middle? When the compare about restaurants, queen enters the forest to kill Snow White, the latter locks up her male helpers, including the prince, in the dwarves’ dwelling, resolved to confront the queen on her own. She tells the prince: ‘“You know, all that time locked up in the castle, I did a lot of reading. You read so many stories where the prince saves the princess. I think it’s time we changed that ending!”’, at which the prince protests: ‘“But it’s been focused grouped and it works!”’. This meta-generic quip foregrounds the cognitive process and implications of the completion of the genre schema by linking the ireland, gender roles promoted by fairy tale conventions to audience expectations and marketability. Snow White’s fight for a different ending consequently presents an explicit critique of these preconceptions. In order to grasp the about fast restaurants, real political potential of genre it is paramount to world bank policy paper, understand that it is only through the compare and contrast essay about fast food, familiarity with the generic schemata that the emancipatory message of subversive versions becomes effective in the reader’s mind, leading him/her to master thesis middle east, revise received genre conceptions, and thus renders the alterations socially relevant. Jack Zipes provides another intriguing example of a subversive blend: a television advert for a cleaning agent blends the generic input spaces of the fairy tale and of advertising by employing the Cinderella story to illustrate the key sales argument for the product. One older sister: Cinderella, wash the floor.

Other older sister: Yeah, wash it, and and contrast essay fast food restaurants, then re-wax it. [Sisters leave for the ball.] Cinderella: Wash, wax, pfui. [Fairy Godmother appears.] Fairy Godmother: Phew, ammonia. That strips wax. But use Mr Clean with no ammonia. Essay? Mr Clean gets the dirt but leaves the wax shining and you get a shine. Fairy Godmother: And now off to fast, the ball? Cinderella: Ball-schmall. Tonight’s my bowling league. ‘Bye. [author’s emphases] (Proctor and Gamble TV ad, qtd. in Zipes Magic Spell xxi)

This blend overtly deconstructs the finding true, expectations associated with both genres: firstly, instead of envying and emulating the haughty sisters and compare about food restaurants, subscribing to the upper and upper middle-class ideal of sophistication by attending a formal ball, where she could show off her beauty and find her prince, this self-determined Cinderella chooses a more working-class activity where she can roll up her sleeves and show her skills as part of a team. The ad thus exposes the master middle, gender and class bias of the familiar fairy tale version. And Contrast About Restaurants? Secondly, the respiration, emancipatory twist also presents a critique of the conservative image of the happy housewife often evoked in the promotion of household products by the marketing industry, because by using Cinderella as a model, this advert portrays housework not as the woman’s vocation or a familial duty, but as a chore forced upon her by others, thus subtly hinting at the coercive dimension of role allocation. Despite the increase in critical engagement with the political dimension of essay about food restaurants, folk and fairy tales, it remains largely unexplored how their structures shape particular extra-literary conceptions and respiration, discourses. This seems surprising considering the socializing function so often ascribed to them. While the scope of compare essay about food, this question certainly exceeds this article, I would like to suggest that they not only continue to affect gender conceptions and romantic period of music, received notions of beauty and romantic love, but are also blended with other popular genres. Thus, many romantic films evoke, sometimes more, sometimes less explicitly, fairy tale motifs and metaphors, not to mention the compare essay about fast food restaurants, ‘happy ever after’ formula. By the same token, the romantic period essay, hierarchical structure of the fairy tale world tangibly inspires celebrity coverage in the popular press and on TV, because in the present age of communication and globalized markets, the celebrity occupies an elevated position analogous to that of the aristocracy in the feudal world of the fairy tale. Beauty, wealth and prestige structure both world-constructs, rendering the blend as effective as it is unobtrusive. This recourse to fairy tale schemata in parts of the mass media arguably partly accounts for the persistence of the seemingly anachronistic institution of monarchy in compare about fast, so many Western democracies.

As in the time of Perrault and the Grimm Brothers, the essay, fairy tale semantics still imbues the royal sphere with glamour and fuels people’s hopes and aspirations of social advancement. In this light, the recent crisis of the and contrast essay about, British monarchy could, to some extent, be attributed to the failure of the projection due to an overt discrepancy between fairy tale conventions and the events surrounding the marriage between Prince Charles and Diana Spencer portrayed in the popular media. Psychosynthesis Courses Ireland? This discrepancy becomes starkly apparent precisely because the projection at first seemed to fit very well indeed: although Diana is of noble descent, this is consistently downplayed or altogether neglected in the media’s portrayal of her as a Cinderella-figure (Gephart 157), which allows Prince Charles to become Prince Charming and compare about fast food, select the beautiful young woman as his princess. More important than their ‘fairy tale wedding’ is the circumstance that the Princess of Wales came to be seen as the enumerate the elements of personal, embodiment of the very virtues of the heroine of the and contrast about food restaurants, classical fairy tale tradition: young and beautiful, her initial shyness made her seem both passive and obedient, while the concern she displayed for the sick and poor, and her commitment to the battle against respiration essay, landmines, showed kindness, caring and selflessness. In other words: according to the gender conception associated with the classical fairy tale tradition, Diana Spencer rightfully deserved a happy ending with her Prince Charming. Compare About Fast Restaurants? That she was denied this happy ending because the Prince had an affair with a married woman arguably undermines the belief in the validity of the projection of the enumerate the elements, fairy tale court, where the adherence to compare essay fast food, the bourgeois moral code is rewarded, onto the British monarchy. The fairy tale happy ending can arguably be considered to represent something of a ‘symbolical contract’ between nobility and bourgeoisie, according to which the bourgeoisie’s acceptance of the nobility’s supreme status is enumerate of personal, premised on the latter’s acceptance of bourgeois values. In the aftermath of essay food restaurants, Diana’s death, the institution of monarchy in Britain came increasingly under scrutiny, and was openly criticized as outdated. Today, this crisis seems to have been entirely overcome. Again, the reinvigoration of the fairy tale projection can be considered to psychosynthesis ireland, be of symbolical significance to the revitalization of monarchism: although the initial blend failed, the corrected cross-space mapping which substitutes Charles for his son in the role of Prince Charming seems to provide a suitable match including the desired happy ending in compare and contrast about fast restaurants, the shape of a fairy tale wedding. As I have sought to show, genres are not only enumerate the elements relevant in terms of classification, but as complexes of and contrast essay restaurants, schemata they also present meaningful patterns that govern our interpretation of cultural artifacts, as well as of extra-textual worlds.

In this sense, for the sake of monarchism, William and middle east, Kate would do well to live up to the generic expectations of the fairy tale, in compare fast restaurants, other words, happily ever after. [1]Brunetiere conceives of genres as possessing a life-span that can be divided into three stages: birth, maturity, death (13). He then applies this tripartite conception of generic development to literary history, allocating to major works a specific place in the life-cycle of the genre he considers them to represent. [2]David Fishelov, who calls for a revivification of certain aspects of the of personal, evolutionary paradigm ( Life , 616) presents a notable exception. [3] I depart from a constructivist world-concept that defines worlds as structures which are conceived as having defined boundaries, their own specific rules and laws, and exclude certain individuals or entities. [4] Fauconnier and Turner use ‘generic’ here in a broad sense, not in relation to artistic genres. Acheraiou, Amar. Questioning Hybridity, Postcolonialism and Globalization. Compare Food? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Print. Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture.

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Martina Allen was born in 1981 in Frankfurt/Germany. Compare And Contrast Fast Food? She studied English as well as Theatre, Film and Media Studies at the Goethe-University in Frankfurt and received her Master of Arts with Honours in both subjects in 2008. Since 2010, she has had several lectureships at the TU Darmstadt and currently holds a Dissertation Fellowship at the University of Konstanz/Germany. The subject of her dissertation thesis is the significance and discursive functions of genre in middle east, contemporary Anglophone literature.