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Comparing Poems from different cultures | Art Essay - Artscolumbia

Poems from different cultures comparison essay

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Comparing Poems from different cultures | Art Essay - Artscolumbia

A Sample Lemonade Stand Business Plan Template. From Different Cultures Comparison! Are you about starting a lemonade stand? If YES, here is a complete sample lemonade stand business plan template feasibility report you can use for FREE . Okay, so we have considered all the help with programming assignment requirements for starting a lemonade stand business. We also took it further by analyzing and poems cultures, drafting a sample lemonade stand marketing plan template backed up by actionable guerrilla marketing ideas for lemonade stand businesses. So let#8217;s proceed to the business planning section. Modernism! Why Start a Lemonade Stand Business? Lemonade stands is a very lucrative business that can be started by even kids and college students to make some money for poems themselves during the christmas homework holidays and summers.

This business is poems different essay also a good business idea for stay-at-home parents or unemployed people. With less than $100, you can start your lemonade business for yourself. But if you have enough funds to invest, you can try starting up a mobile lemonade stand. You can also consider selling snacks and other types of modernism, fruit juice to boost your business income. It is very important that you pen down your business plan and obtain all the necessary licenses and permits for your business before you start.

You may also want to poems from understudy one who is already versed in the industry. This is open ended so that you will be put through the various processes involved in starting a lemonade stand business. Here is an already prepared business plan to help you navigate your way through the business; A Sample Lemonade Stand Business Plan Template. Domestic lemon production in the United has recently started up while the previous year ended in July. In the United States, California is the biggest lemon producing state with 47,000 acres in production, and the 8,300 acres remaining in the United States are grown in Arizona. Within the 2014 2015 season, lemon production in poems different cultures comparison essay California grew by 9 percent, while Arizona’s lemon production increased by 11 percent during the same reason. Lemon production in California is believed will remain stable while Arizona production will probably reduce by 15 and hints writing sat essay, 20 percent. Just at the exact point when oranges, grapefruit and poems from cultures comparison, tangelos are all showing a slight reduction in acreage, lemons and tangerines/mandarins were the only citrus varieties to show an methodology ppt, increase. Just in 2015 alone, US lemon acreage amounted to 55,300, up 1,000 acres compared to the year before. During the year 2015, Lemon prices remained strong throughout the same. The start of the same year, prices of different cultures comparison essay, lemon started very strong due to a smaller harvest during the previous year.

It also ended on a strong note with the season-average price being 14 percent above the season-average price in open ended essay ap literature 2014. Becauseof this strong lemon prices, the industry experienced an increase in production value, up from $641 million in 2014 to $694 million in poems from comparison 2015. Lemon importation in ended essay ap literature the United States increased last year to cultures essay a record 169.6 million pounds. It is believed that this increase was triggered by lower fresh production and higher prices. Mexico provided 54 percent (equivalent to 92.1 million pounds) of all lemons imported into the US and the country has been increasing its lemon shipments to help with java programming the US year over year. Chile is the number two sourcing country for poems from different lemons and vs postmodernism, exported 62.2 million pounds during last season, more than doubling the volume shipped the year before. Shipments from Spain almost tripled compared to the previous year and amounted to 10.3 million pounds. Lemon exports exceeded imports and amounted to 247.9 million pounds last year. Poems From Cultures Comparison! Japan was the open ended largest destination for US fresh lemons, buying 67.9 million pounds. Poems Different! Canada received about the same amount as Japan. South Korea ranks third, receiving 30.2 million pounds.

Despite the open strong export number, domestic per capita consumption increased 5 percent from the previous season. Since 2010, US per capita consumption of poems cultures, lemons has consistently been above 3 pounds per person. Lemonade Stand Business Plan Executive Summary. Peoples Cafe is a new and big specialty beverage retailer. And Formats! We plan to make use of a system that is different comparison essay entirely new to the industry to provide astounding hot and cold beverages in a convenient and time-efficient way.

We at help with java, Peoples Cafe hope to provide our customers with the opportunity to drive up and place their order of well-prepared lemonade, espresso drink, freshly brewed coffee, or other beverage. We also hope to give our patrons the poems from different cultures comparison best hot and cold beverages, specializing in well blended lemonade, coffees, blended teas, and other custom drinks. Vs Postmodernism Essay! We will also offer soft drinks, fresh-baked pastries and other confections. at Peoples Cafe hope to get at our targeted markets by deploying Drive-through facilities and Mobile Cafes to satisfy the various urge of the people of San Diego, California. These facilities we believe will be designed to manage the two-sided traffic and cultures comparison, dispense customer-designed, specially ordered cups of premium lemonade in less time than need to visit other businesses. We at Peoples Cafe hope to offer quality products and an extensive menu of delicious items, to make sure we get our customer awareness and loyalty, as well as good publicity coverage and media support.

The financial picture we have for this venture looks promising. We at Peoples Cafe chose to become the Drive-through cafe between the modernism essay mountains, gaining several million dollars through an poems different essay, initial public or private offering that would allow the People’s Cafe to open twenty to thirty facilities per year in christmas all metropolitan communities in the North, Midwest, and South with a population of over 150,000. It is very important to note that Peoples Cafe is a Limited Liability Corporation. We believe that all membership shares are all currently owned by Nick and poems from cultures, Sandra Martins, and we also plan or hope to use a portion of the shares to raise capital. Our plan calls for the sale of 100 membership units in Peoples Cafe to family members, friends, and Angel Investors. We also believe that it is crucial to say that each membership unit in the business is priced at $2,328 with a minimum of modernism vs postmodernism, five units per membership certificate, or a minimum investment of $21,954 per investor. We also understand that if all funds are raised, Nick and Sandra Martins will maintain ownership of poems comparison essay, no less than 51% of the People’s Cafe. We at Peoples Cafe hope to provide our patrons the finest hot and cold beverages, specializing in well blended Lemonade and custom blended teas. In addition, we also hope to select sell coffees, soft drinks, Italian sodas, fresh-baked pastries, and other confections. We at essay structures, Peoples Cafe hope to offer our customers the ability to custom order a lemonade beverage that will be made and poems comparison, produced to their exact specifications. All of our staffs will be well trained in the art of making, blending, and serving the highest quality hot and sat essay, cold beverages, with exceptional attention to detail. Through our website and certain locations, we will market premium items such as Lemonade, coffee mugs, T-shirts and poems different comparison, sweatshirts, ball caps, and essay structures, more.

We hope to create multiple sources of income in line with our core business concept, which is why we will run an in – house and community based consultancy service and trainings as it relates to lemonade and all other drinks. Our Objective is to poems from comparison essay produce the best products freshest lemon, coffee beans, cleanest equipment, premium serving containers, consistent flavour. Our Vision at Peoples Cafe is to build a stand that will provide astonishing services to the people of San Diego and in research ppt, also grow to poems from different essay become a venture that will occupy every major city in essay the United States. Our mission at Peoples Cafe is to provide our customers with the finest quality beverage in poems from cultures the most efficient time, provide community support through customer involvement, and build and grow our business at a profitable rate through sound economic decisions. Help Java! Our Business Structure at Peoples Cafe will be a relatively flat one, since most of our personnel will be involved in production and there will be a relatively low headcount in management. We plan to create three functioning groups within Peoples Cafe: Production, Sales and Marketing, and General and poems cultures, Administrative. Our Production group will involve our Customer Service Specialists, who will be manning our Drive-through and Mobile Cafes and blending the juices and beverages for the customers. Our Sales and Marketing will take care of the promotion and scheduling of the vs postmodernism Mobile Cafes, as well as the promotion of the different essay Drive-through and the Community Contribution program.

General and Administrative manage the facilities, equipment, inventory, payroll, and other basic, operational processes. We have taken our time to map out the various roles of our employees and what we need, and they include; Chief Executive Officer Chief operating officer Chief financial officer Chief information officer Director of marketing District and help with java programming assignment, facilities managers Warehouse manager /store manager Customer Service Specialists Cleaner. Roles and Responsibilities. Develops management’s effectiveness by employing, selecting and training, managers. Poems Cultures Comparison Essay! Passing across information to managers on values, plans, and purposes. Christmas Homework! Generates, interacts, and applies the organization’s vision, mission, and overriding theme. In charge of setting prices and validation business deals Provides a sense of direction for poems cultures essay the business Constructs, transfers, and helps to drive the organization’s vision, mission, and hints writing, overall direction. Validates checks and documents.

Appraises the achievement of the organization. In charge of overseeing the smooth running of the business Leads the producing of all business products Part of the team that determines the quantity of products that are to be produced daily Make lists and budget for all supplies Oversee the entire business process In charge of training new staffs Makes sure that quality in maintained at all times Maps out strategy that will lead to poems different cultures comparison efficiency amongst workers in the venture In charge of training, evaluation and assessment of the workforce Ensures operation of equipment by completing preventive maintenance requirements; calling for ap literature repairs. Ensures that the bakery meets the expected safety and health standard at all times. In charge of from essay, preparing financial reports, budgets, and financial statements for the organization Provides managements with financial analyses, development budgets, and accounting reports; analyses financial feasibility for and formats the most complex proposed projects; conducts market research to forecast trends and business conditions. In charge of financial forecasting and risks analysis. Different Cultures Essay! Performs cash management, general ledger accounting, and financial reporting In charge of developing and managing financial systems and review of literature in research methodology ppt, policies In charge of administering payrolls Ensures compliance with taxation legislation Handles all financial transactions for the organization Serves as internal auditor for the organization. Chief Information officer. From Comparison Essay! Provides technological guidance within an organization.

Supervises information system and communications network. Develops and implements a customer service platform to serve the organization in every aspect. Designs and essay, maintain a network infrastructure for local and wide area connectivity and remote access. Comparison Essay! Consults with administration, department managers, and manufacturing representatives to exchange information, present new approaches, and to discuss equipment/system changes. Participates in vendor contract negotiations for all new computer equipment and software purchased for the corporation. Creates a cost-benefit analysis as well as supporting a detailed definition of data requirements and departmental workflows. Modernism! Manages external research and coordinate all the internal sources of information to poems from different essay retain the organizations’ best customers and christmas passes, attract new ones Models demographic information and analyse the poems cultures essay volumes of transactional data generated by customer purchases Identifies, prioritizes, and reaches out to new partners, and structures and formats, business opportunities et al In charge of supervising implementation, advocate for the customer’s needs, and from different comparison, communicate with customers Develops, executes and evaluates new plans for expanding increase sales Documents all customer contact and information Represents the People’s Cafe in strategic meetings Helps to develop sales and growth for hints the People’s Cafe. District and facilities managers. In charge of outlining a comprehensive recruiting and training program for warehouse managers to follow Monitor the PL reports for each store and cultures comparison essay, develop effective ways to fill in any gaps between actual performance and passes, People’s Cafe projections Prioritize store performance issues to make certain that the issues most directly affecting profitability are addressed first Immediately address any lapses in compliance with corporate policies or local, state and federal laws Act as a coach to the store managers and as a resource to each store employee to help inspire the success of each store. Warehouse manager / store manager.

Maintains receiving, warehousing, and distribution operations by initiating, coordinating, and from comparison, enforcing program, operational, and personnel policies and procedures. Complies with federal, state, and structures and formats, local warehousing, material handling, and shipping requirements by studying existing and new legislation; enforcing adherence to requirements; advising management on needed actions. Poems From Different Cultures Comparison Essay! Safeguards warehouse operations and with java, contents by establishing and monitoring security procedures and protocols. Controls inventory levels by conducting physical counts; reconciling with data storage system. Maintains physical condition of from different comparison essay, warehouse by review of literature methodology ppt planning and implementing new design layouts; inspecting equipment; issuing work orders for repair and requisitions for replacement. Contributes to team effort by accomplishing related results as needed. From Different Cultures Essay! Customer Service Specialists. Ensures that all contacts with customer (e-mail, walk-In centre, SMS or phone) provides the client with a personalized customer service experience of the highest level Through interaction with customers on the phone, uses every opportunity to build client’s interest in open ended essay the People’s Cafe ’s products and services Manages administrative duties assigned by the store manager in an effective and timely manner Consistently stays abreast of from different cultures comparison, any new information on Peoples Cafe, promotional campaigns etc. to makes sure accurate and helpful information is homework supplied to customers when they make enquiries. From Cultures! In charge of cleaning the stand at all times Makes sure that toiletries and supplies don’t run out of stock Cleans both the interior and help with, exterior of the shop Any other duty as assigned by the manager. Lemonade Stand Business Plan SWOT Analysis. Our Objective at cultures comparison essay, Peoples Cafe is to build a classic business that will capture majority of the local market share.

We are putting all things in place and we have taken everything into consideration. We also decided to get our SWOT Analysis, which will go a long way in essay helping us establishing a business that will be very successful. We hired a business consultant to do this analysis for us because we believe they will be able to state our issues of we have any. In view of that, we were able to take stock of our strengths, our weakness, our opportunities and also the threats that we are likely going to from comparison essay be exposed to in the industry and our business location. Scarcely summarized below is the result of our SWOT Analysis; According to christmas passes our SWOT Analysis, the strength of Peoples Cafe rests on the fact that we are set to bring in new products and poems from different cultures, innovation into java programming the industry. Our workforce and business location was all notes to be one of the strength we have at Peoples Cafe. Our founders who are experienced individuals in the industry will go a long way to push our venture to the top. Our SWOT Analysis stated that our threat will be the time it will take people to poems different essay know where we are and hints, what we offer. Comparison Essay! People go about their daily activities and most times they tend not to discover the vs postmodernism new business next to them except the venture comes with a direct marketing Plan. We at Peoples Cafe plan to start advertising even before we open up our shops, at poems from different cultures comparison, least to make sure that our brand is known.

The opportunities available to us are unlimited. Our SWOT Analysis noted that the industry is a recession-proof industry that will always keep booming as long as the world’s population keeps growing. People may not always have the time to cook due to their schedule, and will always decide to grab a cup of lemonade or coffee on his way to the office. According to our SWOT Analysis, our threat is the fact that we are competing with already established beverage stand in San Diego, California, and with assignment, also there are other entrepreneurs who are likely going to launch similar business within the location of our business. We understand that this is an easy business to start and people are currently planning on how to join the trend. But we have plans to make sure that this and other threats won’t stop us from achieving our objectives and mission. Lemonade Stand Business Plan MARKET ANALYSIS. Just as we must have said above, California is the leading agricultural state in poems different comparison essay the U.S., with $24.5 billion in sat essay 1996 farm gate sales, compared to different cultures comparison $13.3 in second ranked Texas.

Nine of the top 10 agricultural counties in the U.S. Homework! are located in California, all of from comparison essay, which are billion dollar producers. Fresno County, where this meeting is being held, is the country’s number one agricultural county, with $3.3 billion in essay farm gate sales. The ranking of California as the leading citrus producing state in the United States has been aided by their climatic advantages which enable them to produce a great variety of agricultural products that are not grown extensively elsewhere in the U.S. The rising demand of poems from different, their production of vegetables and citrus is a function of domestic demand, export demand, and competition, both domestically and with programming assignment, internationally. These demands are hyped by things like price, population growth rates, income levels and elasticity, household size, age distributions, educational levels, availability and prices of poems different, substitutes and complements, exchange rates, and changing consumer attitudes and vs postmodernism essay, preferences. One of the key lifestyle trends that is always affecting food consumption is the on-going entrance of poems different comparison essay, women into essay structures and formats the work force, increasing the demand for foods of high and predictable quality that offer convenience and variety. Also the poems from different comparison growth in public knowledge about how diet and health are linked and the importance of maintaining physical fitness throughout life is another trend that have influenced product mix and product form of foods consumed in the United States, as elsewhere. Writing! Other countries are reacting to the U.S. market’s growing demand for imports, and are directly developing their horticultural industries, in alignment with the implementation of broader export-led economic growth and comparison, diversification strategies.

Also the U.S. is investing in the long-term establishment of open ended, new export markets, in response to maturing demand at home and the growth in different cultures essay year-round demand for produce in other countries. Structures! We at Peoples Cafe plan to focus on two different market audience: Commuters and Captive Consumers. Poems Essay! We have designed our business extensively to be able to access both of these markets. Commuters are defined as any one or more individuals in a motorized vehicle travelling from point #8220;A#8221; to point #8220;B.#8221; Peoples Cafe greatest concentration will be on commuters heading to or from work, or those out on their lunch break. Our Captive Consumers market audience would include those who are tethered to essay a campus environment, or in a restricted entry environment that does not give the poems from different comparison right to free movement to and fro. Homework Passes! This will include high school and college campuses, where there is limited time between classes, and corporate campuses where the same time constraints are involved, but regarding meetings and project deadlines and special eventssuch as carnivals, fairs or festivalswhere there is an admission price to enter the gate, but exiting would mean another admission fee, or where refreshments are an integral part of the festivities.

Our target market will also be the mobile individual who has more money than time, and excellent taste in a choice of beverage, but no time to linger in a cafe. We at Peoples Cafe hope to build a business that can provide a substantial value proposition where a customer does not have to find a parking place, exit the vehicle, stand in line to order, wait for the beverages ahead of him to be produced, pay a premium price for average product, find a place to sit, clean up the previous customer’s mess, then enjoy their lemonade or coffee. That’s if they have much time to different cultures comparison spend. But our business concept is to build a business where a customer drives up, places the order, receives a high quality product at a competitive price, and drives away, without spending much time and energy. We will also be providing an important community value to patronizing our business. Because for every purchase a patron makes from us, we plan to essay donate up to 6% of the sale to the local charity selected by the customer. Our Competitive Advantages are very simple. Our high quality product that will be sold at a competitive price in our stands will be a devastating hit to our competitors.

Lemonade Stand Business Plan SALES AND MARKETING STRATEGY. Poems From Different Cultures Essay! We at Peoples Cafe understand how important a marketing plan is to ended essay ap literature the success of our business, which is why we will be placing our Drive-through stands in business locations of poems cultures, very high visibility and great ease of access. We believe that our stands will be located on high traffic commuter routes and close to homework shopping facilities so as to attract customers going to or from work, or while they are out for lunch, or on a shopping expedition. Poems From Different! Our Drive-through will be very simple, astounding, and homework passes, eye-catching. We will also be implementing a low cost advertising/promotion campaign which could involve drive-time radio, but not much more. We will also depend on establishing relationships with schools, charities and corporations to from different cultures comparison provide significant free publicity because of our community support program. We believe that if we give out charitable contributions to these institutions, they will get the word out to their students/faculty/employees/partners about Peoples Cafe. It is no doubt that the use of word of mouth has always proven to modernism vs postmodernism essay be the greatest advertising program any business venture can leverage. The media we believe will be more than willing to promote the charitable parts of Peoples Cafe and give us the opportunity for cultures comparison essay more exposure each moment Peoples Cafe contributes to charity. Lemonade Stand Business Plan Publicity and Advertising strategies. Our long-range goal At Peoples Cafe is to gain enough brand awareness to leverage the open essay ap literature product line into other regions and gain inquiries from potential inventors.

To achieve this goal to expand and grow, we plan to do the poems from different cultures comparison essay following; Spend $1,000 per month on Public relations services for the next year intended to build awareness of editors and product information insertions, reviews, etc. We believe that the school fundraising program or our other charity programs will generate a fair amount of publicity on its own and will, perhaps, minimizeor even eliminatethe need for modernism a publicist. Poems Different Cultures Essay! We will also spend $1,000 per vs postmodernism essay, month concentrating on drive time Radio advertising. We plan to poems from different essay experiment with different stations, keeping careful track of results. As with the school fundraising program, we expect the stand and signage to be a substantial portion of our advertising. List our business on review of literature in research methodology ppt yellow pages ads (local directories) Attend relevant international and local real estate , finance and business expos, seminars, and business fairs et al Create different packages for different category of clients (individuals, start – ups and established corporate organizations) in order to work with their budgets Leverage on the internet to promote our business Engage direct marketing approach Encourage word of mouth marketing from different cultures essay, loyal and satisfied clients. Peoples Cafe is a standard business established to be very successful, which is why we will be providing our products in the most convenient and efficient way availableeither at one of our two-sided Drive-through shops, or at one of in research methodology, our Mobile Cafes. This we believe will separate Peoples Cafe from the competition in that its customers won#8217;t need to find a parking place, wait in a long line, jockey for a seat, and poems from cultures comparison essay, clean up the mess left by a previous patron. We hope to provide enough income to be able to run our business and still move on with our charity aspect. Review Of Literature In Research Methodology! We believe in the uniqueness of our products and we hope to gain income by providing our patrons the poems cultures comparison essay finest hot and cold beverages, specializing in well blended Lemonade and custom blended teas.

We will sell coffees, soft drinks, Italian sodas, fresh-baked pastries, and other confections. We hope to offer our customers the ability to custom order a lemonade beverage that will be made and produced to their exact specifications. We will also offer training and consultancy in regards to modernism vs postmodernism the beverage industry. We at Peoples Cafe hope to start our business by having two Drive-through locations in operation. Poems From Different Comparison! Our first location will start in in research methodology the third month of this plan and from different cultures, be fully operational beginning on the 1st day of November, and our second Drive-through will open six months later. We also hope to add two more Drive-through in our second year and, and an additional nine Drive-through facilities in our third year. Hints Sat Essay! We also hope to deploy one mobile unit in the fourth quarter of the poems from different cultures comparison first fiscal year. Vs Postmodernism! Deploy a second and a third mobile unit within our second fiscal year.

We also expect to boost revenue from the from comparison commerce portion of our website, where it will sell Peoples Cafe t-shirts, sweatshirts, insulated lemonade mugs, pre-packaged coffee beans, and other premium items. But we are not expecting this to be a significant profit centre, but it is a major part of the marketing plan #8212; as a function of developing our brand and building product awareness. We estimate that our total first year sales should reach $421,087. Our second year will see sales increase to $1,114,521.The third year, with the addition of such a significant number of outlets, we will see sales increase to $3,004,752. We at Peoples Cafe have put plans in place in other to boost our income, which may include posting specials on high-profit items at the drive-up window. We also plan to help with programming assignment make sure that we give out free drink coupons to those who have purchased a certain number of poems comparison, cups or something similar.

We also plan to develop window sales techniques such as our sellers asking if the customer would like a fresh-baked item with their lemonade. We believe that our pricing will be comparable to the competition in the market, but with the value-added feature of vs postmodernism, immediate, Drive-through service and convenience. We at Peoples Cafe plan to different make sure that all our payment policy will be all inclusive because we understand greatly that different people prefer different payment options as it suits them. Here are the payment options that we will make available to our clients; Cash payment Point of Sale (POS) Machine payment Online bank transfer (online payment portal) payment Payment via Mobile money.

It is christmas homework passes also important to poems note that we have chosen banking platforms that will help us achieve our plans with little or no itches. Our bank account numbers will be made available on our website and promotional materials to clients who may want to deposit cash or make online transfer for our service charge. Lemonade Stand Business Plan Financial Projections and modernism vs postmodernism, Costing. It is important to note that a lot of poems different, factors will decide the of literature in research amount we will need to successful launch a beverage stand. Poems Different! These factors may include our location, the size of the business we want to start i.e. the homework passes number of outlets / stands et al, and of course the state of the economy as at when we intend starting the business. Poems From Different Cultures Comparison! We have done our research and hints sat essay, have decided on from comparison essay the various places we want to spend our start-up capital, and they include; The Fee for registering the business in the United States $750 The budget for legal fees, insurance, permits and license – $30, 000 The amount needed to build a two standard shop and christmas, renovation of the poems different essay facility inclusive – $60,000 The Cost for the purchase of kitchen / production equipment and gadgets (industrial ovens, fridges, smoke detector, TVs, microwave oven, mugs, Foils, Sound System, tables and chairs et al) – $25,000 The Cost for supply of fruits and other inventories for a month – $120,000 The Cost of Launching a Website – $600 The cost opening party – $5,000 Additional Expenditure (Business cards, Signage, Adverts and Promotions et al) – $100,000. Going by the report from our research and feasibility studies, we will need an average of $350,000 to start Peoples Cafe a standard beverage stand in San Diego, California. Generating Funding / Start-up Capital for Peoples Cafe.

Peoples Cafe just as we must have said is a limited liability company that was established by Nick and Sandra Martins. They hope to build a successful business and have made the christmas homework business process and way of raising start-up funds open. We hope to raise our start up fund through the following ways; Generate part of the start – up capital from personal savings and sell of poems from different cultures comparison essay, stocks Source for soft loans from family members and friends Generate fund from Angel Investors Note : We have been able to raise $200,000 from the personal savings of our founders and we are almost at the verge of completing the writing sat essay money needed as capital from a reliable Angel investor with an eye for from different astounding businesses. LEMONADE STAND BUSINESS GROWTH: Sustainability and Expansion Strategy. We at Peoples Cafe believe that as time and seasons change, we will be offering products that will enhance sales and satisfy our customers#8217; desires.

We also plan that during summer months, we will subsidize lower hot beverage sales with frozen drinks like lemonade, as well as soft drinks, and other cold beverages. We all also make special beverages during holiday seasons, such as Egg Nog during the Christmas season and Hot Apple Cider in the Fall. Our main desire at Peoples Cafe will be to listen to our patrons to understand what they are looking for most, and provide it. We all also be using our state-of-the-art, two-sided, Drive-through stands to provide convenience and efficiency for our customers. We have already designed our state-of-the-art Mobile Cafes that will be deployed from in research methodology, time to time on cultures comparison essay high school and college campuses, corporate campuses, and at special events. We hope to purchase our lemonade and coffee from of literature ppt, Citi fries Inc. We have also created a wholesale purchasing agreement for other products with OK foods, Coca-Cola, Crunchies, Bubbles eatery, and Hoffer. Poems Different Cultures! Our Drive-through stands will be manufactured by Nino palmers and our Mobile Cafes by in research ppt Ceramic hob. Fulfilment equipment suppliers include Citifries Inc., Nino palmers, B D foods limited, and Guaranteed Savage.

Peoples Cafe computer equipment and Internet connectivity will be provided by Nicklaus Communications. Business Name Availability Check: Completed Business Incorporation: Completed Opening of poems from cultures comparison essay, Corporate Bank Accounts various banks in the United States: Completed Opening Online Payment Platforms: Completed Application and Obtaining Tax Payer’s ID: In Progress Application for open ended ap literature business license and permit: Completed Purchase of All form of Insurance for the Business: Completed Conducting Feasibility Studies: Completed Leasing, renovating and from cultures comparison, equipping our facility: Completed Generating part of the start – up capital from the founder: Completed Applications for Loan from our Bankers: In Progress Writing of modernism, Business Plan: Completed Drafting of Employee’s Handbook: Completed Drafting of Contract Documents: In Progress Design of The Company’s Logo: Completed Graphic Designs and Printing of poems from different essay, Packaging Marketing / Promotional Materials: Completed Recruitment of employees: In Progress Purchase of the Needed software applications, furniture, office equipment, electronic appliances and facility facelift: In progress Creating Official Website for the Company: In Progress Creating Awareness for the business (Business PR): In Progress Health and Safety and Fire Safety Arrangement: In Progress Establishing business relationship with banks, financial lending institutions, vendors and key players in the industry: In Progress.

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Comparing poems from different cultures Essay -- English Literature

gcse english essay How to write your best essay ever! English biz has separate guides for each of the from cultures, types of modernism, writing you'll meet on your course but this particular guide is poems from different cultures essay probably the most important of them all. Programming Assignment. It will show you how to construct an effective, well-structured argument-based essay. How do you feel when you're given an essay to write? Do you fill with f-f-fear? W-w-wobble with worry? P-p-pour with perspiration? Well, here's a way that make the whole process more satisfying and poems different comparison essay, enjoyable! Okay, he's off his rocker (but we won't worry as he's not real!).

He's yet to discover that writing an essay is never going to be an easy task, even for review of literature in research methodology ppt the best writers. But you're about to find out how it can be made much more straightforward , interesting and effective . Poems Different Cultures Comparison Essay. Oh, and likely to gain you a significantly higher grade, too! So that's something to feel, well. Christmas Homework. just a little bit excited about! It's important to understand one thing before we start: unlike a maths or science question, an poems from cultures essay English essay question has no single 'correct' answer. You can breathe easy on that one. It's just not like that. Help With Java Programming. In an English essay there is no one 'answer' and poems cultures comparison essay, nothing to 'prove'. That isn't to say there aren't wrong answers - there are. These are those based on with programming, 'mis-readings' of your texts.

But what your teacher or examiner wants is a reasonable, informed, explained and well-supported view . In a nutshell, that's it. An essay requires this from you: a succinct opening in poems different essay, which you give an structures overview of your response to different cultures comparison essay, the essay question. This is a kind of 'super-condensed' response that sums up your whole response in of literature in research, a line or two. you can add to the opening sentences, a very brief explanation of wh at aspects of the text brought you to this view . If you can give, say, four - six aspects, then you are setting out the coming structure of your essay . There is no better way to begin an essay than like this. From this point on you will never be left scratching your head wondering what to write next. the remainder of the essay is merely a series of PEE paragraphs that, point by point, argue the case for what you have just stated.

Each point (P) needs its own paragraph and to have support (E) from the text (either a quotation, or an explanation of some aspect of form or structure ) along with with an explanation (E) of how the poems from different essay, text brought you to such a view, the effects it created, the methods the author used to create the help java assignment, effects and, finally, its relevance to the text, that is, the author's purposes . That's it. Done and different essay, dusted! More detail below if needed. The secret of review in research, a good essay? Make it an argument ! An effective essay is poems from different cultures essay a piece of writing that makes a strong and writing sat essay, well-supported case for a stated viewpoint . The view it makes the case for is your response to the essay title or question . You'll have arrived at after a couple of poems from comparison, readings of the text, more if a poem, and one of hints, which will be a so-called 'close-reading' when you annotate the poems from different, text carefully in essay, line with whatever the essay question asks, seeking out poems from support as quotations or explanations of useful effects created by form and structure . So your essay starts with a clear statement of your opinion . It could be something like, as an example: 'Shakespeare's theme of violence in Romeo and Juliet is shown especially effectively through the opening scene, as well as through the characters of Mercutio and Tybalt and christmas homework passes, an analysis of these three dramatic aspects will form the poems comparison essay, basis of this essay.' The opening overview is sometimes called a thesis statement . The 'thesis' is your response, i.e. the heart of modernism, your 'argument'. It's what the from cultures comparison essay, essay goes on to explain and support to show that it is a view that is well - considered, based on the text and reasonable to hold . Essays are about opinions, not facts. This point is crucial to christmas, take on board. There is different cultures never a straightforward right answer to an essay q uestion or title. There are wrong answers, of course - caused through, for example, misinterpreting the text; but the christmas homework passes, 'answer' to an essay question will always be a point of view . Essays deal in opinions, not facts . This is poems from different essay why your teacher is christmas homework passes looking to poems different, read your views and why you have come to think in this particular way.

How do you arrive at christmas passes a 'thesis' or overview? This is the poems from cultures essay, tough part - there's no getting away from that. Not least, this is open ap literature because it puts to from comparison, the test your knowledge of the text and your understanding of the structures and formats, essay title or question . The good news is that when it's done and done well, the remainder of the essay becomes much more straightforward and far more interesting to write, perhaps even a little exciting! The Outline Structure for an Effective Essay. As already stated above, this first paragraph needs to open with a clearly stated summary of your whole 'answer' along with an equally brief summary of the poems cultures essay, aspects of the help with, text you'll be analysing to show your stated view is sound . It is these early sentences that provide the major 'signposts' that give your essay and from different cultures comparison, its general direction.

Importantly, you need to set a confident tone early on in the essay. This can be done by adding in a very few details to help java, show you've grasped the text's big picture . This should be a brief comment (brevity is everything in the opening paragraph) on from cultures essay, the major details of the story (poem or whatever) along with an open essay ap literature equally brief statement of any relevant context , (that is the situation you feel brought the writer to want to write their text, including key aspects of their social , cultural and literary contexts ). This will, though, always need to be focused on the needs of the essay question . Notice how you are constantly seeking to avoid waffle and from different comparison, generalised 'bolted on' comments ; instead, you need to keep all you write tightly focused on the needs of the essay title or question. This is the bulk of the essay. It is a series of paragraphs each introduced with a new clear important and wholly relevant point . Sadly, it's all too easy to open a in a way that inspires little confidence and which drifts from the essay question or argument. Avoid this by opening each and every paragraph in a way that is christmas homework clearly and directly developing the essay's 'answer' or argument . From Cultures Comparison. If you started by stating the four-six aspects you'll be covering in your essay, then you'll have no difficulty knowing what to write in these body paragraphs. This is where you restate, in essay, a different form, your opening argument and give a brief list of the major points you have made along with a comment about the wider implications and relevance of what you have found. It will help to think back to the imaginary classroom situation. What would follow on from the highly condensed 'answer' you gave to your teacher?

Your teacher might say, 'Good, that's a fair view to hold - but why do you think that? Show me from the different cultures comparison, text itself what made you think that way.' In the written essay, you'll need to be providing a whole lot more 'evidence' mainly in the form of quotations each one itself supported by a commentary derived from an analysis of the quotation's literary and linguistic content . However, with a central and hints writing sat essay, guiding argument starting off and flowing through the from essay, entire essay, it now becomes much easier to search the text for aspects and quotations that will provide good quality evidence to support the essay's points. Each point and supporting quotation needs to be followed by an analysis and comment . Some teachers call this the P.E.E. ( point example explanation ) or P.Q.C. ( point quotation comment ) system. This is of literature needed to explain how and why the aspect of the text or the quotation 'works' within the context of the essay question and the originally stated argument. Certain key questions need to be answered concerning each quotation used:

What techniques have been used to make the language of the quotation effective? This means discussing the poems from comparison essay, writer's methods , e.g. through the creation of realistic dialogue; the use of an effective metaphor; through vivid description; onomatopoeia; alliteration; effective stage directions, etc. How does the method used affect the reader's understanding of the text and open essay ap literature, its themes (e.g. 'the effect of this passage is to poems different essay, create a sense of really being there for the reader. ')? Why was this method used (i.e. what was the writer's purpose )? E.g. 'At this point on the story the author wants to gain the reader's attention in order to begin exploring the overall theme of injustice. Java. ' MARK GRABBING TIP No. 1! Begin all of your paragraphs in such a way that it is absolutely clear you are focused on the essay question and poems from different cultures, its requirements, thus building up your overall argument. This will keep the of literature methodology, essay on track and avoid the plague of poor essays: wandering, digression and waffle!

What if your essay title isn't in the form of a question? When considered as a question, you will often find it is easier to essay, generate that all-important single main point of view to it - the main idea upon which you will then base the remainder of your essay . Here is an vs postmodernism example of a main idea succinctly stated (i.e. thesis statement ) that could be used to create an argument essay from the above question: The remainder of this - or any other - essay must then be no more than a linked series of points with each point explained , developed and supported in a paragraph of its own . These points must all be directly related to the main idea you have already explained in poems from cultures, the opening paragraph, which itself is your response to the essay title or question. Remember that each point - each paragraph - must set out to explain , develop and support some aspect of your over-riding main idea and nothing more . In this example, the paragraph that follows the opening paragraph - the first of what is called the body paragraphs of writing, your essay - could be based on the point that the comparison essay, theme of ambition is shown through what Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are given by Shakespeare to say and do in with assignment, Act One of the play. The third paragraph of your essay - its second body paragraph - might then explore, develop and support how the from different cultures essay, theme of hints sat essay, ambition is shown through these two characters in comparison essay, some part of assignment, Act 2, and so on. Below you'll find lots more detail and ideas for writing an effective essay but with luck, the above will have given you the basic idea.

Aim to 'integrate' words or phrases from the text you are studying directly into poems different cultures, your own sentences (still using quotation marks, of course). Don't overdo this effective technique, but used sparingly, this use of 'embedded' quotations can help create a very impressive style, one that suggests you have a good grasp of the text and the essay question. Here are some examples of review in research methodology, how to use embedded quotations. The first is from the opening of from essay, John Steinbeck's novel, 'Of Mice and Men': 'Small and quick' George is passes presented by Steinbeck as a character in complete contrast to his friend, the lumbering and cultures comparison essay, 'shapeless' Lennie. Here is a similarly embedded quotation from J B Priestley's 'An Inspector Calls': As the Inspector says, 'We don't live alone' and this is an important message Priestley gives his audience.

Finally, see how this can be done using John Agard's poem, 'Half-Caste': Perhaps Agard also wants his reader to 'come back tomorrow' with a different attitude towards those they might feel are in any way different from homework themselves. MORE TIPS AND MORE DETAIL! Essays take a great deal of poems from essay, effort and time and so deserve careful preparation. T he most common failing examiners find is a lack of java assignment, understanding of the text on which the essay is based. This is to take the road signpos ted 'Failure'. But you're heading elsewhere. So. get to know your text well.

You won't succeed if you don't! I f you struggle with the text, read it through again with a study guide to hand. Poems Comparison. Also, talk the text over with friends or your teacher. There is more help with specific texts here . Many essay writers fail to create an initial main viewpoint or drift from this single focus. Christmas. This loses marks as it leads to waffle , vagueness and generalisation . As you've read above, another common pitfall is to focus too much on the surface features of the poems from different cultures, text you are writing about. Writing Sat Essay. This happens when you write at length about the meaning of the text, i.e. by telling what happens in it. In effect, all you are doing when you do this is to poems from different, retell the story of the help assignment, text. You need to be discussing how and why the author has created an effective text through careful, interesting and effective choices of style and language as well as structure . M ore marks are lost if you forget the poems different cultures comparison essay, need to passes, support the from different cultures, points you make in each paragraph. A good idea is to try to use at least one quotation - or reference to vs postmodernism, the text - per paragraph. Remember, too, that this is an English essay and this means you need to cultures comparison, reflect how authors use language and literary techniques in effective ways in their writing . Aim only to java, choose quotations that contain important elements in them that will allow you to discuss in depth aspects of, for example, their literary style , language or structure.

Consider discussing, for example, how the quotation acts to build tension , mood , character , a sense of place or how it helps explore one of the text's themes . Discuss, too, how the quotation works both at the point it occurs and as a contribution to the whole , i.e. the way it helps the poems comparison essay, writer achieve his or her purpose . This means you need to discuss aspects of the quotation such as its effectiveness - which means discussing aspects of language , structure and style . 1. DEVELOP A STRONG INITIAL FOCUS FOR YOUR ESSAY. The word 'essay' comes from a French word meaning 'attempt': your essay is your attempt to argue for your point of view , a view that when succinctly expressed is called a thesis statement . This 'thesis statement' needs to modernism vs postmodernism, be an idea you developed based on cultures, an interpretation of whatever aspect of the text is asked in the essay question. Interpretation means considering how a text operates at different levels ; it is your interpretation of the text that will be at the heart of the essay: an interpretation that must supports the review of literature in research ppt, overall thesis statement. 2. FIND SOLID SUPPORT FOR YOUR VIEWPOINT. You will need to search through the poems different essay, text and christmas passes, note down a series of aspects and quotations that can be used to from different cultures comparison essay, support the overall view you have developed. Use 'post-it notes' to help with this or write the aspects/quotations down separately. Choose aspects or quotations that you can analyse successfully for the methods used , effects created and purpose intended . 3. WRITE AN EFFECTIVE OPENING PARAGRAPH. Use your introductory paragraph to vs postmodernism essay, state your point of view , i.e. your thesis statement. The purpose of your opening paragraph is to make clear your thesis statement - response to the essay question: that is, to explain the focus of your argument - your main idea or point of view. Stated clearly at the opening to your essay, this shows how you intend to answer the essay question and cultures, what general direction your essay will take. Following your thesis statement, it's a good idea to add a little more detail that acts to 'preview' each of the major points that you will cover in the body of the essay.

This opening paragraph will then act to show - succinctly - where you stand regarding the questions and how you intend to answer it. Importantly, in the opening paragraph of your essay you will also need to write an overview of the text, one that gives a succinct summary of the ' big picture ' of the text; importantly, too, of essay structures and formats, course, this must be focused on the requirements of the essay question. Giving a succinct account of the big picture of the text in the opening paragraph will show that you have engaged with and from different, digested the detail of ended ap literature, three key aspects of the essay: the essay question, the poems from different cultures, text and its author - perhaps also, a brief account of the author's context . Giving an overview suggests a confident approach and is a hallmark of the best essays. TIP: It is vs postmodernism always impressive to incorporate into your own sentences, using quotation marks of course, a short suitable quotation taken from the text. Some teachers call this using embedded quotations. Keep all references to the biographical background of the author and any aspects of his or her context entirely relevant to the essay question and - brief! Remember that this is different cultures essay not a history or a sociology essay so very few marks are awarded for this kind of background information (although that does not mean it might not be useful).

The majority of christmas homework passes, marks in an English essay are awarded for poems different cultures comparison essay the quality of analysis and interpretation you show - that is, an awareness of the hints, author's uses of the English language and literary uses of poems different cultures comparison essay, this. If your essay title does concern aspects of hints writing, context try hard to discuss context by deriving your comments from quotations rather than by merely discussing aspects of context; in other words allow the poems different essay, text to introduce the context. TIP: avoid making simplistic and irrelevant value judgments of the text or its author. Saying that Shakespeare is 'a wonderful author' or that you think 'Of Mice and christmas homework passes, Men' is 'really good' will gain no marks whatsoever - this is no more than a kind of waffle that fills space with empty words that add nothing useful to poems from different, your essay. 4. USE THE REMAINING PARAGRAPHS EFFECTIVELY. Follow the christmas homework, opening paragraph with a number of paragraphs that form the 'body' of the essay. Each of these paragraphs are there purely to expand on and support your originally stated overall viewpoint. Having stated your main idea in your opening paragraph, now you need explore this, develop it and provide support from the text for this.

In the essay's body paragraphs your aim is to: follow the analysis system called P.E.E. Poems From Different Comparison. or P.Q.C. For more on this see here ; work through the modernism vs postmodernism, text's structure logically and, highlighting via the use of quotations, explain how these led you to develop your point of view; comment on from comparison, how the language of each of these parts led you to essay and formats, form your interpretation: why did the poems cultures essay, author choose this particular type of language to make this point in this way? How does it help a) the audience and java assignment, b) the writer's purpose or theme ? discuss how this individual part of the text forms a useful structural part of the text by leading the reader towards an cultures essay overall understanding of the themes, messages or purposes of the text; CRUCIALLY. each paragraph needs to develop a separate and individual point - one that will help to show how different parts and aspects of the text helped you develop your interpretation and viewpoint (this is the POINT part of P.E.E.); A useful tip is to open each paragraph with a topic sentence . This is a sentence that clearly makes a point that is developing your argument - your answer to the essay question - and, because it is, therefore, clearly focused on the essay question, it will keep your writing on track; Always aim to provide support for each of the points you make by referring directly to the text (this is the EXAMPLE part of P.E.E.). You normally do this by quoting briefly from a relevant part of the text but you might choose to describe an event. It's very important NOT to write a long description of essay structures, WHAT happens. If you do you are merely 'retelling the different comparison, story' - this loses many marks. In a play you also lose marks if you do not discuss aspects of the staging and stage action.

You will need to follow each quotation with an explanation of and a discussion on aspects of the language the author used in homework passes, the quotation; this means discussing, for example, how aspects of the quotations literary, poetic or dramatic language works, including mentioning the method the writer used, the effect the language creates and the reasons this might have been done (this is the poems from different cultures essay, EXPLAIN part of P.E.E). You should also aim to christmas homework, show how the poems from cultures essay, quotation helped you develop your overall interpretation of the text (this is also the EXPLAIN part of P.E.E). 5. CREATE A LOGICAL STRUCTURE. Always work in a clear way through the text, from beginning to end. Avoid starting your essay by discussing a point that occurs half way through your text: ALWAYS begin at the beginning! Many students begin discussing a text half way through or even near the end then go back to an earlier point. This ignores the work the writer puts in to develop an effective structure to their text - and loses marks! 6. CONCLUDE EFFECTIVELY.

The conclusion to an essay is important but causes problems for help with many students. It should leave your reader with a pleasant and logical sense of 'closure' - a 'wrapping up' of the main ideas behind the essay . 1. Re-state in a different form (using rather different words) your opening argument. 2. Poems From Different Comparison. Now bring together your main points (again, avoiding simple repetition of the same words): list or summarise the main points from the preceding paragraphs (use the topic sentences from each paragraph to give you an idea). 3. End by identifying some of the wider implications and relevance that arise from and formats what you have found and explored. The conclusion should consist of just a few sentences but these will need to poems cultures comparison, be made to sound convincing and authoritative . It's crucial to keep the conclusion brief and to the point and, above all else, to introduce no new material at all.

ALWAYS WRITE ANALYTICALLY , NEVER DESCRIPTIVELY. Here is an example of how many students go wrong; don't worry, you won't - but this is a very common mistake: In William Shakespeare's play, 'Romeo and Juliet', these are the first two lines of the 'Prologue' as spoken by 'The Chorus': 'Two households, both alike in dignity, In fair Verona, where we lay our scene. ' What follows is a typical 'retelling': an 'overview' or 'translation' that gains no marks : 'Here, Shakespeare is saying that the play is set in Verona where there are two dignified families.' Compare the above 'description' with this analytical and insightful interpretation : 'The opening lines of the Prologue are important because they paint a picture for hints writing the audience of what could and should be - fairness and dignity. These words set up a powerful contrast to what is: the violence, hatred and different essay, bloodshed shown in the coming scene. It will be against this violent backdrop that the pure love of Romeo and Juliet will have to struggle.' Which approach and style would gain the ended essay ap literature, higher mark?

STUCK FOR WHAT TO WRITE ABOUT? THERE ARE FOUR KEY ASPECTS THAT APPLY TO ALL TEXTS AND WHICH SHOULD FORM THE BASIS OF ANY LITERATURE ESSAY. FORM, CONTENT, STRUCTURE AND STYLE. This is so very often ignored despite the fact that it provides the poems comparison, basis for ended essay ap literature the very best essays because it provides a subtle response. And subtlety always receives the highest marks ! When you write about a text at the level of its form , you analyse how aspects of it other than the poems from different comparison essay, meaning of its language have been used by the writer in and formats, important and effective ways. To give you an idea of the importance of form to a text, you yourself make use of the form of language when you speak loudly or softly , or when you chat or text a friend and from cultures comparison essay, use CAPS LOCK. Also, when you create short or long sentences or paragraphs you are affecting the look - the essay structures and formats, form - of your writing. This, albeit subtly, affects the way the writing is received and poems from different cultures, interpreted. A novelist makes use of form by review of literature ppt, writing in sentences and poems from different essay, paragraphs of varying lengths (you can imagine the help java, effect a very short sentence, or a one-line paragraph, for example). The use of dialogue (spoken words shown inside speech marks) is also an effective use of form, as is the use of underlining , bold or italics - or, in non-fiction texts, the inclusion of bullet points or sections.

Poets are acutely aware of and very creative with the use of form. A poet makes use of form, for example, by consciously splitting up sentences into the lines of poetry . This allows the poet to exaggerate a particular word by placing it at the end of a line, or by cultures essay, rhyming it with a similar sounding word. A non-fiction writer makes use of form by using layout and appearance and by adding illustrations and photographs , and so on. All writers use form by review of literature in research ppt, using patterns of sound , such as by using alliteration , rhyme , rhythm , onomatopoeia , assonance and so on. A playwright, of course, uses form very differently. When your essay concerns a play, therefore, you'll definitely be losing marks if you ignore aspects of form. In a play, much of the 'meaning' is created not from language but from what you see happening on the stage - the staging and different cultures comparison essay, stage action. This includes not just what the actors do but what they wear , where they stand and so on modernism, - all potentially important formal aspects of the play that should find their way onto your essay. Form is poems from different cultures always worthy of comment when (but only when ) if it adds usefully to the meaning, i.e. the content of a text. Every word and phrase has a literal meaning . This is its basic dictionary meaning.

It's sometimes called a word's denotation . E.g. 'In this story, the christmas homework, author's detailed description of darkness denotes the poems from, coming on of a storm'. This is hints writing sat essay a way of 'playing' around with a word's meaning that makes writing more vivid , emotional and interesting . Words and phrases can be used differently from their literal context and given what is called a connotation . Using connotation or figurative language , a writer can introduce layers of poems, meaning - especially emotional meaning (don't forget that many words can create both meaning and feeling ). The most common way this is done is to use a word not for its literal meaning but for its metaphorical or figurative meaning. Another way is to use a word that acts as symbolically and represents something very different from structures and formats its literal meaning. E.g. 'As well as suggesting the coming of a storm, the darkness also acts to suggest a metaphorical darkness is taking over the character's mind. In this way the darkness seems to be symbolising a kind of evil'. Using a pun - a witty play on words - is another way that meaning can be played with in an interesting way. Punning works because some words, in a certain context, can have an ambiguous meaning - two possible meanings - one of which might be humorous. Irony is a key way that writers use to create layers of meaning. Sarcasm is irony, but this is a spoken form of irony that is intended to hurt someone's feelings by ridiculing some aspect of from different cultures, them.

It's a crude, easy kind of irony not really subtle enough for essay writing. Irony is usually subtle , sophisticated , edgy and witty ; an altogether more intelligent use of from comparison, language. But irony can also be difficult to with java programming, recognise - yet it is probably true to from different cultures essay, say that irony is homework passes one of the most common means by which a sophisticated writer creates layers of cultures comparison essay, meaning in a text . Irony works because when it is recognised, it engages the reader very much more closely with the text. Ended Ap Literature. This is because, rather like solving a puzzle, there is a real enjoyment and from comparison essay, satisfaction in unpicking the various levels of meaning created by the irony. Creating an 'ironic tone of voice' in writing is much harder than in speech because the original sound of voice and facial expression or body language of the speaker are absent. To create an ironic tone (or any tone, for that matter), words have to be chosen with great care.

It is help programming a key reading skill to be able to poems from cultures, detect this as it tells you what attitude the writer is taking towards their subject matter. An example of review of literature in research methodology ppt, irony occurs in poems from essay, an old story by O. Henry called 'The Gift of the Magi'. This story of poor young lovers ends with the boyfriend selling the one thing he owns of value, his pocket watch, in structures and formats, order to buy his girlfriend an expensive hair comb; equally secretly, she has all of her long hair cut off to sell to a wig maker so she can afford to buy him. a chain for his watch. Structure is the way a writer consciously 'shapes' a piece of writing in an attempt to make it as effective as possible for cultures comparison essay their audience and their purpose. It is important to comment on the structure of a text, e.g. 'The way the author slowly builds up the tension throughout this chapter helps create a feeling of real excitement and mystery'. Style is the way a writer or speaker consciously chooses language and language features to vs postmodernism, suit a particular audience to achieve a specific purpose . Poems From Essay. When you aim to convince your mum that Friday's party cannot be missed, you will consciously adapt your style to one that is christmas homework more emotional and persuasive! Some famous writers have a particular style of their own that is poems from different quickly recognisable.

John Steinbeck, Charles Dickens and William Wordsworth are three such writers - here, a writer's individual style is essay sometimes referred to as the writer's 'voice'. Your primary job when analysing and discussing a text is to comment on its style - on what are called the stylistic or language choices its writer has made, especially those that seem to you to poems from cultures comparison essay, have been chosen to open, create a particular effect to achieve a certain purpose. So. if you are commenting on the form and content of a writer's language, you are commenting on the writer's style . COMPARING TWO OR MORE TEXTS. Even though it's a central part of the mark scheme, and always made clear in the essay question or title, each year many students still manage to write their comparison exam answer or coursework essay and poems from cultures comparison essay, forget to compare and contrast the texts . Aside from christmas passes not knowing the texts sufficiently well, failing to compare and contrast is the number one reason marks are lost in this kind of essay. When writing about more than one text, your opening paragraph should be used to from comparison, give the briefest details of each text (i.e. your writing needs to be succinct !).

This will mean being even more careful and hints, sparing when you write an from overview of each text, in which you give the structures and formats, big picture . There are two methods you can consider using when comparing texts: 1) Write about the first text fully before moving on poems from comparison, to the second - still using the techniques outlined above; but when you go on to write about the second text, you must compare and christmas homework passes, contrast it with the first. 2) Alternatively, and from different cultures comparison, this makes the most sense when thinking about the argument essay, you write about both texts as you proceed . This allows you still, as shown above, to create a central argument , one in which examples to support the methodology ppt, points are taken from one or both texts as relevant to the point. This second method is the more complex and sophisticated of the two.

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Cold War and Global Hegemony, 1945-1991. University of poems from cultures comparison essay Virginia. We are accustomed to viewing the cold war as a determined and heroic response of the U.S. to communist aggression spearheaded and orchestrated by the Soviet Union. This image was carefully constructed by presidents and their advisers in their memoirs (1). This view also was incorporated in some of the first scholarly works on the cold war, but was then rebutted by a wide variety of revisionist historians who blamed officials in Washington as well as those in Moscow for the origins of the Soviet-American conflict (2). Nonetheless, in the aftermath of the cold war the traditional interpretation reemerged.

John Gaddis, arguably the of literature most eminent historian of the cold war, wrote in the mid-1990s that the cold war was a struggle of good versus evil, of wise and democratic leaders in the West reacting to the crimes and poems from comparison essay inhumanity of Joseph Stalin, the brutal dictator in the Kremlin (3). This interpretation places the cold war in a traditional framework. It is open ap literature, one way to understand American foreign policy between the poems cultures essay end of World War II and the breakup of the Union of of literature Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) in poems from essay, 1991. But for quite some time now, historians, political scientists, and economists have been studying the cold war in a much larger global context. They do so because the new documents from the Soviet Union and its former empire as well as older documents from the U.S. and its allies suggest that Stalin conducted a more complex and inconsistent foreign policy than previously imagined and modernism essay that U.S. officials initially did not regard Stalin, notwithstanding his crimes and brutality, as an unacceptable partner with whom to collaborate in stabilizing and remaking the postwar world. Most scholars looking at Soviet documents now agree that Stalin had no master plan to spread revolution or conquer the world. He was determined to establish a sphere of comparison influence in eastern Europe where his communist minions would rule. But at the same time, Stalin wanted to get along with his wartime allies in order to control the rebirth of German and Japanese power, which he assumed was inevitable. Modernism Essay. Consequently, he frequently cautioned communist followers in different cultures comparison essay, France, Italy, Greece, and elsewhere to avoid provocative actions that might frighten or antagonize his wartime allies. Christmas Passes. Within his own country and his own sphere, he was cruel, evil, almost genocidal, just as Gaddis and other traditional scholars suggest (4). Yet U.S. and British officials were initially eager to work with him.

They rarely dwelled upon his domestic barbarism. Poems From Different Cultures Comparison Essay. Typically, President Harry S Truman wrote his wife, Bess, after his first meeting with Stalin: I like Stalin. He is straightforward. Knows what he wants and will compromise when he can't get it. Typically, W. Averell Harriman, the U.S. Christmas. ambassador to Moscow, remonstrated that If it were possible to see him /Stalin/ more frequently, many of our difficulties would be overcome(5). Yet the difficulties were not overcome. American fears grew. To understand them, scholars nowadays examine the global context of postwar American and Soviet diplomacy.

They see the contest between American freedom and Soviet totalitarianism as part of an evolving fabric of international economic and political conditions in the twentieth century. After World War II, they say, U.S. leaders assumed the role of hegemon, or leader, of the international economy and container of Soviet power. To explain why, scholars examine the operation of the world economy and the distribution of power in poems different essay, the international system. They look at help java programming, transnational ideological conflict, the disruption of colonial empires, and the rise of revolutionary nationalism in Asia and Africa. Poems From Cultures Comparison. They explain the hints spread of the cold war from Europe to Asia, Africa, the Middle East and from different cultures essay Latin America by focusing on decolonization, the rise of newly independent states, and of literature in research the yearnings of peoples everywhere to modernize their countries and enjoy higher standards of living. Yet the capacity of the U.S. to assume the roles of from hegemon, balancer, and container depended on more than its wealth and strength; the success of the U.S. also depended on the appeal of its ideology, the help programming assignment vitality of poems from different cultures comparison its institutions, and the attractiveness of its culture of mass consumption—what many scholars nowadays call soft power (6).

At the end of World War II, the U.S. and the Soviet Union emerged as the two strongest nations in the world and as exemplars of competing models of political economy. But it was a peculiar bipolarity. The U.S. Structures. was incontestably the most powerful nation on the earth. It alone possessed the atomic bomb. It alone possessed a navy that could project power across the oceans and an air force that could reach across the continents. The U.S. was also the richest nation in different comparison, the world. It possessed two-thirds of the christmas homework passes world's gold reserves and three-fourths of poems cultures its invested capital. Its gross national product was three times that of the Soviet Union and five times that of the United Kingdom. Its wealth had grown enormously during the war while the Soviet Union had been devastated by the occupation by Nazi Germany.

Around 27 million inhabitants of the of literature U.S.S.R. died during World War II compared to about 400,000 Americans. The Germans ravished the agricultural economy of Soviet Russia and poems from essay devastated its mining and transportation infrastructure (7). Compared to the U.S. in 1945, the Soviet Union was weak. Yet it loomed very large not only in the imagination of and formats U.S. officials, but also in the minds of political leaders throughout the world. From Cultures Comparison. It did not loom large because of christmas homework passes fears of Soviet military aggression. Poems From Different Cultures Comparison. Contemporary policymakers knew that Stalin did not want war. They did not expect Soviet troops to march across Europe.

Yet they feared that Stalin would capitalize on the manifold opportunities of the postwar world: the vacuums of power stemming from the defeat of Germany and essay structures Japan; the breakup of different cultures colonial empires; popular yearnings for christmas passes, postwar social and economic reform; and widespread disillusionment with the functioning of democratic capitalist economies (8). During World War II, the American economy had demonstrated enormous vitality, but many contemporaries wondered whether the world capitalist system could be made to function effectively in peacetime. Poems Comparison. Its performance during their lifetimes had bred worldwide economic depression, social malaise, political instability, and personal disillusionment. Throughout Europe and Asia, people blamed capitalism for the repetitive cycles of boom and bust and for military conflagrations that brought ruin and despair. Describing conditions at the end of the war, the historian Igor Lukes has written: Many in Czechoslovakia had come to believe that capitalism. had become obsolete. Influential intellectuals saw the world emerging from the ashes of the war in black and white terms: here was Auschwitz and there was Stalingrad. The former was a byproduct of a crisis in capitalist Europe of the 1930s; the latter stood for the superiority of socialism (9). Transnational ideological conflict shaped the cold war.

Peoples everywhere yearned for a more secure and open ended better life; they pondered alternative ways of organizing their political and economic affairs. Everywhere, communist parties sought to present themselves as leaders of the resistance against fascism, proponents of socioeconomic reform, and advocates of national self-interest. Poems Different. Their political clout grew quickly as their membership soared, for example, in Greece, from 17,000 in 1935 to 70,000 in 1945; in Czechoslovakia, from 28,000 in May 1945 to 750,000 in September 1945; in vs postmodernism essay, Italy, from 5,000 in 1943 to 1,700,000 at the end of 1945 (10). For Stalin and his comrades in Moscow, these grassroots developments provided unsurpassed opportunities; for Truman and his advisers in Washington, they inspired fear and gloom. Poems From Essay. There is vs postmodernism essay, complete economic, social and from different comparison essay political collapse going on in Central Europe, the extent of which is unparalleled in history, wrote Assistant Secretary of War John McCloy in writing sat essay, April 1945 (11). The Soviet Union, of course, was not responsible for these conditions. Danger nonetheless inhered in the capacity of the Kremlin to poems different, capitalize on them. The greatest danger to the security of the United States, the CIA concluded in one of its first reports, is the possibility of economic collapse in christmas homework, Western Europe and the consequent accession to power of Communist elements (12).

Transnational ideological conflict impelled U.S. officials to from cultures comparison, take action. Ap Literature. They knew they had to restore hope that private markets could function effectively to serve the needs of humankind. People had suffered terribly, Assistant Secretary of State Dean G. Acheson told a congressional committee in 1945. Poems From Different Cultures Comparison Essay. They demanded land reform, nationalization, and christmas passes social welfare. They believed that governments should take action to alleviate their misery. They felt it so deeply, said Acheson, that they will demand that the whole business of state control and state interference shall be pushed further and further (13). Policymakers like Acheson and McCloy, the officials who became known as the different comparison Wise Men of the cold war, understood the vs postmodernism causes for the malfunctioning of the capitalist world economy in the interwar years. They were intent on correcting the fundamental weaknesses and vulnerabilities.

Long before they envisioned a cold war with the Soviet Union, they labored diligently during 1943 and 1944 to design the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. They urged Congress to reduce U.S. tariffs. They wanted the American people to from comparison, buy more foreign goods. They knew that foreign nations without sufficient dollars to purchase raw materials and essay fuel would not be able to recover easily. They realized that governments short of gold and short of dollars would seek to hoard their resources, establish quotas, and regulate the from cultures comparison essay free flow of modernism vs postmodernism capital. And they knew that these actions in from different, the years between World War I and World War II had brought about the methodology ppt Great Depression and created the conditions for Nazism, fascism, and totalitarianism to flourish (14). Now, as in the year 1920, President Truman declared in poems cultures comparison essay, early March 1947, we have reached a turning point in history. National economies have been disrupted by modernism the war. The future is uncertain everywhere. Economic policies are in poems essay, a state of flux. Review Of Literature In Research Methodology Ppt. Governments abroad, the president explained, wanted to regulate trade, save dollars, and promote reconstruction.

This was understandable; it was also perilous. Comparison Essay. Freedom flourished where power was dispersed. Help With. But regimentation, Truman warned, was on the march, everywhere. If not stopped abroad, it would force the U.S. to curtail freedom at poems from cultures, home. In this atmosphere of doubt and hesitation, Truman declared, the decisive factor will be the type of leadership that the United States gives the world. Essay And Formats. If it did not act decisively, the world capitalist system would flounder, providing yet greater opportunities for Communism to from cultures essay, grow and for open, Soviet strength to accrue. If the U.S. did not exert leadership, freedom would be compromised abroad and a garrison state might develop at home (15). Open markets and free peoples were inextricably interrelated. To win the transnational ideological conflict, U.S. Poems From Different Essay. officials had to make the world capitalist system function effectively.

By 1947, they realized the IMF and the World Bank were too new, too inexperienced, and too poorly funded to accomplish the intended results. The U.S. had to assume the responsibility to christmas homework passes, provide dollars so that other nations had the means to purchase food and fuel and, eventually, to reduce quotas and curtail exchange restrictions. In June 1947, Secretary of State George C. Poems From Different Cultures Comparison Essay. Marshall outlined a new approach, saying the U.S. would provide the modernism vs postmodernism essay funds necessary to promote the reconstruction of from different cultures Europe. The intent of the Marshall Plan was to provide dollars to likeminded governments in Western Europe so they could continue to grow their economies, employ workers, insure political stability, undercut the appeal of communist parties, and avoid being sucked into an economic orbit dominated by the Soviet Union. U.S. officials wanted European governments to cooperate and pool their resources for the benefit of their collective well-being and for the establishment of a large, integrated market where goods and vs postmodernism capital could move freely. In order to do this, the U.S. would incur the responsibility to make the capitalist system operate effectively, at from cultures comparison, least in those parts of the globe not dominated by the Soviet Union. The U.S. would become the modernism hegemon, or overseer, of the global economy: it would make loans, provide credits, reduce tariffs, and insure currency stability (16). The success of the Marshall Plan depended on the resuscitation of the coal mines and different cultures essay industries of review of literature methodology western Germany (17). Most Europeans feared Germany's revival. Nonetheless, U.S. From Essay. officials hoped that Stalin would not interfere with efforts to merge the three western zones of Germany, institute currency reform, and create the Federal Republic of Germany. Modernism Essay. Marshall Plan aid, in fact, initially was offered to poems essay, Soviet Russia and christmas passes its allies in poems comparison essay, eastern Europe.

But Stalin would not tolerate the rebuilding of Germany and its prospective integration into a western bloc. Vs Postmodernism Essay. Nor would he allow eastern European governments to be drawn into an evolving economic federation based on the free flow of information, capital, and trade. Soviet security would be endangered. Poems From Cultures Essay. Stalin's sphere of influence in eastern Europe would be eroded and his capacity to control the future of German power would be impaired. Sat Essay. In late 1947, Stalin cracked down on eastern Europe, encouraged the communist coup in Czechoslovakia, and instigated a new round of purges (18). Germany's economic revival scared the French as much as it alarmed the Russians.

The French feared that Germany would regain power to act autonomously. The French also were afraid that initiatives to revive Germany might provoke a Soviet attack and culminate in another occupation of comparison France. French officials remonstrated against American plans and writing sat essay demanded military aid and security guarantees (19). The French and other wary Europeans had the capacity to shape their future. They exacted strategic commitments from the U.S. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed in from cultures essay, 1949 as a result of with their fears about Germany as well as their anxieties about Soviet Russia. U.S. strategic commitments and U.S. troops were part of a double containment strategy, containing the uncertain trajectory of the poems from comparison Federal Republic of Germany as well as the anticipated hostility of the Soviet Union. Hegemonic responsibilities meant power balancing, strategic commitments, and military alliances (20).

Just as western Germany needed to with assignment, be integrated into poems from different cultures comparison essay a western sphere lest it be sucked into a Soviet orbit, so did Japan. U.S. officials worried that their occupation of Japan might fail and that the Japanese might seek to enhance their own interests by looking to the Soviets or the modernism communist Chinese as future economic partners. In 1948, U.S. From Different Essay. policymakers turned their attention from reforming Japanese social and political institutions to promoting economic reconstruction. Japan's past economic growth, they knew, depended on links to sat essay, Manchuria, China, and Korea, areas increasingly slipping into communist hands. Japan needed alternative sources of raw materials and outlets for her manufactured goods. Studying the cultures comparison essay functioning of the global capitalist economy, America's cold warriors concluded that the industrial core of northeast Asia, Japan, needed to be integrated with its underdeveloped periphery in southeast Asia, much like Western Europe needed to open ended essay, have access to petroleum in the Middle East (21). It was the obligation of the hegemon of the world capitalist economy to make sure component units of the system could benefit from the operation of the comparison essay whole.

But, as hegemon, the U.S. also had to be sensitive to the worries and responsive to the needs of other countries. In Asia, as in Europe, many peoples feared the revival of the power of ppt former Axis nations. Essay. Truman promised them that U.S. troops would remain in Japan, even as Japan regained its autonomy, and that the U.S. would insure peace in the Pacific, even if it meant a new round of security guarantees, as it did with the Philippines and with Australia and open New Zealand (22). Yet, much as American officials hoped to poems cultures, integrate Japan with Southeast Asia, revolutionary nationalist movements in the region made that prospect uncertain. During World War II, popular independence movements arose in French Indochina and and formats the Netherlands East Indies. Nationalist leaders like Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam and Sukarno in from different cultures essay, Indonesia wanted to and formats, gain control over cultures comparison, their countries' future (23). Hints Writing. Decolonization was an embedded feature of the postwar international system, propelled by poems comparison the defeat of help with programming Japan and the weakening of traditional European powers. Poems From Comparison. Decolonization fueled the cold war as it provided opportunities for the expansion of communist influence.

Third World nationalists wanted to develop, industrialize, and modernize their countries. They often found Marxist-Leninist ideology attractive as it blamed their countries' backwardness on capitalist exploitation. At the same time, the Soviet command economy seemed to with java programming assignment, provide a model for rapid modernization. Cultures Comparison. Stalin's successors, therefore, saw endless opportunities for expanding their influence in the Third World; leaders in Washington perceived dangers (24). As hegemon of the free world economy, U.S. officials felt a responsibility to contain revolutionary nationalism and to integrate core and periphery. Help With Assignment. The Truman administration prodded the Dutch and the French to make concessions to cultures comparison essay, revolutionary nationalists, but often could not shape the outcomes of colonial struggles.

When the French, for example, refused to help with java programming, acknowledge Ho Chi Minh's republic of Vietnam and established a puppet government under Bao Dai in 1949, the U.S. Cultures Comparison. chose to support the French. Otherwise, Truman and his advisers feared they would alienate their allies in vs postmodernism, France and permit a key area to gravitate into a communist orbit where it would be amenable to Chinese or Soviet influence. Falling dominos in Southeast Asia would sever the future economic links between this region and Japan, making rehabilitation in the industrial core of cultures essay northeast Asia all the more difficult (25). In the late 1950s and 1960s Japan's extraordinary economic recovery, sparked by open ended essay the Korean War and fueled by subsequent exports to North America, defied American assumptions. Yet, by then, American officials had locked the U.S. into a position opposing nationalist movements led by communists, like Ho Chi Minh. U.S. officials feared that if they allowed a communist triumph in Indochina, America's credibility with other allies and clients would be shattered. Hegemons needed to retain their credibility. Otherwise, key allies, like Western Germany and Japan, might doubt America's will and reorient themselves in the cold war (26). Hegemony and credibility required superior military capabilities. From Comparison Essay. Leaders in Washington and Moscow alike believed that perceptions of their relative power position supported risk-taking on behalf of allies and clients in Asia and Africa.

In the most important U.S. strategy document of the cold war, NSC 68, Paul Nitze wrote that military power was an vs postmodernism, indispensable backdrop to containment, which he called a policy of calculated and gradual coercion. Poems From. To pursue containment in the Third World and erode support for the adversary, the modernism U.S. needed to have superior military force (27). Prior to 1949, the U.S. had a monopoly of atomic weapons. But after the Soviets tested and developed nuclear weapons of their own, U.S. Cultures Comparison Essay. officials believed they needed to augment their arsenal of strategic weapons. Their aim was not only to deter Soviet aggression in the center of Europe, but also to modernism, support the poems from cultures comparison essay ability of the U.S. to intervene in Third World countries without fear of Soviet countermoves. Nuclear weapons, therefore, produced paradoxical results.

Their enormous power kept the cold war from turning into a hot war between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Leaders on both sides recognized that such a war would be suicidal. But at the same time nuclear weapons encouraged officials in christmas, both Washington and Moscow to engage in risk-taking on the periphery, that is, in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and the Caribbean because each side thought (and hoped) that the adversary would not dare to escalate the competition into a nuclear exchange (28). When Ronald Reagan revived the determination of the U.S. to regain military superiority in the 1980s, he sought to poems different essay, use those military capabilities, not for homework, a preemptive attack against the Soviet Union, but as a backdrop to different cultures, support U.S. interventions on behalf of anti-communist insurgents from Nicaragua and El Salvador to Afghanistan and Angola. In other words, Reagan viewed superior strategic capabilities as a key to containing communism, preserving credibility, and supporting hegemony (29).

For U.S. officials, waging the cold war required the U.S. to win the transnational ideological struggle and to contain Soviet power. To achieve these goals, the U.S. Of Literature In Research Methodology. had to be an effective hegemon. This meant that the U.S. had to nurture and lubricate the poems cultures world economy, build and coopt western Germany and open ended essay Japan, establish military alliances and preserve allied cohesion, contain revolutionary nationalism, and poems from comparison essay bind the industrial core of Europe and writing sat essay Asia with the underdeveloped periphery in the Third World. To be effective, Cold Warriors believed that superior military capabilities were an incalculable asset. They focused much less attention and allocated infinitely fewer resources to disseminating their values and promoting their culture. Different Comparison. Yet scholars of the cold war increasingly believe that America's success as a hegemon, its capacity to programming, evoke support for its leadership, also depended on the habits and institutions of poems from different essay constitutional governance, the resonance of its liberal and humane values, and the appeal of its free market and mass consumption economy (30). For example, see Harry S Truman, Memoirs, Vol I: 1945, Year of Decisions, reprint (New York: Signet, 1965, 1955); Truman, Memoirs, Vol. II: Years of Trial and Hope, 1946-1952, reprint (New York: Signet, 1965, 1956); Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change: The White House Years, 1953-1956 (Garden City, NJ: Doubleday, 1963); Dean G. Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years at the State Department (New York: Norton, 1969); George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 2 vol. paperback ed. (New York: Bantam, 1967-1972). See, for example, Joyce and Gabriel Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York: Harper Row, 1972); for a discussion of the of literature in research methodology different historiographical approaches, see my essay, The Cold War Over the Cold War, in different comparison essay, Gordon Martel, ed., American Foreign Policy Reconsidered, 1890-1993 (London: Routledge, 1994). John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997). For some of the best new scholarship on Stalin, see Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, reprint (New York: Knopf, 2004, 2003); Norman M. Naimark, The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949 (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of help with Harvard University Press, 1995); Vojtech Mastny, The Cold War and poems different essay Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Eduard Maximilian Mark, Revolution by Degrees: Stalin's National Front Strategy for Europe, 1941-1947, Cold War International History Project Working Paper No.

31 (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2001); Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin and help assignment the Grand Alliance: Public Discourse, Private Dialogues, and the Direction of Soviet Foreign Policy, 1941-1947, Slovo 13 (2001): 1-15. Robert H. Ferrell, ed., Dear Bess: The Letters from Harry to Bess Truman, 1910-1959 (New York: Norton, 1983), 522; Harriman to Truman, June 8, 1945, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conference of Berlin: The Potsdam Conference, 1945 (2 vols., Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1960), 1: 61. Poems From Different Comparison. For soft power, see Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs, 2004); Nye, The Paradox of American Power: Why the review of literature ppt World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500 to 2000 (New York: Random House, 1987), 347-72; R. J. Overy, Russia's War (London: Penguin Books, 1997); Allan M. Winkler, Home Front U.S.A.: America During World War II, 2nd ed. (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 2000). Different Cultures Comparison. Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), 1-141. Igor Lukes, The Czech Road to Communism, in Norman M. Hints Writing Sat Essay. Naimark and from cultures L. IA. Gibianskii, eds., The Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944-1949 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), 29; William I. Hitchcock, The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent, 1945 to the Present (New York: Anchor Books, 2004), 1-125. Adam Westoby, Communism Since World War II (New York: St. Ended Essay. Martin's Press, 1981), 14-5. Memo for the President, by John McCloy, April 26, 1945, box 178, President's Secretary's File, Harry S Truman Presidential Library.

Central Intelligence Agency, Review of the World Situation As It Relates to the Security of the United States, September 26, 1947, box 203, ibid. Testimony by Dean G. Acheson, March 8, 1945, U.S. Senate, Committee on Banking and Currency, Bretton Woods Agreement Act, 79th Cong., 1 sess. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1945), 1: 35. Poems From Cultures Comparison. U.S. Department of Commerce, The United States in the World Economy (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1943); Harley A. Notter, Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation, 1939-1945 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1950), 128; Georg Schild, Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks: American Economic and Political Postwar Planning in the Summer of 1944 (New York: St. Martin's, 1995). Harry S Truman, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, 1947 (Washington, D.C.: U.S.G.P.O., 1963), 167-72; see also his Truman Doctrine speech which followed a few days later, 176-80, and his special message to the Congress on the Marshall Plan, 515-29.

Michael J. Open. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of poems from cultures comparison essay Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987); David W. Ellwood, Rebuilding Europe: Western Europe, America and Postwar Reconstruction (New York: Longmans, 1992); Thomas W. Zeiler, Free Trade, Free World; The Advent of GATT (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999). John Gimbel, The Origins of the Marshall Plan (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1976); Carolyn Woods Eisenberg, Drawing the Line: The American Decision to Divide Germany, 1944-1949 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Hints Sat Essay. Geoffrey Roberts, Moscow and from comparison the Marshall Plan: Politics, Ideology and the Onset of the homework passes Cold War, 1947, Europe-Asia Studies 46 (December 1994): 1371-86; V. M. Zubok and Konstantin Pleshakov, Inside the cultures comparison essay Kremlin's Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 46-53. William I. Hitchcock, France Restored: Cold War Diplomacy and the Quest for Leadership in Europe, 1944-1954 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998). Timothy P. Vs Postmodernism. Ireland, Creating the Entangling Alliance: The Origins of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981). Michael Schaller, The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985); Howard B. Schonberger, Aftermath of comparison War: Americans and the Remaking of Japan, 1945-1952 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1989); John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York: W.W. Norton, 1999), 271-3, 525-46.

Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 346-7, 393-4, 428-32, 464-5; Roger Dingman, The Diplomacy of Dependency: The Philippines and Peacemaking with Japan, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 27 (September 1986): 307-21; Henry W. Brands, From ANZUS to SEATO: United States Strategic Policy toward Australia and New Zealand, 1952-1954 International History Review 9 (May 1987): 250-70. For the emerging nationalist struggles in Indochina and Indonesia, see William J. Duiker, Sacred War: Nationalism and open ap literature Revolution in a Divided Vietnam (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995); George McTurnan Kahin, Nationalism and from different cultures essay Revolution in Indonesia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1952). Odd Arne Westad, The New International History of the open essay Cold War: Three (Possible) Paradigms, Diplomatic History 24 (Fall 2000): 551-65; David C. Poems Comparison. Engerman, Nils Gilman, Mark H. Haefele, and Michael E. Latham, eds., Staging Growth: Modernization, Development, and the Global Cold War (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2003). Mark Atwood Lawrence, Transnational Coalition-Building and the Making of the Cold War in in research methodology, Indochina, 1947-1949, Diplomatic History 26 (Summer 2002): 453-80; Andrew Jon Rotter, The Path to Vietnam: Origins of the American Commitment to Southeast Asia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987). For the importance of credibility, see the pathbreaking article by Robert J. McMahon, Credibility and World Power, Diplomatic History 15 (Fall 1991): 455-71. From Comparison. NSC 68, United States Objectives and ended essay ap literature Programs for different essay, National Security, April 14, 1950, in Thomas H. Etzold and John Lewis Gaddis, eds., Containment: Documents on hints writing sat essay, American Policy and Strategy, 1945-1950 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), 401-2; NSC 114/2, Programs for National Security, October 12, 1951, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951: National Security Affairs; Foreign Economic Policy (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1979), 1: 187-89.

For Soviet policy, see A. A. Fursenko and Timothy J. Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958-1964 (New York: Norton, 1997); Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, Khrushchev's Cold War (New York: Norton, 2005). Peter Schweizer, Reagan's War: The Epic Story of his Forty Year Struggle and poems from cultures comparison essay Final Triumph Over Communism (New York: Doubleday, 2002). G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 163-214; Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and hints writing sat essay Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), especially 135-81; Michael Mandelbaum, The Ideas that Conquered the World: Peace, Democracy and Free Markets in the Twenty-First Century (New York: Public Affairs Press, 2002); Geir Lundestad, Empire by Integration: The United States and poems from cultures comparison essay European Integration, 1945-1997 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998); Gaddis, We Now Know. Most governments publish primary source documents regarding the with programming assignment history of poems from comparison their foreign policy. These documents are published many decades after the fact, but we now have many documents for the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. For the evolution of the of literature in research ppt role of the U.S. in the cold war, see U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (Washington: Government Printing Office); for from different cultures comparison essay, Britain and the cold war, see Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Documents on British Policy Overseas. Review Of Literature Methodology Ppt. Since the poems cultures comparison essay end of the cold war, the Cold War International History Project has been publishing (and distributing free of modernism charge) primary source documents from the Soviet Union and other formerly communist nations, including the People's Republic of China.

They are indispensable for understanding the global context of the cold war. Poems From Cultures. See the Cold War International History Project, Bulletin (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center, 1992-2004). The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has published several volumes of documents. See, for example, Woodrow J. Kuhns, ed., Assessing the Soviet Threat: The Early Cold War Years (Springfield, VA: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 1997); Scott A. Help With Assignment. Koch, ed., Selected Estimates on the Soviet Union, 1950-1959 (Washington, D.C.: History Staff, Center for comparison, the Study of vs postmodernism essay Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 1993); Ben B. Poems From Different Cultures Comparison Essay. Fischer, At Cold War's End: U.S. Christmas Homework. Intelligence on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1989-1991 (Reston, VA: Central Intelligence Agency, 1999). There are several key Web sites for from different comparison essay, locating primary source materials on essay, the cold war. From Cultures. The most important are the Cold War International History Project, the National Security Archive, the Parallel History Project for information on NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and hints the Primary Source Microfilm. The Federation of American Scientists also has a Web site with valuable documents on many issues, like the nuclear arms race. Many U.S. government agencies also have Web sites containing documents on current and past foreign policy. The presidential libraries have sites containing selected documents, speeches, oral histories, and other information.

For short books locating the cold war in a global context, see Robert J. McMahon, The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); David S. Painter, The Cold War: An International History (New York: Routledge, 2002); Geoffrey Roberts, The Soviet Union in World Politics: Coexistence, Revolution and Cold War, 1945-1991; (New York: Routledge, 1999); Geir Lundestad, East, West, North, South: Major Developments in poems from different comparison, International Relations since 1945, 4th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999). Many scholars are now using primary documents from the former Soviet Union and other communist countries to study the cold war. In addition to the books and articles listed in help programming, note 3, see David Holloway, Stalin and from different comparison the Bomb: the Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939-1956 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994); William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (New York: Norton, 2003); Hope M. Harrison, Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953-1961 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003). Writing Sat Essay. Some of the most fascinating books deal with Chinese foreign policy and poems from comparison the relations between Mao Tse-tung and Stalin. See, for example, S. N. Goncharov, John Wilson Lewis, and Litai Xue, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993); Jian Chen, Mao's China and the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001). For key books on help java, the effort to reconstruct the world economy after World War II, see Richard N. From Different Essay. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy in of literature in research, Current Perspective: The Origins and the Prospects of Our International Economic Order (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980); Herman Van der Wee, Prosperity and poems different comparison essay Upheaval: The World Economy, 1945-1980 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986); Alfred E. Eckes and review in research ppt Thomas W. Zeiler, Globalization and the American Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003). For transnational ideological conflict and the cold war, see Joyce and Gabriel Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and from different comparison essay United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York: Harper Row, 1972); Walt W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto, 3rd. ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Francois Furet, The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Odd Arne Westad, Cold War and Revolution: Soviet-American Rivalry and the Origins of the Chinese Civil War, 1944-1946 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); Michael E. Latham, Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and Nation-Building in the Kennedy Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000); David C. Of Literature In Research Ppt. Engerman, Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003); John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

There are some wonderful studies on decolonization, revolutionary nationalism, and different comparison the cold war. See, for example, Robert J. McMahon, Colonialism and essay Cold War: The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945-49 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981); Frances Gouda and poems different comparison essay Thijs Brocades Zaalberg, American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia: US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism, 1920-1949 (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2002); Matthew James Connelly, A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for Independence and help java the Origins of the poems different essay Post-Cold War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Piero Gleijeses, Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959-1976 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002). The Vietnam War is often examined in this context; see, for example, William J. Duiker, U.S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994); George C. Herring, America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975, 4th ed. (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2002). For power and writing the cold war, see Mark Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945-1963 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999); William Curti Wohlforth, The Elusive Balance: Power and Perceptions During the Cold War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993); Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and different comparison essay the Cold War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992).

Raymond L. Garthoff has written two lengthy and illuminating books that link power and ideology. See Garthoff, Detente and essay Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations From Nixon to poems from different cultures comparison, Reagan (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1985) and christmas homework passes The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1994). For discussions of the end of the cold war that focus on ideas and transnational movements, see Matthew Evangelista, Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999); Robert D. English, Russia and the Idea of the West: Gorbachev, Intellectuals, and from different essay the End of the essay structures Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000); Lawrence S. Wittner, Toward Nuclear Abolition: A History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement, 1971 to the Present (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003). For discussions of hegemony and from different comparison essay soft power, see the essay and formats citations in notes 5 and 29. Melvyn P. Leffler is the Edward Stettinius Professor of American History at The University of Virginia. Currently, he is a Jennings Randolph Fellow at the United States Institute of Peace and holds the poems from Henry Kissinger Chair at the Library of Congress.

His book, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford University Press, 1993), won the open ended essay ap literature Bancroft, Ferrell, and Hoover prizes. From Different Essay. He is now writing a book about why the hints sat essay Cold War lasted as long as it did and why it ended when it did.

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