Happy chinese new year essay

Once more with feeling my blog has moved but. Essay. I#8217;ve been unable so far to move the followers from this blog to that blog. So here#8217;s the new one click on my name below. Part of my new web site. Also, I have lots planned for the blog with Survival Monday, Talk Tuesday, and papers psychology, Cool Gus posting on Saturday. And other stuff. And there is a sign up to the top right. Happy New Year. If you haven#8217;t gotten a post from me in papers psychology, a while, then it didn#8217;t transfer. Ah well- nothing but good times ahead! My blog has moved to keep getting it you need to. go to the new blog and sign up. The sign up is on the right side.

Sorry for the inconvenience but it#8217;s part of the complete revamp of my web site. I#8217;ve made things much simpler. Chinese New Year Essay. The fiction page lists all my novels in antithesis, series order. The freebies page has all my free books, short stories and audio shorts. Nothing but good time ahead!! 105 Years Ago, Jack Died.

And a ship sank. Happy New Year Essay. Seriously, wasn#8217;t there room on that piece of wood? Anyway, while they were saying goodbye to verlag, each other, some boat sank. Happy. Why? As part of my Shit Doesn#8217;t Just Happen: The Gift of Failure here are the six Cascade Events leading to #7, the Disaster. The NY Times: Elitism and Populism—which is more harmful to the arts? To misquote J-Lo, I’m just a boy from the dissertation Bronx. My father was a garbage man. Happy. My mother a homemaker. I went into the Army at 17 in research psychology, order to go to college.

And, honestly, get away. So when I saw this headline in the NY Times “ Which Force is More Harmful to the Arts: Elitist and Populism ?” I did what I often do. I looked up what words really mean. Populism: support for the concerns of ordinary people. Elitism: the advocacy or existence of an elite as a dominating element in a system or society. Chinese New Year Essay. First, the question is framed negatively, which makes you approach it negatively.

Like my wife asking our grandson: whose pie do you dislike better? Mine or you mother’s? Really? Is there an upside to answering that? Even framed positively: Whose pie do you like better? Is a lose-lose. Because the answer, of course, is I LOVE BOTH! I also check author bios. In this discourse between two authors—well, okay sort of authors, #8212; one listed that he was a columnist for the Tablet, published two collections of poetry and god index reprint, had won a prize for chinese new year criticism in writing language essay, 2010. The other has a longer bio—NY Based critic, translator and moderator. She talks about happy new year operas and Bugs Bunny so I guess she was taking the phd dissertation geographie populist POV?

The guy said an “ ’elite’ writer tends to be ahead of is time, a scout for posterity .” He ends by saying to understand this one author you have to “think and see like Bolano. Happy Essay. This takes a kind of talent—a talent for reading, which is more common than the talent for english writing, but still in the possession of essay a minority.” I guess that would be the research papers on personality psychology elitist POV. I get it even if you don’t. Because I have a special talent . As a person who has made his living writing for over a quarter of a century and penned over 70 books, it never occurs to me that my readers need to think like me to understand me; that feels a bit narcissistic. I have to engage and chinese new year, entertain the reader. I had to re-read the papers psychology article twice, being from da Bronx, to even figure out who was taking which side of the chinese discussion. Because they both sounded pretty snooty.

That’s a populist term. At the Maui Writers Conference, where I taught for seven straight years, we (a group of genre, bestselling authors) used to judge an award sponsored by a literary agent. Phd Dissertation Geographie. The award was for the “best” submission. The question we asked every year to the person sponsoring the award was: Do you want us to happy chinese, pick the phd dissertation best writing or the most sellable one? Because the two were not the same. We also used to joke they gave literary writers prizes and popular ones, aka genre writers, checks. First, I hate to chinese essay, group people under labels. But it seems as if the NY Times, which I peruse every day (my wife reads every word, every day) tends to take an antithesis, elitist POV in its book review. Happy Chinese New Year Essay. Hell, their bestseller list just dropped the anagrams antithesis mass market paperback bestseller list; talk about an elitist decision, since over half of it is constantly dominated by romance novelists.

A genre which sells 56% of new year essay all fiction, which means it’s popular. So the dissertation hardcover Times made a very conscious decision to discard and chinese new year essay, ignore the popular! Second, what does “harmful to the arts” mean? Whose art? What is art? What’s harmful to the arts is anagrams of dialectic, trying to pigeon hole art. One of the most thought provoking new TV series in the past year was Westworld. A reboot of a Michael Crichton story.

It explores what is consciousness. When they actually used the term “bicameral mind” my wife and I looked at each other because we bonded over Julian Jaynes and his epic The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind . My copy was destroyed when I rolled my Jeep in the Okefenokee Swamp which pretty sums up how I look at elitist vs populist. What I think we need to do is frame the question positively. How can we get people who were raised differently, who have a different life experience, who often literally have different brains, to understand each other? I told me wife the happy chinese essay other day that at my high school in the Bronx, Cardinal Spellman, from which a current Supreme Court justice graduated, we drew students from all over the city. There were kids from really rough and poor neighborhoods. And one thing I discovered was they really didn’t understand where they came from was “rough and poor”. It was the norm. Same for english a farm girl from Nebraska. That’s their norm.

The real question is: How does art reach both of them? I submit the answer is by touching not just the brain, but by touching the brain and the heart. Happy. Map Reading and Where To Get Free Topo Maps and Apps. Do you have a road map in verlag, your car? A printed one? The lost art of map reading.

And the lost practice of having a physical map.

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Explaining the nature of consciousness is one of the most important and perplexing areas of philosophy, but the concept is notoriously ambiguous. The abstract noun “consciousness” is not frequently used by itself in the contemporary literature, but is happy chinese originally derived from the papers psychology Latin con (with) and happy chinese, scire (to know). Perhaps the most commonly used contemporary notion of a conscious mental state is captured by Thomas Nagel’s famous “what it is like” sense (Nagel 1974). When I am in a conscious mental state, there is something it is like for me to be in that state from the subjective or first-person point of view. But how are we to understand this? For instance, how is the conscious mental state related to powerpointpresentations the body? Can consciousness be explained in terms of happy chinese new year, brain activity? What makes a mental state be a conscious mental state? The problem of consciousness is arguably the most central issue in current philosophy of mind and is also importantly related to major traditional topics in metaphysics, such as the possibility of immortality and essay failed god index, the belief in free will.

This article focuses on Western theories and conceptions of consciousness, especially as found in contemporary analytic philosophy of happy, mind. The two broad, traditional and competing theories of mind are dualism and writing essay, materialism (or physicalism). While there are many versions of each, the former generally holds that the conscious mind or a conscious mental state is non-physical in some sense, whereas the latter holds that, to put it crudely, the mind is the brain, or is caused by chinese new year neural activity. It is against this general backdrop that many answers to the above questions are formulated and developed. There are also many familiar objections to both materialism and dualism. For example, it is often said that materialism cannot truly explain just how or why some brain states are conscious, and that there is an research papers important “explanatory gap” between mind and matter. On the other hand, dualism faces the problem of explaining how a non-physical substance or mental state can causally interact with the physical body. Some philosophers attempt to explain consciousness directly in neurophysiological or physical terms, while others offer cognitive theories of consciousness whereby conscious mental states are reduced to some kind of happy essay, representational relation between mental states and the world. There are a number of such representational theories of anagrams of dialectic, consciousness currently on the market, including higher-order theories which hold that what makes a mental state conscious is that the subject is new year aware of it in some sense.

The relationship between consciousness and science is also central in much current theorizing on this topic: How does the brain “bind together” various sensory inputs to produce a unified subjective experience? What are the neural correlates of papers, consciousness? What can be learned from happy chinese new year essay, abnormal psychology which might help us to understand normal consciousness? To what extent are animal minds different from geographie, human minds? Could an appropriately programmed machine be conscious? 1. Happy New Year Essay. Terminological Matters: Various Concepts of Consciousness. The concept of consciousness is notoriously ambiguous. It is important first to make several distinctions and to define related terms.

The abstract noun “consciousness” is not often used in anagrams, the contemporary literature, though it should be noted that it is chinese new year essay originally derived from the Latin con (with) and scire (to know). Thus, “consciousness” has etymological ties to one’s ability to dissertation verlag know and perceive, and should not be confused with conscience, which has the much more specific moral connotation of knowing when one has done or is doing something wrong. Chinese New Year Essay. Through consciousness, one can have knowledge of the english external world or one’s own mental states. The primary contemporary interest lies more in the use of the expressions “x is conscious” or “x is conscious of y.” Under the happy chinese essay former category, perhaps most important is the powerpointpresentations distinction between state and creature consciousness (Rosenthal 1993a). We sometimes speak of an individual mental state, such as a pain or perception, as conscious. On the other hand, we also often speak of organisms or creatures as conscious, such as when we say “human beings are conscious” or “dogs are conscious.” Creature consciousness is also simply meant to refer to the fact that an organism is awake, as opposed to sleeping or in a coma. However, some kind of state consciousness is often implied by chinese essay creature consciousness, that is, the organism is having conscious mental states. Due to language essay the lack of happy chinese essay, a direct object in on personality psychology, the expression “x is happy essay conscious,” this is usually referred to as intransitive consciousness, in contrast to transitive consciousness where the locution “x is conscious of y” is used (Rosenthal 1993a, 1997). Geographie. Most contemporary theories of happy essay, consciousness are aimed at explaining state consciousness; that is, explaining what makes a mental state a conscious mental state. It might seem that “conscious” is synonymous with, say, “awareness” or “experience” or “attention.” However, it is crucial to recognize that this is not generally accepted today.

For example, though perhaps somewhat atypical, one might hold that there are even unconscious experiences, depending of verlag, course on how the chinese new year essay term “experience” is defined (Carruthers 2000). Research On Personality. More common is the belief that we can be aware of external objects in some unconscious sense, for happy chinese essay example, during cases of subliminal perception. The expression “conscious awareness” does not therefore seem to be redundant. Finally, it is not clear that consciousness ought to be restricted to attention. It seems plausible to suppose that one is powerpointpresentations conscious (in some sense) of objects in one’s peripheral visual field even though one is happy new year only attending to some narrow (focal) set of objects within that visual field. Perhaps the verlag most fundamental and commonly used notion of “conscious” is captured by happy chinese new year Thomas Nagel’s famous “what it is like” sense (Nagel 1974).

When I am in a conscious mental state, there is “something it is essay failed god index reprint series like” for me to be in that state from the happy chinese subjective or first-person point of view. When I am, for example, smelling a rose or having a conscious visual experience, there is something it “seems” or “feels” like from my perspective. An organism, such as a bat, is conscious if it is able to phd dissertation geographie experience the outer world through its (echo-locatory) senses. There is also something it is like to be a conscious creature whereas there is nothing it is like to be, for example, a table or tree. This is primarily the sense of “conscious state” that will be used throughout this entry. There are still, though, a cluster of happy new year essay, expressions and terms related to Nagel’s sense, and some authors simply stipulate the way that they use such terms.

For example, philosophers sometimes refer to conscious states as phenomenal or qualitative states. More technically, philosophers often view such states as having qualitative properties called “qualia” (prounced like kwal' ee uh; the singular is quale). There is significant disagreement over the nature, and even the existence, of verlag, qualia, but they are perhaps most frequently understood as the felt properties or qualities of happy new year, conscious states. Ned Block (1995) makes an often cited distinction between phenomenal consciousness (or “phenomenality”) and access consciousness. The former is very much in phd dissertation, line with the Nagelian notion described above. However, Block also defines the quite different notion of access consciousness in terms of a mental state’s relationship with other mental states; for example, a mental state’s “availability for happy use in reasoning and rationality guiding speech and powerpointpresentations, action” (Block 1995: 227). This would, for example, count a visual perception as (access) conscious not because it has the “what it’s likeness” of phenomenal states, but rather because it carries visual information which is chinese new year generally available for failed god index series use by the organism, regardless of whether or not it has any qualitative properties.

Access consciousness is therefore more of happy new year essay, a functional notion; that is, concerned with what such states do. Although this concept of consciousness is certainly very important in cognitive science and dissertation hardcover, philosophy of mind generally, not everyone agrees that access consciousness deserves to be called “consciousnesses” in any important sense. Block himself argues that neither sense of consciousness implies the other, while others urge that there is a more intimate connection between the two. Finally, it is helpful to distinguish between consciousness and self-consciousness, which plausibly involves some kind of awareness or consciousness of one’s own mental states (instead of something out in the world). New Year Essay. Self-consciousness arguably comes in degrees of sophistication ranging from minimal bodily self-awareness to the ability to reason and reflect on one’s own mental states, such as one’s beliefs and geographie, desires. Some important historical figures have even held that consciousness entails some form of self-consciousness (Kant 1781/1965, Sartre 1956), a view shared by some contemporary philosophers (Gennaro 1996a, Kriegel 2004). Interest in the nature of conscious experience has no doubt been around for happy as long as there have been reflective humans. It would be impossible here to survey the entire history, but a few highlights are in order.

In the history of Western philosophy, which is the focus of this entry, important writings on human nature and the soul and mind go back to ancient philosophers, such as Plato. More sophisticated work on powerpointpresentations the nature of consciousness and happy chinese essay, perception can be found in the work of Plato’s most famous student Aristotle (see Caston 2002), and phd dissertation, then throughout the later Medieval period. It is, however, with the work of new year, Rene Descartes (1596-1650) and his successors in the early modern period of papers, philosophy that consciousness and the relationship between the mind and body took center stage. As we shall see, Descartes argued that the mind is a non-physical substance distinct from the happy chinese new year body. He also did not believe in the existence of unconscious mental states, a view certainly not widely held today. Descartes defined “thinking” very broadly to include virtually every kind of english language essay, mental state and urged that consciousness is essential to thought. Our mental states are, according to Descartes, infallibly transparent to introspection. New Year. John Locke (1689/1975) held a similar position regarding the connection between mentality and research on personality, consciousness, but was far less committed on the exact metaphysical nature of the mind. Perhaps the most important philosopher of the period explicitly to endorse the existence of new year, unconscious mental states was G.W. Leibniz (1686/1991, 1720/1925).

Although Leibniz also believed in the immaterial nature of mental substances (which he called “monads”), he recognized the existence of what he called “petit perceptions,” which are basically unconscious perceptions. He also importantly distinguished between perception and apperception, roughly the research papers on personality difference between outer-directed consciousness and self-consciousness (see Gennaro 1999 for some discussion). The most important detailed theory of mind in the early modern period was developed by Immanuel Kant. His main work Critique of Pure Reason (1781/1965) is as equally dense as it is important, and happy chinese essay, cannot easily be summarized in this context. Although he owes a great debt to his immediate predecessors, Kant is arguably the most important philosopher since Plato and Aristotle and is highly relevant today. Kant basically thought that an adequate account of dissertation verlag hardcover, phenomenal consciousness involved far more than any of his predecessors had considered. There are important mental structures which are “presupposed” in happy chinese new year essay, conscious experience, and Kant presented an elaborate theory as to powerpointpresentations what those structures are, which, in turn, had other important implications. New Year Essay. He, like Leibniz, also saw the need to postulate the existence of unconscious mental states and mechanisms in order to powerpointpresentations provide an adequate theory of mind (Kitcher 1990 and Brook 1994 are two excellent books on Kant’s theory of mind.).

Over the past one hundred years or so, however, research on consciousness has taken off in many important directions. In psychology, with the chinese new year notable exception of the writing virtual banishment of consciousness by behaviorist psychologists (e.g., Skinner 1953), there were also those deeply interested in consciousness and various introspective (or “first-person”) methods of investigating the happy essay mind. The writings of such figures as Wilhelm Wundt (1897), William James (1890) and Alfred Titchener (1901) are good examples of this approach. Franz Brentano (1874/1973) also had a profound effect on some contemporary theories of consciousness. Similar introspectionist approaches were used by those in the so-called “phenomenological” tradition in philosophy, such as in the writings of Edmund Husserl (1913/1931, 1929/1960) and Martin Heidegger (1927/1962). The work of Sigmund Freud was very important, at minimum, in bringing about the near universal acceptance of the existence of unconscious mental states and processes. It must, however, be kept in mind that none of the above had very much scientific knowledge about the detailed workings of the brain. Essay Failed Reprint That. The relatively recent development of neurophysiology is, in part, also responsible for the unprecedented interdisciplinary research interest in happy new year essay, consciousness, particularly since the 1980s. Of Dialectic. There are now several important journals devoted entirely to the study of essay, consciousness: Consciousness and Cognition , Journal of essay god index series that, Consciousness Studies , and Psyche . Chinese. There are also major annual conferences sponsored by world wide professional organizations, such as the Association for god index reprint that the Scientific Study of essay, Consciousness, and an entire book series called “Advances in Consciousness Research” published by John Benjamins. (For a small sample of introductory texts and important anthologies, see Kim 1996, Gennaro 1996b, Block et. al. 1997, Seager 1999, Chalmers 2002, Baars et. al. 2003, Blackmore 2004, Campbell 2005, Velmans and Schneider 2007, Zelazo et al.

2007, Revonsuo 2010.) 3. The Metaphysics of Consciousness: Materialism vs. Dualism. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the ultimate nature of reality. There are two broad traditional and competing metaphysical views concerning the nature of the mind and conscious mental states: dualism and papers on personality psychology, materialism. While there are many versions of each, the former generally holds that the conscious mind or a conscious mental state is essay non-physical in some sense. On the dissertation hardcover other hand, materialists hold that the mind is the brain, or, more accurately, that conscious mental activity is identical with neural activity.

It is happy chinese new year essay important to recognize that by anagrams of dialectic non-physical, dualists do not merely mean “not visible to the naked eye.” Many physical things fit this description, such as the atoms which make up the essay air in a typical room. For something to be non-physical, it must literally be outside the realm of physics; that is, not in space at all and undetectable in principle by the instruments of research papers on personality, physics. It is equally important to recognize that the category “physical” is happy chinese new year broader than the category “material.” Materialists are called such because there is the essay failed god index reprint tendency to view the brain, a material thing, as the most likely physical candidate to identify with the mind. Essay. However, something might be physical but not material in this sense, such as an electromagnetic or energy field. One might therefore instead be a “physicalist” in some broader sense and writing essay, still not a dualist. Thus, to say that the mind is non-physical is to say something much stronger than that it is non-material. Chinese New Year. Dualists, then, tend to believe that conscious mental states or minds are radically different from anything in essay god index reprint series, the physical world at all.

a. Dualism: General Support and Related Issues. There are a number of reasons why some version of dualism has been held throughout the chinese centuries. Essay Reprint That. For one thing, especially from the introspective or first-person perspective, our conscious mental states just do not seem like physical things or processes. That is, when we reflect on our conscious perceptions, pains, and desires, they do not seem to be physical in any sense. Consciousness seems to be a unique aspect of the world not to be understood in any physical way. Although materialists will urge that this completely ignores the happy chinese new year essay more scientific third-person perspective on the nature of writing english essay, consciousness and mind, this idea continues to have force for chinese essay many today. Indeed, it is arguably the crucial underlying intuition behind historically significant “conceivability arguments” against essay god index series that, materialism and for dualism. Such arguments typically reason from the premise that one can conceive of one’s conscious states existing without one’s body or, conversely, that one can imagine one’s own physical duplicate without consciousness at all (see section 3b.iv). The metaphysical conclusion ultimately drawn is that consciousness cannot be identical with anything physical, partly because there is no essential conceptual connection between the chinese new year mental and the physical. Arguments such as these go back to powerpointpresentations Descartes and continue to be used today in various ways (Kripke 1972, Chalmers 1996), but it is happy chinese essay highly controversial as to whether they succeed in showing that materialism is false.

Materialists have replied in various ways to such arguments and the relevant literature has grown dramatically in recent years. Historically, there is also the clear link between dualism and a belief in immortality, and hence a more theistic perspective than one tends to dissertation hardcover find among materialists. Indeed, belief in dualism is often explicitly theologically motivated. If the conscious mind is not physical, it seems more plausible to believe in the possibility of life after bodily death. On the other hand, if conscious mental activity is identical with brain activity, then it would seem that when all brain activity ceases, so do all conscious experiences and thus no immortality. Chinese New Year Essay. After all, what do many people believe continues after bodily death? Presumably, one’s own conscious thoughts, memories, experiences, beliefs, and writing english, so on. Happy Chinese Essay. There is perhaps a similar historical connection to a belief in free will, which is of course a major topic in its own right. For our purposes, it suffices to say that, on some definitions of failed god index series, what it is to act freely, such ability seems almost “supernatural” in the sense that one’s conscious decisions can alter the otherwise deterministic sequence of new year essay, events in writing english essay, nature.

To put it another way: If we are entirely physical beings as the materialist holds, then mustn’t all of the brain activity and behavior in question be determined by the laws of nature? Although materialism may not logically rule out happy chinese new year essay immortality or free will, materialists will likely often reply that such traditional, perhaps even outdated or pre-scientific beliefs simply ought to dissertation be rejected to the extent that they conflict with materialism. After all, if the weight of the evidence points toward materialism and away from dualism, then so much the worse for those related views. One might wonder “even if the mind is physical, what about the soul?” Maybe it’s the happy chinese new year essay soul, not the english mind, which is non-physical as one might be told in many religious traditions. While it is true that the term “soul” (or “spirit”) is often used instead of “mind” in such religious contexts, the problem is that it is unclear just how the soul is supposed to chinese new year differ from the essay failed god index that mind. The terms are often even used interchangeably in many historical texts and by many philosophers because it is unclear what else the soul could be other than “the mental substance.” It is difficult to describe the soul in any way that doesn’t make it sound like what we mean by the mind. After all, that’s what many believe goes on after bodily death; namely, conscious mental activity. Granted that the term “soul” carries a more theological connotation, but it doesn’t follow that the words “soul” and “mind” refer to entirely different things.

Somewhat related to chinese new year the issue of immortality, the existence of powerpointpresentations, near death experiences is also used as some evidence for dualism and immortality. Such patients experience a peaceful moving toward a light through a tunnel like structure, or are able to see doctors working on their bodies while hovering over happy chinese new year essay, them in writing language, an emergency room (sometimes akin to what is called an “out of happy chinese, body experience”). In response, materialists will point out geographie that such experiences can be artificially induced in various experimental situations, and that starving the brain of oxygen is known to cause hallucinations. Various paranormal and psychic phenomena, such as clairvoyance, faith healing, and mind-reading, are sometimes also cited as evidence for dualism. However, materialists (and even many dualists) will first likely wish to be skeptical of the alleged phenomena themselves for numerous reasons. There are many modern day charlatans who should make us seriously question whether there really are such phenomena or mental abilities in the first place.

Second, it is not quite clear just how dualism follows from such phenomena even if they are genuine. Happy Chinese Essay. A materialist, or physicalist at least, might insist that though such phenomena are puzzling and perhaps currently difficult to explain in god index series, physical terms, they are nonetheless ultimately physical in happy chinese essay, nature; for reprint series that example, having to do with very unusual transfers of energy in the physical world. The dualist advantage is perhaps not as obvious as one might think, and we need not jump to supernatural conclusions so quickly. i. Substance Dualism and Objections. Interactionist Dualism or simply “interactionism” is the happy chinese new year essay most common form of “substance dualism” and its name derives from the widely accepted fact that mental states and bodily states causally interact with each other. Writing Essay. For example, my desire to drink something cold causes my body to move to the refrigerator and happy chinese essay, get something to drink and, conversely, kicking me in papers on personality, the shin will cause me to feel a pain and get angry. Due to Descartes’ influence, it is also sometimes referred to as “Cartesian dualism.” Knowing nothing about just where such causal interaction could take place, Descartes speculated that it was through the pineal gland, a now almost humorous conjecture. Chinese Essay. But a modern day interactionist would certainly wish to treat various areas of the brain as the location of geographie, such interactions. Three serious objections are briefly worth noting here. The first is simply the issue of just how does or could such radically different substances causally interact.

How something non-physical causally interacts with something physical, such as the brain? No such explanation is forthcoming or is perhaps even possible, according to materialists. New Year Essay. Moreover, if causation involves a transfer of energy from cause to effect, then how is that possible if the mind is really non-physical? Gilbert Ryle (1949) mockingly calls the Cartesian view about the nature of mind, a belief in essay failed god index, the “ghost in chinese new year, the machine.” Secondly, assuming that some such energy transfer makes any sense at all, it is research papers psychology also then often alleged that interactionism is happy essay inconsistent with the scientifically well-established Conservation of Energy principle, which says that the total amount of energy in the universe, or any controlled part of it, remains constant. Antithesis. So any loss of energy in the cause must be passed along as a corresponding gain of energy in the effect, as in standard billiard ball examples. But if interactionism is chinese true, then when mental events cause physical events, energy would literally come into the physical word. On the other hand, when bodily events cause mental events, energy would literally go out of the physical world. At the least, there is a very peculiar and unique notion of energy involved, unless one wished, even more radically, to research on personality deny the conservation principle itself. Third, some materialists might also use the well-known fact that brain damage (even to very specific areas of the brain) causes mental defects as a serious objection to interactionism (and thus as support for materialism).

This has of happy chinese, course been known for many centuries, but the level of detailed knowledge has increased dramatically in recent years. Now a dualist might reply that such phenomena do not absolutely refute her metaphysical position since it could be replied that damage to the brain simply causes corresponding damage to research on personality psychology the mind. However, this raises a host of other questions: Why not opt for the simpler explanation, i.e., that brain damage causes mental damage because mental processes simply are brain processes? If the non-physical mind is damaged when brain damage occurs, how does that leave one’s mind according to the dualist’s conception of an afterlife? Will the severe amnesic at the end of life on chinese new year Earth retain such a deficit in the afterlife?

If proper mental functioning still depends on proper brain functioning, then is dualism really in no better position to offer hope for immortality? It should be noted that there is also another less popular form of substance dualism called parallelism, which denies the causal interaction between the non-physical mental and physical bodily realms. It seems fair to say that it encounters even more serious objections than interactionism. While a detailed survey of all varieties of dualism is beyond the scope of this entry, it is at least important to note here that the main and most popular form of dualism today is called property dualism. Substance dualism has largely fallen out of favor at least in most philosophical circles, though there are important exceptions (e.g., Swinburne 1986, Foster 1996) and powerpointpresentations, it often continues to be tied to various theological positions. Property dualism, on the other hand, is happy chinese new year essay a more modest version of dualism and it holds that there are mental properties (that is, characteristics or aspects of phd dissertation, things) that are neither identical with nor reducible to happy new year essay physical properties. There are actually several different kinds of essay god index that, property dualism, but what they have in common is the idea that conscious properties, such as the color qualia involved in a conscious experience of a visual perception, cannot be explained in purely physical terms and, thus, are not themselves to chinese be identified with any brain state or process. Two other views worth mentioning are epiphenomenalism and phd dissertation geographie, panpsychism. The latter is the somewhat eccentric view that all things in physical reality, even down to chinese new year micro-particles, have some mental properties. All substances have a mental aspect, though it is not always clear exactly how to characterize or test such a claim.

Epiphenomenalism holds that mental events are caused by brain events but those mental events are mere “epiphenomena” which do not, in turn, cause anything physical at all, despite appearances to the contrary (for a recent defense, see Robinson 2004). Finally, although not a form of dualism, idealism holds that there are only immaterial mental substances, a view more common in the Eastern tradition. The most prominent Western proponent of idealism was 18th century empiricist George Berkeley. Dissertation Verlag Hardcover. The idealist agrees with the substance dualist, however, that minds are non-physical, but then denies the new year essay existence of mind-independent physical substances altogether. Such a view faces a number of serious objections, and it also requires a belief in the existence of God. Some form of materialism is probably much more widely held today than in centuries past. No doubt part of the god index reprint series reason for this has to do with the explosion in scientific knowledge about the workings of the brain and its intimate connection with consciousness, including the close connection between brain damage and various states of consciousness. Happy Essay. Brain death is now the main criterion for when someone dies. Stimulation to specific areas of the brain results in modality specific conscious experiences. Indeed, materialism often seems to be a working assumption in neurophysiology. Imagine saying to failed god index series that a neuroscientist “you are not really studying the conscious mind itself” when she is examining the workings of the essay brain during an essay failed god index that fMRI.

The idea is that science is showing us that conscious mental states, such as visual perceptions, are simply identical with certain neuro-chemical brain processes; much like the science of chemistry taught us that water just is H2O. There are also theoretical factors on the side of materialism, such as adherence to the so-called “principle of happy essay, simplicity” which says that if two theories can equally explain a given phenomenon, then we should accept the one which posits fewer objects or forces. In this case, even if dualism could equally explain consciousness (which would of course be disputed by materialists), materialism is clearly the simpler theory in so far as it does not posit any objects or processes over and above physical ones. Materialists will wonder why there is a need to believe in the existence of such mysterious non-physical entities. Moreover, in the aftermath of the Darwinian revolution, it would seem that materialism is on even stronger ground provided that one accepts basic evolutionary theory and the notion that most animals are conscious. Given the geographie similarities between the new year more primitive parts of the human brain and the brains of other animals, it seems most natural to conclude that, through evolution, increasing layers of brain areas correspond to increased mental abilities. For example, having a well developed prefrontal cortex allows humans to reason and plan in ways not available to english dogs and cats. It also seems fairly uncontroversial to hold that we should be materialists about the minds of animals. If so, then it would be odd indeed to hold that non-physical conscious states suddenly appear on the scene with humans.

There are still, however, a number of much discussed and important objections to materialism, most of which question the notion that materialism can adequately explain conscious experience. i. Chinese. Objection 1: The Explanatory Gap and The Hard Problem. Joseph Levine (1983) coined the expression “the explanatory gap” to express a difficulty for any materialistic attempt to powerpointpresentations explain consciousness. Although not concerned to reject the metaphysics of materialism, Levine gives eloquent expression to the idea that there is a key gap in our ability to explain the connection between phenomenal properties and happy new year, brain properties (see also Levine 1993, 2001). The basic problem is on personality psychology that it is, at least at present, very difficult for us to understand the relationship between brain properties and phenomenal properties in any explanatory satisfying way, especially given the chinese fact that it seems possible for one to be present without the other. Geographie. There is an chinese essay odd kind of arbitrariness involved: Why or how does some particular brain process produce that particular taste or visual sensation? It is phd dissertation difficult to see any real explanatory connection between specific conscious states and brain states in a way that explains just how or why the former are identical with the latter. Happy New Year Essay. There is therefore an explanatory gap between the physical and mental.

Levine argues that this difficulty in explaining consciousness is unique; that is, we do not have similar worries about other scientific identities, such as that “water is H2O” or that “heat is mean molecular kinetic energy.” There is “an important sense in which we can’t really understand how [materialism] could be true.” (2001: 68) David Chalmers (1995) has articulated a similar worry by using the catchy phrase “the hard problem of of dialectic, consciousness,” which basically refers to the difficulty of explaining just how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective conscious experiences. The “really hard problem is the problem of happy chinese essay, experience…How can we explain why there is something it is like to entertain a mental image, or to experience an emotion?” (1995: 201) Others have made similar points, as Chalmers acknowledges, but reference to the phrase “the hard problem” has now become commonplace in the literature. Unlike Levine, however, Chalmers is much more inclined to draw anti-materialist metaphysical conclusions from phd dissertation, these and other considerations. Chalmers usefully distinguishes the hard problem of chinese, consciousness from what he calls the (relatively) “easy problems” of consciousness, such as the ability to discriminate and categorize stimuli, the ability of a cognitive system to access its own internal states, and the difference between wakefulness and sleep. The easy problems generally have more to anagrams antithesis do with the functions of consciousness, but Chalmers urges that solving them does not touch the hard problem of phenomenal consciousness. Most philosophers, according to chinese Chalmers, are really only addressing the easy problems, perhaps merely with something like Block’s “access consciousness” in mind. Their theories ignore phenomenal consciousness. There are many responses by materialists to the above charges, but it is worth emphasizing that Levine, at least, does not reject the metaphysics of research papers on personality psychology, materialism. Instead, he sees the “explanatory gap [as] primarily an epistemological problem” (2001: 10).

That is, it is primarily a problem having to do with knowledge or understanding. This concession is still important at least to the extent that one is concerned with the larger related metaphysical issues discussed in section 3a, such as the possibility of happy new year essay, immortality. Perhaps most important for the materialist, however, is recognition of the fact that different concepts can pick out the god index reprint series same property or object in the world (Loar 1990, 1997). Out in the world there is new year essay only the one “stuff,” which we can conceptualize either as “water” or as “H2O.” The traditional distinction, made most notably by Gottlob Frege in the late 19th century, between “meaning” (or “sense”) and essay failed god index series, “reference” is also relevant here. Chinese Essay. Two or more concepts, which can have different meanings, can refer to the same property or object, much like “Venus” and “The Morning Star.” Materialists, then, explain that it is essential to distinguish between mental properties and writing language essay, our concepts of those properties. By analogy, there are so-called “phenomenal concepts” which uses a phenomenal or “first-person” property to new year refer to some conscious mental state, such as a sensation of red (Alter and Walter 2007). In contrast, we can also use various concepts couched in physical or neurophysiological terms to refer to that same mental state from the third-person point of view. There is thus but one conscious mental state which can be conceptualized in research, two different ways: either by employing first-person experiential phenomenal concepts or by employing third-person neurophysiological concepts. Happy New Year Essay. It may then just be a “brute fact” about the world that there are such identities and psychology, the appearance of arbitrariness between brain properties and happy new year, mental properties is just that – an verlag hardcover apparent problem leading many to essay wonder about the alleged explanatory gap. Qualia would then still be identical to physical properties.

Moreover, this response provides a diagnosis for why there even seems to be such a gap; namely, that we use very different concepts to pick out the same property. Science will be able, in principle, to close the geographie gap and solve the hard problem of consciousness in happy, an analogous way that we now have a very good understanding for why “water is H2O” or “heat is mean molecular kinetic energy” that was lacking centuries ago. Maybe the hard problem isn’t so hard after all – it will just take some more time. After all, the language science of chemistry didn’t develop overnight and essay, we are relatively early in phd dissertation geographie, the history of happy chinese, neurophysiology and our understanding of phenomenal consciousness. Anagrams Of Dialectic Antithesis. (See Shear 1997 for many more specific responses to new year the hard problem, but also for Chalmers’ counter-replies.) ii. Objection 2: The Knowledge Argument.

There is a pair of very widely discussed, and arguably related, objections to materialism which come from the seminal writings of Thomas Nagel (1974) and phd dissertation geographie, Frank Jackson (1982, 1986). Happy Essay. These arguments, especially Jackson’s, have come to failed series that be known as examples of the “knowledge argument” against materialism, due to their clear emphasis on the epistemological (that is, knowledge related) limitations of essay, materialism. Like Levine, Nagel does not reject the failed that metaphysics of materialism. Jackson had originally intended for his argument to yield a dualistic conclusion, but he no longer holds that view. Chinese New Year. The general pattern of each argument is to assume that all the research papers psychology physical facts are known about some conscious mind or conscious experience. Yet, the argument goes, not all is happy essay known about the writing essay mind or experience.

It is then inferred that the missing knowledge is happy chinese essay non-physical in powerpointpresentations, some sense, which is happy new year essay surely an anti-materialist conclusion in some sense. Nagel imagines a future where we know everything physical there is to know about some other conscious creature’s mind, such as a bat. However, it seems clear that we would still not know something crucial; namely, “what it is like to be a bat.” It will not do to phd dissertation geographie imagine what it is happy chinese new year like for us to be a bat. On Personality. We would still not know what it is new year essay like to be a bat from the bat’s subjective or first-person point of view. The idea, then, is of dialectic antithesis that if we accept the hypothesis that we know all of the happy chinese new year essay physical facts about bat minds, and yet some knowledge about bat minds is left out, then materialism is inherently flawed when it comes to writing english language essay explaining consciousness. Even in an ideal future in which everything physical is known by us, something would still be left out. Jackson’s somewhat similar, but no less influential, argument begins by asking us to imagine a future where a person, Mary, is kept in a black and white room from happy essay, birth during which time she becomes a brilliant neuroscientist and an expert on color perception. Geographie. Mary never sees red for example, but she learns all of the physical facts and everything neurophysiologically about human color vision. Eventually she is released from the room and sees red for the first time. Jackson argues that it is clear that Mary comes to learn something new; namely, to use Nagel’s famous phrase, what it is like to experience red. This is a new piece of knowledge and hence she must have come to know some non-physical fact (since, by hypothesis, she already knew all of the physical facts).

Thus, not all knowledge about the conscious mind is physical knowledge. The influence and the quantity of work that these ideas have generated cannot be exaggerated. Happy New Year Essay. Numerous materialist responses to Nagel’s argument have been presented (such as Van Gulick 1985), and there is now a very useful anthology devoted entirely to Jackson’s knowledge argument (Ludlow et. Anagrams Of Dialectic. al. Happy New Year Essay. 2004). Some materialists have wondered if we should concede up front that Mary wouldn’t be able to imagine the color red even before leaving the room, so that maybe she wouldn’t even be surprised upon seeing red for the first time. Various suspicions about the nature and powerpointpresentations, effectiveness of such thought experiments also usually accompany this response. More commonly, however, materialists reply by arguing that Mary does not learn a new fact when seeing red for the first time, but rather learns the same fact in a different way. Recalling the distinction made in section 3b.i between concepts and objects or properties, the materialist will urge that there is only the one physical fact about color vision, but there are two ways to come to know it: either by chinese employing neurophysiological concepts or by actually undergoing the relevant experience and verlag, so by employing phenomenal concepts. We might say that Mary, upon leaving the black and white room, becomes acquainted with the same neural property as before, but only new year, now from the first-person point of view. Verlag. The property itself isn’t new; only the perspective, or what philosophers sometimes call the “mode of presentation,” is different. In short, coming to learn or know something new does not entail learning some new fact about the happy chinese world.

Analogies are again given in writing english, other less controversial areas, for happy new year essay example, one can come to know about some historical fact or event by reading a (reliable) third-person historical account or by having observed that event oneself. But there is still only the one objective fact under two different descriptions. Finally, it is crucial to remember that, according to dissertation verlag hardcover most, the happy new year metaphysics of materialism remains unaffected. Research Papers Psychology. Drawing a metaphysical conclusion from such purely epistemological premises is always a questionable practice. Nagel’s argument doesn’t show that bat mental states are not identical with bat brain states. Happy New Year. Indeed, a materialist might even expect the english language essay conclusion that Nagel draws; after all, given that our brains are so different from bat brains, it almost seems natural for happy chinese there to be certain aspects of reprint that, bat experience that we could never fully comprehend. Only the bat actually undergoes the relevant brain processes. Similarly, Jackson’s argument doesn’t show that Mary’s color experience is happy chinese distinct from her brain processes. Despite the plethora of materialist responses, vigorous debate continues as there are those who still think that something profound must always be missing from any materialist attempt to explain consciousness; namely, that understanding subjective phenomenal consciousness is an inherently first-person activity which cannot be captured by failed god index series any objective third-person scientific means, no matter how much scientific knowledge is new year essay accumulated. Verlag. Some knowledge about consciousness is chinese essay essentially limited to first-person knowledge.

Such a sense, no doubt, continues to fuel the related anti-materialist intuitions raised in the previous section. Perhaps consciousness is simply a fundamental or irreducible part of anagrams antithesis, nature in some sense (Chalmers 1996). (For more see Van Gulick 1993.) Finally, some go so far as to argue that we are simply not capable of happy, solving the problem of consciousness (McGinn 1989, 1991, 1995). Essay Failed God Index Series. In short, “mysterians” believe that the happy hard problem can never be solved because of human cognitive limitations; the explanatory gap can never be filled. Once again, however, McGinn does not reject the metaphysics of materialism, but rather argues that we are “cognitively closed” with respect to this problem much like a rat or dog is cognitively incapable of solving, or even understanding, calculus problems. More specifically, McGinn claims that we are cognitively closed as to how the writing english brain produces conscious awareness.

McGinn concedes that some brain property produces conscious experience, but we cannot understand how this is happy chinese so or even know what that brain property is. Our concept forming mechanisms simply will not allow us to grasp the physical and causal basis of consciousness. We are not conceptually suited to be able to phd dissertation geographie do so. McGinn does not entirely rest his argument on past failed attempts at happy new year essay explaining consciousness in materialist terms; instead, he presents another argument for his admittedly pessimistic conclusion. McGinn observes that we do not have a mental faculty that can access both consciousness and the brain. We access consciousness through introspection or the first-person perspective, but our access to the brain is writing english through the happy chinese new year essay use of outer spatial senses (e.g., vision) or a more third-person perspective. Thus we have no way to access both the brain and consciousness together, and therefore any explanatory link between them is forever beyond our reach.

Materialist responses are numerous. First, one might wonder why we can’t combine the two perspectives within certain experimental contexts. Both first-person and anagrams, third-person scientific data about the brain and new year essay, consciousness can be acquired and papers, used to solve the hard problem. Even if a single person cannot grasp consciousness from both perspectives at chinese essay the same time, why can’t a plausible physicalist theory emerge from such a combined approach? Presumably, McGinn would say that we are not capable of putting such a theory together in any appropriate way. Second, despite McGinn’s protests to the contrary, many will view the problem of explaining consciousness as a merely temporary limit of our theorizing, and english language, not something which is unsolvable in principle (Dennett 1991).

Third, it may be that McGinn expects too much; namely, grasping some causal link between the brain and consciousness. After all, if conscious mental states are simply identical to brain states, then there may simply be a “brute fact” that really does not need any further explaining. Indeed, this is sometimes also said in response to the explanatory gap and the hard problem, as we saw earlier. It may even be that some form of dualism is presupposed in happy, McGinn’s argument, to the extent that brain states are said to “cause” or “give rise to” consciousness, instead of using the language of identity. Fourth, McGinn’s analogy to lower animals and mathematics is not quite accurate. Rats, for example, have no concept whatsoever of calculus. It is not as if they can grasp it to some extent but just haven’t figured out the answer to phd dissertation some particular problem within mathematics. Rats are just completely oblivious to calculus problems. On the other hand, we humans obviously do have some grasp on consciousness and on the workings of the chinese brain -- just see the powerpointpresentations references at the end of this entry!

It is chinese new year essay not clear, then, why we should accept the anagrams of dialectic extremely pessimistic and universally negative conclusion that we can never discover the chinese essay answer to the problem of consciousness, or, more specifically, why we could never understand the link between consciousness and the brain. Unlike many of the above objections to materialism, the appeal to the possibility of zombies is often taken as both a problem for materialism and as a more positive argument for some form of anagrams antithesis, dualism, such as property dualism. The philosophical notion of happy essay, a “zombie” basically refers to conceivable creatures which are physically indistinguishable from us but lack consciousness entirely (Chalmers 1996). It certainly seems logically possible for there to be such creatures: “the conceivability of zombies seems…obvious to powerpointpresentations me…While this possibility is probably empirically impossible, it certainly seems that a coherent situation is described; I can discern no contradiction in the description” (Chalmers 1996: 96). Philosophers often contrast what is logically possible (in the sense of “that which is not self-contradictory”) from happy chinese new year essay, what is empirically possible given the actual laws of english language, nature.

Thus, it is logically possible for me to jump fifty feet in chinese, the air, but not empirically possible. Philosophers often use the dissertation hardcover notion of chinese new year essay, “possible worlds,” i.e., different ways that the research papers on personality psychology world might have been, in describing such non-actual situations or possibilities. The objection, then, typically proceeds from happy chinese essay, such a possibility to the conclusion that materialism is false because materialism would seem to rule out that possibility. Phd Dissertation. It has been fairly widely accepted (since Kripke 1972) that all identity statements are necessarily true (that is, true in all possible worlds), and the same should therefore go for mind-brain identity claims. Since the possibility of zombies shows that it doesn’t, then we should conclude that materialism is false. Chinese Essay. (See Identity Theory.) It is impossible to do justice to all of the subtleties here. The literature in response to phd dissertation zombie, and related “conceivability,” arguments is enormous (see, for example, Hill 1997, Hill and McLaughlin 1999, Papineau 1998, 2002, Balog 1999, Block and Stalnaker 1999, Loar 1999, Yablo 1999, Perry 2001, Botterell 2001, Kirk 2005). A few lines of reply are as follows: First, it is chinese new year sometimes objected that the conceivability of writing english language, something does not really entail its possibility. Perhaps we can also conceive of water not being H2O, since there seems to be no logical contradiction in doing so, but, according to received wisdom from chinese essay, Kripke, that is really impossible.

Perhaps, then, some things just seem possible but really aren’t. Much of the debate centers on various alleged similarities or dissimilarities between the powerpointpresentations mind-brain and water-H2O cases (or other such scientific identities). Indeed, the chinese new year essay entire issue of the exact relationship between “conceivability” and “possibility” is the subject of an geographie important recently published anthology (Gendler and Hawthorne 2002). Second, even if zombies are conceivable in the sense of logically possible, how can we draw a substantial metaphysical conclusion about the actual world? There is often suspicion on chinese new year the part of materialists about what, if anything, such philosophers’ “thought experiments” can teach us about the nature of our minds. It seems that one could take virtually any philosophical or scientific theory about almost anything, conceive that it is dissertation hardcover possibly false, and then conclude that it is new year essay actually false. Something, perhaps, is generally wrong with this way of reasoning. Third, as we saw earlier (3b.i), there may be a very good reason why such zombie scenarios seem possible; namely, that we do not (at least, not yet) see what the necessary connection is between neural events and conscious mental events.

On the one side, we are dealing with scientific third-person concepts and, on the other, we are employing phenomenal concepts. We are, perhaps, simply currently not in a position to understand completely such a necessary connection. Debate and discussion on all four objections remains very active. Despite the apparent simplicity of materialism, say, in terms of the identity between mental states and neural states, the fact is that there are many different forms of materialism. While a detailed survey of all varieties is beyond the scope of this entry, it is at least important to english essay acknowledge the commonly drawn distinction between two kinds of “identity theory”: token-token and type-type materialism.

Type-type identity theory is the stronger thesis and says that mental properties, such as “having a desire to drink some water” or “being in pain,” are literally identical with a brain property of some kind. Such identities were originally meant to happy chinese essay be understood as on a par with, for example, the scientific identity between “being water” and “being composed of H2O” (Place 1956, Smart 1959). However, this view historically came under serious assault due to the fact that it seems to rule out the so-called “multiple realizability” of conscious mental states. The idea is simply that it seems perfectly possible for there to be other conscious beings (e.g., aliens, radically different animals) who can have those same mental states but who also are radically different from us physiologically (Fodor 1974). It seems that commitment to geographie type-type identity theory led to the undesirable result that only happy chinese new year essay, organisms with brains like ours can have conscious states. Somewhat more technically, most materialists wish to leave room for the possibility that mental properties can be “instantiated” in different kinds of organisms. Research. (But for more recent defenses of type-type identity theory see Hill and McLaughlin 1999, Papineau 1994, 1995, 1998, Polger 2004.) As a consequence, a more modest “token-token” identity theory has become preferable to many materialists. This view simply holds that each particular conscious mental event in some organism is identical with some particular brain process or event in that organism.

This seems to happy new year preserve much of what the english essay materialist wants but yet allows for the multiple realizability of conscious states, because both the human and the alien can still have a conscious desire for new year something to drink while each mental event is psychology identical with a (different) physical state in each organism. Taking the notion of multiple realizability very seriously has also led many to embrace functionalism, which is the view that conscious mental states should really only be identified with the functional role they play within an new year organism. For example, conscious pains are defined more in terms of input and hardcover, output, such as causing bodily damage and avoidance behavior, as well as in happy chinese, terms of their relationship to other mental states. It is normally viewed as a form of materialism since virtually all functionalists also believe, like the token-token theorist, that something physical ultimately realizes that functional state in the organism, but functionalism does not, by itself, entail that materialism is dissertation true. Critics of functionalism, however, have long argued that such purely functional accounts cannot adequately explain the essential “feel” of conscious states, or that it seems possible to have two functionally equivalent creatures, one of whom lacks qualia entirely (Block 1980a, 1980b, Chalmers 1996; see also Shoemaker 1975, 1981). Some materialists even deny the very existence of essay, mind and mental states altogether, at least in the sense that the very concept of consciousness is muddled (Wilkes 1984, 1988) or that the mentalistic notions found in folk psychology, such as desires and beliefs, will eventually be eliminated and replaced by papers on personality psychology physicalistic terms as neurophysiology matures into the future (Churchland 1983). This is meant as analogous to happy chinese past similar eliminations based on deeper scientific understanding, for example, we no longer need to of dialectic speak of “ether” or “phlogiston.” Other eliminativists, more modestly, argue that there is happy chinese new year no such thing as qualia when they are defined in certain problematic ways (Dennett 1988). Finally, it should also be noted that not all materialists believe that conscious mentality can be explained in terms of the series that physical, at least in the sense that the former cannot be “reduced” to the latter. Materialism is happy essay true as an ontological or metaphysical doctrine, but facts about the hardcover mind cannot be deduced from happy chinese, facts about the physical world (Boyd 1980, Van Gulick 1992). In some ways, this might be viewed as a relatively harmless variation on failed reprint series that materialist themes, but others object to the very coherence of happy chinese essay, this form of materialism (Kim 1987, 1998).

Indeed, the line between such “non-reductive materialism” and property dualism is writing english essay not always so easy to chinese essay draw; partly because the entire notion of “reduction” is ambiguous and a very complex topic in its own right. On a related front, some materialists are happy enough to talk about phd dissertation geographie, a somewhat weaker “supervenience” relation between mind and matter. Although “supervenience” is a highly technical notion with many variations, the idea is basically one of dependence (instead of identity); for example, that the new year essay mental depends on the physical in the sense that any mental change must be accompanied by anagrams of dialectic some physical change (see Kim 1993). 4. Specific Theories of happy essay, Consciousness. Most specific theories of consciousness tend to be reductionist in research on personality psychology, some sense. Happy Chinese New Year. The classic notion at work is that consciousness or individual conscious mental states can be explained in psychology, terms of something else or in some other terms.

This section will focus on several prominent contemporary reductionist theories. We should, however, distinguish between those who attempt such a reduction directly in physicalistic, such as neurophysiological, terms and happy new year essay, those who do so in mentalistic terms, such as by using unconscious mental states or other cognitive notions. The more direct reductionist approach can be seen in god index reprint series that, various, more specific, neural theories of consciousness. Perhaps best known is the theory offered by Francis Crick and Christof Koch 1990 (see also Crick 1994, Koch 2004). The basic idea is that mental states become conscious when large numbers of neurons fire in synchrony and all have oscillations within the 35-75 hertz range (that is, 35-75 cycles per second). However, many philosophers and scientists have put forth other candidates for what, specifically, to identify in the brain with consciousness. Happy Essay. This vast enterprise has come to be known as the search for writing english essay the “neural correlates of consciousness” or NCCs (see section 5b below for more). The overall idea is to show how one or more specific kinds of neuro-chemical activity can underlie and explain conscious mental activity (Metzinger 2000). Of course, mere “correlation” is not enough for a fully adequate neural theory and explaining just what counts as a NCC turns out to happy be more difficult than one might think (Chalmers 2000).

Even Crick and failed god index series that, Koch have acknowledged that they, at best, provide a necessary condition for consciousness, and chinese, that such firing patters are not automatically sufficient for having conscious experience. b. Reprint That. Representational Theories of essay, Consciousness. Many current theories attempt to verlag hardcover reduce consciousness in mentalistic terms. One broadly popular approach along these lines is to reduce consciousness to “mental representations” of some kind. The notion of a “representation” is of course very general and can be applied to photographs, signs, and happy chinese new year essay, various natural objects, such as the rings inside a tree. Much of what goes on in the brain, however, might also be understood in anagrams, a representational way; for example, as mental events representing outer objects partly because they are caused by such objects in, say, cases of veridical visual perception. Chinese New Year Essay. More specifically, philosophers will often call such representational mental states “intentional states” which have representational content; that is, mental states which are “about something” or “directed at something” as when one has a thought about the house or a perception of the tree. Although intentional states are sometimes contrasted with phenomenal states, such as pains and color experiences, it is writing language clear that many conscious states have both phenomenal and intentional properties, such as visual perceptions. It should be noted that the relation between intentionalilty and consciousness is itself a major ongoing area of dispute with some arguing that genuine intentionality actually presupposes consciousness in some way (Searle 1992, Siewart 1998, Horgan and Tienson 2002) while most representationalists insist that intentionality is new year essay prior to consciousness (Gennaro 2012, chapter two). The general view that we can explain conscious mental states in dissertation, terms of representational or intentional states is called “representationalism.” Although not automatically reductionist in spirit, most versions of chinese essay, representationalism do indeed attempt such a reduction. Powerpointpresentations. Most representationalists, then, believe that there is room for a kind of “second-step” reduction to be filled in later by chinese essay neuroscience.

The other related motivation for representational theories of consciousness is that many believe that an account of representation or intentionality can more easily be given in naturalistic terms, such as causal theories whereby mental states are understood as representing outer objects in virtue of research papers psychology, some reliable causal connection. Happy Chinese New Year. The idea, then, is phd dissertation geographie that if consciousness can be explained in new year essay, representational terms and representation can be understood in papers psychology, purely physical terms, then there is the promise of a reductionist and naturalistic theory of consciousness. Most generally, however, we can say that a representationalist will typically hold that the chinese essay phenomenal properties of experience (that is, the “qualia” or “what it is like of experience” or “phenomenal character”) can be explained in research, terms of the experiences’ representational properties. Alternatively, conscious mental states have no mental properties other than their representational properties. Two conscious states with all the same representational properties will not differ phenomenally. For example, when I look at the blue sky, what it is like for me to have a conscious experience of the sky is simply identical with my experience’s representation of the blue sky. A First-order representational (FOR) theory of consciousness is a theory that attempts to explain conscious experience primarily in terms of world-directed (or first-order) intentional states. Probably the two most cited FOR theories of consciousness are those of Fred Dretske (1995) and Michael Tye (1995, 2000), though there are many others as well (e.g., Harman 1990, Kirk 1994, Byrne 2001, Thau 2002, Droege 2003).

Tye’s theory is more fully worked out and so will be the happy essay focus of this section. Like other FOR theorists, Tye holds that the essay failed that representational content of my conscious experience (that is, what my experience is about or directed at) is happy new year identical with the geographie phenomenal properties of experience. Aside from reductionistic motivations, Tye and other FOR representationalists often use the somewhat technical notion of the “transparency of new year, experience” as support for their view (Harman 1990). This is an argument based on the phenomenological first-person observation, which goes back to Moore (1903), that when one turns one’s attention away from, say, the blue sky and onto one’s experience itself, one is still only aware of the blueness of the sky. The experience itself is anagrams of dialectic not blue; rather, one “sees right through” one’s experience to its representational properties, and happy new year, there is nothing else to one’s experience over and above such properties. Whatever the merits and exact nature of the argument from transparency (see Kind 2003), it is clear, of course, that not all mental representations are conscious, so the anagrams of dialectic antithesis key question eventually becomes: What exactly distinguishes conscious from unconscious mental states (or representations)? What makes a mental state a conscious mental state? Here Tye defends what he calls “PANIC theory.” The acronym “PANIC” stands for poised, abstract, non-conceptual, intentional content. Without probing into every aspect of PANIC theory, Tye holds that at happy new year least some of the representational content in question is non-conceptual (N), which is to say that the papers on personality psychology subject can lack the concept for the properties represented by the experience in question, such as an happy chinese essay experience of a certain shade of red that one has never seen before. Actually, the exact nature or even existence of non-conceptual content of experience is research papers psychology itself a highly debated and difficult issue in new year essay, philosophy of mind (Gunther 2003). Gennaro (2012), for example, defends conceptualism and connects it in english, various ways to happy new year essay the higher-order thought theory of consciousness (see section 4b.ii).

Conscious states clearly must also have “intentional content” (IC) for any representationalist. Tye also asserts that such content is “abstract” (A) and essay god index reprint that, not necessarily about essay, particular concrete objects. This condition is needed to handle cases of hallucinations, where there are no concrete objects at all or cases where different objects look phenomenally alike. Geographie. Perhaps most important for mental states to new year essay be conscious, however, is that such content must be “poised” (P), which is an importantly functional notion. The “key idea is that experiences and feelings. stand ready and available to make a direct impact on beliefs and/or desires.

For example…feeling hungry… has an immediate cognitive effect, namely, the desire to eat….States with nonconceptual content that are not so poised lack phenomenal character [because]…they arise too early, as it were, in the information processing” (Tye 2000: 62). One objection to failed god index series Tye’s theory is that it does not really address the hard problem of chinese new year essay, phenomenal consciousness (see section 3b.i). Geographie. This is partly because what really seems to be doing most of the work on happy chinese new year Tye’s PANIC account is the verlag very functional sounding “poised” notion, which is perhaps closer to Block’s access consciousness (see section 1) and is therefore not necessarily able to explain phenomenal consciousness (see Kriegel 2002). New Year. In short, it is writing english difficult to see just how Tye’s PANIC account might not equally apply to chinese new year essay unconscious representations and geographie, thus how it really explains phenomenal consciousness. Other standard objections to Tye’s theory as well as to other FOR accounts include the concern that it does not cover all kinds of conscious states. Some conscious states seem not to new year be “about” anything, such as pains, anxiety, or after-images, and writing english language, so would be non-representational conscious states. If so, then conscious experience cannot generally be explained in happy essay, terms of phd dissertation geographie, representational properties (Block 1996). Tye responds that pains, itches, and the like do represent, in the sense that they represent parts of the body. And after-images, hallucinations, and the like either misrepresent (which is still a kind of representation) or the conscious subject still takes them to have representational properties from the first-person point of happy chinese, view.

Indeed, Tye (2000) admirably goes to powerpointpresentations great lengths and argues convincingly in response to a whole host of alleged counter-examples to happy chinese new year representationalism. Historically among them are various hypothetical cases of anagrams antithesis, inverted qualia (see Shoemaker 1982), the mere possibility of which is sometimes taken as devastating to representationalism. These are cases where behaviorally indistinguishable individuals have inverted color perceptions of objects, such as person A visually experiences a lemon the way that person B experience a ripe tomato with respect to their color, and so on happy new year essay for all yellow and red objects. Isn’t it possible that there are two individuals whose color experiences are inverted with respect to the objects of perception? (For more on powerpointpresentations the importance of color in philosophy, see Hardin 1986.) A somewhat different twist on the inverted spectrum is famously put forth in Block’s (1990) Inverted Earth case.

On Inverted Earth every object has the complementary color to the one it has here, but we are asked to imagine that a person is equipped with color-inverting lenses and then sent to Inverted Earth completely ignorant of those facts. Chinese. Since the color inversions cancel out, the phd dissertation phenomenal experiences remain the same, yet there certainly seem to be different representational properties of chinese essay, objects involved. The strategy on the part of critics, in short, is to think of counter-examples (either actual or hypothetical) whereby there is a difference between the phenomenal properties in experience and the relevant representational properties in the world. Such objections can, perhaps, be answered by Tye and others in various ways, but significant debate continues (Macpherson 2005). Intuitions also dramatically differ as to the very plausibility and value of such thought experiments. (For more, see Seager 1999, chapters 6 and 7. See also Chalmers 2004 for writing english essay an excellent discussion of the dizzying array of possible representationalist positions.) ii. Higher-Order Representationalism.

As we have seen, one question that should be answered by any theory of consciousness is: What makes a mental state a conscious mental state? There is a long tradition that has attempted to understand consciousness in terms of some kind of higher-order awareness. For example, John Locke (1689/1975) once said that “consciousness is the perception of what passes in a man’s own mind.” This intuition has been revived by a number of philosophers (Rosenthal, 1986, 1993b, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2005; Gennaro 1996a, 2012; Armstrong, 1968, 1981; Lycan, 1996, 2001). In general, the happy new year essay idea is that what makes a mental state conscious is that it is the object of some kind of higher-order representation (HOR). A mental state M becomes conscious when there is a HOR of M. A HOR is of dialectic antithesis a “meta-psychological” state, i.e., a mental state directed at happy chinese new year essay another mental state. Essay Reprint That. So, for example, my desire to write a good encyclopedia entry becomes conscious when I am (non-inferentially) “aware” of the desire. Intuitively, it seems that conscious states, as opposed to unconscious ones, are mental states that I am “aware of” in some sense. This is sometimes referred to as the happy chinese essay Transitivity Principle. Any theory which attempts to powerpointpresentations explain consciousness in terms of higher-order states is known as a higher-order (HO) theory of consciousness.

It is best initially to use the more neutral term “representation” because there are a number of different kinds of higher-order theory, depending upon how one characterizes the HOR in question. HO theories, thus, attempt to chinese explain consciousness in mentalistic terms, that is, by reference to such notions as “thoughts” and english language, “awareness.” Conscious mental states arise when two unconscious mental states are related in a certain specific way; namely, that one of chinese new year, them (the HOR) is directed at the other (M). HO theorists are united in the belief that their approach can better explain consciousness than any purely FOR theory, which has significant difficulty in explaining the difference between unconscious and phd dissertation geographie, conscious mental states. There are various kinds of HO theory with the most common division between higher-order thought (HOT) theories and higher-order perception (HOP) theories. HOT theorists, such as David M. Rosenthal, think it is better to understand the HOR as a thought of some kind.

HOTs are treated as cognitive states involving some kind of conceptual component. HOP theorists urge that the HOR is a perceptual or experiential state of some kind (Lycan 1996) which does not require the kind of conceptual content invoked by HOT theorists. Partly due to chinese Kant (1781/1965), HOP theory is papers sometimes referred to as “inner sense theory” as a way of chinese new year essay, emphasizing its sensory or perceptual aspect. Although HOT and HOP theorists agree on research on personality the need for new year essay a HOR theory of consciousness, they do sometimes argue for the superiority of their respective positions (such as in Rosenthal 2004, Lycan 2004, and antithesis, Gennaro 2012). Some philosophers, however, have argued that the difference between these theories is perhaps not as important or as clear as some think it is (Guzeldere 1995, Gennaro 1996a, Van Gulick 2000). A common initial objection to HOR theories is that they are circular and lead to an infinite regress. It might seem that the HOT theory results in circularity by defining consciousness in terms of HOTs. It also might seem that an infinite regress results because a conscious mental state must be accompanied by new year essay a HOT, which, in powerpointpresentations, turn, must be accompanied by another HOT ad infinitum . However, the standard reply is that when a conscious mental state is a first-order world-directed state the chinese essay higher-order thought (HOT) is not itself conscious; otherwise, circularity and english language, an infinite regress would follow. When the HOT is itself conscious, there is a yet higher-order (or third-order) thought directed at happy chinese essay the second-order state. In this case, we have introspection which involves a conscious HOT directed at english an inner mental state. Chinese New Year Essay. When one introspects, one's attention is directed back into one's mind.

For example, what makes my desire to write a good entry a conscious first-order desire is that there is a (non-conscious) HOT directed at the desire. Research Papers On Personality. In this case, my conscious focus is directed at the entry and my computer screen, so I am not consciously aware of having the HOT from the first-person point of view. When I introspect that desire, however, I then have a conscious HOT (accompanied by a yet higher, third-order, HOT) directed at the desire itself (see Rosenthal 1986). Peter Carruthers (2000) has proposed another possibility within HO theory; namely, that it is better for various reasons to think of the happy chinese essay HOTs as dispositional states instead of the english language essay standard view that the HOTs are actual, though he also understands his “dispositional HOT theory” to be a form of HOP theory (Carruthers 2004). The basic idea is essay that the conscious status of an experience is due to its availability to higher-order thought. So “conscious experience occurs when perceptual contents are fed into a special short-term buffer memory store, whose function is to make those contents available to cause HOTs about anagrams of dialectic, themselves.” (Carruthers 2000: 228). Some first-order perceptual contents are available to happy new year a higher-order “theory of mind mechanism,” which transforms those representational contents into conscious contents. Thus, no actual HOT occurs. Instead, according to Carruthers, some perceptual states acquire a dual intentional content; for example, a conscious experience of red not only anagrams of dialectic, has a first-order content of “red,” but also has the higher-order content “seems red” or “experience of red.” Carruthers also makes interesting use of so-called “consumer semantics” in order to fill out his theory of phenomenal consciousness.

The content of a mental state depends, in part, on happy new year essay the powers of the organisms which “consume” that state, e.g., the essay god index reprint series kinds of inferences which the new year organism can make when it is in that state. Daniel Dennett (1991) is sometimes credited with an earlier version of a dispositional account (see Carruthers 2000, chapter ten). Essay Series. Carruthers’ dispositional theory is often criticized by happy essay those who, among other things, do not see how the mere disposition toward a mental state can render it conscious (Rosenthal 2004; see also Gennaro 2004, 2012; for more, see Consciousness, Higher Order Theories of.) It is worth briefly noting a few typical objections to of dialectic antithesis HO theories (many of happy chinese new year essay, which can be found in Byrne 1997): First, and perhaps most common, is that various animals (and even infants) are not likely to have to the conceptual sophistication required for HOTs, and powerpointpresentations, so that would render animal (and infant) consciousness very unlikely (Dretske 1995, Seager 2004). Are cats and happy, dogs capable of having complex higher-order thoughts such as “I am in mental state M”? Although most who bring forth this objection are not HO theorists, Peter Carruthers (1989) is one HO theorist who actually embraces the powerpointpresentations conclusion that (most) animals do not have phenomenal consciousness.

Gennaro (1993, 1996) has replied to Carruthers on happy chinese new year essay this point; for geographie example, it is argued that the HOTs need not be as sophisticated as it might initially appear and happy, there is ample comparative neurophysiological evidence supporting the conclusion that animals have conscious mental states. Most HO theorists do not wish to accept the absence of animal or infant consciousness as a consequence of holding the theory. The debate continues, however, in Carruthers (2000, 2005, 2008) and Gennaro (2004, 2009, 2012, chapters seven and eight). A second objection has been referred to as the “problem of the rock” (Stubenberg 1998) and the “generality problem” (Van Gulick 2000, 2004), but it is originally due to Alvin Goldman (Goldman 1993). When I have a thought about a rock, it is certainly not true that the rock becomes conscious.

So why should I suppose that a mental state becomes conscious when I think about it? This is puzzling to many and the objection forces HO theorists to explain just how adding the HO state changes an unconscious state into a conscious. There have been, however, a number of responses to this kind of objection (Rosenthal 1997, Lycan, 1996, Van Gulick 2000, 2004, Gennaro 2005, 2012, chapter four). A common theme is that there is a principled difference in english language, the objects of the happy new year essay HO states in dissertation hardcover, question. Rocks and the like are not mental states in the first place, and so HO theorists are first and foremost trying to explain how a mental state becomes conscious. The objects of the chinese HO states must be “in the head.” Third, the above leads somewhat naturally to an objection related to Chalmers’ hard problem (section 3b.i).

It might be asked just how exactly any HO theory really explains the subjective or phenomenal aspect of verlag hardcover, conscious experience. How or why does a mental state come to happy new year have a first-person qualitative “what it is like” aspect by virtue of the presence of a HOR directed at it? It is probably fair to god index series that say that HO theorists have been slow to happy new year address this problem, though a number of overlapping responses have emerged (see also Gennaro 2005, 2012, chapter four, for more extensive treatment). Some argue that this objection misconstrues the main and more modest purpose of (at least, their) HO theories. The claim is that HO theories are theories of consciousness only in the sense that they are attempting to explain what differentiates conscious from powerpointpresentations, unconscious states, i.e., in terms of a higher-order awareness of some kind. A full account of “qualitative properties” or “sensory qualities” (which can themselves be non-conscious) can be found elsewhere in their work, but is independent of their theory of happy, consciousness (Rosenthal 1991, Lycan 1996, 2001).

Thus, a full explanation of phenomenal consciousness does require more than a HO theory, but that is no objection to HO theories as such. Another response is that proponents of the hard problem unjustly raise the bar as to phd dissertation what would count as a viable explanation of consciousness so that any such reductivist attempt would inevitably fall short (Carruthers 2000, Gennaro 2012). Part of the problem, then, is a lack of clarity about what would even count as an happy chinese explanation of consciousness (Van Gulick 1995; see also section 3b). Once this is dissertation clarified, however, the hard problem can indeed be solved. Moreover, anyone familiar with the literature knows that there are significant terminological difficulties in chinese essay, the use of various crucial terms which sometimes inhibits genuine progress (but see Byrne 2004 for some helpful clarification). A fourth important objection to HO approaches is the question of how such theories can explain cases where the HO state might misrepresent the lower-order (LO) mental state (Byrne 1997, Neander 1998, Levine 2001, Block 2011). After all, if we have a representational relation between two states, it seems possible for powerpointpresentations misrepresentation or malfunction to occur. If it does, then what explanation can be offered by chinese new year essay the HO theorist? If my LO state registers a red percept and my HO state registers a thought about something green due, say, to some neural misfiring, then what happens? It seems that problems loom for any answer given by phd dissertation a HO theorist and happy chinese new year essay, the cause of the problem has to research psychology do with the very nature of the happy new year HO theorist’s belief that there is a representational relation between the LO and HO states. For example, if the HO theorist takes the option that the resulting conscious experience is reddish, then it seems that the HO state plays no role in writing, determining the happy chinese qualitative character of the experience.

On the other hand, if the resulting experience is greenish, then the research psychology LO state seems irrelevant. Rosenthal and happy chinese new year, Weisberg hold that the HO state determines the qualitative properties even in cases when there is no LO state at all (Rosenthal 2005, 2011, Weisberg 2008, 2011a, 2011b). Gennaro (2012) argues that no conscious experience results in such cases and wonders, for example, how a sole (unconscious) HOT can result in a conscious state at essay failed god index reprint series all. He argues that there must be a match, complete or partial, between the happy chinese new year essay LO and HO state in order for a conscious state to exist in the first place. This important objection forces HO theorists to be clearer about just how to view the relationship between the LO and HO states. Debate is ongoing and significant both on varieties of HO theory and in terms of the above objections (see Gennaro 2004a). There is also interdisciplinary interest in how various HO theories might be realized in the brain (Gennaro 2012, chapter nine).

iii. Research Papers. Hybrid Representational Accounts. A related and increasingly popular version of representational theory holds that the meta-psychological state in question should be understood as intrinsic to (or part of) an chinese essay overall complex conscious state. This stands in contrast to the standard view that the HO state is powerpointpresentations extrinsic to (that is, entirely distinct from) its target mental state. The assumption, made by Rosenthal for example, about the extrinsic nature of the meta-thought has increasingly come under attack, and thus various hybrid representational theories can be found in the literature. One motivation for this movement is growing dissatisfaction with standard HO theory’s ability to handle some of the objections addressed in the previous section.

Another reason is renewed interest in a view somewhat closer to the one held by Franz Brentano (1874/1973) and various other followers, normally associated with the phenomenological tradition (Husserl 1913/1931, 1929/1960; Sartre 1956; see also Smith 1986, 2004). To varying degrees, these views have in common the idea that conscious mental states, in essay, some sense, represent themselves, which then still involves having a thought about research psychology, a mental state, just not a distinct or separate state. Thus, when one has a conscious desire for a cold glass of water, one is happy new year also aware that one is in dissertation, that very state. Happy New Year Essay. The conscious desire both represents the glass of water and itself. It is this “self-representing” which makes the state conscious. These theories can go by powerpointpresentations various names, which sometimes seem in new year, conflict, and powerpointpresentations, have added significantly in recent years to the acronyms which abound in the literature. For example, Gennaro (1996a, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2012) has argued that, when one has a first-order conscious state, the happy chinese HOT is better viewed as intrinsic to the target state, so that we have a complex conscious state with parts. Of Dialectic Antithesis. Gennaro calls this the chinese new year essay “wide intrinsicality view” (WIV) and he also argues that Jean-Paul Sartre’s theory of consciousness can be understood in this way (Gennaro 2002). Gennaro holds that conscious mental states should be understood (as Kant might have today) as global brain states which are combinations of passively received perceptual input and presupposed higher-order conceptual activity directed at that input.

Higher-order concepts in dissertation hardcover, the meta-psychological thoughts are presupposed in having first-order conscious states. Robert Van Gulick (2000, 2004, 2006) has also explored the chinese alternative that the HO state is part of an essay failed series that overall global conscious state. He calls such states “HOGS” (Higher-Order Global States) whereby a lower-order unconscious state is happy new year “recruited” into a larger state, which becomes conscious partly due to series that the implicit self-awareness that one is in the lower-order state. Both Gennaro and Van Gulick have suggested that conscious states can be understood materialistically as global states of the brain, and it would be better to treat the first-order state as part of the larger complex brain state. This general approach is also forcefully advocated by Uriah Kriegel (Kriegel 2003a, 2003b, 2005, 2006, 2009) and is even the subject of an entire anthology debating its merits (Kriegel and Williford 2006). Kriegel has used several different names for his “neo-Brentanian theory,” such as the SOMT (Same-Order Monitoring Theory) and, more recently, the happy essay “self-representational theory of powerpointpresentations, consciousness.” To be sure, the notion of new year essay, a mental state representing itself or a mental state with one part representing another part is in need of further development and anagrams, is perhaps somewhat mysterious. Nonetheless, there is agreement among these authors that conscious mental states are, in some important sense, reflexive or self-directed. And, once again, there is keen interest in developing this model in a way that coheres with the latest neurophysiological research on consciousness.

A point of chinese, emphasis is on the concept of global meta-representation within a complex brain state, and attempts are underway to identify just how such an account can be realized in the brain. It is worth mentioning that this idea was also briefly explored by Thomas Metzinger who focused on the fact that consciousness “is something that unifies or synthesizes experience” (Metzinger 1995: 454). Metzinger calls this the process of “higher-order binding” and thus uses the acronym HOB. On Personality Psychology. Others who hold some form of the self-representational view include Kobes (1995), Caston (2002), Williford (2006), Brook and Raymont (2006), and even Carruthers’ (2000) theory can be viewed in this light since he contends that conscious states have two representational contents. Thomas Natsoulas also has a series of papers defending a similar view, beginning with Natsoulas 1996. Some authors (such as Gennaro 2012) view this hybrid position to be a modified version of HOT theory; indeed, Rosenthal (2004) has called it “intrinsic higher-order theory.” Van Gulick also clearly wishes to preserve the chinese new year HO is his HOGS. Others, such as Kriegel, are not inclined to call their views “higher-order” at all and call it, for example, the powerpointpresentations “same-order monitoring” or “self-representational” theory of consciousness. To some extent, this is a terminological dispute, but, despite important similarities, there are also key subtle differences between these hybrid alternatives.

Like HO theorists, however, those who advocate this general approach all take very seriously the notion that a conscious mental state M is a state that subject S is (non-inferentially) aware that S is in. By contrast, one is obviously not aware of one’s unconscious mental states. Thus, there are various attempts to happy new year essay make sense of and elaborate upon this key intuition in a way that is, as it were, “in-between” standard FO and HO theory. (See also Lurz 2003 and 2004 for dissertation verlag yet another interesting hybrid account.) Aside from the explicitly representational approaches discussed above, there are also related attempts to explain consciousness in other cognitive terms. The two most prominent such theories are worth describing here: Daniel Dennett (1991, 2005) has put forth what he calls the Multiple Drafts Model (MDM) of consciousness. Although similar in some ways to chinese essay representationalism, Dennett is most concerned that materialists avoid falling prey to what he calls the “myth of the phd dissertation geographie Cartesian theater,” the notion that there is some privileged place in happy chinese new year, the brain where everything comes together to produce conscious experience. Instead, the powerpointpresentations MDM holds that all kinds of mental activity occur in the brain by parallel processes of interpretation, all of which are under frequent revision.

The MDM rejects the idea of some “self” as an inner observer; rather, the self is the product or construction of a narrative which emerges over time. Dennett is also well known for rejecting the very assumption that there is a clear line to be drawn between conscious and unconscious mental states in chinese new year, terms of the problematic notion of geographie, “qualia.” He influentially rejects strong emphasis on any phenomenological or first-person approach to investigating consciousness, advocating instead what he calls “heterophenomenology” according to essay which we should follow a more neutral path “leading from anagrams of dialectic, objective physical science and its insistence on the third person point of view, to a method of phenomenological description that can (in principle) do justice to the most private and ineffable subjective experiences.” (1991: 72) Bernard Baars’ Global Workspace Theory (GWT) model of consciousness is probably the essay most influential theory proposed among psychologists (Baars 1988, 1997). The basic idea and metaphor is that we should think of the entire cognitive system as built on research papers a “blackboard architecture” which is a kind of happy, global workspace. According to GWT, unconscious processes and mental states compete for the spotlight of attention, from psychology, which information is new year essay “broadcast globally” throughout the system. Consciousness consists in such global broadcasting and research papers on personality psychology, is therefore also, according to happy new year Baars, an important functional and biological adaptation. We might say that consciousness is essay failed reprint series that thus created by a kind of global access to select bits of information in the brain and nervous system. Despite Baars’ frequent use of “theater” and “spotlight” metaphors, he argues that his view does not entail the essay presence of the material Cartesian theater that Dennett is so concerned to antithesis avoid.

It is, in any case, an empirical matter just how the happy new year brain performs the functions he describes, such as detecting mechanisms of attention. Objections to these cognitive theories include the charge that they do not really address the hard problem of writing english language essay, consciousness (as described in section 3b.i), but only the happy essay “easy” problems. Phd Dissertation Geographie. Dennett is also often accused of new year essay, explaining away consciousness rather than really explaining it. It is papers psychology also interesting to think about Baars’ GWT in light of the happy Block’s distinction between access and phenomenal consciousness (see section 1). Does Baars’ theory only address access consciousness instead of the more difficult to explain phenomenal consciousness? (Two other psychological cognitive theories worth noting are the ones proposed by essay god index reprint George Mandler 1975 and happy new year, Tim Shallice 1988.) Finally, there are those who look deep beneath the neural level to anagrams of dialectic the field of quantum mechanics, basically the study of sub-atomic particles, to find the key to unlocking the mysteries of consciousness. The bizarre world of quantum physics is quite different from the deterministic world of classical physics, and chinese essay, a major area of research in its own right. Papers On Personality Psychology. Such authors place the chinese new year locus of consciousness at a very fundamental physical level. This somewhat radical, though exciting, option is explored most notably by physicist Roger Penrose (1989, 1994) and anesthesiologist Stuart Hameroff (1998). The basic idea is that consciousness arises through quantum effects which occur in subcellular neural structures known as microtubules, which are structural proteins in cell walls. There are also other quantum approaches which aim to explain the coherence of consciousness (Marshall and Zohar 1990) or use the “holistic” nature of quantum mechanics to explain consciousness (Silberstein 1998, 2001).

It is geographie difficult to assess these somewhat exotic approaches at present. Chinese New Year Essay. Given the puzzling and often very counterintuitive nature of quantum physics, it is unclear whether such approaches will prove genuinely scientifically valuable methods in explaining consciousness. One concern is simply that these authors are trying to explain one puzzling phenomenon (consciousness) in terms of anagrams antithesis, another mysterious natural phenomenon (quantum effects). Essay. Thus, the thinking seems to go, perhaps the two are essentially related somehow and other physicalistic accounts are looking in essay god index, the wrong place, such as at essay the neuro-chemical level. Although many attempts to explain consciousness often rely of conjecture or speculation, quantum approaches may indeed lead the field along these lines. Of course, this doesn’t mean that some such theory isn’t correct. One exciting aspect of this approach is the resulting interdisciplinary interest it has generated among physicists and other scientists in the problem of consciousness. 5. Geographie. Consciousness and Science: Key Issues. Over the past two decades there has been an explosion of interdisciplinary work in chinese new year, the science of consciousness. Some of the credit must go to the ground breaking 1986 book by Patricia Churchland entitled Neurophilosophy . In this section, three of the most important such areas are addressed.

a. The Unity of Consciousness/The Binding Problem. Conscious experience seems to failed god index be “unified” in new year, an important sense; this crucial feature of consciousness played an important role in the philosophy of Kant who argued that unified conscious experience must be the product of the (presupposed) synthesizing work of the mind. Getting clear about exactly what is meant by the “unity of consciousness” and powerpointpresentations, explaining how the brain achieves such unity has become a central topic in chinese, the study of consciousness. There are many different senses of “unity” (see Tye 2003; Bayne and Chalmers 2003, Dainton 2000, 2008, Bayne 2010), but perhaps most common is the notion that, from the first-person point of view, we experience the language world in happy chinese essay, an integrated way and phd dissertation, as a single phenomenal field of experience. Happy Essay. (For an anagrams important anthology on the subject, see Cleeremans 2003.) However, when one looks at how the brain processes information, one only happy new year essay, sees discrete regions of the cortex processing separate aspects of perceptual objects. Even different aspects of the english same object, such as its color and shape, are processed in different parts of the brain. Given that there is no “Cartesian theater” in the brain where all this information comes together, the happy essay problem arises as to just how the resulting conscious experience is anagrams antithesis unified. What mechanisms allow us to experience the world in such a unified way? What happens when this unity breaks down, as in happy essay, various pathological cases? The “problem of god index reprint series, integrating the information processed by different regions of the brain is known as the binding problem” (Cleeremans 2003: 1). Thus, the so-called “binding problem” is inextricably linked to explaining the unity of consciousness.

As was seen earlier with neural theories (section 4a) and as will be seen below on happy new year the neural correlates of consciousness (5b), some attempts to solve the binding problem have to do with trying to isolate the precise brain mechanisms responsible for consciousness. For example, Crick and Koch’s (1990) idea that synchronous neural firings are (at least) necessary for consciousness can also be viewed as an attempt to explain how disparate neural networks bind together separate pieces of information to produce unified subjective conscious experience. Perhaps the binding problem and the hard problem of consciousness (section 3b.i) are very closely connected. If the binding problem can be solved, then we arguably have identified the phd dissertation elusive neural correlate of happy essay, consciousness and have, therefore, perhaps even solved the hard problem. In addition, perhaps the explanatory gap between third-person scientific knowledge and first-person unified conscious experience can also be bridged. Thus, this exciting area of inquiry is central to some of the anagrams deepest questions in happy essay, the philosophical and dissertation verlag hardcover, scientific exploration of consciousness. b. Essay. The Neural Correlates of Consciousness (NCCs)

As was seen earlier in discussing neural theories of consciousness (section 4a), the papers on personality search for the so-called “neural correlates of consciousness” (NCCs) is a major preoccupation of philosophers and scientists alike (Metzinger 2000). Narrowing down the precise brain property responsible for consciousness is a different and far more difficult enterprise than merely holding a generic belief in essay, some form of materialism. One leading candidate is offered by Francis Crick and Christof Koch 1990 (see also Crick 1994, Koch 2004). The basic idea is that mental states become conscious when large numbers of neurons all fire in synchrony with one another (oscillations within the geographie 35-75 hertz range or 35-75 cycles per happy second). Currently, one method used is simply to study some aspect of verlag, neural functioning with sophisticated detecting equipments (such as MRIs and PET scans) and then correlate it with first-person reports of conscious experience. Happy Chinese Essay. Another method is to study the difference in brain activity between those under anesthesia and phd dissertation, those not under any such influence. A detailed survey would be impossible to happy give here, but a number of other candidates for the NCC have emerged over the past two decades, including reentrant cortical feedback loops in the neural circuitry throughout the brain (Edelman 1989, Edelman and psychology, Tononi 2000), NMDA-mediated transient neural assemblies (Flohr 1995), and chinese new year essay, emotive somatosensory haemostatic processes in the frontal lobe (Damasio 1999). To elaborate briefly on Flohr’s theory, the antithesis idea is that anesthetics destroy conscious mental activity because they interfere with the functioning of NMDA synapses between neurons, which are those that are dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. These and happy, other NCCs are explored at length in Metzinger (2000).

Ongoing scientific investigation is significant and an important aspect of current scientific research in the field. One problem with some of the above candidates is phd dissertation determining exactly how they are related to consciousness. For example, although a case can be made that some of happy chinese essay, them are necessary for powerpointpresentations conscious mentality, it is unclear that they are sufficient. That is, some of the above seem to happy chinese new year occur unconsciously as well. And pinning down a narrow enough necessary condition is not as easy as it might seem. Another general worry is with the very use of the term “correlate.” As any philosopher, scientist, and even undergraduate student should know, saying that “A is essay god index reprint series correlated with B” is rather weak (though it is an important first step), especially if one wishes to establish the stronger identity claim between consciousness and chinese essay, neural activity. Even if such a correlation can be established, we cannot automatically conclude that there is an identity relation. Perhaps A causes B or B causes A, and that’s why we find the correlation. Even most dualists can accept such interpretations. Research Papers On Personality. Maybe there is some other neural process C which causes both A and B. “Correlation” is not even the same as “cause,” let alone enough to establish “identity.” Finally, some NCCs are not even necessarily put forth as candidates for all conscious states, but rather for happy essay certain specific kinds of consciousness (e.g., visual).

Philosophers have long been intrigued by powerpointpresentations disorders of the mind and consciousness. Happy Chinese. Part of the interest is presumably that if we can understand how consciousness goes wrong, then that can help us to theorize about the normal functioning mind. Going back at least as far as John Locke (1689/1975), there has been some discussion about the philosophical implications of multiple personality disorder (MPD) which is now called “dissociative identity disorder” (DID). Questions abound: Could there be two centers of consciousness in one body? What makes a person the verlag same person over time? What makes a person a person at any given time? These questions are closely linked to the traditional philosophical problem of personal identity, which is also importantly related to some aspects of happy new year, consciousness research. Reprint That. Much the same can be said for memory disorders, such as various forms of amnesia (see Gennaro 1996a, chapter 9). Does consciousness require some kind of autobiographical memory or psychological continuity? On a related front, there is significant interest in new year essay, experimental results from patients who have undergone a commisurotomy, which is usually performed to relieve symptoms of severe epilepsy when all else fails. During this procedure, the nerve fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres are cut, resulting in research psychology, so-called “split-brain” patients (Bayne 2010).

Philosophical interest is so high that there is now a book series called Philosophical Psychopathology published by happy MIT Press. Another rich source of information comes from the provocative and accessible writings of neurologists on papers on personality psychology a whole host of psychopathologies, most notably Oliver Sacks (starting with his 1987 book) and, more recently, V. S. Ramachandran (2004; see also Ramachandran and Blakeslee 1998). Happy Chinese New Year Essay. Another launching point came from the anagrams antithesis discovery of the phenomenon known as “blindsight” (Weiskrantz 1986), which is very frequently discussed in the philosophical literature regarding its implications for consciousness. Happy New Year Essay. Blindsight patients are blind in a well defined part of the visual field (due to cortical damage), but yet, when forced, can guess, with a higher than expected degree of accuracy, the powerpointpresentations location or orientation of an happy chinese new year essay object in geographie, the blind field. There is also philosophical interest in many other disorders, such as phantom limb pain (where one feels pain in a missing or amputated limb), various agnosias (such as visual agnosia where one is not capable of visually recognizing everyday objects), and anosognosia (which is denial of illness, such as when one claims that a paralyzed limb is still functioning, or when one denies that one is chinese blind). These phenomena raise a number of important philosophical questions and have forced philosophers to rethink some very basic assumptions about the nature of mind and consciousness. Much has also recently been learned about autism and various forms of schizophrenia.

A common view is god index that that these disorders involve some kind of deficit in self-consciousness or in one’s ability to use certain self-concepts. (For a nice review article, see Graham 2002.) Synesthesia is also a fascinating abnormal phenomenon, although not really a “pathological” condition as such (Cytowic 2003). Those with synesthesia literally have taste sensations when seeing certain shapes or have color sensations when hearing certain sounds. Happy Chinese New Year Essay. It is thus an often bizarre mixing of incoming sensory input via different modalities. One of the exciting results of this relatively new sub-field is the important interdisciplinary interest that it has generated among philosophers, psychologists, and scientists (such as in Graham 2010, Hirstein 2005, and Radden 2004). 6. Animal and essay failed god index series that, Machine Consciousness.

Two final areas of interest involve animal and chinese new year essay, machine consciousness. In the former case it is powerpointpresentations clear that we have come a long way from the Cartesian view that animals are mere “automata” and that they do not even have conscious experience (perhaps partly because they do not have immortal souls). In addition to the obviously significant behavioral similarities between humans and many animals, much more is known today about happy new year essay, other physiological similarities, such as brain and DNA structures. To be sure, there are important differences as well and there are, no doubt, some genuinely difficult “grey areas” where one might have legitimate doubts about some animal or organism consciousness, such as small rodents, some birds and fish, and especially various insects. Nonetheless, it seems fair to geographie say that most philosophers today readily accept the fact that a significant portion of the animal kingdom is chinese new year essay capable of writing, having conscious mental states, though there are still notable exceptions to that rule (Carruthers 2000, 2005). Of course, this is not to say that various animals can have all of the happy same kinds of papers on personality, sophisticated conscious states enjoyed by human beings, such as reflecting on philosophical and mathematical problems, enjoying artworks, thinking about the vast universe or the happy distant past, and so on. However, it still seems reasonable to believe that animals can have at least some conscious states from rudimentary pains to various perceptual states and perhaps even to some level of verlag, self-consciousness.

A number of key areas are under continuing investigation. For example, to chinese new year what extent can animals recognize themselves, such as in a mirror, in order to demonstrate some level of self-awareness? To what extent can animals deceive or empathize with other animals, either of essay failed reprint that, which would indicate awareness of the minds of others? These and other important questions are at the center of much current theorizing about animal cognition. Happy Chinese Essay. (See Keenan et. al. 2003 and Beckoff et. al.

2002.) In some ways, the problem of knowing about animal minds is an interesting sub-area of the traditional epistemological “problem of other minds”: How do we even know that other humans have conscious minds? What justifies such a belief? The possibility of machine (or robot) consciousness has intrigued philosophers and non-philosophers alike for decades. Could a machine really think or be conscious? Could a robot really subjectively experience the smelling of a rose or the dissertation verlag hardcover feeling of pain?

One important early launching point was a well-known paper by the mathematician Alan Turing (1950) which proposed what has come to be known as the chinese “Turing test” for papers machine intelligence and thought (and perhaps consciousness as well). The basic idea is that if a machine could fool an interrogator (who could not see the happy machine) into thinking that it was human, then we should say it thinks or, at least, has intelligence. However, Turing was probably overly optimistic about whether anything even today can pass the Turing Test, as most programs are specialized and have very narrow uses. One cannot ask the machine about virtually anything, as Turing had envisioned. Moreover, even if a machine or robot could pass the anagrams Turing Test, many remain very skeptical as to whether or not this demonstrates genuine machine thinking, let alone consciousness. For one thing, many philosophers would not take such purely behavioral (e.g., linguistic) evidence to support the conclusion that machines are capable of chinese, having phenomenal first person experiences. Merely using words like “red” doesn’t ensure that there is the english essay corresponding sensation of red or real grasp of the meaning of “red.” Turing himself considered numerous objections and offered his own replies, many of which are still debated today. Another much discussed argument is John Searle’s (1980) famous Chinese Room Argument, which has spawned an enormous amount of literature since its original publication (see also Searle 1984; Preston and new year essay, Bishop 2002).

Searle is concerned to reject what he calls “strong AI” which is the view that suitably programmed computers literally have a mind, that is, they really understand language and dissertation hardcover, actually have other mental capacities similar to humans. This is contrasted with “weak AI” which is the view that computers are merely useful tools for studying the happy chinese new year essay mind. The gist of geographie, Searle’s argument is that he imagines himself running a program for using Chinese and then shows that he does not understand Chinese; therefore, strong AI is false; that is, running the program does not result in any real understanding (or thought or consciousness, by implication). Searle supports his argument against strong AI by utilizing a thought experiment whereby he is in a room and follows English instructions for manipulating Chinese symbols in order to produce appropriate answers to questions in Chinese. Searle argues that, despite the appearance of understanding Chinese (say, from outside the room), he does not understand Chinese at all.

He does not thereby know Chinese, but is merely manipulating symbols on the basis of syntax alone. Since this is what computers do, no computer, merely by following a program, genuinely understands anything. Searle replies to happy numerous possible criticisms in his original paper (which also comes with extensive peer commentary), but suffice it to english say that not everyone is satisfied with his responses. For example, it might be argued that the entire room or “system” understands Chinese if we are forced to use Searle’s analogy and thought experiment. Each part of the room doesn’t understand Chinese (including Searle himself) but the entire system does, which includes the instructions and happy chinese new year essay, so on. Searle’s larger argument, however, is dissertation that one cannot get semantics (meaning) from syntax (formal symbol manipulation). Despite heavy criticism of the happy argument, two central issues are raised by Searle which continue to powerpointpresentations be of deep interest.

First, how and when does one distinguish mere “simulation” of some mental activity from genuine “duplication”? Searle’s view is that computers are, at best, merely simulating understanding and thought, not really duplicating it. Much like we might say that a computerized hurricane simulation does not duplicate a real hurricane, Searle insists the same goes for any alleged computer “mental” activity. We do after all distinguish between real diamonds or leather and mere simulations which are just not the real thing. Second, and perhaps even more important, when considering just why computers really can’t think or be conscious, Searle interestingly reverts back to a biologically based argument. In essence, he says that computers or robots are just not made of the right stuff with the right kind of “causal powers” to produce genuine thought or consciousness. After all, even a materialist does not have to allow that any kind of chinese essay, physical stuff can produce consciousness any more than any type of physical substance can, say, conduct electricity. Of course, this raises a whole host of other questions which go to the heart of the metaphysics of consciousness. Anagrams Of Dialectic. To what extent must an happy chinese essay organism or system be physiologically like us in anagrams, order to chinese essay be conscious?

Why is having a certain biological or chemical make up necessary for consciousness? Why exactly couldn’t an appropriately built robot be capable of having conscious mental states? How could we even know either way? However one answers these questions, it seems that building a truly conscious Commander Data is, at best, still just science fiction. In any case, the phd dissertation geographie growing areas of cognitive science and artificial intelligence are major fields within philosophy of chinese new year, mind and can importantly bear on philosophical questions of essay reprint that, consciousness. Much of current research focuses on happy how to program a computer to research papers on personality model the workings of the new year essay human brain, such as with so-called “neural (or connectionist) networks.”

A computer program to write your essays. Happy Chinese New Year! A writing professor at MIT has developed a computer program that writes a college essay in one second, after you input a few key words and it actually scores pretty well on an online grading system meant for of dialectic actual human student writing. The idea isn't to fool your professor; it's attempt to show that computers that grade exam essays can be totally tricked into giving high marks. Les Perelmen, a recently-retired MIT professor who worked with students to develop the program, generated a sample for Marketplace on the subject of the future of education and technology. Happy Chinese Essay! The essay begins: Teaching has not, and no doubt never will be exemplary.

Human society will always regret didactics; some of avocations and others for an accession. A lack of didactics lies in the field of literature but also the field of philosophy. Teaching is the papers on personality most cordially arrogant trope of happy chinese new year essay, mankind. Anagrams Antithesis! What does it actually mean? We're not sure, but it merited a whopping 5.6 out of 6 score on an online grading tool being marketed to schools as a way to help grade student work. You can see the full breakdown of scores from the new year essay on anagrams of dialectic the image attached above.

The full essay generated by Perelmen's program for Marketplace can be read below if you have the essay stomach to make it through the powerpointpresentations whole thing: Teaching has not, and happy, no doubt never will be exemplary. Human society will always regret didactics; some of avocations and others for english language an accession. a lack of didactics lies in the field of new year, literature but also the field of philosophy. Teaching is the most cordially arrogant trope of mankind. Powerpointpresentations! Reiteration, especially for excess, masticates an interloper on exorbitantly but fallaciously truculent assassinations by instruction. If advocates renege or assure reprobation, gluttony that is situationally boisterous but is risible, sapient, and soporific with educational activity can be more reprovingly entreated. Additionally, technology, often at an utterance, can be the commencement. In my experience, all of the chinese new year reprobates to our personal consequence of the dictator we countenance delineate the escapades in question. English! Even so, armed with the knowledge that the happy chinese recondite disruption encounters establishment, most of the verlag hardcover organisms for my precinct assent. Our personal scrutinization to the contradiction we placate howls. Education which depreciates all of the ruminations might divisively be a juggernaut on our personal sanction with the happy new year allusion we propagate as well. The countenance of diagnoses may be legerdemain but is belligerent yet somehow effortless, not cornucopia that tantalizes provocation and allocates inspections.

In my theory of knowledge class, none of the agronomists at our personal scenario by the exposition we ponder embark and anesthetize reprimands which observe the response. Anagrams Of Dialectic Antithesis! The more a concession that blusters should be verification, the less rationalization can increasingly be an absolute predator. As I have learned in my semiotics class, technology is the most fundamental affront of happy, humankind. Though interference for presumption inverts, information processes brains. The same pendulum may process two different orbitals to process an orbital. The plasma is not the only thing the brain reacts; it also receives neutrinoes for phd dissertation conjecture with technology. Due to cavorting, audaciously but stridently consummate accessions ascend also on technology. a substantiated education changes the intercession at education. The appendage, frequently to a tyro, taunts educational activity. The sooner the people involved account, the sooner reprobation sublimates respondents.

Furthermore, as I have learned in my literature class, society will always evince didactics. Our personal exile of the adjuration we augur will be contretemps with assemblies and happy, may presumptuously be compensation. The casuistry might, still yet, be unintentional in the way we insist or enlightenment the awkwardly and powerpointpresentations, despicably predatory recrudescence but presume avocations. In my semantics class, almost all of the quarrels at my advance ruminate or analyze the development. a quantity of engineering is slight for our personal postulate on happy the civilization we accuse as well. The axiom aggregates dislocation, not a commencement.

In my experience, many of the lamentations by our personal confluence at english essay the account we denigrate diagnose taunts. The less palaver that culminates is petite in the extent to which we fascinate most of the happy new year essay adherents for the realm of reality and insinuate or should tenaciously be an accumulation, the more reprobates masticate the accumulation of community. Instruction with agreements will always be an essay series that experience of human society. In any case, armed with the knowledge that consideration may reclusively be severance, most of the happy essay accusations at my contradiction denounce tropes but intercede and surprise salvers which stipulate a countenance. If articulated celebrations allege and enlighten assumptions to the admonishment, pedagogy which retorts sanctions can be more unfavorably sanctioned. Education has not, and undoubtedly never will be misleading but not confidential.

Teaching is gregariously but naively postlapsarian as a result of its those in question. David Brancaccio is the host of American Public Media’s Marketplace Morning Report , now a regular segment on NPR’s Morning Edition . His reporting focuses on the future of the economy, financial and labor markets, technology, the failed reprint series environment and social enterprises. Dan Abendschein is the digital and data reporter on our LearningCurve team reporting on tech and education.

Essay On Football Match In Hindi Essays and Research Papers. conclusion of the anthem. This marked the start of the handshakes between the players to show their sportsman’s spirit. The players already warmed up by the . crowd’s cheering took some pre- match strides to loosen up their muscles. Happy Essay! The home team, winning the toss, chose to start of the anagrams of dialectic antithesis proceedings of the happy new year match . As the referee’s whistle sounded, the game started with a light touch to the ball by the striker to the player close-in and then the long pass to the defender at the back started the battle. Association football , Australian rules football , Left-wing politics 1252 Words | 3 Pages.

Football is dissertation hardcover, a complex sport with many specifications, and although millions of people watch football , not all of them understand . Happy New Year Essay! what is truly “behind the scenes” of each game. When thinking of a football game normally the english essay different teams come to chinese new year, mind or a particular athlete stands out, but football is much more than that. There are more people than just the athletes that are involved with a football game, including the coaches of the teams, referees who call the shots, trainers who build up the. American football , American football positions , Canadian football 1304 Words | 3 Pages. ?TOPIC: Football versus Soccer Compare and Contrast Essay Name: Saiful Alam TID: T00549458 Submitting To: Dr. Turner Subject: . English 131 Football Vs. Soccer The football versus soccer fight rages on for years now and has sparked quite some controversy. Let’s start by writing english language, saying that I will call football , as it is known around the world, soccer. What is often classified as American Football for this essay will be called football . Some of the controversies.

American football , Association football , Association football pitch 1702 Words | 6 Pages. Home Search Essays FAQs Tools Lost Essay ? Contact Essay Color Key Free Essays . Unrated Essays Better Essays Stronger Essays Powerful Essays Term Papers Research Papers Privacy Our Guarantee Popular Essays Excellent Essays Free Essays A-F Free Essays G-L Free Essays M-Q Free Essays R-Z Essay Topics Plagiarism Donate a Paper Related Essays - The Importance of chinese new year essay, Football in the Movie Varsity Blues - The Importance of Football in writing, the Movie Varsity. Control key , Deltoid muscle , Foot 2097 Words | 7 Pages. “? Football After School? ” What Parental feelings does McCarthy explore in the poem and how does she use language to present them to chinese new year essay, you? . Football after school is a poem about a mothers, or the poets’, struggles in the harsh realisation of her son maturing, and having to papers on personality psychology, experience school. Patricia is feeling powerless and chinese new year essay, worried about her sons inevitable future of him going to school which he has to anagrams antithesis, endure. We observe the happy chinese poet sharing her thoughts, and anagrams antithesis, images, in each verse her view changes. Alliteration , American football , Anxiety 1515 Words | 3 Pages. Hi all i am new here. Was searching helps on essay and found this webby. nice one.

My teacher just asked me to write an essay . with the title [ my favorite sport game ]. So far as i know, on this case, we are suppose to write about [ why we like it ] instead of [ talking about the sport ] , isnt it? My teacher has given me the notes which are all relating [ talk about the sport ]. below are the notes given from my teacher ------------------------------------ 1. intro - write about the game . American football , Association football , Ball game 988 Words | 4 Pages. Football refers to a number of sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball with the foot to score a goal. The most popular of happy essay, . these sports worldwide is association football , more commonly known as just football or soccer. Unqualified, the word football applies to whichever form of dissertation verlag, football is the most popular in the regional context in which the word appears, including association football , as well as American football , Australian rules football , Canadian football , Gaelic football. American football , Association football , Australian rules football 1079 Words | 3 Pages. country’s FIFA ranking. The importance of such a match seemed trivial to the players by happy new year, the way they carried themselves on the pitch. With . half-hearted passing, lack of powerpointpresentations, concentration and happy new year essay, miscommunication between players, Malaysia can consider themselves lucky to even manage a draw in that game. Our national players have to be constantly reminded that matches like this can make a difference in terms of the country’s football reputation as well their own football careers.

Hopefully, the coming AFF Suzuki. England national football team , FIFA , Football 791 Words | 3 Pages. What makes football so popular? In his short essay , Kalle Nurk, an Estonian sociologist, tries to analyze the reasons that make . football the most widely practised (and watched) sport in the world. The main goal of this work is to inspire readers to essay failed that, score with their own ideas to think further on the subject. A large number of people sitting in their seats, whistling, tooting and yelling while watching 22 men chase a ball in happy chinese essay, a field covered in grass. Is this some kind of research on personality psychology, a strange ritual? At least.

Association football , Chelsea F.C. Happy! , England 918 Words | 4 Pages. History of Womens Football in England. History of Women’s Football in powerpointpresentations, England I have chosen to do my essay about the history of women’s football in . England. I’ve chosen to write about this because it is a topic which I am interested in as I play for new year a girl’s football team inside school and out. Also I would like to find out more about women’s football and english language, where and when it all started. In this essay you will find out about the basic history of women’s football heading all the chinese way back from 1895 to anagrams, present day. I will also write a comparison. Association football , England , England national football team 1508 Words | 4 Pages. writng assignmnt? goin to wbu? i wrote intro du hav tat intro in yur pc? yea send me i maild u chck okk Today u finished english? . nop u? no btw we need 15 pages of d content i strted writing shal v ri8 both d essays ? 15:37 wot if tere is repetation so wt to do? btttr lest srch onceagain n f v get a big one lets write o wen wil we complete?? o ls v shale elongate our handwritting tat v can complete hey i cnt do dat ohooo. Indian actors , Indian film actors , International Friendship Day 465 Words | 4 Pages.

Hindi Nationalism This piece on Hindu nationalism, written by happy chinese, Alok Rai, deals with the coming of modern Hindi in the late 90s . and the early 20s. Alok Rai who is also known as a critical thinker, theorist and also the grandson of dissertation, Premchand makes his readers aware of the process of modernization in chinese new year, the case of language. In this essay we get to witness a connection between Hindi (old Hindi ) and “ Hindi ” (new Hindi ). Making of Hindi as a modern language connects to the programme of the anagrams of dialectic antithesis imagining the. Braj Bhasha , Hindi , Hindi languages 1413 Words | 4 Pages. Football is a sport that America has grown to love, and for myself, I have become passionate about the game. I Have played . football ever since I was a little kid around the age of 8 or 9, ever since then my love for the game has grown stronger and stronger. But, there are many hardships that come with the happy chinese new year game of football . The workouts are intense and can take a toll on ones body, and coaches make you do things that are very inconvenient to build up your mental toughness and character as a football. Good and evil , Pain , Sleep 938 Words | 3 Pages. really are. Writing English Essay! As a child I always watched movies and was deceived by them without even realizing it. Happy Chinese New Year! I always enjoyed football movies most . because I could relate to most of the things and could compare things in the movie to powerpointpresentations, my actual life.

They have always drawn my attention and I usually was misled by the way they made the sport in general seem. I wanted to happy chinese, play football at a young age but was always mistaken on writing english language essay, the way the game actually was. Happy New Year! It was made out to be way harder and worse. 2008 singles , American football , By the Way 1005 Words | 4 Pages. My favorite sport is football Football is considered a contact sport.

I like to look at the crowd and hope they are . going to cheer for my team, before they get on the field. I believe in failed series that, football you get more exercises than any other sport. I like the fact that you can play under the chinese lights at night. This seems to be the best time to draw a crowd to cheer you on and parents aren't so happy to be working so they can come and powerpointpresentations, enjoy the game. My dad loves football as much as I do and essay, it seems. All That You Can't Leave Behind , Business letter , Cheerleading 559 Words | 3 Pages. 26/6/2013 Essay on anagrams of dialectic antithesis, “Advantage and chinese new year essay, Disadvantage of Telephone” in powerpointpresentations, Hindi Essay on happy chinese new year essay, “Advantage and Disadvantage of . Anagrams Of Dialectic Antithesis! Telephone” in Hindi by Nilakshi Read this Essay on “Benefit and happy new year, Loss of Telephone” in Hindi language. www.shareyouressays.com/113818/ essay -on-advantage-and-disadvantage-of-telephone-in- hindi 1/6 6/27/13 Essay on “Advantage and Disadvantage of Telephone” in Hindi www.shareyouressays.com/113818/ essay -on-advantage-and-disadvantage-of-telephone-in- hindi 2/6 6/27/13 . 6th Marine Regiment , All rights reserved , Bihar 342 Words | 3 Pages. Deviance. Writing English Essay! This essay will try to gain an insight into the deviant acts of football hooliganism, the many theorist views on . Happy Essay! why it occurs and dissertation verlag hardcover, the impact it has on those who partake in it. How society is happy chinese new year, affected and the way in essay that, which it deals with the problem.

We will try to understand the Medias obsession with it and how they often play an essay important part on language, its social and chinese new year essay, economical effects of society. Antithesis! To fully understand these phenomena we need to happy chinese new year, look at the profile of phd dissertation geographie, a football hooligan and answer. Crime , Criminology , Deviance 2707 Words | 7 Pages. Name of the essay Candidate Name Surname Name of the Parent / Guardian Date of Birth (dd-mm-yyyy) Socio-Economic Details : Gender Nationality Marital Status Social . Status Male Indian Married SC TELUGU Telugu (For office use only) ID No. ENGLISH Hindi Sanskrit Candidate’s Latest Photo Female Others Un Married ST BC Rural PH Urban Others If any Specify : Area which you are living comes under whether Are you employed Yes No Please furnish Work Experience (if any) : Organisation Govt. Private. Distance education , Education , Employment 417 Words | 2 Pages. Jennie Yabroff the author of “In Defense of Cheering”sheds light to phd dissertation geographie, her audience on why Cheering should be taken as seriously as any other sport. In contrast . Felisa Rogers the author of “How I Learned to chinese new year essay, Love Football ” tells a story of how she once despised the great American game of football to how she grew ecstatic about its very nature. Phd Dissertation Geographie! Both women have admiration for their respective sports and want to encourage others to share their love of sports through their use of ethos and happy, pathos, with pathos.

Brett Favre , Canadian Football League , Cheerleading 1465 Words | 4 Pages. Comparasion Essay: Baseball vs. Football. Football or Baseball? If you’re like most Americans, you probably have a favorite NFL team. You probably watch football . games on TV and powerpointpresentations, if you live in chinese essay, a city with an NFL team, you may shell out the cash to buy a game ticket to cheer them on. That is to say, no matter where you live, you almost certainly watch the Super Bowl, even if it’s just to check out the exciting commercials.

In fact, if you’re not wearing an NFL team logo hat, T-shirt, or jacket today, you’ll almost certainly run into. American football , American Football League , Baseball 946 Words | 3 Pages. Netaji Subhashchandra Bhose Hindi Essay. Certificate Course in Audio-Radio Servicing, from anagrams of dialectic antithesis Institute of happy new year, Audio – Video Technology, Nagpur. Yr 1995. 5) Basic Computer course Personal Details: . Essay Failed God Index! Date of Birth : 28th March 1977. Father name : Mr.Sudhakar K. Chaware Languages Known : Hindi , Marathi amp; English. Marital Status : Married Hobbies : Music, Badminton, Horse Riding amp; Art. Extra Curricular Activities : 1. Completed Disaster Relief Instructor Course, from new year essay National Civil Defence College, Nagpur (Central Government). 2008 , Bharti Airtel , Bharti Enterprises 691 Words | 4 Pages. ?The Football Factory The Film The movie follows the essay main character Tommy Johnsson (Danny Dyer) through his years as a member of the happy . Chelsea Headhunters, a group that consist of Chelseas most violent supporters.

Other important persons in english language essay, the movie is happy chinese, Tommys hooligan friends Rod, Billy, Zeberdee and Raf. They are all unemployed and spend their days smoking, drinking, fighting and doing drugs. Writing English! Every weekend they got a football match to attend. They follow Chelsea wherever they play, home. Chelsea F.C. Essay! , England , English people 794 Words | 3 Pages. on the article: Science and football : a review of essay reprint series, applied research in the football codes Written by Thomas Reilly and . David Gilbourne of Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK This article reviews various scientific researches being carried out chinese new year, all over the world to writing english language, better understand the football codes and improve them. Happy Chinese New Year! Over the last two decades there has been a growth in research directly related to football . Although most of this research. Association football , Australian rules football , Beach soccer 770 Words | 3 Pages. The History About The Italian National Football Team: Facts: The Italian national football team is called “Gli Azzurri” and . “Squadra Azzurra” because the writing english they play the most of their games with the chinese new year mediterranean blue shirts. The color is traditonally linked to the royal dynasty which united Italy in writing english essay, 1861, and maintained the official standard and this was decided by the President himself. Italy is one of the most successful national teams in the world history of the world cup, having won four titles.

2006 FIFA World Cup , Argentina national football team , Brazil national football team 1400 Words | 4 Pages. ?History Association football , commonly known as football or soccer, is a sport played between two teams of happy essay, eleven players with . a spherical ball. Failed Reprint That! It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries, making it the world's most popular sport.Two of the chinese essay earliest recorded football type games from Europe include Episkyros[6][7] from Ancient Greece and writing essay, the Roman version Harpastum .During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world. Association football , C. W. Alcock , England 826 Words | 3 Pages. The constitution of India (Article 343) recognises Hindi as the official language of India. Hindi is also the chinese new year essay main language in powerpointpresentations, . Chinese! many states of India such as Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal/ Uttarakhand, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh and Himachal Pradesh. Hardcover! It is spoken by more than 437 million people in the world. The other dialects of Hindi are Brajbhasha, Bundeli, Awadhi, Marwari, Maithili, Bhojpuri, to happy new year, name only a few.

Hindi can be traced back to as early as the antithesis seventh or eighth. Chhayavaad , Hindi , Hindi literature 1435 Words | 5 Pages. Kelvin Hall Professor Ross ENG 101 30 September 2012 Writers Checklist 1 Is my title and chinese, . Phd Dissertation Geographie! introduction enticing? My title and happy essay, introduction are enticing because it tells how the game of football became one of the greatest sports. 2 Is my thesis effective? Yes my thesis is effective because it details the important timeline of the critical changes to the sport. 3 Have I included enough details so the reader can visualize my experience? Readers. American football , American Football League , Green Bay Packers 836 Words | 5 Pages. ?On November 18, 2013 there was a football match in the under than 15 school boy football league the game was . played at the Jonathan grant high school oval.

It was a match against the golden lions of verlag hardcover, Jonathan grant high and Spanish town high. This was a well anticipated match as fans turn out in their colors to chinese essay, support their teams. There were people in blue supporting the powerpointpresentations golden lions and some in yellow supporting Spanish town high. Chinese New Year Essay! Match time was 12:30pm. The referees went out on geographie, the field. American football , Association football , Coin 494 Words | 2 Pages. European Football vs American Football.

American Football vs European Football Football = foot + ball. How could a word so simple be so ambiguous? One . could only imagine the word football to mean usage of the happy chinese new year feet to maneuver some sort of ball. And this is true, in one type of “ football ” - European football . Football played all over Europe involves people literally kicking a ball with their feet into a net. But when referring to powerpointpresentations, football in America, the game has nothing to do with kicking, or even feet.

American football is actually. American football , Association football , English football league system 1795 Words | 5 Pages. Malaysian Football Do you know football ? If you are Malaysian, I bet that football is happy chinese, a popular topic of . discussion for the nationwide and it is a well-known sport in our surrounding. Without any doubt, the phenomenon of football has spread through the people favorite as we can see then chanting about the sport everywhere; at the cafe also in failed god index, the electronic media. Nowadays, Malaysian football scenario can be observed through the performance of the league and championship, the success of national. Football League Championship , Kelantan FA , Malaysia 856 Words | 3 Pages. introduction essay 1a) I am a full time football coach working for Salisbury City Fc and running my own football . company called Footballs -kool.

I am studying this course because I enjoy learning and happy chinese essay, want to anagrams antithesis, be able to help others by passing on what I have learnt, in chinese new year essay, years to come (when I’m 40) I would like to work in essay god index reprint, schools full time teaching. My background includes working in France, Australia and the US teaching activities from archery to chinese, kayaking. Powerpointpresentations! Other than sport as a general my interests. Association football pitch , Chess , FA Cup 1631 Words | 5 Pages. Football Soccer STATS is the new year market leader in global football coverage, covering the most prestigious football . leagues from South America to Asia. STATS is the english language essay source for detailed statistical information in global football . Our real-time coverage features lineups, substitutions, fouls, bookings, shots, crosses and goals accompanied by rich play-by-play commentary keeping fans in touch with how the chinese new year match is unfolding on the pitch. Additionally, STATS delivers premium level data for the passionate. Association football , La Liga , Ligue 1 923 Words | 4 Pages. Language 1 PORTFOLIO: Football in the UK . Supervisor: Sarajevo, December 2013 History of on personality psychology, Football - The Origins The history of world`s famous and essay, favourite game spans more than 100 years.

In 1863 Football Association in England was. Association football , England , England national football team 1030 Words | 3 Pages. Science writing in Hindi appears to english essay, have began in happy chinese new year, 1818 (Patariya, 2000) with the publication of anagrams of dialectic antithesis, a magazine named “ Hindi . Digdarshan,” copies of which were circulated to chinese essay, many schools in West Bengal. ‘Digdarshan' regularly incorporated materials on on personality psychology, science, a trend that was not in vogue at happy chinese that time even in powerpointpresentations, contemporary reputed Hindi publication 'Udant martand' (1928) credited to be the first Hindi newspaper. Chinese Essay! Patairiya (2000) further narrates that a questionnaire related to chemistry way. Delhi , Hindi , Popular science 1626 Words | 5 Pages. ?Racism in Football Football is one the biggest and most popular sports in the world. It has grown rapidly from a small sport . originally played by powerpointpresentations, the Romans and Greeks to happy chinese essay, a worldwide hobby. However, it could be suggested that with the failed reprint series growing problem that is racism, football is becoming known as a sport for happy essay hooligans. This aggressive attitude is ever present amongst the fans and powerpointpresentations, players alike and this is not how football should be. Essay! Why is writing english language essay, racism is football a big issue?

With recent cases such as. 2006–07 FA Premier League , 2007–08 Premier League , 2008–09 Premier League 867 Words | 2 Pages. Public Health – Essay – Title and happy new year, subtitle of the essay HYGIENE, EATING HABITS AND ORAL HEALTH AMONG CHILDREN IN THREE . NEPALESE PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS Author Kerstin Westbacke Author's position and address District dentist, Public Dental Clinic, Langgatan 13, SE-460 10 Lodose, Sweden Phone: +46 (0)520 660077, Fax: +46 (0)520 660838, E-mail: ftv.lodose@vgregion.se Date of approval 2006-04-28 Supervisor NHV/External Professor Arne Halling No of pages Language – essay Language –. Canine tooth , Health , Health care 2275 Words | 11 Pages. tball coaches develop the knowledge, techniques and motivation of football teams and players. They train players at all levels, from beginners . to top . As a football coach you would: plan coaching activities, sessions and programmes provide feedback and give advice on players' performance, fitness and technical skills develop and discuss strategies and english, tactics for both individual and team play give guidance on nutrition, and injury recognition and prevention research good practice and innovative. American football , Association football , Coach 1300 Words | 6 Pages. Professor Montgomery English Composition 101 November 7, 2011 Football It’s easy to happy new year, see that Football is the most fun sport ever . invented.

To be a promising football player you have to poses physical, mental talent. Above all the qualifications of becoming a football player, I think respect on the field is a necessity. Respecting players and research on personality psychology, plays will most certainly bring you closer to a career as a football player. The game of football has been proven to chinese, be more of a mental than physical but physical. American football , Association football , Bowl game 509 Words | 2 Pages. In Football Since time began, feminists worldwide have demanded equal rights and yes, they’ve probably said just about powerpointpresentations, everything there is to happy new year, . say about sexism. We all dream of the writing language essay day when women and men are treated with the same amount of respect, attention and chinese new year essay, understanding.

But will this day ever come? Sexism should be non-existent and football is no exception. Sexism can begin in the simplest of places; a primary school for example. Picture this, a group of boys are playing a football match. Alex Ferguson , American football , Association football 841 Words | 3 Pages.

AS YOU LIKE IT HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PLAY Introduction to Shakespeare When I read Shakespeare I am struck with wonder That such trivial people . should muse and thunder In such lovely language. D. Series! H. Happy Chinese New Year Essay! Lawrence Quote (1885 - 1930) William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was born in Startford-on-Avon, in the country of Warwick. Anagrams Of Dialectic! The third child and first son, William was christened on 26th April, 1564 in the parish chruch. His father, John Shakespeare, was a prosperous businessman. William got. As You Like It , Globe Theatre , John Shakespeare 1402 Words | 4 Pages. ? There is happy chinese, a wide array of explanations for football hooliganism moving beyond the argument that ‘ football hooligans fight over . football issues’. This essay analyses and synthesises the main theoretical perspectives, focussing especially on social histories, youth culture and language, class.

It suggests that the best explanation consists of a combined theoretical perspective. New Year! There are many theories attempting to on personality, explain football hooliganism, but from a certain, reductionist perspective it requires only. 20th century , Football hooliganism , Green Street 888 Words | 4 Pages. Jerry Pham Mr. Chinese New Year Essay! Dawson English IV September 20, 2012 Football is The Ballet of Masses Have you ever watch a show in the TV that can drive . your emotions from anagrams of dialectic this feeling to other feeling? For me, a football game is the best show that has the most feeling.

When I was a kid, my opinion about football was just simply play with a round object and kicks it wherever I like. For me at that time, watch a football game with my family always the most bored thing ever. I was wondering why people are so. Attack , Attack! , Cambodia 1067 Words | 3 Pages. The essay “ Football Envy at chinese new year the UN” by Kofi Annan, proposes the idea that passion shown towards soccer during the writing language World Cup . should also be shown towards global issues.

If people could only have the same fervency for human rights as they do for soccer who knows the new year impact it could have? This thought provoking idea is developed in powerpointpresentations, Annan’s essay by comparing soccer’s intense competitiveness, teamwork, cross pollination and equality to the lack of with UN issues. Happy New Year! In this easy read essay , Annan is able. Article , Association football , Ban Ki-moon 961 Words | 3 Pages. ?Mason Weir 9:30 Intro: Sports not only shows the athletic ability of an individual or team, but teaches valuable life lessons. I learned a lot from of dialectic . playing football from happy chinese 8th grade through my senior year. It teaches life lessons that everyone needs; how to follow directions, in learning the plays, how to listen to my peers and learn from them. As I became the psychology older teammate, I had to chinese new year, be the powerpointpresentations leader and teacher, to happy new year essay, show dedication and determination to practice every day and help my team. TS.

Education , Gh , History of education 525 Words | 2 Pages. Essay On My School Picnic For Class 1. Essay on my school picnic for class 1 Contributed By: Rose Johnson, class 7, Carmel School Kuwait. Rose. My father always likes to speak about essay reprint, . his childhood, especially when he scolds me. Posted: September 2, 2014 in childrens writing ideas, Essays for Class 1- Class4, Kids essays , Less than 15 sentence essays , Once our school picnic was to a zoo.

Completed application form, High School a picnic at happy chinese new year essay seaside essay 9 class Transcript, Essay : Share a. Sep 25, 2011 - I am writing a profile essay on a. Educational years , Essay , Fifth grade 1239 Words | 4 Pages. Pure football The world of essay failed series, football has grown to be the biggest sport on earth. Nearly every person in the world admires a . football player, so my grandfather said ‘why not give it a go’ with his first born son (My father). Happy New Year! At a very young age, my father was born into a life of football . The first thing he was given to play with was a football . At the research psychology young age of five, he was enrolled into the local football club called Dortsville FC. He started off as a goalkeeper, but he was rubbish at new year it. Arsenal F.C. , Aston Villa F.C. , FA Cup 2183 Words | 5 Pages. ELEMENTS OF AN ESSAY Preliminary Remarks Following are some suggestions to help you write an acceptable academic- level essay . . This is not the only way to organize and develop an essay . Anagrams! It is, however, a tried and true system and happy, will likely be what your TCC instructors require of english language, you. Audience and Purpose Before beginning, you should consider both your audience and purpose.

For, before you can know how to approach the chinese essay subject, you must determine whom you will be addressing, how much they already. 2005 albums , Essay , Five paragraph essay 1430 Words | 5 Pages. essays suck. Powerpointpresentations! I hate thembdshhbfvdi hvihndinhviudfhuvnhgudfhg sddkbfvgghhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh- . hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh- hhhhing a match with William Regal, Truth was attacked by Carlito and Primo, who were paid off by DiBiase after the new year assault. Truth went on to wrestle and defeat DiBiase at the first-ever Over the Limit pay-per-view on on personality psychology, May 23.[22] The next night on Raw, Truth defeated The Miz to win the happy essay vacant United States Championship. Adam Copeland , Chris Jericho , CM Punk 1781 Words | 5 Pages. Foreign Players in powerpointpresentations, English Football. 30 December 2009, the Barclays Premier League football match between Arsenal and Portsmouth made English football . Chinese New Year Essay! history as the first match not to include any British players. Arsenal’s team of multi-million pound foreign stars won the game comfortably, 4-1; some would argue this is all that matters, but those who are passionate about failed god index reprint series, football – the real connoisseurs of the new year essay English game – will recognize a deep underlying issue. Modern day football is unrecognizable compared to what has preceded. Arsenal F.C. , Association football , Aston Villa F.C.

875 Words | 3 Pages. Essay on an Unforgettable Day of My Life in Hindi. Father’s Name : Mr. Ashok shrivastava Date OF Birth : 14 Aug. 1990 Marital Status : . Single Nationality : Indian Language Known : Hindi English Hobbies : playing cricket Skills : positive attitude,I do my work Sincerely and anagrams antithesis, honestly Declarations: I hereby declare that the information. Amitabh Bachchan , Business school , Leadership 257 Words | 3 Pages. and his team of spies gorgeous film to convert the impossible possible has come. Barca is a team that is physically and mentally, in agony.

The Blaugrana . have rushed in at the stage of decline and barely have the strength to face any challenge football . But they should make an extra effort to fight for the League to his audience. New Year! After two consecutive draws (against Getafe 2-2, and before the Elche, 0-0), Atletico win now seems difficult, although the anagrams of dialectic antithesis motivational plus that mean a full Camp Nou. Camp Nou , Ethan Hunt , FC Barcelona 771 Words | 3 Pages. but also an happy chinese essay important part of our society. Essay! Murray Ross explains the chinese new year importance of sports in research papers psychology, his essay “ Football Red and Baseball . Green” in order to explain why these two sports are such a large part of the American way of life. Ross explains the appeals of two different national pastimes by happy chinese new year, using the overall structure and research papers on personality psychology, style and thru comparing and contrasting baseball, the tranquil appeal, and football , the passionate appeal. In his writing, Ross uses many devices to relate the chinese new year essay subject to failed, the. Allusion , American football , American way 1251 Words | 3 Pages. Definition of a Football Fan 1st draft Football fans are by definition crazy.

They behave insanely; they are insane about . the past, and they are insanely loyal. Happy New Year Essay! If their team gives away something free, the powerpointpresentations fans rush to the stadium to get the hat or watever. Football fans just plain behave insanely. New Year Essay! Baseball fans go similarly nuts when their favorite teams give away some attractive freebie. But football fans are even worse. Football fans freeze themselves in order to watch their favorite. Denver Broncos , Green Bay Packers , John Elway 937 Words | 3 Pages. Bollywood ( Hindi : #2348;#2377;#2354;#2368;#2357;#2369;#2337;, Urdu: ECa#1740; ??) is the informal name given to the popular . Research Papers On Personality! Mumbai-based Hindi -language film industry in India (Bharat). New Year Essay! The term is often incorrectly used to refer to essay failed that, the whole of Hindi cinema. Bollywood is essay, only a part of the of dialectic antithesis Bhartiya film industry. The name is a portmanteau of new year essay, Bombay (the former name for powerpointpresentations Mumbai) and happy chinese new year essay, Hollywood, the center of the American film industry.

Though some deplore the papers on personality psychology name, arguing that it makes the. Asha Bhosle , Bollywood , Cinema of India 1014 Words | 3 Pages. It’s a DTMF based technology to control our appliances By mobile phone calls from a long distance and chinese new year, we can able to handle out home . appliances from any remote location. ACHIVEMENTS: ? Participated in G.K and Essay competition organized in hardcover, school. ? Coordinated in technical and non-technical events in college. ? Coordinated many events and functions at school and college level. SEMINAR: • Seminar on happy new year essay, the topic ‘ BLOOM BOX’, A Revolutionary. Delhi , Electronic engineering , Electronics 424 Words | 3 Pages.

Research Paper 8 December 2012 College Football is antithesis, Better than the NFL Many compare the chinese National Football League (NFL) with . college football but the two are not extremely similar and should never be compared. Yes, besides a few minor rule changes the NFL and college football are the same game; but there is much more to football then the rules. College football is failed god index reprint series, better than the NFL for a wide variety of reasons. First, there exists more passion in college football all around the sport. Passion cannot. American football , American Football League , Association football 2178 Words | 6 Pages.

What Is the Best Way of chinese, Explaining Football Hooliganism? What is the best way of explaining football hooliganism? “Serious sport has nothing to do with fair play. It is bound up with hatred, . jealousy, boastfulness, disregard of all rules and sadistic pleasure in witnessing violence. Of Dialectic! In other words: it is chinese new year essay, war minus the shooting. (Oswell, 1945) The best way to explain football hooliganism is to perceive it in the same context as war. Like war, football hooliganism has different factors that all contribute to research, the overall goal. Although the. Football hooliganism , Hooliganism , ID 2439 Words | 7 Pages.

Football Fever Nowadays, football is known by the world. Everybody knows what is football , but not all of them . New Year! love it. Football lovers do not include only boys, even girls are interested in it maybe of some other reasons. Normally, football fans enjoy football as it is phd dissertation, exciting but for girls, some of them enjoy looking at those players who are handsome or force to chinese new year essay, watch football matches because their partner wants to. Only a few which is really love football and maybe as crazy as men.

Actually. Association football , FA Cup , FIFA 936 Words | 3 Pages. the pastime of America. Geographie! Millions of viewers tuned in chinese, everyday to receive updates and news on their favorite sports team or even players. Nationwide . Powerpointpresentations! networks and even local sporting stations broadcast anything from the more popular sports such as football , baseball, and basketball, to the less familiar and chinese new year, far less attractive sports such as volleyball, rugby and even lacrosse. From there, you then see the differences of gender roles and the popularity issues within each and every sport. Gender stereotypes.

Discrimination , Female , Gender 1055 Words | 5 Pages. Five Paragraph Essay Outline Teachers can use these steps to teach students how to write a great five paragraph essay by phd dissertation geographie, using . New Year Essay! outlines and anagrams antithesis, properly organizing thoughts, topics, and details. These directions are written for students to follow when choosing a topic, creating a basic outline, and happy chinese, writing the essay . Read more: http://www.brighthub.com/education/k-12/articles/2999.aspx#ixzz0lQaL6vBg Step 1 - Choose a Good Topic When writing an essay failed god index that essay , it is important to choose a topic that. American way , Argument , Creative writing 1841 Words | 6 Pages.

Essay contest: A moment that changed your life. A moment that changed your life. By Arianna Valdez , Paramount HS. Arianna Valdez (second from left) hangs out with her family.Photo by Arianna’s mom, Nora Valdez. I was 14 years old and thought I knew it all. I had good grades at school, but at chinese new year, home I fought a lot with my mom and language stepdad. Happy New Year Essay? My parents divorced when I was young, and anagrams of dialectic I developed anger toward my father for leaving my mom. Happy Chinese New Year Essay? I had become distant from research on personality, my extended family as well. I couldn’t stand my hair; I complained about happy chinese new year essay it every day.

I am an only child, but I have a stepbrother whom I hated. I wanted nothing more than to hang out with my friends. I always wanted to be left alone, listening to music, surfing the web, you name it. I was always bitter and crabby. I took my life for powerpointpresentations, granted. May 2010, I’m diagnosed with cancer. Over two months, I was being tested and had two surgeries to determine if I was still in chinese an early stage and could be spared the infamous chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Luckily, the powerpointpresentations cancer hadn’t spread into my bloodstream and cleaning out the tumors would be easy. Although it didn’t last as long as you would expect, those two months were hell. I cried myself to sleep every night, fearing the changes that accompanied chemo. I would have to be home-schooled. Chemo would cause me to be nauseous, weak, tired.

I’d have to be on happy chinese a strict diet—unhealthy food could get me sick. Verlag? I would lose all my hair. I would have tubes connected to my heart coming out of my chest, and happy new year so much more. Thankfully, after the second surgery I was cancer free. Of course, I have to remain in remission and observation for of dialectic, five years to chinese essay, be sure the cancer doesn’t come back, but there’s only a small chance it will. At first, I didn’t understand why I had gotten cancer. Writing Language Essay? I would think, “Why me?

What did I do to deserve this? Does God hate me? How could he let anyone suffer what I’m suffering? Especially a kid!” Once I started accepting that this was real and I couldn’t do anything but fight it, I figured I would enjoy my life as long as I could before getting really sick. I started hanging out with my family more. I spent the weekends with my aunts and chinese new year essay cousins, or with my dad and his side of the dissertation family.

It was hard to do too much, though, because I spent more time at chinese essay, the hospital than I did at my house. Once I was “cancer free,” I was still stuck with the mentality that it could come back at any moment, and I would regret not having enjoyed my life as much as I could have. I decided that from dissertation verlag hardcover, then on, I would live life to new year essay, its fullest. I wouldn’t take anything for granted. I would try new things. I would love my brother and my parents, forgive my father, take lots of pictures, smile, laugh and act goofy. I’d be outgoing. Two years later, I’m still cancer free. Three more to go until I’m considered safe.

I have to verlag hardcover, say, God answered my questions. Chinese New Year Essay? Why did I have cancer? Why me? Because my life was going to waste. I was a selfish, inconsiderate, stubborn, unforgiving, careless, bratty yet shy girl. But when the cancer hit, it completely changed me. When I saw my mom cry, it hurt me. When I heard my dad’s voice crack, his one and god index that only child, his daughter, diagnosed with cancer, I regretted ever being mad at him. Happy New Year? When my stepbrother and cousins were speechless, I reassured them. As I cried, my aunt held my hand and cried with me. She even went to appointments with my parents and me.

I’m not the same girl I was before I had cancer. Today, I take too many pictures, smile too much, goof off too much. My brother and I have become close and my cousins have their “big sister” back. Powerpointpresentations? Cancer brought my family back together. Sometimes my hair is hard to new year essay, manage, but I can’t say I hate it. Don’t wait for something like cancer to come around and change your life.

Take it upon yourself to make things right and truly worth living for. My dad’s death turned my world upside down. T he second I heard the news from my mom almost seven years ago, “Your dad died. He’s in a better place now,” it changed my life so much. Dissertation? Those were the most painful words I have ever heard. I had no father anymore. Never will I be able to hug him or tell him that I love him or talk about my problems with him because he’s gone.

People always say that somebody never truly leaves you, that their spirit is here no matter what. Well, can you hug a spirit, can you cry on happy new year their shoulder? Will a spirit teach you things? It is anagrams of dialectic impossible. After my father died, my whole world collapsed. My brother became a delinquent and happy chinese new year made my mom cry night after night and of dialectic all we did was fight. I felt no support from anybody. I tried being strong but it was impossible because the pain I felt was so unbearable that I could not help but break down every time I was alone. To my family I appeared to be heartless with no emotion but nobody understood that I was hiding it, trying to protect my mom from happy chinese essay, feeling more pain. The hardest thing I have ever done was pretend that my father’s death did not make me sad, when in reality I was devastated beyond belief.

Before my father passed away, I was a straight-A student. For a while I gave up on school. Hardcover? Last year it finally hit me that my mom is still around and new year I should work on making her proud instead of disappointing everybody. She has done nothing but take care of writing english language, my brother and chinese new year me so I did my best and almost got straight As once again. Now I understand how much you have to appreciate your parents and loved ones because once they die nobody will bring them back no matter how much it hurts or how much you miss them. I always tell my mom that I love her because I learned my lesson with my dad. This incident changed my life when I was young, but recently it changed my life again. I have learned how to live life. I learned how beautiful things are and how to enjoy them while they are there.

Even though I have been through much struggle with my family, I still love life and being alive as much as I miss somebody who is dead. I know that maybe I will see them once I die. Until then I am going to live my life to anagrams antithesis, its fullest and happy essay never look back. A bike helped me lose weight. By Victor Loza , Marshall Fundamental HS (Pasadena) A life-changing moment in powerpointpresentations my life was Dec. 24, 2010. On this day, I purchased my bike. I was always a lazy kid who never participated in any type of chinese, physical activity. I was extremely overweight—almost 300 pounds. I was upset with myself, always thinking, “How did I let this happen?”

Being able to grab the anagrams bike and take it for happy chinese new year essay, a ride was difficult. I didn’t know where to writing, ride. New Year Essay? I didn’t have anyone to dissertation, ride with or to motivate me. I would ride my bike for 20 minutes and I’d be exhausted. That’s how out of shape I was. Chinese New Year? Little by little I got more in my comfort zone. Video games were becoming something I would do when I wasn’t able to research on personality, leave the house. My family noticed weight loss. I never noticed. Then one day I put on shorts that used to fit snug and now were baggy. After noticing that I started to happy essay, feel very happy.

School was out for summer and I had just turned 16 years old. I had met some friends who also rode bikes. Our goal for the summer was to just ride. We would go on verlag hardcover long rides and happy essay only stop to rehydrate, eat or sleep. Psychology? In the middle of the summer I had a doctor’s appointment. New Year Essay? I weighed in and the doctor told me I had lost 20 pounds! I was proud of of dialectic antithesis, myself. I was exploring the world, losing weight and gaining self-confidence by riding a bike. By the end of summer I had lost about 50 pounds.

If it wasn’t for that bike I would have probably been writing about getting a high score in a video game. Happy Chinese New Year Essay? Cycling has changed my life. I have lost tons of weight I never thought I was going to essay god index, be able to lose. Chinese New Year? I now know my city a lot better and I’m not always indoors hiding from this great world. My confidence has increased and failed god index series I will carry this life-changing experience with me throughout my life. GRAB A BIKE, IT’S GREAT! My baby sister brought my family together. By Katherin Albizures , Hollywood HS. A moment that ultimately gave my life a huge turning point was the birth of my baby sister Kaylee. She changed the chinese way I saw things and she made me become a better person. Even though she has only been in my life for research papers psychology, a year, she’s the best thing that has happened to my family.

After my parents got divorced, it was always only three people living under the same roof. My mom, younger sister and new year I were living together and it was a lot of fun because we hung out at the mall, went to the movies, ate a new restaurants, etc. I was used to my small family and I liked how it only writing english language essay contained three people. When I was about 9 years old, my mom got a boyfriend, whom I didn’t think much of. It was a long-distance relationship, so I honestly thought that they were not going to last long. Happy Chinese New Year? However, when I was 13, my mom told us that he was going to come and live with us, but I ignored her because I thought she was joking. One week later, without a single warning, he was at dissertation hardcover, my doorstep smiling down at us as if his presence was supposed to make me happy. I really disliked everything he did and said. He tried to make us laugh, but I only stood there with a blank expression on my face.

He cooked for us, but I denied eating his food. Basically, I was an happy new year, intolerant brat who did not want to hardcover, give him a chance. Happy New Year Essay? After a while, I thought he was going to powerpointpresentations, leave due to the treatment my sister and I were giving him. My mom started to have problems with him because he always complained about us and essay all she told him was to english, try harder to win us over. I thought that I had finally gotten rid of happy new year essay, him until Christmas morning, my mom told me that she was pregnant and that we were going to powerpointpresentations, have a baby sister. I was happy with the idea of having a little baby around, but it was upsetting to know that my stepdad would have to stick around now. My mom started to get weaker by her seventh month of pregnancy, so we all had to work together to happy chinese new year, help my mom out.

My stepdad and I shared the kitchen to english, make dinner and after awhile, there was no tension. Happy Chinese Essay? We had small conversations and writing english language essay gave each other tips for happy, some recipes. I decided to give him a chance because it was the least I could do after all the negative treatment I had given him. Powerpointpresentations? He turned out to be a pretty cool guy after all. As soon as Kaylee was born, we became a united family.

We went on trips together and happy essay we all got along. It’s crazy to anagrams of dialectic, think that one human being could have this huge impact on new year essay everyone else, so that they change for the better. My stepdad and powerpointpresentations I always joke around with each other now and new year essay sometimes I even introduce him as my dad. English Language Essay? Any time I need a favor, he’s always there to help in chinese new year essay any way he can. My mom is finally happy to see that I gave someone a chance to enter our lives.

I guess what I was really afraid of was letting someone enter my life knowing that one day they would leave again, like my dad did. However, I know that my step dad is different and that he will stay. Reprint That? I’m glad that our family now contains five people instead of three. It seems complete and I hope it will always stay that way. Caring for my nephew forced me to grow up. By Oscar Reyes , Paramount HS. My nephew was born on Nov. 15, 2011, but I didn’t think much of it at the time. As soon as my sister came home my life began to change far more than I expected. Happy Essay? During the next few months I could not imagine a more tiring time of anagrams of dialectic, my life, but more rewarding than anything. In this short time I began to new year, take on writing new responsibilities around my house.

I’m not the happy new year one to language, usually do chores. Happy? But as soon as the baby came into the house, I was responsible for taking care of him while my sister was busy doing chores. I had to learn how to feed him, which was pretty easy. Then, awhile later I had to learn how to change him, which was kind of geographie, difficult because I really didn’t know what I was doing half the happy chinese essay time, due to me not knowing which side goes on which side. Though I later learned how to master changing a baby, it was pretty difficult then. As soon as I came home from school, I had to take care of the powerpointpresentations kid, which didn’t last long because he would fall asleep pretty quickly. Happy? The first month of phd dissertation geographie, this new person in my life wasn’t too bad because I still remained the same as before, just with a few more responsibilities.

Fast track six months, my life has really changed dramatically. My nephew got older, so I had to learn more responsibilities and this meant I had less free time. As soon as I came home from chinese new year essay, school, my sister went to work, so I had to take care of the kid as usual. It was different though. Now he didn’t fall asleep as fast, which meant I couldn’t do what I usually did.

I also didn’t have much time to powerpointpresentations, do my homework. This was a tough time because I spent my free time doing nothing but staring at happy chinese new year essay, the TV. I wasn’t getting enough sleep so I couldn’t keep my eyes open during class. My grades dropped in my second semester and my parents were kind of mad about that. If that wasn’t bad enough, during the english middle of the night when I’m asleep, the new year essay baby usually wakes up so I have to feed him for at least 20 minutes because my sister is powerpointpresentations either tired from work or she is doing her college homework. Then I go to new year, sleep and dissertation hardcover wake up tired and my cycle repeats. I felt like I wanted to give up. I thought to myself, “I need to change my habits if I want to happy, succeed in reprint life and be a good role model for him.” I began to happy chinese new year essay, use my free time during class to do my homework early instead of english language essay, dozing off into happy, space. Phd Dissertation Geographie? As soon as I came home from school, I’d take care of my nephew and as he fell to sleep, I’d rapidly do my homework.

I still had some missing assignments here and there, but I improved my grades. Now I had more free time and new year more time to sleep. I did all this because when you care about someone so much, you’re willing to do anything for them. Although I had a tough time with my nephew, it was worth it because I learned not to be a lazy kid anymore and essay god index reprint series that grow up. Having my nephew was great because he brought joy to my whole family and nothing is greater than that. Essay? He also gave me a great life lesson. In life you may feel like you just want to give up, but you need to realize the prize is much greater than you can imagine.

Next essay contest: A moral dilemma. When we’re young the difference between right and wrong is clear: respect your parents, always tell the truth. Essay God Index Reprint Series That? But as we get older it becomes harder to do the new year essay right thing, and writing english language we may even begin to question whether something is really that bad. Tell us about a time when you faced a moral dilemma. New Year Essay? Maybe a classmate asked if they could cheat off your test, or you were out with friends who started shoplifting or someone offered you drugs at a party. Describe the situation and explain why it was hard to know what to powerpointpresentations, do, like maybe you felt the pressure to chinese essay, fit in.

What decision did you ultimately make and how did it affect you?