Essay about tabloids

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Ossett - the about history of a Yorkshire town. My grandfather was a coal miner all his life. It was a difficult and dangerous occupation, yet essential for the development of industry in the U.K. miners were judged so important that they were given exemption from military service in WW1 and WW2. There were coal strikes at the pits in Ossett in 1893 and 1926 that I am aware of, and probably others that haven't been documented. Although my grandfather didn't work in the Ossett or Gawthorpe mines, I am intrigued by the history of sample essays for military Ossett's coal industry, which employed a large proportion of the men in the town around the end of the 19th century and beyond. The pits at old Roundwood, Gawthorpe and Shaw Cross were substantial and there were many more smaller undertakings dating back to the 1790s or earlier. Essay About Tabloids! The men who worked in first emerson amazon, these mines endured terrible working conditions and essay about, accidents were common. Much evidence of the many horrific mining accidents in the Ossett coal mines can be found in the archives of the ' Ossett Observer ' and I have reproduced just a few of the reported incidents in this account. Essays! There were many more. It is essay tabloids, said that in 1965, the NCB had records of twenty-six different coal mines in Ossett. Sample For Military Academies! However, first indications suggest that there were many more mines than twenty-six and there were certainly many more mineshafts within the boundaries of the town, which have all now been properly filled up.

The old colliery workings at Low Laithes came to national prominence in about tabloids, March 1973 when it was found that a build-up of on lord water in about, the old workings at the abandoned 19th century pits caused the terrible disaster at Lofthouse Colliery when seven men lost their lives from a huge inrush of water and sludge. It was later estimated that the old mine workings at Low Laithes had become an underground reservoir containing nearly 3 ½ million gallons of thesis color water. Shortly after the disaster, which happened at 2am the 21st March, a surface visit was made to the site of the essay tabloids old Low Laithes Colliery and for military, it was found the Bye Pit was exposed and water could be heard falling down the shaft. It was also reported that the Engine Pit and Bull Pit were exposed and water could also be heard falling down them. There was little doubt that there was a direct relationship between the inrush of water into the Lofthouse workings and about tabloids, the water pouring down these old shafts. It is known that a coal mine was established at Gawthorpe as long ago as 1366 during the reign of Edward III.

Above: Westfield Colliery circa 1880. Originally owned by Joshua Wilby and located close to the old GNER railway, which connected Ossett with Batley and Wakefield. Chemistry! When Wilby died in 1881, the colliery was purchased by Henry Westwood and Company. A relatively small mine, in essay tabloids, 1896 it employed 56 underground workers and 11 surface workers. The manager was Mr. J. Simpkin and the under-manager, Mr. J. Thesis Color! Wilkinson.

Smithson's New Park Colliery, Low Laithes. In 1743, James Fenton leased land to extract coal belonging to the Earl of Cardigan in the area surrounding Bushy Beck, near Low Laithes in the townships of Ossett-cum-Gawthorpe, Alverthorpe and West Ardsley. In the event, only a small part of the essay coalfield was worked and that was in the Ardsley area, because of the difficulty in transporting the essays first series coal to the Calder, which was about four miles away. The first recorded pits in Ossett were probably in the Low Laithes area and date back to about tabloids the 1790s. In Praise Of The F Word! Robert Smithson (1747-1800) was a gentleman farmer and maltster who leased Low Laithes Farm from the Earl of essay about tabloids Cardigan like his family had done for Chemistry, years before him. Smithson leased land nearby his home at Low Laithes to develop his New Park, Kirkhamgate or old Low Laithes Colliery (as it was variously known) from 1796. In 1798, he and his Wakefield associate, cloth merchant John Charnock (1752-1811), opened their version of New Park colliery and essay, 'Smithson's Tram Road' connecting it with the Calder and Hebble Navigation at Thornes Wharfe, Wakefield. The railway was horse powered and had L-section rails mounted on stone block sleepers. There was a parallel railway covering almost the same route to collieries (also confusingly called 'New Park Colliery') owned by Smithson's arch rival and Yorkshire coal-king, William Fenton. Fenton's railway crossed Smithson's on the level near Wakefield, and for thesis color, several miles higher up the valley towards the pits, the two lines actually ran side-by-side.

Fenton's railway was powered by essay tabloids bullocks rather than horses. Robert Smithson died in 1800, and it is Chemistry, said that his early death was partly as a result of the bitter business rivalry with William Fenton, which continued after his death. For a few years, Smithson's collieries and tramway were run by a consortium of trustees headed by Smithson's well-to-do cousin William Smithson (1750-1830) of Ledston Hall and later Heath; his own brother Joshua Smithson and his brother-in-law Thomas Preston of Halifax. In 1818, Robert Smithson's farm and malt business (valued then at about tabloids £8,906) was bequeathed to his son, also Robert. A three-quarter share in Smithson's collieries and tramway (and the debts due to of the them) was passed to Smithson's youngest son Joshua Smithson (1791-1867) who continued with the coal business under difficult circumstances until he failed financially in 1850. During the early years, the relatively small numbers of colliers working in Smithson's pits can be illustrated in the case of Ossett-cum-Gawthorpe by the use of the poor rate assessments as a basis for rating of the number of colliery face workers. In 1820, Smithson's Gawthorpe colliery had fourteen face workers and there were five more at Paleside. By 1823, this had risen to eighteen at Gawthorpe and seven at Paleside. In 1833, there was a prolonged strike at Smithson's colliery in Ossett. An attempt was made to bring in 'blackleg' labour to replace the striking miners. Joshua Smithson described the plan as a complete turn-out of colliers.

The 'blackleg' labour force was provided with houses and even bedding. Many of the men brought their wives and families to the area. It was noted that four of the 'blacklegs' sold the bedding that they had been provided with and ended up in front of the local magistrate accused of theft. At the Bye Pit at Low Laithes, Ossett, records show that in essay about tabloids, 1844, four coal miners, who were aged between 60 and Chemistry, 70 years, earned on average, a weekly wage of £1-1s-3d each. However, at Bye Pit No. 5, seventeen colliers earned up to £1-5s-6d for an eight hour day. For this, they had to fill twenty corves (coal wagons) a day with coal.

By the end of the 1840s, the essay tabloids colliers were being paid 3s-3d for getting one dozen of coal at the face and 3s for straitwork. Sample! Straitwork is the work involved in extending the access tunnels to the area of the coalface. Fatal Colliery Explosion at Low Laithes - December 3rd 1859. Smithson's colliery had a low fatality rate, although in about tabloids, 1859 when the thesis color Low Laithes colliery business had been bought by Benjamin Roberts, there was a fatal accident at Bull Pit and essay about tabloids, this was recorded as follows: Mr. Taylor, Coroner for the horour of Pontefract, held an inquest on Monday evening, at in praise essay Alverthorpe, near Wakefield, respecting the death of David Beacher. On the 28th November 1859. Beacher and essay about tabloids, another man, named Brown, were working together at Chemistry a bank in the Bull Pit of the Low Laithes Colliery, belonging to Mr. Benjamin Roberts, under the direction of John Noble, the steward.

Noble told the men to get the coal until they got to about the old works ; but he gave no orders about lamps, and they worked with naked candles. Both men placed their candles upon the edge of the solid coal, when the gas from the old workings fired at that of Beacher. The two men were badly burned but Beacher most severely. A third person, a burrier, was also burned. Beacher died from his injuries on Saturday morning last. Thesis Color! Verdict - Accidentally burned. There was no formal contract for colliers to serve for a fixed period in Smithson's mines and they could leave their employment as and when they desired. Of course, this arrangement worked both ways and coal miners could be summarily dismissed without comeback.

These were the days before Unions were established. Between 1834 and 1850, Smithson made profits of £4,320 in nine of the years and about tabloids, losses of £3,690 in the other seven years. This left a net profit of only £630, or about £40 a year over the entire period. Clearly, the modest profits could not sustain the rentals and by 1850, the essays flies piggy business had failed. By 1850, Smithson had ten working pits in Ossett, close to where Low Laithes Golf Club is now situated.

These pits all took coal from essay tabloids, either the Haigh Moor seam or the Gawthorpe seam. The first recorded instances of coal workings in Ossett date back to the 13th and 14th century after woodland was cleared and coal was beginning to be used as fuel. There were several day holes and simple mines located in various parts of Ossett. These pits were recorded in the Manor Court Rolls of Wakefield and examples are Rhode Pyttes, Coolepitt Close, Runtinge Pitts, Totteringe Pitts, plus many more unnamed workings. There are several references in the Court Rolls of people mining for coal without the required licence from the Lord of the Manor. In 1332, three Ossett men were each fined 6d for not filling in pits in the New Park and in 1339 all the inhabitants of Ossett were required to back fill all coal pits in the township that were worked out. First Series Amazon! In the 14th century the rolls record that Adam del Dene cut down trees, made waste the land, gardens and houses, which his mother held as a dower for about, digging coal. Clearly coal was becoming an important fuel not just for thesis color, heating homes but as a fuel for industrial use such as the tabloids making of iron. Essays Flies Piggy! Ironstone digging and smelting was an essay about tabloids, important local industry at around this time and was first carried out in the New Park. In 1332 Adam de Gaukethorpe and William Carpenter were charged with digging an iron mine without a licence in essays first series, the bond lands of the Lord of the Manor and were fined 3d each. John Sonman paid the Lord of the Manor 12d for a licence to dig a mine in tabloids, Gawthorpe for Chemistry, stones to be used for iron smelting.

The first 1:10,560 large scale OS map of Ossett was published in essay about tabloids, 1851 and from that map, it is possible to identify most of Smithson's pits at Low Laithes. In addition there were several other coal mines in Ossett listed on the map. Of The Essay! The following listing is an attempt to identify all the essay tabloids known coal mines in Ossett. Essay For High School Students 2009! There are many others, not listed here, identified only as 'old coal pit' and shown clearly within the town boundaries of Ossett on historic OS Maps. Some of these may have been shallow bell pits and it is known that when the underground reservoir along Chidswell Lane in Gawthorpe was excavated in 1877, between 200 and 300 tons of coal were removed and sold on behalf of the Local Board.

The first eight mines listed here were part of the old Joshua Smithson undertaking at Low Laithes, which had been bought out by Benjamin Roberts after Smithson failed financially. The pit shafts were geographically separated by some distance, especially those located in the area of Gawthorpe. 1. Essay About Tabloids! Engine Pit(No. 1), Low Laithes - 35 yards to the Haigh Moor seam, owned by J. Roberts from 1850. 2. Bye Pit(No. 2 ), Low Laithes - 141 yards to the Haigh Moor seam and essay for high school, 71 yards to the Gawthorpe seam, owned by J. Roberts from 1850. 3. Barron's Pit (No. 6), Low Laithes - 120 yards to the Haigh Moor seam and 50 yards to about tabloids the Gawthorpe seam, owned by J. Roberts from 1850.

4. Barron's Pit (No. 4 ), Low Laithes - 55 yards to the Gawthorpe seam, owned by Chemistry J. Essay About Tabloids! Roberts from 1850. 5. Bull Pit (No. 7), Low Laithes - 140 yards to the Haigh Moor seam, owned by J. Roberts from 1850. 6. Lower Park Farm, Gawthorpe - 120 yards to f word the Haigh Moor seam, owned by J. Roberts from 1850. 7. Lodge Hill, Gawthorpe (Nos. 42 and 43) - 30 and 18 yards respectively to the Top Haigh Moor seam, owned by tabloids J. Roberts from 1850. 8. New Lodge Colliery, Gawthorpe - owned between 1855-1889 by George and John Haigh and was most probably Lodge Hill (above). In 1874, the manager of the colliery, William Haigh and two under-managers, John and of the essay, Isaac Oates were prosecuted at Dewsbury Petty Sessions for offences brought by the government inspector of mines, Mr. Wardell after a fatal colliery explosion in the pit that led to the death of essay tabloids Burman Lister, which could have been avoided. FATAL COLLIERY EXPLOSION 1 - On Saturday evening, a hurrier, named Burman Lister, of Ossett Street Side, near Dewsbury, died from the sample academies effects of an explosion of firedamp at the Gawthorpe Colliery on the previous afternoon.

Deceased and a miner named Samuel Waterhouse had completed their day's work and were coming down one of the main roads with corves when the gas fired and both were severely burnt. Waterhouse had on a flannel shirt and he suffered less from the scorching flames. The one Lister wore was of essay tabloids cotton and for high school, it was burnt off his back, which along with his arms, breast and about tabloids, face, was terribly scorched. The explosion caused great excitement among the miners and thesis color, the injured men having been brought to the surface, the others were raised without delay. Lister died, as above stated, on Saturday evening. The explosion was caused by gas coming into to contact with a naked light, which was carried by the deceased as he and essay, Waterhouse were walking down the hurrying road.

GROSS CARELESSNESS AT A WEST RIDING COLLIERY 2 - Yesterday an adjourned inquest was held at Ossett Street Side, near Dewsbury, on the body of Burman Lister, coal miner, of that village who was killed by an explosion of gas at Messrs. Haigh's colliery, Gawthorpe on the 4th inst. Mr. Wardell, government inspector of mines, watched the proceedings, as also did Mr. Pickard, secretary of the West Riding Miners' Association. Contests For High School Students! Evidence was given that on the 4th inst., about tabloids half-past one, the deceased and another youth named Waterhouse came along the main air-road with lighted candles, they having ceased work for the day. On arriving at a drift or slit, the deceased went up, taking his naked light with him. An explosion followed and both youths were severely burnt, the deceased fatally. It transpired at the inquest that a labourer had several weeks ago received instructions to on lord of the flies piggy build a wall some distance up the drift, but to leave a hole, a foot square for ventilation. This he did, but about ten days before the accident he filled up the essay about hole with dry bricks, not knowing, he told the jury, that he was doing anything wrong.

As it was stated that Waterhouse was in a very precarious state and unfit to Chemistry be examined, the inquiry was further adjourned. THE LATE FATAL COLLIERY EXPLOSION AT GAWTHORPE 3 - Yesterday, the adjourned inquest was held on the body of Burman Lister, hurrier, who died on September 5th from essay about, injuries he received the previous day at Gawthorpe Colliery, through an explosion of fire-damp. From the evidence, it appeared that the deceased and a young man named Waterhouse were coming down the hurrying road and when opposite Chemistry a disused working they both stopped and Waterhouse began to dress himself, having previously stuck a lighted candle in some clay on essay tabloids, the corve. Series! Lister took the candle up and said he would go to the drift and look at the air pipes, as he could smell something. About Tabloids! His companion told him to essays of the flies piggy keep the candle down.

The deceased had just entered the drift when the explosion took place and they were both severely burnt. The jury recorded a verdict of essay about tabloids Accidental Death. COLLIERY PROSECUTIONS AT DEWSBURY 4 - At the Dewsbury Petty Sessions, yesterday, William Haigh, of West Ardsley, the certified manager of the Gawthorpe Colliery was charged with neglecting to inspect the mine. John and Isaac Oates, underviewers, were summoned for - the one for neglecting to enter in a book kept for the purpose, the state of the mine and the other with neglecting to fence off a drift in which there was an accumulation of inflammable gas and Chemistry, with neglecting to exhibit a danger signal there. Through this neglect an explosion of gas took place in the pit on the 4th of September, resulting in the death of one collier and in another being frightfully burnt. Haigh was fined £5, or two months imprisonment; Isaac Oates £3, or three months and John Oates £2, or two months.

In the course of the tabloids hearing it transpired that the report book had not had a single entry made in essay, it until three days after the explosion. Burman Lister was just 16 years of age when he died. Samuel Waterhouse lingered on a few weeks before he also died from the burns he had received in the accident. The five pound fine that William Haigh, the colliery manager received is the equivalent of about £360 today on the basis of essay RPI inflation. Thesis Color! Less than four months later, another miner would lose his life at Gawthorpe Colliery as a result of a terrifying fire in January 1875: A COLLIERY ON FIRE 8 - Fire was discovered to essay about tabloids have broken out on Friday (8th January 1875) in the colliery at Gawthorpe, near Dewsbury, belonging to Messrs. On Lord Piggy! J. and G. About! Haigh, and essay for high school 2009, it is believed was caused by a hurrier boy accidentally igniting a canvas brattice by his lighted candle. Seventy men and boys were in the mine at the time and great alarm was occasioned, as the flames spread to a quantity of wood and then set fire to the face of the essay tabloids coal. Essays First Amazon! The miners and hurriers rushed along the essay about ways as the alarm spread and getting to the pit eye, were drawn up as quickly as possible. One, however, was left behind and he was subsequently found lying dead at some distance from his working place, apparently having been suffocated.

His name was Richard Oldroyd, aged 39, and he leaves a widow and children. One of the miners that had got to know that a fire was raging, called to thesis color Oldroyd as he ran past his working place, but the deceased was rather deaf, and it is supposed he did not hear the essay about tabloids warning cry of for military his fellow worker, and was not made aware of the danger until he felt the suffocating gas. The body was discovered by an exploring party and in a place where, if he could have gone four yards further, he would have had a stream of fresh air. The progress of the flames was arrested in essay tabloids, the course of the day by stoppings being built and there is sample for military academies, reason to believe that the fire has been extinguished. In the ' Ossett Observer ' 24th November 1888, the following piece was printed concerning a colliery strike and it gives us an idea of the size of the colliery and the attitude of the essay tabloids owners to their workforce: The miners employed at in praise f word Messrs G J Haigh's Gawthorpe Colliery, about 30 in number, recently went on strike for a 10% advance in essay about tabloids, wages. The advance was conceded by the Yorkshire colliery owners generally, but Messrs. Haigh did not see their way to follow the essays first series example and essay tabloids, consequently the strike still continues. Subscriptions have been gathered and levies received from in praise, other collieries in support of the men on strike. The strike was still going on tabloids, into early December 1888, but after that there was no further word, so it is likely that the essays on lord men returned to work, maybe in time for about, Christmas?

9. Wheatley's Colliery , Shepherd Hill, Flushdyke. Sample! In 1831, a Wakefield barrister and land speculator, Thomas Foljambe (1775-1851) purchased land at Hagg's Lane, near to essay tabloids Woollin's Roundwood mine, which he rented to another Wakefield man, Samuel Rhodes, for the purpose of school mining for coal. In 1833, Foljambe had built his grand residence Holmefield House in Wakefield. Rhodes paid Foljambe an annual rental of 6% of the original purchase price and in 1831 Rhodes was selling 10 tons of coal per day, with another 20 tons per week going to a regular customer. Rhodes also sold 2 barge loads of coal (90 tons) per week, which had to be shipped from the colliery to the nearest canal in Wakefield. About! Rhodes died in early 1838 and by Chemistry 1839, his widow had gone bankrupt. The colliery was then taken over by essay tabloids Charles Locke, whose family had recently sunk a new pit at nearby Snapethorpe, Wakefield.

The colliery was eventually bought by Charles Wheatley (1813-1900) who had been working a colliery at essays for military nearby Ossett Common (probably Lights Colliery) in 1836. Wheatley was a Mirfield colliery owner with significant land holdings in Ossett, some of which he had inherited from the Haigh family, who were also coal masters. In 1851, Wheatley had 110 men and 140 boys working in his coal mines. The Ossett colliery at Shepherd Hill was likely to be a relatively small undertaking and may even have been a day hole, which was simply a drift mine dug into the side of about a hill. Wheatley was still working the Shepherd Hill colliery in 1854 with a steam engine and his rateable value was £36.

Wheatley's colliery is likely to have closed down in the mid to late 1850s and was not working in1869. Wheatley was by then operating the Hagg Wood and essays for military academies, Whitley Wood day holes in Dewsbury; the Bradley and Helm coal mines in Huddersfield and the Ledgard Bridge and Calder Day Holes at Mirfield. About! The latter mine, with an entrance on the bank of the canal close to Greenwood Lock, was driven into Chemistry, the hillside below Sands House, Wheatley's opulent Mirfield residence. By 1871, Charles Wheatley formed the Mirfield Colliery Company with Robert Barraclough and about, John Nevin and his mining operation in Ossett was finished. 10. Mount Pleasant Colliery , Shepherd Hill, Flushdyke was worked in Chemistry, the 1870s. 11. Love Lane Colliery , Love Lane, Pildacre.

12. Essay About Tabloids! Greaves Colliery , off Bridle Lane, Gawthorpe. Owned between 1855-1872 by Wilson and essays series amazon, Co. but then was called Gawthorpe Colliery and was probably Greaves Colliery, which was owned by Joshua Greaves prior to 1855. Essay About! The pit finally closed 1872. 13. Essays On Lord Of The Piggy! Streetside Colliery , behind the essay about Red Lion Public House, Dewsbury Road and was owned first by Abraham Greaves until his death in in praise of the f word, 1843 and essay, then by Ossett coal masters Joseph Greaves and Joshua Greaves. The colliery had four face workers in 1836.

14. Old Roundwood Colliery , was probably first known as John Woollin's Hagg's Lane Colliery and series amazon, a plan exists of this site dating back to 1812. Essay About! The original Roundwood colliery was located close to the Ossett and Alverthorpe boundaries near to the top of Shepherd Hill at Chemistry Flushdyke where mining had been carried on back to essay about at least the 14th century. The Woollin family worked Low and Scale coal there until giving up the lease in approximately 1839. The colliery at Roundwood first established in 1847 by Terry, Dawson and Greaves was said by John Oldroyd Greaves to be a very small affair at the top of Flushdyke Hill about one mile to the north of the later Roundwood colliery. They had simply taken over the workings of a smaller, older pit, partially worked some years previously. On Lord Of The Flies Piggy! The older pit was most likely Woollin's pit, closed in 1839. In 1847, Wakefield mining engineer, John Oldroyd Greaves (1824-1916), the son of Ossett coal master Abraham Greaves (1794-1842) founded the Old Roundwood colliery with two other investors in essay about tabloids, the name of Terry, Dawson and Greaves.

John Greaves had been articled to John Walker, the Wakefield based mining and civil engineer for five years in the 1840s and, for thesis color, a short time after qualifying, had been manager of essay tabloids a colliery in Stanley owned by Robert Hudson and Co. The other partners in the concern were Benjamin Terry (1818-1882), who was born in Gawthorpe, the son of Percival Terry and William Anson Smith Dawson of Wakefield. Benjamin Terry became a law pupil at Haigh's, a Horbury firm of on lord solicitors. After qualifying, Terry joined the firm of Carr, Nettleton and Terry as a partner and then moved to Bradford in 1844 setting up first in business in his own right and by 1864 as Terry Watson, Solicitors. In 1846, he married Alice Cooper Dawson in Wakefield, who may have been related to his partner William Dawson. Terry entered public life and he served at one time as an Tory alderman of Bradford Council. He lived in some style at Barkhill House, Idle and essay about, when he died in 1882, he left an estate worth £40,000 (a considerable sum in those days) plus a generous £500 per year annuity for his widow. Not much is known about William Anson Smith Dawson, the third partner in the enterprise. In the essay school 2009 1851 census, Dawson is unmarried and living at tabloids Roundwood, Alverthorpe with a house servant Ann Peace. Chemistry! He is listed as a coal proprietor employing 12 miners, 12 hurriers, 2 banksmen, 1 blacksmith, 1 boy and 1 woman, which may well refer to the operation at Roundwood colliery. His secondary occupation is that of a farmer of 19 acres, employing 1 man, 1 lad and door (sic) labourers.

He was aged 25 years in 1851, having been born in 1826 at nearby Stanley, a village on the outskirts of Wakefield. However, by May 1953, Dawson had dropped out of the business and he died in Bradford in the summer of 1854, to be replaced by Watson Scatcherd, a Morley lawyer and squire. Tabloids! The three partners each putting up a sum of £500. In 1857, after Scatcherd had died in first, 1855, the accounts showed that Terry had advanced £1,150, Greaves the same and Scatcherd £950. When Scatcherd died, the essay tabloids business was carried on as Terry, Greaves and Co. When Benjamin Terry died in 1882, his two daughters continued in business with Greaves until a limited company was founded until 1908. Of The! Benjamin Terry (or his daughters) and John Greaves never entered into essay about tabloids, a formal partnership since both men trusted the other implicitly and no legal agreement was ever needed. Perhaps as a result of the death of first emerson amazon Scatcherd, the partners considered selling the colliery in 1857. At this time, they also owned Manor Colliery, which was located on Ossett Common but was definitely not the colliery on Cross Lane in Wakefield, which co-incidentally, Terry, Greaves and essay about tabloids, Co. did purchase much later. The Gawthorpe seam, which was the top portion of the well-known Barnsley seam and about three feet thick was mined originally, but this didn't last long.

The pit was in profit and balance sheets for Roundwood for essays, 1857 and 1858 reveal profits of £1,702 and £2,032 respectively. However, if they were to about tabloids continue, some serious decisions had to be made. Instead of on lord of the flies selling up, Greaves and Terry decided as early as 1853 to about develop Roundwood significantly by sinking two new shafts, a mile to the south of the original Flushdyke pit and close to in praise of the f word the Wakefield - Ossett boundary. This would be the better-known location of Roundwood colliery at the top of Queen's Drive where coal would be worked for another 100 years or more. The second significant decision was to establish a railway link to Roundwood and an agreement was made in essay about, July 1860 with the Bradford, Wakefield and Leeds Railway to build a mineral railway link to the Ossett Branch so that coal could be transported from Roundwood to more distant markets. At this time, there were still tolls on sample essays, the Wakefield - Halifax turnpike, which all traffic going from Roundwood downhill to Wakefield had to essay about negotiate. However, in 1867, the firm advertised that it had agreed for tolls on sample essays for military academies, coal beyond Westgate Moor Bar on the turnpike road to be removed. Essay About! The new railway link to essay students 2009 Roundwood was opened in January 1862 and for goods and passengers to a temporary terminal station at Flushdyke in April 1862. In 1860, two new shafts were sunk to the levels of the essay about tabloids top and low Haigh Moor seams at 140 and essay, 150 yards respectively. These shafts were of the Engine Pit at 9 feet diameter and the Bye Pit at 10 feet in diameter.

Both shafts were walled with brick 5 inches thick with four water conduits behind the brickwork. The Engine Pit was sunk five yards below the bottom of the coal to about tabloids form a sump and the Bye shaft was widened to 13ft at the bottom. John Oldroyd Greaves continued with the management of Roundwood colliery but by March 1874, the partners agreed to Chemistry sell Roundwood colliery to Thomas Stammers Webb of London and Cardiff. There had been a period of prosperity in the coal industry prior to 1874, but from about tabloids, 1874 there was a period of continued depression. Webb agreed to take a 5-year lease on Roundwood, with power to take on a 31-year lease for £35,000, the vendors agreeing to work the colliery and pay any profits to Webb if he had first paid an contests school students, initial £1,000 to them. Webb formed a new company, The Consolidated Collieries Co.

Ltd. with a proposed capital of £180,000 in £10 shares. The plan was for the company to tabloids take over three collieries - the New Forest Colliery in Neath, Glamorgan and the Bush Colliery, near Cardiff were the other two. In the essay contests school students 2009 event, the venture never got off the ground because of the deepening depression in the coal industry during 1876. By 1885, John Oldroyd Greaves was very ill and wasn't expected to essay about tabloids live very long, but he eventually recovered and lived on series amazon, in good health until 1916. In the event, his 17 year-old son Percy Christian Greaves (1868-1957) was forced to leave school and essay, take charge of the family business, which he found in a parlous state. Percy Greaves had been born on Christmas Day 1868 and was educated at Lockers Park School, Hemel Hempstead before going firstly to Wakefield Grammar School and then to Tonbridge School in Kent.

Percy Greaves was equal to the difficult task and applied his talents energetically to the running of Roundwood colliery. In July 1892, he obtained a first-class certificate as a colliery manager under the Coal Mines Registration Act of in praise of the f word 1887. Essay About Tabloids! At the time he was living at 69, Westgate, Wakefield with his parents. In 1889, Percy Greaves was responsible for the sinking of the essays of the flies new upcast shaft to a depth of about tabloids 200 yards to the Silkstone seam. During the sinking of this new seam, in June 1888, two men were to in praise of the f word lose their lives. The 'Ossett Observer' dated June 23rd 1888 gives the following account: On Wednesday last a shocking fatality occurred at Roundwood Colliery, Wakefield Road on the boundary of Ossett. At present the Haigh Moor seam of coal is being worked, at a depth of 160 yards from the surface; but the proprietors of the colliery, Messrs. Terry and Greaves, are sinking about 190 or 200 yards further, in order to reach the Silkstone seam. The new sinking is being made as a continuation of the upcast shaft, which is essay about, 12ft in diameter; it has already progressed some 40 yards downward, and is expected to be completed this year. On Wednesday morning about half a dozen sinkers were at work, and they had come up the shaft to the surface whilst some shots were being fired for blasting purposes.

After the shots went off, three of the men got into the ordinary hoppet or bucket, and series, were lowered down the shaft by the engineman. In descending they had to pass the mouth of tabloids a ventilating furnace and there is some reason to suppose that this may have induced them to change their position in the hoppet. Essay Contests For High School! This would possibly cause some additional oscillation of the hoppet, which almost immediately struck the tabloids corner of the arch in the Haigh Moor seam. All three men were thrown out, but one of them, named Patrick O'Brien, of for high 2009 Wakefield, managed to clutch the edge of the essay hoppet. One foot of another was caught by O'Brien, who was, however, unable to hold it. Two men consequently fell a depth of about 40 yards to the bottom of the newly sunk portion of the shaft, and were doubtless killed instantly. Essays On Lord Flies! O'Brien, however, reached the bottom in safety. The deceased men were Mathew Harrison, aged 32, married, of Ashton-under-Lyne, and George Geary, aged 20, single, of Wakefield.

Harrison had only essay tabloids, commenced working at the colliery the essays for military previous day. In November 1897, John Oldroyd Greaves, who by now was no longer involved in the active management of Roundwood colliery made two of his sons, Percy Christian Greaves and John Henry Greaves (born 1871) partners in the family business of about tabloids land agents, mining engineers and colliery proprietors. Greaves senior had bought the Snapethorpe Hall estate in Wakefield on behalf of the colliery partnership in November 1891. Meanwhile, Percy Greaves, despite his tender years, was able to take the running of the family business in of the f word essay, his stride and he soon became one of the essay tabloids leading mining experts in northern England. Percy Greaves' obituary that appeared in the The Times newspaper on Friday, 25th October 1957 says this of him: comparatively few days passed when he was not to be seen at the pit-head or down the shaft of one of his own collieries or one of those of the many people who readily consulted him as, perhaps, the best known mining engineer in the north. His pride in his own pits was unbounded. He knew the men and their problems personally.

He was at sample for military the forefront in about, the introduction of first amazon new methods, making for safety and efficiency, and it was his proud boast, evoking the sincere admiration of his many friends that, from 1886 until the nationalization of the mines (1947), none of the about tabloids groups of collieries under his control had ever suffered a single strike apart from the national strikes, which affected the in praise whole country. By 1896, the essay about manager of Roundwood was Mr. F. Flint, and the under-manager was Mr. H. Farrant. There were 619 underground workers and 129 surface workers. By 1945, ownership of Roundwood was still with Terry, Greaves and first, Co., Wakefield, but the colliery was now managed by Mr.

H. H. Burton with two under-managers. About Tabloids! Mr. H. Newell and Mr. J. Morley. There were now 521 underground workers and 120 surface workers. Above: Picture of Old Roundwood Colliery from the early 1900s. The building on the right-hand side of the picture is a brickworks.

The brickworks was subsequently closed, but it was proposed to reopen them to produce building bricks for thesis color, Ossett's council house building programme in the 1920s and 1930s. In the event, this never happened and bricks were sourced elsewhere. In June 1895, the ' Ossett Observer ' published details of essay tabloids An Alarming Accident at Ossett Collieries - Two Cages in Collision - Miner fatally injured. The account, reproduced below gives a good insight into the working conditions at Old Roundwood: On Thursday morning, an accident of a serious and unusual nature occurred at the Ossett Roundwood Collieries (Messrs. Thesis Color! Terry, Greaves and Co.) There are three seams of coal, worked by means of three separate shafts. One of these shafts, about 350 yards deep, passes through the Cannel seam at a depth of 240 yards, and essay, goes down to the Silkstone. About 160 men and boys are employed in essay students 2009, the Cannel seam, and among these was Richard Renshaw (35), a married man, residing in Teal Street, Ossett.

Renshaw was a hanger-on in the Silkstone seam, and about quarter past six o'clock in the morning, he was ascending in one of the cages, a two-decker, to the Silkstone landing. The cages are guided by thimbles working on wire conductors of 1.5 inches in diameter. Through some unexplained cause, the ascending cage came into contact with the brickwork at the side of the shaft, and almost immediately afterwards collided with the tabloids descending cage. Owing to the velocity with which the cages were travelling, the collision damaged both, and gave a terrible shock to poor Renshaw, who was in the descending cage alone. He eventually reached the bottom in a helpless and paralysed condition suffering from spinal injuries. He was taken up another shaft to the surface, and removed to his home, where he died the same evening. Work in the Cannel seam had to be suspended for two days. At the inquest, which was held at the Little Bull Inn, Teal Street, it was concluded that it had never been know for sample essays for military academies, the cages to catch before, but evidently they had caught this time. Essay Tabloids! It was an unforeseen event and nobody could be held responsible, although something could be done to prevent a recurrence. Essays Series Emerson! They returned a verdict that the unfortunate deceased was accidentally injured.

An extension of the Ossett borough boundary in 1900 brought Roundwood Colliery, owned by Terry, Greaves and Company Limited into the town. About Tabloids! Mining ceased at this pit in April 1966. Above: The biggest colliery in Ossett was Old Roundwood, so named in 1901 to avoid confusion with another Roundwood Colliery that had opened in Chemistry, South Yorkshire, which had suffered financial difficulties. Roundwood was opened in essay about tabloids, 1847 and finally closed in 1966. F Word Essay! Roundwood had 619 underground workers and 129 surface workers and attracted workers from essay about tabloids, all parts of the area surrounding Wakefield.

Many miners from the Barnsley coalfields moved to Roundwood and settled in Chemistry, the Ossett Spa area. Roundwood Colliery was a large concern and mined the Cannel, Haigh Moor, Lupset, and Silkstone (new Hards) seams. It was noted in the 'Ossett Observer' dated 20th March 1948 that the following accident occurred at Old Roundwood: Twelve miners at tabloids Old Roundwood Colliery were injured, including two men with broken legs, when the of the f word cage taking them down to the Silkstone Seam for the night shift got out of control for the last 40ft of the descent and about tabloids, crashed into the sump boards. Chemistry! The engine winder had fainted at essay about the controls in the engine house. Like all other British collieries, Roundwood was nationalised in 1947 and became part of the National Coal Board empire. Old Roundwood colliery was finally closed in April 1966. Above: View of Roundwood Colliery from the top of Queens Drive in the 1960s. After the essays for military academies pit was demolished, what is now the Holiday Inn was built on part of the old pit site. 15.

Thorn Tree Pit , Low Laithes adjacent to the Great Northern (LNER) railway line. The 16th green of Low Laithes golf course is believed to be located on the site of Thorn Tree pit. 16. Dewsbury Lane was opened before 1856 and closed in 1877. Owned between 1856-1870 by W. Hallas and between 1862-1876 by W. Gartside. It was reported that in about tabloids, December 1871, a collier's supper was held in the George Hotel, Ossett for on lord of the flies, the miners at Mr. Gartside's colliery, which is likely to have been Dewsbury Lane colliery. Essay About Tabloids! The meal was for members of the colliery Sick and on lord of the flies piggy, Accident Club, which was funded by the miners themselves from weekly subscriptions to essay tabloids pay the Chemistry members during times of sickness. In 1871, there had been no accidents at the colliery and only £134 had been paid out in sickness benefit. The managers of the colliery, Messrs.

T. Westwood and J. Wilkinson were praised by essay about the men for their work at the colliery. Thirty-six members of the club were present at the supper, suggesting a fairly small coal mine. 17. Field Lane Colliery , Gawthorpe near to the Flying Horse public house. Series Emerson! The Field Lane colliery was worked by Joshua Greaves and after his death, in 1861, it was offered for sale in February 1862. Essay About Tabloids! The advertisement in 1862 mentioned that the colliery was powered by a steam engine and that there was a 3ft seam of coal at academies a depth of 30 yards with three leases - two expiring in essay tabloids, 1877 and one in 1881. It appears that when the two leases expired in 1877 that the colliery was closed down.

Some more details about Field Lane Colliery following a particularly suspicious accident resulting in the death of 19 year-old Richard Broad: 5. WANTON OUTRAGE NEAR DEWSBURY - A MAN KILLED: On Thursday night last, an inquest was held at the Shoulder of Mutton Inn, Gawthorpe, before Mr. Taylor, coroner, on the body of Richard Broad, who met with his death after falling down a pit shaft on the previous Tuesday. Mr. Morton, the Government inspector of mines, was in attendance and watched the case, in first series amazon, consequence of the pit rope having been maliciously cut. The evidence went to essay about tabloids show that the deceased was employed at Field-lane Colliery, Gawthorpe and had charge of the pumping engine. At this colliery there are two shafts, one used as a pumping and downcast and the other as as an upcast and essays on lord, drawing shaft. The only essay about tabloids, apparatus for reaching the bottom of the essays on lord of the piggy former is essay about, a windlass and a rope an inch and a quarter in diameter, and when men wish to go to the bottom, they attach a man-loop to the end of the rope. This man-loop consists of a piece of tough and strong wood, about thirty inches long, and near the ends are two holes about an sample essays for military, inch and a half in diameter. Through these holes are drawn a piece of hempen rope an inch and essay tabloids, a quarter in diameter, and the ends are securely fastened underneath. On the day in essays for military academies, question the deceased used this loop, examining it before he did so, and, having placed himself astride, he was lowered by two men to the bottom with a few tools where he repaired the essay tabloids pump clack.

Having finished his work, he gave the signal for ascending, and was raised to within half a yard of the platform, when the rope of the man-loop gave way at once close to both holes, and he was precipitated to the bottom. He was alive when reached, and was removed home; but he died within a few hours. Broad sustained a fractured thigh, a fractured rib (one portion of the rib was driven into for military, the lung) and a large scalp wound. Dr. Thornton, Church St,, Dewsbury and Mr Greenwood, Surgeon, Ossett attended. The broken rope was examined by tabloids the jury and essays, was unanimously pronounced to have been cut.

It ought to have borne half a ton without danger. The deceased was a small, spare youth of nineteen years of age. An open verdict was returned. In the meantime the essay police are making active inquiries in contests school students, the matter. No person was criminated by about the evidence offered to the inquest. 18.

Ossett , owned by first series emerson Messrs Haigh - but as yet unidentified. 19. Crownlands Collier y, possibly the site of essay Northfield Colliery, which was owned by Westwood and Co. 20. West Field , owned by Joshua Wilby when it was opened in 1863. The colliery closed in 1908. In 1896, the owner was Westwood and series emerson amazon, Co., Ossett. Manager: J. Simpkin, Under-Manager: J. Wilkinson. In 1896 there were 56 underground workers and 11 surface workers. West Field colliery mined the Beeston, Middleton and Haigh Moor seams. 21.

Healey Lane , was owned by Charles Kilner and Henry Slater trading as Hinchcliffe, Kilner and Co., when the pit was first opened 1876. However, their partnership was dissolved in June 1886. Kilner was later declared bankrupt in June 1888, by which time he was living in the Green, Ossett and was working as a colliery weighman and book-keeper. By 1896 the owners were John Wilby and Edward Mortimer, both of Ossett. About Tabloids! The Colliery Manager was owner John Wilby, but there was no under-manager. There were only 18 underground workers and 5 surface workers at the height of the pit's production. Essays For Military Academies! The Yorkshire Sheet 247.08 Ossett (SW) Combs 1905 map (O.S. reprint from 1890) by Alan Godfrey clearly shows a pit near the bottom of Healey Lane with a day hole linked by tramline to a series of buildings, which may have had pit shafts. There are other older mine workings below the house called Green Lea shown on essay about, the map suggesting extensive coal mining operations in Chemistry, the area over the years.

The colliery closed in 1899. 22. About! Ox Close, was owned in 1880 by the Flockton Coal Co. Limited. Ox Close opened in 1873 and on lord of the flies piggy, closed in essay tabloids, 1881. Essay For High Students 2009! The pit was sunk between 1873 and 1878. The owners between 1873-1875 were Whitworth and Co. and then between 1876-1880, Tolson Whitworth, who formed a limited company in September 1877.

The colliery had a lease on two beds of coal: the Joan Bed and the Flockton Thin Bed over an area of 48 acres. 11. The pit was not yet operational in 1877 as this excerpt taken from the Ossett Observer on about tabloids, the 11th August 1877 reporting an accident to a miner shows: On Tuesday evening last, shortly after 5 o'clock, a rather serious accident occurred at the new coal pit being opened out by thesis color Messrs. Whitworth Co. in Runting Lane. A heavy piece of pump gearing weighing about 4 tons was being lowered down the essay shaft by means of of the f word a capstan and two-inch ropes. It had reached within about eighteen inches or so of the bottom when one of the ropes broke. Two men who were at about tabloids the bottom fortunately got out of the essay students way.

The half-dozen men who held the essay capstan bars, feeling the jerk, and school students, being startled, let go, with the exception of one, a miner, named John Grace, who was instantly knocked off his feet and essay about, thrown to the ground. He was found to have sustained a compound fracture of one shoulder , injuries to his arms and back, etc. On his removal to his house at Ossett Common in a cab he was attended by Mr. First Series Emerson Amazon! J.G. Wiseman, surgeon, and is, as we hear, progressing as well as can be expected. The cause of the essay about rope giving way is not known, as it was considered to on lord of the flies piggy be capable of bearing the strain of six tons. Ox Close was located in the Runtlings area of Ossett and medieval maps show the presence of Runtinge Pitts in the Ox Close, which is bisected by about Ryeroyde Lane . Contests Students 2009! However, Ox Close is not shown on current maps, although it is thought it was so named at essay tabloids the time of the Ossett Inclosure around 1807. 23. Lights Colliery, was located north-east of the old Lights Bridge, which was near the location of the present Two Brewers public house and is shown on the 1851 1:10,560 OS Map. Many of the men who worked here were patrons of the Colliers Arms, later the Chemistry Little Bull in Ossett Common, which dates back to at least 1830. The Wakefield Manor Rolls for essay about, 1709 refer to a small colliery at Ossett Lights and between 1712 and 1752, the colliery was operated there by Joseph Naylor.

Lights or a clearing in the woods was so named because the of the way the series emerson amazon woodland pasture was managed. Trees were grown on the same land that was used for about, rearing stock (usually pigs). The branches of the trees were cut and used for fuel, fencing or building. This process was called pollarding (and is the derivation of the English surname Pollard) so that when the tree branches were cut, sunlight would reach the forest floor through the previously dense canopy of woodland, hence the name The Lights . Ossett Lights covered an estimated area of 254 acres, but presumably, by the time the colliery was established, much of the woodland had been completely cleared. 24. Manor Colliery, Middle Common, was located between Manor Road and Spa Lane in the area known as Drain Close. The colliery dates back to the 18th century and was owned then by the Naylor family. Later, in 1857, the colliery proprietor was John Mitchell who, according to school 2009 the 1843 Tithe Map of Ossett rented the land at Drain Close from the Ingham.

At some stage, Manor Colliery was owned by Terry, Greaves and Co., owners of Roundwood Colliery, probably prior to 1857. Manor Colliery is almost certainly the essay site of the Engine shown on Jeffrey's 1775 map. Essays Of The Flies Piggy! The symbol on the map looks like a windmill, but it seems more likely that it was a steam powered pumping engine at essay the coal mine. The local press 13 and 14 in 1857 describes a fatal accident at Chemistry the colliery, which gives us some indication of the scale of operations: A MAN KILLED BY FALLING DOWN A COAL PIT SHAFT Mr.

Taylor, coroner for the town of essay about Pontefract, held an inquest, on Saturday last at the Weaver's Arms, Ossett, on the body of Joseph Rushworth, blacksmith, 46 years of age. The deceased was employed in attending the engine of the Manor Colliery, Ossett during the day. (NOTE: Manor Colliery is given as located in essays of the piggy, Middle Common, Ossett and in the ownership of colliery proprietor John Mitchell in the Leeds Mercury report of the same accident on 22nd December 1857). Last Tuesday evening Rushworth was relieved at the usual time by Luke Veale, the man who performed night duty. Rushworth went to Horbury and about, returning between ten and eleven o'clock at night, he went to the coal cabin. Essays First Series Emerson Amazon! At that time he was tipsy. He remained there a few minutes, when, he got up saying it was too warm for him there, left the cabin and was not seen again. On Friday afternoon last, a miner named Joseph Chappel went down the tabloids pumping shaft of the pit to unloose a rope which he had made fast to thesis color the bottom a week ago, when he was assisting to about change the buckets. When he got about forty yards down the shaft, he saw the body of Rushworth suspended by a stay, his head and thesis color, legs resting on the plank. The body was mutilated, the legs broken, and tabloids, the jaw-bone crushed in.

The shaft was only about 30 yards from the coal cabin and the deceased, being no doubt confused with the drink he had taken, had missed his way and fallen down the pit. Verdict -found dead with fractures. 25. Park Lane , Ossett was opened in 1862 and closed 1885. Owners between 1862-1874 were Cliffe and Co. then between 1876-1885, G J Haigh. The colliery, which had two working shafts, was located to essays series amazon left of Owlers Farm, Flushdyke.

26. Pildacre Colliery , Ossett was owned originally by Naylor and Co., and opened 1872, but closed in November 1910 after an inrush of water. By 1896 owners were John Naylor and Co., Ossett. Essay About! Manager: S. Broadbent and Under-Manager: J. Mann. There were 232 underground workers and 25 surface workers in 1896. Pildacre mined coal from the Flockton, Joan, Low Haigh Moor, Top Haigh Moor and essays first emerson amazon, Haigh Moor seams. The ' Ossett Observer ' for the 25th February 1893 carried the following report about Pildacre Colliery: Messrs. John Naylor and Co. Ltd. Essay Tabloids! The half-yearly meeting of the shareholders of Chemistry this company was held at essay about Pildacre Collieries, Ossett, on Monday afternoon last.

The directors report for the half year ended December 31st showed a profit of £162 3s 9d. The Chairman, Mr. Chemistry! Edwin Mitchell J.P. in essay about tabloids, moving the adoption of the report, said that the directors had continued the Chemistry policy of developing and improving the essay efficiency of the colliery plant and workings, and were now in a position to produce about first series 1,500 tons of about tabloids coal per essay for high students week from the Joan and essay about, Flockton beds. Since the beginning of essays flies piggy August last they had incurred considerable expense in about tabloids, opening out the in praise of the f word essay Cannel seam at Pildacre, which was of a very fine quality and satisfactory thickness; next winter they hoped to tabloids send out a respectable quantity of Cannel, the price of which was much higher than black coal. They now had over 50 wagons, the property of the company, and another 24 partially paid for. The wages paid were now considerable (between £360 and £370 per week ) and thesis color, the directors could not spare anything to secure safety in working the collieries. A man's life was of more consequence than a dividend. The Chairman said that there had not been a serious or fatal accident at Pildacre for about seven years, which spoke well for the management. 27. New Low Laithes , owned by the Low Laithes Colliery Co.

Ltd was first opened in 1892 using existing pit shafts, which were widened in essay about, 1890 and were probably the old pit shafts from the defunct New Lodge (Gawthorpe) colliery, which had closed in 1889. In September 1890, two local men employed as pit sinkers at New Low Laithes: Michael Glynn (51), Manor Rd., Ossett and Chemistry, John Murray (40), New St., Wakefield, were to lose their lives whilst working on widening the existing pit shafts from 9ft to 13ft in diameter. Essay About! 9 They were working on a circular wooden platform 100ft down the pit shaft, which was suspended by heavy-duty iron chains. One of the four chains holding the platform was being re-attached when Glynn slipped, tilting the platform at a precarious angle. Glynn desperately tried to hold on to Murray, but only succeeded in pulling both of them to an instant death as they crashed down 150ft to the bottom of the old pit shaft.

Above: Rare picture of Low Laithes Colliery circa 1920 looking north. The house on the horizon is thought to be Low Laithes villa. Above: Another rare picture of Low Laithes Colliery courtesy of Ian Taylor. F Word! His grandfather Ernest Hutchinson worked in a clerical capacity at Low Laithes until its closure in 1927, and this picture is from Mr. Essay About! Hutchinson's photo album. Low Laithes Colliery was located to the west of Low Laithes Farm, and east of the village of Gawthorpe, a few hundred yards along Gawthorpe Lane, which leads to Kirkhamgate and essays emerson, Bushy Beck.

The men from about, Gawthorpe who worked at the colliery used the shortest route, which was a footpath, shown on the map below going almost due west towards the village. Above: Map of the new Low Laithes Colliery off Gawthorpe Lane, Ossett dated 1908. The terminus of the Mineral Railway that ran to Flushdyke can be seen to the south-east of the colliery. In 1894 the site was shared with a brickworks. In 1896, the manager was A.B. Essays On Lord Of The Flies Piggy! Blakeley with the under-manager at essay about the time C Copley.

There were 155 underground workers and 43 surface workers in sample essays for military, 1896, but by 1908 this had increased significantly to 460 underground workers and about tabloids, 133 surface workers showing that the pit had expanded rapidly in the preceding 12 years. Above: Miners from Low Laithes Colliery, Gawthorpe pictured in 1905 after an underground shift. The bottles were used for carrying water or cold tea for meal breaks underground. The colliery was affected by the Great Coal Strike of 1893 when the Coal Owners Federation tried to impose a 25% wage cut on miners because of a fall in the price of coal. The men at essays series emerson Low Laithes went out on strike for several months in essay tabloids, the summer and autumn of in praise of the essay 1893. At Low Laithes, the management offered a 15% reduction in wages rather than the 25% reduction (of the 40% advanced since 1887), but this was unacceptable to tabloids the men's representatives and a rumour that Low Laithes was to sample essays for military be re-opened was quickly denied by the manager.

On the 17th November 1893, a settlement was arrived at on basis of the old rate of wages being paid until at least the 1st February 1894, with a Conciliation Board to essay about follow in at least one year. Subsequently, the miners at Low Laithes returned to in praise of the work the following week. Above: Winding Engine at about Low Laithes Colliery, Gawthorpe which was used to school students 2009 pull the about tabloids cage up the pit shaft. The man operating the controls is thought to be the manager Mr. David Arnold West. In 1908, the colliery was still managed by Mr. A.B. Blakeley, followed in 1915 by Mr. Chemistry! David Arnold West, a mining engineer born in 1875 at nearby Birstall. Essay About Tabloids! By 1908, the output of the pit was 61,250 tons per annum, all produced by muscle power alone.

Low Laithes was served by what was called a 'mineral railway', which ran from thesis color, Flushdyke to a rail terminus just south of the colliery. The coal from Low Laithes could then be transported via the railway goods yard at Flushdyke to any part of the UK. Essay About Tabloids! The coal extracted from Low Laithes was taken at various times from the Silkstone, Beeston, Haigh Moor, Flockton or Cannel seams and thesis color, there was a ready market for coal of this quality. Above: The winding engine house at Low Laithes Colliery with the essay tabloids water softener and steam accumulator circa 1920. The New Low Laithes Colliery, now owned by W. and E.H. Middlebrook, ceased production in May 1927, and the sister colliery at nearby Wrenthorpe also closed at the same time. The effects of the 1926 General Strike were causing severe economic problems at the time and trading was difficult with many coal miners either on shortened working weeks or having already been made redundant. The Ossett Observer in December 1928 noted that the chances of the Gawthorpe pit re-opening were remote and for military academies, sadly it never did, despite probably being viable. In the event, the about site changed hands, re-emerging as the Doric Kerb Works producing concrete drainage ducts. The Doric works were derelict in the 1960s and it is believed that production ceased completely in the 1950s.

28. Northfield , Ossett opened in 1896 and f word essay, closed in 1917. The colliery was owned in 1896 by essay about tabloids C. Newsome, and in 1899 by Shaw's Linfit Lane Coal Co. By 1917, Northfield was owned by the Northfield Colliery Co. Ltd. It is most likely that Northfield and Crownlands Colliery are the same site. In 1908, there were 61 underground workers and 10 surface workers so this was a relatively small undertaking. The manager in 1908 was Mr. S. Broadbent.

29. Shaw Cross , Owl Lane on thesis color, the Ossett - Dewsbury border, was owned by essay about C. B. Crawshaw and academies, Warburton and first opened in tabloids, 1903 and closed in 1968. In 1896, the manager was G.F. Sample Essays For Military! Blacher and the under-manager was P. Winstanley. By the early 1900s, there were 228 underground workers and 45 surface workers, but the essay tabloids colliery expanded significantly. Above: Shaw Cross Colliery as seen from Owl Lane, Ossett.

The pit baths were on of the flies, the opposite essay about side of Owl Lane. Above: Miners leaving Shawcross Pit after completing a shift underground circa late 1960s. 30. Storrs Hil l, Ossett, close to the Weavers Arms, was owned by W. Wilcock and was opened in on lord of the flies, 1901 and closed in 1908. The pit was not working between 1904-1908. 31.

Longlands , Ossett was first opened in 1910 and abandoned in May 1923. The colliery was owned by the Northfield Colliery Co, Ossett and mined the Haigh Moor seam. 32. Greatfield Colliery , was opened in essay about, 1913 and closed September 1954. The pit was initially sunk between 1913-1916 and was owned in 1945 by f word essay the Northfield Colliery Co. Ltd., Ossett with manager: A.W. Thompson and no under manager. In 1945 there were 49 underground workers and 11 surface workers. In 1947, the about colliery was nationalised and came under NCB ownership.

Above: A group of Ossett coal miners at Greatfield Colliery in the early 1950s. Above: A group of for military academies miners at Greatfield Colliery, Ossett circa 1956, which was always referred to as Westwood's Pit. My thanks to David Maddison who recently contacted me and has identified his father Jack Donald Maddison on the back row, 2nd from the left. Essay! The miner with the impressive ZZ-Top beard, second from the right on the back row is Harry Bains. 33. Chemistry! Whinny Moor , is listed as an Ossett pit, although geographically it was actually located between Lupset and Wakefield. The colliery was first opened in 1869 and about tabloids, abandoned in June 1913. The owners between 1869-1873 were Hargreaves, Naylor and Co. In 1896, the colliery was owned by John Naylor and Co., who was also the owner of Chemistry Pildacre Colliery in Ossett. In 1896, the manager of Whinny Moor Colliery was S. Broadbent with the about tabloids under-manager being J. Hudson. There were 37 underground workers and 7 surface workers.

Collieries adjacent to Ossett. Many Ossett and Gawthorpe men worked at the pits just outside the town boundaries and the nearest four pits are as follows: 1. Chickenley Heath , Dewsbury, was leased by Joshua Greaves in 1854. By 1857 it was noted that the Greaves Brothers had a 40 yard shaft at Chickenley Heath colliery and one man who had worked for essay school 2009, them for six years. In 1861, after the death of about tabloids Joshua Greaves, the sample essays lease of coal at Chickenley Heath was assigned to Gawthorpe butcher and farmer Joseph Terry and two others, most probably the Greaves brothers. In July 1862, the essay tabloids local press 10 had a notice that the partnership of John Henry Greaves and Charles Howard Greaves, trading as Greaves Brothers and Co., at Chickenley Heath was being dissolved and that from the 31st March 1862, the of the f word essay business would be carried on by John Henry Greaves alone. Chickenley Heath colliery was owned in 1880 by the Chickenley Heath Coal Co., Dewsbury. In 1896, the manager was Mr. A.B. Blakeley and the under-manager was Mr. M. Rayner.

There were 122 underground workers and 12 surface workers at this time. 2. Chickenley Wood , Dewsbury, in 1880 the owner was the Chickenley, Wood Coal Co. 3. Chidswell , Dewsbury, In 1880 and 1896, the essay about tabloids owners were C. Crawshaw and Warburton, Dewsbury. The manager in 1896 was Mr. G.F. Blacher and Chemistry, the under-manager was Mr. P. Winstanley with 248 underground workers and 17 surface workers. Since the owners, the manager and the under-manager are the same as those who were at Shaw Cross in 1903, it seems likely that Chidswell Colliery was an earlier variant of Shaw Cross, with possibly new pit shafts being sunk at Shaw Cross in 1903. In March 1888, the essay about tabloids local press 12 carried a report describing a fatal accident at the pit, which was described then as being located in Leeds Road, Ossett: FATAL EXPLOSION AT OSSETT COLLIERY.

An inquest was held at Ossett yesterday by Mr. T. Taylor, coroner, touching the death of George Brook (45), colliery labourer, Naylor-street, Ossett, who was killed on Chemistry, Monday at Messrs. Crawshaw and Warburton's collieries, Leeds-road. Tabloids! Mr. F.N. Sample Academies! Wardell, H.M. Inspector of Mines watched the proceedings. The evidence stated that three other men working with the deceased had a narrow escape with their lives and had been severely burnt.

Isaac Kilburn, pit sinker deposed that on essay about, Monday last he and another man named Waterhouse were working in a staple or ventilating shaft between two seams known as Flockton and Old Hards. They were widening the shaft and stood on a scaffolding fixed therein. Sample Essays For Military Academies! After they had been working for between two and three hours with naked candles and without noticing anything unusual, gas came up the essay shaft, and there was a violent explosion. The scaffolding was blown away, and Waterhouse and witness, both burnt were left clinging to the ledge of brickwork at the side of the shaft. The deceased and another man, who were working a jack-roll or windlass at the top of the shaft were also scorched, and the planking on which they stood was displaced, causing the deceased to fall down the shaft. When assistance came, Brook was quite dead. James Pomfret, the Deputy in of the essay, charge at the time stated that the cannel seam was chiefly worked at the collieries, which employed a large number of men. Next, below this was the Flockton seam, in essay tabloids, which the deceased was at the time of the explosion and lowest of all, the Old Hards, which was being newly opened out. Thesis Color! He examined the workings in the latter seam prior to the accident and essay about tabloids, found them free from first emerson amazon, gas and essay, when he entered them afterwards, he found the ventilation in good order still.

In answer to questions by Chemistry the Inspector, he said that eastwards of the bottom of the staple shaft was a heading driven, the further progress of essay tabloids which had been checked by essay contests for high school 2009 a fault. When he examined that part of the workings on Monday morning, he did not go up to the fault, because part of the header was standing nearly up to the roof in water, but he examined the about the edge of the water with his safety lamp and found no trace of gas, a good current of air coming over the water. The jury returned a verdict of accidentally killed. He leaves a widow and a large family. 4. Wrenthorpe , Wakefield was first opened in 1838 and was closed in 1900 after the death of the owner Mr. First Series Amazon! W.T. Marriot of Sandal Grange, Wakefield. Before then and as late as 1885, the colliery was in the ownership of D. Micklethwaite and Company. In 1896 the tabloids manager was Mr. T.W. Embleton and the under-manager was Mr.

W. Wood. There were 103 underground workers and thesis color, 35 surface workers. Essay About Tabloids! In 1905, the for military colliery was bought by the Low Laithes Colliery Co. Ltd, who were operating their pit at Gawthorpe. It was re-opened in 1907, and was used as part of the essay principal Low Laithes colliery with the Chemistry same manager, but Mr. D.A. West was the under-manager at Wrenthorpe. Essay About! In 1908, there were 80 underground workers and 31 surface workers, suggesting a slight decline from ten years previously.

Wrenthorpe colliery had a branch line to the nearby main Leeds-London railway to transport coal to in praise of the distribution centres and larger customers. Wrenthorpe colliery closed in about tabloids, 1927 at the same time as New Low Laithes Colliery as a result of the strike. Above: Wrenthorpe Colliery complete with an Upholsters Shop. Thesis Color! The date of the photograph is not known but this section of the colliery opened in 1857. As an example of the prevailing conditions, there was a report in the ' Ossett Observer ' in June 1912 of tabloids a pit deputy being killed at Wrenthorpe pit, part of the Low Laithes Colliery: William Henry Hayes (56), colliery deputy of Dewsbury Road, Ossett met his death as a result of an accident in the Wrenthorpe part of Chemistry Low Laithes colliery. The deceased was well-known in both Earlsheaton and Chickenley Heath, in which places he had lived for a good many years.

Ezra Ramsden, of 11 East Parade, Eastborough, Dewsbury, coal miner, said that the accident happened on essay about tabloids, Friday at 12.30 p.m. In a few more minutes he would have finished the job of filling up a gob. There had been a fall of roof three or four days before in the Silkstone seam, and deceased, who was assisting to remove the thesis color dirt, was working about half a yard from the witness. Suddenly, a stone fell down on the deceased, who was sitting on his right foot and leg and essay tabloids, was in the act of using his shovel. The end of the stone struck him on the head, and knocked him against a prop which was behind him. He was still upright when witness pulled him out. The stone was not on him.

He said Pull me out Ezra and he (witness) said Tha is essay school students, out. There was no bleeding, but deceased appeared helpless. Essay About Tabloids! He asked him (witness) to flies piggy lean him against a prop, but he said he was not easy after after that had been done, so he was laid on his back. Deceased asked witness to take him to essay about tabloids the gate, but witness told him that he could not do that by sample for military academies himself. About! He would not let witness go for help for some time, and he could not call for help because there was no one near to hear. Eventually witness got the help of several men, and together they got him out of the pit on a stretcher. He was quite helpless all the time. The stone that fell would be about three feet six inches long, twenty inches broad, and would not fill a tub. One end hardly fell fourteen inches, because it reared. The roof was a yard high. Tamar Hayes, of Pickersgill Street, Dewsbury Road, Ossett, widow of the Chemistry deceased said that her husband was an old servant of the company and had worked at Wrenthorpe for tabloids, about five years.

He left home at about 4.15 a.m. on Friday morning and she heard that he had been hurt at about three in the afternoon. She was able to see him at Clayton Hospital, Wakefield and although conscious, he could not talk much. Essays Series! She was there when he died on Saturday afternoon. Dr. Hugh Walker Moir, assistant house surgeon at the Clayton Hospital, said that deceased was admitted on the 21st June, and was suffering from paralysis of the legs, arms and body, and from shock. He was quite conscious and quite helpless. The case was hopeless from the commencement.

He rallied from the shock, but gradually sank and died at 12.15 on the following day. Tabloids! The cause of death was fracture of the fourth vertebra of the spine. Mr. D.A. West, the manager of Wrenthorpe colliery, said that the deceased had been at essays emerson Wrenthorpe for three years and had worked for the company for forty-five years. He had never worked anywhere else. The Coroner remarked that the essay tabloids deceased was a thoroughly experienced man and thesis color, not a man likely to work in a reckless way.

The evidence pointed to it having been a pure accident, and he suggested a verdict to the effect That deceased was killed by having his spine accidentally fractured by a fall of stone whilst at work. The jury agreed. The 1893 Ossett Coal Strike 6. In 1893, the price that mine owners could get for their coal dropped significantly. Essay About Tabloids! Since 1887, coal miners' wages had increased by 40% above the standard rate and now, because profits were being affected, the Coal-owners' Federation called for a reduction in in praise of the, wages from August 1893. The mine owners wanted to essay pay only 15% above the standard rate, i.e. an effective reduction in wages of 25%. When the Coal-owners' Federation presented their revised pay offer to the Miners' Federation of Great Britain, not surprisingly, the sample essays for military proposal was turned down flat and essay, the Miners' Federation then asked its members to withdraw their labour from the end of piggy July 1893. All of the English Coalfields were affected, with the about exception of Durham and Northumberland, where wages had already been reduced under sliding scale agreements. In 1893, there were four working collieries inside the town boundaries: Low Laithes (Gawthorpe), Pildacre, Westfield and Healey Lane. Just outside the Chemistry Ossett boundary, but always regarded as an essay, Ossett coal mine, was Roundwood Colliery, which was easily the biggest of the local pits, and on record as employing 619 underground workers, with another 129 surface workers (1896 figures).

The next two largest local collieries were Pildacre with a workforce of 232 underground and 25 surface workers (1896 figures), then Low Laithes, which had about 120 miners in 1893. Westfield and Healey Lane Collieries were relatively small by comparison with Westfield having thirty underground workers and Healey Lane only about twelve. Also, many Ossett and Gawthorpe men worked at of the f word essay Shaw Cross colliery, on Owl Lane, just over essay about tabloids the town boundary in first series, Dewsbury and employing about essay 232 underground workers and 45 surface workers (1896 figures.) Nearby Chickenley Heath and Chidswell collieries employed about of the f word another 350 local men, some of whom must have lived in Ossett. Those miners that were union members were organised by the Yorkshire Miners Association, based in Barnsley. Essay Tabloids! Within the Ossett collieries, Union membership was strongest in the larger collieries, Roundwood, Pildacre and Low Laithes. Work had ceased at essays of the flies Low Laithes and Roundwood by the end of July in line with the recommendation made by the Miners Federation, and at Pildacre soon afterwards. Tabloids! At the two smaller Ossett pits, Westfield and Healey Lane, the in praise of the essay miners worked on about, and this was to cause trouble in the following weeks. The strike had a serious effect on the local economy, which was based on the use of coal as a fuel for Chemistry, industry and transport. On Saturday, 12th August, the Great Northern Railway cancelled the essay tabloids majority of its passenger trains, from the following Monday, which ran between Ossett, Leeds, Wakefield and Bradford. The Ossett Observer noted that the short notice that was given had caused the essays academies maximum inconvenience to travellers. Worse was to come, and further cancellations followed in September.

Before the end of August, the lack of coal had forced some of Ossett's textile mills to introduce part-time working. In September, the mills of J T Brook at Town End and Flushdyke; Swallow's Mill on Dewsbury Road, and tabloids, Giggal Clay's Mill at Healey all had to close. The Ossett Gas Company was also affected by the lack of coal and in November, it increased the price of gas from 2s 9d to 3s 0d per 1,000 cubic feet because of the rise in essays first series amazon, coal prices. Local mill owners tried to keep their businesses going by buying coal from the about tabloids Durham coalfield and some paid up to triple the thesis color normal price. Unfortunately, the coal deliveries were delayed because the North-Eastern Railway was unable to cope with the increase in demand for coal from the still operational Durham and Northumberland coalfields. A by-product of making gas from coal is coke and a few enterprising Ossett mill owners used coke purchased from the Ossett Gas Company instead of coal. Unfortunately, by the end of August all the coke stocks had been used up. Pildacre Colliery was a wet pit and needed constant pumping to prevent the underground workings from tabloids, flooding. Pildacre's manager, Mr.

S. Broadbent applied to Chemistry the Yorkshire Miners Association for permission for his men to get coal from the pit to about keep the pump engines running. The owners of Pildacre Colliery were not among those trying to impose a wage reduction on their workers, but nevertheless, showing a certain amount of insensitivity, the Miners Association refused the on lord of the flies piggy request and Broadbent had to about purchase 100 tons of coal from the on lord of the flies Durham mines. Pildacre was potentially the worst affected of all the Ossett mines because of the flooding, but conditions deteriorated in all the other local collieries during the strike. Ossett's two small collieries, Healey Lane and Westfield tried to work on through the dispute. This caused a certain amount of anger among the striking miners and there were several attempts to intimidate the tabloids men working at these mines, who in any case, were not members of the of the essay mineworker's union.

At Healey Lane, the tabloids police were called on Saturday the 12th and Monday the 14th August in order to prevent a likely breach of the peace by a group of pickets. This intimidation had some effect, since on the Monday, only part of the workforce turned up for work. When the men came out of the pit, the had to be escorted home by the police amid hooting and cries of 'Baa' and other unfriendly demonstrations by a crowd of men and women . As a result, the men did not return to work on the Tuesday. On Saturday, 2nd September, some of the miners at Healey Road had returned to sample essays work, but were once again the essay tabloids subject of a rather hostile demonstration by a crowd of pickets. On Monday 4th September, a group of forty or fifty miners from outside the town gathered at Westfield Colliery, Ossett owned by Henry Westwood and where only a few miners were at work. Two or three of the of the flies pickets went to see Henry Westwood to ask him to close the pit. Tabloids! Westwood was not imposing any wage reduction on his men and in fact, he was opposed to the wage reduction proposals. Essay For High 2009! Westwood refused to about close the pit on the grounds that depriving Ossett's textile mills of coal would not help the essays of the flies piggy miners, but would inflict hardship on the textile workers, who were unconnected with the strike and would be put out of tabloids work. This did not meet the contests for high school students approval of the pickets and one of them suggested that they should fetch the blacklegs out of the pit and throw the corves down the shaft.

Sensibly, this proposal was not carried out, but when Westwood's men came up from the shaft and were leaving the essay pit-yard to go home, some of the pickets started shouting 'Baa' and one of the ringleaders grabbed a pit deputy and hustled him. Any further disturbance was prevented by the timely appearance of two policemen. On Thursday 7th September 1893 at the height of the coal miners strike, it was reported in thesis color, the Ossett Observer that a serious encounter took place at Chidswell on the Ossett boundary a mob of between 2 and 3,000 men was marching in the direction of Ossett. About forty-five police charged the mob, and dispersed it using truncheons. There was a good deal of stone-throwing, and about tabloids, some of the rioters were armed with formidable bludgeons, but they did not make very much of a stand against the police staves ( it was noted that some of the essays on lord of the crowd were rather severely punished by the officers' truncheons.) The constables were also armed with cutlasses, but did not resort to the use of them. Westfield Colliery in Ossett was the true objective of the Chidswell rioters, but Henry Westwood, the owner of Westfield Colliery had learned of the planned attack earlier in the day and tabloids, had withdrawn his men from the pit. Only two men were arrested at Chidswell; one was a miner and the other a cloth fuller. They were both sentenced to one-month's imprisonment by the West Riding Court in Dewsbury. Unfortunately, for the local police, the disturbances coincided with the of the essay St. Essay About! Leger races at Doncaster, which annually took some 200 men away from their usual duties in the West Riding. When Ossett came under threat, there was only one policeman in the town.

Following the disturbances, Ossett's police force was strengthened by the addition of Chemistry a sergeant and three constables, to the usual force of six officers. All of the police were armed with cutlasses and officers were stationed at the town's collieries. At the beginning of the week of disturbances, there was the first of three mass meetings by about the town's miners. All three were organised by the local branches of the Yorkshire Miners Association. Chemistry! The first two meetings were held at essay tabloids the football field near Ossett railway station, and the final meeting took place in the Temperance Hall in Illingworth Street. At the first meeting, which was held on the evening of Monday 4th September, a resolution expressing continued support for the strike was passed by essays on lord of the piggy the 800 to 1,000 men present. Although one of the speakers, Mr G.R. Simpson, a check-weighman at Roundwood Colliery condemned the rowdyism that had recently taken place at Westfield Colliery and said that some of the unionists were very sorry that there had been an element in Ossett that day which was no credit to the working class . Essay About Tabloids! Another of the speakers, the Reverend B. Haddon, a Primitive Methodist minister, hailing from Durham was more forthright. In his opinion this was not a strike but a lock-out and sample academies, that a terrible day of retribution would come for men who out of the blood of the working class were selfishly amassing huge fortunes . The miners next meeting took place on the morning of Thursday 14th September. A large number walked to the meeting behind a brass band and the banner of the Chickenley Heath branch of the Yorkshire Miners Association.

At the meeting, which was attended by 2,000 people, a resolution to resist the wage reduction was unanimously passed. The final meeting was held on Wednesday 18th October and the principal speaker, the President of the Yorkshire Miners Association, Edward Cowey (1839-1903), received an enthusiastic reception from the audience. The Ossett Observer noted Cowey's effectiveness as an orator a big man, with a deep voice, and a North-country accent, Mr. Cowey has a rugged eloquence of tabloids his own, which evidently exercises a powerful effect on its hearers - exhibiting as it does, deep earnestness and essays amazon, an absence of affectation. By the time that Cowey visited Ossett, some of the miners' families were suffering hardship. When the about dispute began, the Yorkshire Miners Association was able to pay 9 shillings a week to each man. The funds were distributed in the local public houses and one collier wrote to the Ossett Observer protesting about receiving his pay in a public house and suggested instead that a schoolroom in the Temperance Hall would be more suitable. In the third week of September 1893, the in praise of the f word Association's fund ran out.

The last strike pay, amounting to 7 shillings a week for each man, was issued on Thursday 21st and essay tabloids, Friday 22nd September. The non-union miners who were forced out of sample for military academies work by the strike received no strike pay at all. For example, of the 30 'coal getters' at Westfield Colliery, five were non-unionists. In Ossett, the local leaders of the Yorkshire Miners' Association began organising relief for non-unionists in September. About! A Relief Committee, headed by Thomas Webster of Roundwood Colliery was set up and collections taken. In the week ending Saturday 9th September, almost £20 worth of 'necessaries' were distributed to non-unionists. A number of individuals also tried to help the families of miners who were suffering from hardship. Among them was the Mayor, Councillor Francis Lumb Fothergill, who visited over contests for high school 200 such families and also Alderman Wilson. Some help came also from the Ossett Industrial Co-operative Society, which received £10 from the about tabloids Co-operative Wholesale Society and distributed it in the form of groceries. The congregation at the Primitive Methodist Chapel in Dewsbury Road raised £5 9s 8d in a collection, while the parishioners in North Ossett raised enough funds to provide thirty boys with breakfast at Gawthorpe Church School.

A meeting for emerson amazon, those groups interested in helping provide relief for the miners was called in the Temperance Hall on Wednesday 11th October 1893 and this resulted in the formation of a Relief Sub-Committee of the Borough Council and the opening of essay tabloids a subscription list. The Sub-Committee consisted of f word essay eight men representing between them the Borough Council, the town's Anglicans, the town's non-Conformists and the miners. By Saturday, 14th October, the Sub-Committee had raised £48 1s 6d. Essay About Tabloids! The largest donation of £10 came from the Leeds Mercury Fund, whist Westwood and in praise essay, Company were among four donors of £5 each. Essay! The Sub-Committee distributed some 180 relief tickets weekly until Friday 3rd November, when the funds ran out. During the same period, the Sub-Committee also provided two teas for in praise of the essay, 600 children in the town's schoolrooms, whilst two Leeds gentlemen provided tea for 200 children.

A dance and then a concert, both held in the Temperance Hall provided the Sub-Committee with fresh funds and there was a further distribution of relief in the weeks ending Saturday 18th November and Saturday 25th November. Two more free teas for 600 children were provided and Walter Scott, a butcher in Station Road provided tea for 200 children. By the 25th November, the essay tabloids strike had finally come to an end. It lasted so long because neither side was willing to compromise. The Coal-owners Federation insisted on a wage reduction whilst the Miners' Federation was firm that no reduction of wages was acceptable. A ballot, held by the Yorkshire Miners' Association in early September, indicated that most of its members supported the strike. A wage reduction, arbitration and a return to work on the old rate of wages were all rejected by large majorities. However, in Ossett, the feeling was rather different and the Ossett Observer noted that the overwhelming majority of miners in the town wanted to return to work at the old rate of wages. The attitude of the essays emerson Yorkshire miners changed as their strike fund ran out later in the month. In a second ballot later in September, they accepted a recommendation from the leaders of the Yorkshire Miners' Association to return to work at those collieries where the old rate of pay was offered. The Miners' Federation endorsed a return to about work on these terms, but also imposed a levy of one shilling a day on returning miners in thesis color, order to support those still in dispute.

Most of the Yorkshire miners found that their employers were still insisting on about, a wage reduction and so only essay contests for high school students, a minority returned to work. In Ossett, Healey Lane and Pildacre Collieries were working double shifts at the beginning of October, while Low Laithes and Roundwood remained closed. At Low Laithes, the management offered a 15% reduction in wages rather than the 25% reduction of the 40% advanced since 1887, but this was unacceptable to the men's representatives. Essay About Tabloids! In mid-November, a rumour that Low Laithes was to be re-opened was quickly denied by the manager. The dispute was finally brought to f word an end by the Prime Minister, William Ewart Gladstone, who appointed the Foreign Secretary, Lord Rosebery as a mediator between the two sides. On the 17th November 1893, a joint conference was held at the Foreign Office, under the tabloids presidency of Lord Rosebery between representatives of the emerson Federated Coal-owners and the Miners' Federation. A settlement was arrived at on basis of the old rate of wages being paid until at least the 1st February 1894, with a Conciliation Board to follow in at least one year. In Ossett, the miners at Low Laithes and Roundwood returned to work the following week.

With the end of the strike, the town's mills were able to return to full production and cancelled rail services were gradually restored. Unfortunately, the Ossett Observer did not comment on how long it took the miners' families to recover from the financial strain of the dispute. Bradford Observer, Monday, 7th September 1874. Bradford Observer, Tuesday, 15th September 1874. Bradford Observer, Friday, 25th September 1874. Bradford Observer, Tuesday October 13th 1874. Leeds Mercury , Saturday January 17th 1863. 1893 Ossett Coal Strike - adapted from an essay about tabloids, essay by David Scriven. Essays Academies! Relative value of UK pound in RPI terms, taken from the web site: http://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppoweruk/ York Herald , Monday, January 11th 1875. Leeds Mercury , Thursday, September 25th 1890.

Leeds Mercury , Saturday, July 19th 1862. Leeds Mercury , Saturday, September 8th 1877. Leeds Mercury , Thursday, 29th March 1888. Leeds Mercury , Tuesday, 22nd December 1857. Lancaster Gazette , Saturday, 26th December 1857.

My maternal grandfather, Joseph John Smith worked nearly all his life as a coal hewer in the Yorkshire pits. Tabloids! He was born in Beaufort, Ebbw Vale in 1897, but moved to Yorkshire in the 1920s to essays first emerson amazon work at Sharlston Colliery. Essay Tabloids! Here, Joe Smith met and married local Horbury girl, Frances Margrave and then lost her to cancer in essays for military academies, 1936. For a while, in the 1960s, he came to live with his only tabloids, daughter, Margaret Wilson and flies, family in Kingsway, Ossett. I wish I had talked with him more about his life, but it didn't seem important at the time. My grandfather was a great talker, but he never talked about his experiences in the Welsh and Yorkshire coal mines, where he had worked from the age of 14. His back and upper arms were mottled with bluish-grey tattoo-like markings, which were the scars from cuts and essay, abrasions sustained working bareback, hewing coal in the narrow seams under Wakefield. The bloody, exposed tissue had then filled with black dust, just like ink from a tattooist's needle, leaving him with a permanent reminder of the decades of underground toil. His lungs were shot from years of inhaling the coal dust, muck and bad air down the mines. I can hear his hacking, wheezing cough now.

Joe died aged 68 from diseases and complications brought on by his years of working in that subterranean hell-hole. Miner's Death 1869 - Inquest at the Little Bull, Ossett Common. Mr Taylor, honor and sample essays for military, county coroner held an inquest at the Little Bull Inn, Ossett Common over the body of a coal miner, Joseph Crabtree, aged 30. His widow stated that he had his back hurt about essay tabloids two years ago and was laid up for a week. On Friday 27th August 1869 he had left home at 5 o'clock in the morning to go to his work at Messrs. Terry, Greaves and Co., Roundwood Colliery, Soon after 1pm the same day, he was brought home with his left leg broken. Mr. Essays First Series Emerson Amazon! Kemp from Wakefield attended him and Mr. Lawson Tait also acted to essay tabloids set his leg. Deceased began to complain of pain in his left side a day or two afterwards, but he seemed to mend until last Thursday when the in praise f word pain in his side commenced again.

He died on about tabloids, Wednesday morning about half past two. Essays First Series Amazon! Mr. Lawson Tait, Wakefield surgeon said that he visited the deceased about a fortnight ago and essay tabloids, found that he had fractured his left leg and thigh. The leg was in position and appeared to be going on well. On Thursday witness made a post mortem examination of the body and found the fractures in process of a cure and in a very satisfactory state. The organs were in a normal condition, except the right side of the heart, which was very much distended with dark, fluid blood. The pulmonary artery was entirely stopped with a hard clot of blood. The clot would cause death by suffocation.

It had no direct communication with his injury. It must have been in existence for several days or possibly weeks. Weakness from injury or illness would be likely to cause disease. Jacob Page of Alverthorpe, coal miner, a fellow worker of the deceased's said that about 11 o'clock in Chemistry, the morning of the 27th August, the about tabloids deceased's hurrier fetched him and he went to his bank, He found the deceased sitting about essay for high school 2009 two feet from the face with about 3 or 4 hundredweight of coal and rock on his left leg and helped free the about deceased by thesis color moving the coal. A row of props were set to within four feet of the face. The seam of essay about tabloids coal is the Haigh Moor, which is about a yard thick, but in three seams. The deceased told him that he had got the two lower seams and tried to get down the top seam and failed, and he had therefore determined to let it stop up until he had got ready for on lord flies, another fall. Verdict: Died from a clot of blood, accelerated by the accidental fracture of the left leg. From the ' Ossett Observer' 18th September 1869. Fatal Accident to a Hurrier at Roundwood Colliery - 1877. On Tuesday the 2nd inst., a Horbury lad named Wilson Baines was at his work as a hurrier at the Roundwood Colliery, when a mass of stone from the pit roof fell on him inflicting various injuries to essay his head.

The poor boy was taken home unconscious, in on lord piggy, which state he remained till half-past one on Sunday afternoon, when he died. Last Tuesday morning, an inquest was held at the King's Arms, the house of Mr. S. Hall, before Mr. T. Taylor and a respectable jury of whom Mr. Thomas Mitchell was foreman. The following evidence was adduced:- Charles White, joiner of Northgate said the deceased was his step son and was 15 years old on Friday. He was a hurrier and the son of the late Mr.

T. Baines, rag dealer. Tabloids! He went out to essays first series his work at a quarter after five o'clock, a week since that morning. He had worked in a pit going on for four years. He was brought back soon after twelve o'clock, unable to speak, and remained unconscious till he died on Sunday afternoon. He received frequent attention, both from Messrs. Kemp and tabloids, Son, surgeons of Wakefield and from Mr. B. Kemp from Horbury. William Peace, hurrier of Flushdyke, Ossett said he was working at Messrs. Terry, Greaves Co.'s Roundwood Colliery, and knew Wilson Baines who hurried on the same road with him.

On Tuesday morning deceased was standing in the middle of the horse road, which is about 5ft 6 in high, when a piece of the roof came in suddenly. Only one piece came out; it was a lump of emerson amazon blue bind and seemed to catch the deceased on the head, knocking him down. He raised an alarm, and his father came to the spot. Joseph Peace, coal miner, of Flushdyke, said he was getting coal from the about tabloids face of a bank, when he heard something fall and his lad scream out O father, do come, and away he ran and found the deceased on Chemistry, the floor bleeding, with knees drawn up and insensible. He was in essay tabloids, a new road which he (witness) helped to essays first series emerson drive. He had always considered the essay road good; his own boys passed up and down the way 70 or 80 times a day, and thesis color, he had to go that way himself. Tabloids! If he had not, he should not have used the road himself or have allowed his boys.

Where the accident occurred, the road was about 8 or 9ft wide. Contests For High School Students! Deceased was bleeding about the essay head. The piece of emerson amazon stone which came down would weigh about essay about 5 or 6 stones, and it knocked a prop down in Chemistry, falling. Essay Tabloids! Witness went up to the pit bank immediately to send for a doctor, and the deceased was taken to his home. A verdict of accidental death was returned.

From the ' Ossett Observer ' October 13th 1877. Sep 18th 1880: A Chidswell collier with the nickname “Wild Jack” had made a bet that he would “worry a live hedgehog with his teeth, his hands being tied behind him” , also that he would go through other similar performances, in a field behind the Royal Oak, Owl Lane. On Saturday afternoon a crowd of about 200 had gathered, including a number from Batley and other places. A man was also in attendance with a bag containing the hedgehog. The police had heard of the affair however, and at 5:00pm a sergeant and two plain clothed constables arrived and were greeted with hooting. No attempt was made to proceed with the exhibition, but it was rumoured that the Chemistry encounter between the man and the hedgehog came off the same evening at essay about a place called “Dog Loitch”. Above: Percy Christian Greaves (1868-1957) long time principal of Roundwood Colliery, Ossett. Greaves took control of the colliery in 1885 at the tender age of 17 years when his father, John Oldroyd Greaves (1824-1916) suffered a heart attack.

Percy Greaves was destined for thesis color, a place at Cambridge University, but his father's ill health forced him to take over the family business. By 1892, he had qualified with a first-class colliery manager's certificate and he went on to become one of the about tabloids most eminent mining engineers in the UK. He was respected and very well-liked by the men at Roundwood where there were no strikes (excluding National Strikes) during his ownership. Greaves always strove to provide the most up-to-date methods for safety and efficiency for his men. It was noted in his obituary (The Times of October 25th 1957) that few days passed when he was not seen at the pit-head or down the shaft of one of his collieries. Percy Greaves lived with his wife and family of four children at Woolgreaves, near Wakefield; a large eleven bedroomed house built in sample essays for military, the 1830s and set in 30 acres of grounds. Miners summoned for leaving work - 1888. At the essay about West Riding Court, Dewsbury, George Cawthorne, Richard Foy and John Richardson were summoned for unlawfully absenting themselves from their employment at Pildacre Colliery, Ossett early in July 1888. Thesis Color! Foy did not appear. Mr. T.L.

Chadwick appearing for Messrs. John Naylor and Co. Ltd., the colliery proprietors stated that the defendants on entering their employment signed the tabloids usual printed form of essay contests for high school students contract to give or take 14 days notice on leaving. On the dates named, however, they had abstained themselves and were written to by Mr. William Noble, the colliery manager, but appeared to have obtained work elsewhere. About! Compensation was claimed from each, being 2 shillings per day, a proportion of the standing expenses of the thesis color colliery during their absence.

Foy was asked to pay £2, Richardson £1 14s and Cawthorne £1 12s. Richardson was allowed two weeks to pay and the others two months. From the ' Ossett Observer' 12th August 1880. Aug 16th 1890: A day hole is to be opened from the tabloids Runtlings Lane colliery of Messrs Westwood Co. to Healey. It will be fitted with an engine plane, so that coal can be sent out that way for the mills at Healey, instead of being drawn up that shaft.

The object is to save the expense of carting coal down into the valley. During the coal strike in Ossett in 1893, the essays flies piggy textile mills in the town were starved of about tabloids coal and many had to close. Temperance Mill in Church Street, Ossett was owned by Francis Lumb Fothergill and he came up with a novel approach to keep his mill open. By running the mill boilers on dried sewage sludge, he was able to essays of the piggy keep Temperance Mill operating. By the middle of September 1893, Fothergill had used 150 tons of essay sewage sludge and several other mills in the town followed his example. The sludge was available free-of-charge from the borough sewage works and the only cost was transporting it, which must have been an unpleasant job. Another approach was to burn rag dust saturated with old engine oil and John William Smith, the first series emerson amazon owner of Healey Old Mill, Ossett managed to tabloids keep his mill operating through the strike using this method.

Fire at Roundwood Pit - 1893. The 'Ossett Observer ' noted in March 1893 that a fire had occurred earlier in the year in the Silkstone pit at Roundwood colliery. The owners of the colliery, Terry, Greaves and Co. had not seen fit to contribute the one guinea a year for the services of the Wakefield Fire Brigade, which would have attended the fire earlier so that the disaster would not have been so great. Also on the 7th September 1893, on the same day as as the riot at sample essays academies Chidswell, at nearby Ackton Hall colliery in Featherstone, two men lost their lives, after soldiers opened fire on a large crowd of people. There had been some destruction of property at the colliery by essay about tabloids a group of rioters and essays amazon, flying pickets intent on causing trouble. By the late afternoon 3 officers and 26 men from the 1st Battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment had been called in, and the local magistrate read the Riot Act. Because the crowd didn't disperse quickly enough, the soldiers were ordered to essay about tabloids open fire. Tragically, by then, the crowd had been swollen with many innocent local bystanders. James Gibbs (22) and James Arthur Duggan (25) were to die of gunshot wounds and essay for high school students 2009, six other people were injured.

Neither Gibbs or Duggan had been involved in the rioting and the unfortunate sequence of tabloids events came to be known as the Featherstone Massacre. Alarming Explosion at Ossett Colliery - 1895. A serious accident occurred in one of the coal seams worked by the Low Laithes Colliery Company Limited, at Gawthorpe, Ossett. The seam in question, the Cannel is regarded as sufficiently safe to be worked with naked lights at neighbouring collieries, but safety lamps are used in it at flies Low Laithes. Essay Tabloids! There were considerably fewer persons employed there on Saturday than on other days of the week. Chemistry! Operations proceeded in the usual fashion until about eleven o'clock, when an explosion occurred. It appears that ripping was done in tabloids, the main road, to make the latter high enough for the passage of corves to the coal face.

A shot had been fired to blow down a portion of the roof, and this left a cavity, in which it is supposed some gas may have collected. At all events, when the contests for high 2009 Deputy in charge Asa Dransfield, of Gawthorpe, fired another shot, gas exploded. Dransfield and five other miners who were working in that part of the essay about mine were unfortunately burnt. As soon as possible they were drawn to the surface. Dr. Mill (Messrs. Wiseman and Mill) happened to be in the locality, and was quickly summoned. The colliery surgeon, Mr. Oates, of Dewsbury arrived later.

Oil and limewater were applied to the burns of the injured men, which were also bandaged with cotton wool. Assistance in this was rendered by Police-sergeant Wilcock and Police-constable Groves, who are members of the St. John Ambulance Association. Under the direction of Dr. Mill, five men were removed in cabs to the Dewsbury and District Infirmary, their names being: Joseph Peaker (39), married, no children, of Bennett's Buildings, Gawthorpe, Ossett; burnt on right side, back, and arms. John Robinson (33), married, two children, of Commercial Street, Earlsheaton.; burnt on essays first, back, shoulder, face, and arms. Fred Squires (27), single, living with his parents at Chickenley Heath, Soothill; burnt on the neck face, and about tabloids, head. Thomas Coulter (20), single, lodging at Sunderland's Buildings, Soothill Lane; burnt on arms, back, and face. Peter Kenney (about 45 or 50), single, of Cobden Street, Batley; burnt on of the essay, back, arms, and about, face.

Asa Dransfield, the deputy, who was badly burnt on his arms, etc. did not go to the Infirmary, but was able to go down the pit upon f word the arrival of the managing director, Mr. A.B. Blakeley of tabloids Dewsbury, and explain how the accident had occurred. It is in praise of the essay, understood that the explosion was not of sufficient violence to do any material damage to the pit workings. Robinson was able to leave the infirmary on Wednesday, and Peaker yesterday. The other three men are still lying in the Andrew Pickard ward of the about tabloids institution, but it is thought that Kenny will be ready to go out Chemistry next Tuesday or Wednesday.

Squires and Coulter, who were both terribly scorched are not yet out of danger. Squires has his face and head entirely enveloped in essay, bandages, with the exception of small orifices for sample essays for military academies, his eyes, nose and tabloids, mouth. From the essays on lord of the flies ' Ossett Observer ' July 13th 1895. Above: The engine in essay, the Power House at Low Laithes Colliery, Gawthorpe which was used to generate electricity. Fatal Accident at Shaw Cross Colliery - 1897. A lad named Joseph Jennings, 14 years of age, son of Allen Jennings, coal miner, Chidswell was fatally injured at Shaw Cross Colliery belonging to Messrs.

Crawshaw and Warburton. The deceased's mother, Mrs. Emma Jennings, said he was a strong active lad and employed as a pony driver. He left home at 5.30 on Wednesday morning to go to the pit, along with his brother Israel, a hurrier at the same pit. He was brought home at about quarter to thesis color eight the same morning in an injured condition, but he died at 10.30 that night. When the body was laid out, the left side had the skin grazed and one of his hands was crushed. Stuart Hartley of Hanging Heaton said he was employed along with the essay about deceased as a pony driver at Shaw Cross Colliery. He saw the of the deceased at the pit bottom at about half past six on Wednesday morning. They both travelled on the main horse road to the junction, the about tabloids road being 6 feet high and 12 feet wide. About seven o'clock, he was coming from the on lord flies coal face when he saw deceased's pony standing still in the road, attached to ten loaded corves, the first being overturned, with the deceased lying under it.

Five of the corves were off the rails, and five on, but they were all coupled. About Tabloids! The road appeared all right, and he could not tell how the accident had happened unless some coal had fallen into the points and prevented them from working properly. He and another driver named Joseph Henry Wade liberated the deceased, who only said Take me home. Witness had worked on the same road and had found nothing out of order. They found the in praise of the f word deceased about five yards from the points. The jury returned a verdict that the deceased was accidentally injured by about tabloids the corves. From the ' Ossett Observer ' September 4th 1897. After the coal strike in 1893, Ossett artist Mark Senior received a commission from thesis color, a group of local mill owners to paint a portrait of essay tabloids Henry Westwood, the owner of Westfield Colliery in Ossett.

Above: 1893 portrait of Ossett mine owner Henry Westwood, J.P. painted by Mark Senior. Westwood had tried hard to keep his pit open to supply coal to power the local textile mills in Ossett. During the dispute, not only had Westwood not tried to impose the 25% pay cut on his workers that the Coal-owners' Federation was calling for in response to lower coal prices, but also he had not drastically increased his coal prices to take advantage of the coal famine. In recognition of his services, local mill owners subscribed for emerson amazon, his portrait to be painted and it was presented to him in January 1894. The painting was described in the Ossett Observer as an admirable likeness and was inscribed Presented to Mr. Henry Westwood J.P. by a few friends, as a mark of essay tabloids respect and in emerson, grateful recognition of the essay about tabloids generous assistance rendered by his firm to essay contests for high the trade of Ossett during the memorable coal strike of 1893.

Westwood's business partner, in Westwood and essay, Co. at Westfield Colliery, William Wray, was presented with an inscribed gold watch. Oct 2nd 1909: An interesting discovery was made in the Low Laithes pit at Gawthorpe on Sunday when a bye-worker named Joe Edwards discovered a bottle, containing tea, in on lord of the flies piggy, a worked-out part of the mine. Edwards, along with four other men, was making his way up No.2 rise towards the tabloids “73 gate” when they stopped for a rest in what is known as “Ned Littlewood’s Place“. It was while resting that Joe noticed the bottle, covered with dust, lying on one side of the road. He picked it up and it immediately occurred to first amazon him that it was the bottle taken down by a miner named Horace Moorhouse, who had his back broken in that spot nearly two years ago. Near at about tabloids hand they also found Moorehouse’s “snap“. First Series! Although it is two years ago since the accident occurred, the bottle was intact. Shale had fallen from the roof around the bottle but had not touched it. The man to about whom it belonged, though helpless, is stated to be in excellent health and spirits, apart from his injured back.

Colliery Death at of the f word Low Laithes 1921. Alexander Isaacs (40), a colliery contractor was severely injured in an explosion following a misfired shot whilst working in the Low Laithes Colliery Co Ltd at Wrenthorpe (Wakefield). The accident happened on the 9th February 1921 and Isaacs was taken to Clayton Hospital in Wakefield where he later died from his injuries on the 21st February 1921. Redfern Kaye, the underground manager at Whitwood Colliery, near Castleford agreed to allow a group of students from Leeds University to go underground on February 16th 1926. His daughters Gladys and Mary went with him. The shaft was inspected in the afternoon and the group went down the Speedwell shaft at 6pm, Redfern Kaye leading the way and essay tabloids, Bill Hughes at in praise of the the back of the group. Mary was in front of him. The roof caved in essay about, and Mary was trapped under a huge timber roof support. She was killed outright. This led to a ban on women going underground at West Yorkshire collieries for many years. Aug 14th 1926: While searching for coal during the strike, workers have unearthed in fields near the boundary beck, near Tufty Farm, what appears to be old coal stores.

In field after field on the bottom side it was found that underneath about a foot of soil was a layer of small coal, varying in depth from essays first, one to essay about two feet, and partitioned off every four or so by a narrow barrier of Chemistry solid clay. Essay About! At some time or other beyond the memory of the oldest inhabitant, the turf and subsoil have been removed, clay walls constructed at intervals of essays first four feet, the intervening space filled with coal, and the soil turf then restored. The theory put forward is that long ago well over 100 years ago, it is thought coal was worked extensively in about, this locality, and thesis color, as it was used mostly for domestic purposes, the small coal, or slack, was practically valueless, and was disposed of in this way, either to level up undulating land, or to essay avoid the creation of unsightly spoil heaps. This would entail much labour, but labour was cheap in those days. The clay partitions could serve to on lord of the flies either stop the small coal being washed away, or to prevent the spread of about fire in the case of spontaneous combustion. In some places intersecting clay barriers are found, giving the appearance of essays first series a huge honeycomb. Similar operations are being carried out at Low Park Farm, where the formation of the dumps is the same.

Here the coal is being got between two and two and a half feet thick. Essay About Tabloids! An 18th century coin has been found here amongst the coal, and may give some indication of the age of the in praise dumps. May 25 1946: Opencast coal workings between Storrs Hill and Healey, in essay about tabloids, six months, have transformed 52 acres of agricultural land into thesis color, a region of quarries and huge mounds. Producing 700 tons of coal per week, over 20,000 tons have been taken since work commenced last October. It is estimated that 400,000 tons will have been taken before work finishes, probably at the end of the about tabloids year. The site is between Storrs Hill Road and Healey gasworks. In Praise Essay! Two coal seams, each 3 feet thick, are being worked.

They outcrop about 100 feet from each other, on the Ossett side of the LMS railway. Excavations have been made a short distance inwards, where coal is twenty to about tabloids thirty feet below the surface. During the last six months the Upper Haigh seam has been almost exhausted, and Lower Haigh has been started on from the Storrs Hill end. Between thirty and forty men are employed there by sample essays for military Messrs Otty Brothers of Leeds. Old underground pit workings have been exposed by essay about tabloids the work.

A field on the Horbury side of Storrs Hill has already been worked, and is ready to be restored.

The Necessity of the essay tabloids Gospels and Chemistry Acts. Rendering an answer to 'why are the gospels important?' is surprisingly difficult. That they are important is sufficiently clear and unequivocal in the believer's mind that vocalizing it does not come naturally. Perhaps even more difficult to ably explain is why we need four. We are all used to essay, the traditional explanation that the Chemistry four were needed for essay four different cultures; but then why do we only need one of for military academies everything else? Again the four aspects of the nature of Christ are often cited; but again one has to wonder why the gospels alone suffer from an inability to express their purpose in one narrative. I believe our confusion stems from the assumption that the four gospels were all written primarily as evangelistic tools. I think one of essay them was; and another had that as a key factor but I am not convinced that either Matthew or Luke was actually produced for evangelistic purposes. Further I believe that by setting the production of the Gospels into their correct historic setting, part of which is provided by Acts, we will have a much clearer picture of the function of on lord these vital New Testament books.

Therefore this essay will briefly introduce the traditional four-fold gospel explanation. Then each gospel and the Acts will be treated in essay about some detail. I'll look at some of the claims each book makes for essays on lord of the itself, the books distinctive characteristics and how well the overall content measures to the books proscribed place within the theory and essay tabloids whether the book in question could exist for some alternate reason. Warning: The purpose of this essay is to discuss the essays of the flies first five books of the New Testament and consider their original intent and purpose in a specific theological sense. The reality is that the essay about tabloids Holy Spirit is working today and Chemistry is able to do incredible things with all sorts of bits of scripture that no normal person would consider. Tabloids. I know many who have been saved under conviction from sample essays, Rev 3:20 even though the verse is essay tabloids, clearly not a Gospel verse. If people are saved working from books I claim aren't Gospels then: AMEN! Notwithstanding for anyone willing to essays on lord, have their preconceptions challenged then I hope this essay will be of essay about use. There are many different ways of in praise f word explaining the four different accounts of the Gospel.

The simplest is that each Gospel was written for the benefit of a different set of people. Under this scenario Matthew was written for the Jews, Mark was written for the Romans, Luke was written for essay about tabloids the Greeks and John was written for all men. At first glance there are characteristics of these books that support the analysis. Matthew is full of Old Testament quotes which would presumably appeal to those that owned the essays on lord piggy Old Testament [1] . Mark has a forthright, active and brief style which would appeal to essay, the Roman mind. Thesis Color. The Greeks were renowned for culture and science and tabloids Luke the physician, has a gospel of essays on lord flies piggy detail and with songs and hymns.

Finally John comes along with the global or encompassing Gospel. The alternate explanation which doesn't contradict the first, is that each Gospel provides a one dimensional view of the essay about life of Christ and that only by grouping them together is the four dimensional view fully appreciated. The children's Sunday school explanation normally places children in four corners of a room whilst some trick or act is performed in the middle: each child is essays series amazon, then asked what happens and of course gives a different account. Under this theory Matthew is usually seen as the Gospel of the King. Mark is then represented as the Gospel of the about perfect Servant. Luke becomes the essay for high school students 2009 Gospel of the Son of Man. This leaves John a natural slot as the Gospel of the Son of God. One of the most interesting biblical analogies I have seen for this four dimensional view of the essay tabloids world comes from the living creatures that are below the throne [2] . Students 2009. It will be noted that the essay about four views of these creatures are the lion, the ox, the man and the eagle. It has been suggested that the essay for high students 2009 lion is a kingly creature. The ox is a faithful and strong servant.

The face of the man clearly represents humanity and then perhaps the eagle represents One that truly is at home in essay about tabloids the heavens. The second of these theories sounds extremely convincing; however when a believer considers it closely it means rather less than one might expect. Firstly we need to be very careful if we think of essay contests school analogies such as eye witnesses at a car wreck or crime scene. A fundamental tenet of our faith is that the Bible is divinely inspired. The words written were the essay about tabloids words supposed to be written. Essay. The Lord Himself stated that the Holy Spirit would bring everything to the memory of the tabloids disciples and would teach them all the things they didn't know [3] . So there was no need to have multiple accounts simply to make up for mistakes or imperfections in the record. Equally the writers were not restricted by first emerson amazon, what they personally saw. Accounts such as the temptation and Jesus' prayer in about Gethsemane were not experienced by anyone yet are fully recorded. In fact two of the Gospel writers, Luke and Mark were not even apostles and we have no reason to believe that they would have seen all that happened.

This brings us to conclude that the Gospel authors would have conversed and interacted with each other and with other apostles. So the four accounts are not there to cover gaps: they are there because that was the correct way to present the information. The other part of the theory is more reasonable. The Lord Himself is obviously a divine and infinite being; and even in human form it is quite natural to assume that He could be written about endlessly and still have enough interesting information to form another volume [4] . However it is also true that all of scripture speaks of Christ [5] so it is not immediately clear why this particular aspect requires a quadruple repetition. The Gospel of Matthew is usually considered to be the Gospel to the Jews. However I believe that close inspection reveals that if anything Matthew can be seen as the Gospel to antagonize the Jews. Whilst there is no doubt that this Gospel is set against in praise of the a very strong Judaist background there does not seem to be any attempt to smoothly transfer a Jew to Christianity.

On the contrary we will see that Matthew uses this Gospel to essay about tabloids, sideline Israel and to essays series emerson, introduce the church. The very choice of author for the first gospel should sound warning bells in this age of culturally aware evangelism. Whilst Matthew was a Jew he was also a tax collector. His role was to take money from his own people and essay tabloids hand it to the Roman overlords. Sample Essays. He would have been considered as a traitor and a sinful outcast. It is somewhat ironic that Matthew records the Lord's words when he says that if a brother refuses to be reconciled to you then he should be treated as heathen and a tax collector [6] . If the author was not enough to essay tabloids, sour the Jew to Matthew's gospel then the opening chapter would have been. It contains the genealogy of Christ, and the other Hebrew kings for that matter. However it also contains the names of five women: something Jewish genealogies of the time didn't do.

Further the Chemistry five chosen were all associated with some form of scandal. About Tabloids. Tamar slept with her father in law. Rahab was a Canaanite harlot. Ruth was a Moabite. Bathsheba was an sample, adulteress. Mary, at least to external view, was an unmarried mum. Add to that two different mentions of the captivity, and essay about tabloids Matthew's gospel is clearly showing that the Israeli royal line had features that a Pharisee of the time would find uncomfortable. Matthew's account though is not attempting to overthrow or ridicule Judaism. It shows clearly that Jesus was and is a Jew.

He was born to a Jewess. Chemistry. Of the sixty-six direct or indirect Old Testament quotes in about Matthew forty-one come from the Lord himself [7] . However the book is throwing a different light or angle upon what had gone previously. Thesis Color. Even in Old Testament times God had been working in mysterious ways that a direct reading of 'The Law' would not anticipate. The episodes of Jesus' early life that Matthew chooses to select are also strange if you wish to about tabloids, view this as a Jewish gospel. Essays Series Amazon. Mathew picks a visit by Babylonian priests, the destruction of Jewish children by an Edomite overlord and the flight to Israel's arch enemy Egypt. About Tabloids. Luke records an angelic host, a visit from Jewish shepherds and for high school students the reception of the Lord in a Jewish temple whilst performing a Jewish ordinance by essay about, two Jewish worthies Simeon and Anna. It would appear that Matthew has gone out of essays flies his way to emphasize the place of Jesus on the world stage and not to restrict Him to a more localized role of Jewish king. Matthew also records a number of instances where the essay about Lord directly broadens his attention from Israel to the world at large. Along with Luke Matthew records the faith of the centurion and notes that he had not found such in essays on lord of the flies Israel [8] . Essay Tabloids. Along with Mark he records the faith of the Canaanite woman who was prepared to take the of 'dog' in order to feed upon the crumbs underneath the masters table [9] . Uniquely among the essay for high school students Gospels Matthew introduces the tabloids church [10] . Again uniquely Matthew points out that Isaiah's prophecy states that the Messiah will declare justice to the Gentiles and first series amazon that the Gentiles will trust in Him. He then closes his Gospel with the commission to essay, make disciples of all nations [11] . Matthew of all the synoptic Gospels has chosen material to show that the essay Gospel and the Messiah is available to everyone. Another key distinctive of Matthew's gospel is the teaching upon the kingdom.

This is usually divided into the announcement of the kingdom (Mat 4:17), the principles of the kingdom (Mat 5-7), the parables of the kingdom (Mat 13) and essay about tabloids then the second coming of the king in Mat 24 and 25. However I believe that a glance at these four passages shows that there is clearly an odd one out. The treatment of the Chemistry kingdom given in Matthew 4-7 could easily been seen as a purely literal, physical description. Certainly it could be viewed as idealistic but the Messiah is easily capable of announcing ideal conditions. Essay About Tabloids. Matthew chapters 24 and 25 again appear to be capable of purely physical and f word literal interpretation. Essay About. The only thing that is not immediately obvious is why the king would need to return, given Christ had announced the kingdom was here twenty chapters previously.

Matthew 13 is completely different however. The Lord is now talking in parables. It is the first time parables have been introduced in the New Testament and suddenly the kingdom has gone from being a literal physical entity that people can prepare to of the, be a part of to about, a mystic thing that people understand by simile and metaphor. Of course some will claim that Matthew just grouped his material a particular way and all the parables happened to land here. However I believe that this presentation is very deliberate and that it actually points to sample academies, the entire purpose of essay about Matthew. Whilst I am not really a fan of 'key verses' or 'key chapters' I believe that Matthew Chapter 12 is the essay crux or fulcrum of Matthew's Gospel and that it largely defines why the Gospel was written. It starts with the Pharisee's complaining of the disciples taking grain on the Sabbath. They then challenge him to heal a man on essay tabloids, the Sabbath which he does. At this point multitudes follow Him and Matthew reminds us of Isaiah's prophecy and states this is a fulfillment of it. Then the Lord completely healed a demon possessed blind and mute. This was sufficiently miraculous that the multitude began to recognize Jesus as the Messiah.

However, the response of the Pharisees was to claim that this had been done through Satan. From this point forward the Lord's language subtly changes. In Mat 12:32 he talks of the thesis color unforgivable sin. Then in Mt 12:33 he talks about good trees and bad trees and the fruit they bring. I believe this statement reflects the decision that the natural olive tree branches were to be laid aside for essay tabloids the time being. In verse 39 the Lord states that the next sign they will receive is His resurrection. Verses 4142 are interesting because of their tense as well as their content. The Lord states that these gentile cities will rise up against essays academies that generation of the Jews.

It would appear that they die has now been cast. By the end of chapter 12 the Lord is even prepared to lay aside direct blood lineage in favor of the mystical kingdom (the church age) that he is about to introduce. So if Matthew's Gospel is not the Gospel to about tabloids, the Jews then what is it? I believe it is the bridge or gateway between Judaism and Christianity. At the time the Lord was born, and actually up until Matthew 12 Judaism was the only valid world religion. It was monotheistic to the True God. It had the scriptures and the promises. Judaism had a birth right to the future. That could not simply be overturned without God being deemed capricious. In fact the Lord explicitly states that He hadn't come to overturn what had come before [12] . Sample Essays For Military. So Matthew uses many OT references to demonstrate that the Lord came to fulfill the Old Testament; that the kingdom of God truly was at hand and tabloids that the Jews rejected it. The Gospel of Matthew is thus a comfort and a challenge to every believer.

It shows that God is a covenant keeping God. It shows that His promises are faithful and true. On Lord Flies. However it also shows that there comes a point when enough is enough and if the believers do not turn to Him in faith then He will move on. The Jews were laid aside but one day they will be restored. In the interim the wild olive branches get to flourish; it is up to essay about tabloids, us to ensure we do so. The Gospel of Mark is the one book that clearly is a true evangelistic Gospel. The first verse clearly states that that is the intent of in praise what follows and essay about tabloids the rest of the book rushes past without pausing for breath. In the standard four fold division of the sample for military Gospels it is generally taken to be the Gospel to the Romans.

I aim to show it is the Gospel to the Romans and everyone else too [13] . A challenge facing an understanding of this gospel is to know what value it is about tabloids, providing. About ninety percent of the material found in Chemistry its verses is replicated in essay about tabloids one of the other Gospels. Sample Essays For Military. It certainly has some tweaks and twists but it seems strange that the Spirit should have to produce another Gospel just to squeeze in less that a hundred verses. I believe an about tabloids, understanding of this question is the key to the Gospel itself. It also underpins my claim that Mark is the Gospel; at least amongst the of the synoptic gospels. The primary value of essay about Mark lies not in the content but in the form of the Gospel. In the same way that a study Bible is useful to someone with a full set of commentaries, Mark's gospel contains the 'need to essays first series emerson, know' information for someone set on the path of being saved. The extra value provided by Mark is essay tabloids, that the prcis is provided and endorsed by God Himself rather than being some 'how to evangelize' book constructed by in praise f word, the human intellect. Viewing Mark as the Gospel handbook the distinctive features become all the essay tabloids more interesting. Firstly the essays adverb euthus rendered immediately or anon occurs forty two times; more often than in the rest of the New Testament put together.

This is essay about tabloids, a stark reminder that now is the day of salvation [14] . Secondly Jesus appears fully formed and essays mature nine verses in to the Gospel. There are no manger scenes or cute stories about baby Jesus. For the purposes of evangelism Jesus is a man. About Tabloids. Incidentally, whilst in essay the process of counting verses the notion of repentance and remission of sins occurs 5 verses earlier than Jesus in essay tabloids verse 4. The three remaining features are more a matter of weight and preference. Mark devotes six of his sixteen chapters to the last week of the Lord's life. On Lord Of The Flies. Matthew devotes seven but from essay, a Gospel that is almost twice as long. Clearly even a rapid representation of the Lord's life must not skimp on the end of it. First Series Emerson. Our Lord came with the purpose of essay about tabloids dying [15] ; the whole Gospel hinges upon His sacrificial death and resurrection and therefore it should not be pushed to one side.

The teaching section of of the piggy Mark is relatively thin and covers the need for faith, humility, proper judgment and simplicity. Essay. In terms of social issues he really only tackles marriage and wealth. Mark was not presenting a social gospel, or even really a legal one. The bulk of the rest of Mark's material is then miracles. Healing after healing with control of weather and provisions intertwined. To me it is for high, interesting that the Gospel starts with the essay about tabloids presumption of guilt and then focuses almost exclusively upon the miraculous power and loving character of the Lord followed by essay for high school students, his rejection, death and resurrection. Mark has urgency and focus and I believe a purpose in mind. About. To steep the mind of the essays series amazon reader in those things they need to know to decide for Christ. I fear that things other than provided by Mark may just be a distraction that actually gets in the way of a seeking soul.

The decision that Matthew is not to be viewed as an evangelistic Gospel takes close scrutiny and careful, open minded consideration of the facts. Mark is able to describe his reason for writing in the opening verse; Luke with characteristic accuracy takes four. But as Luke has defined his purpose so methodically [16] it is a little surprising that people should assume the Gospel of Luke to about tabloids, be anything other than what it very precisely claims. Luke starts by providing a setting. He is clearly writing after a number of in praise of the essay others had already attempted to produce orderly accounts. This shows that he was not simply working from oral tradition or fragmentary anecdotes; at least some documents of comprehensive style had been produced. Luke also details his subject: those things which are surely believed or fulfilled. Essay About Tabloids. He, and his predecessors, was focused upon those things which were true.

Luke then goes on to qualify that those things that had been written were sourced from essay contests school students 2009, direct eyewitnesses and those that served the word. Essay About. These opening two verses at first sight render another Gospel useless; those things which are well sourced and emerson attested have already been written down in an orderly fashion. In the third verse Luke declares why he was justified in writing his gospel; because he now has perfect understanding [17] of all things from the about tabloids very first. Unless we wish to lay the of the essay charge of conceit to Luke we have to analyze why he thought his knowledge was perfect and others less so. It is particularly strange given that he has already acknowledged that the preceding accounts were accurate and handed down by apostles and eyewitnesses. I believe the clue lies in John 14:26. The Lord had told the disciples that He couldn't tell them everything during His life. That one would come that would teach them all things. A significant amount of that came from the epistles and specifically from Paul.

It is not at all inconceivable that Luke was written shortly after the about major theological epistles. Luke was probably sitting there next to the author of Romans when he became challenged to write an account of the essays first Lord's life in the light of what had now been revealed. The Luke declares his target audience; a man named Theophilus. There is some debate as to whether Theophilus really existed or whether it was a code name for essay tabloids believers everywhere. I suspect it was a real person, but that cannot allow us to ignore the name that the person happened to have. The name was Theophilus which means friend or lover of God. Just in case the subtlety of the name escapes one the precise Luke proceeds to point out that the things he was going to in praise of the essay, describe where things in which the target audience had already received instruction. The purpose of this narrative was to give an authoritative version of events so that they could be thoroughly known and understood by the believing reader. I think it is clear that if the essay tabloids book of Luke really is the essays 'Gospel to the Greeks' then the essay author of thesis color same hadn't been kept in the loop. As the authoritative fact-book for essay new believers Luke's gospel shows a number of characteristics.

Firstly Luke is extremely precise in his historical, political and geographical details; Luke wanted his readers to know his facts were historical facts that could be traced through secular history. For High. The next obvious content feature is essay, his focus upon Chemistry the early life of Jesus. This is a complete hole in two Gospels and is given very different treatment in Matthew. Luke wants to about tabloids, provide the interested believer with information about the Lord they love. He also uses the same narratives to introduce five songs of praise which are songs that should resonate within the heart of any true Christian. As well as providing facts for the new believer Luke was clearly keen to show the believer how to think and act using the Lord as a role model.

Therefore we find Luke dealing often with attitudes; both the good and the bad of the people involved in of the flies narratives. In particular Luke seems to wish to re-align some of the attitudes towards women. Luke would be aware of Gal 3:28; that there is neither male nor female in Christ Jesus. About Tabloids. He thus refers to women over in praise f word, forty times, fractionally less than the other two synoptic gospels combined. Essay. Luke also stresses the ministry of the Holy Spirit and the prayer life of Christ. Knowing Romans 6-8 and possibly even Ephesians 6 [18] Luke would be aware that the Christian life is primarily a spiritual battle and thus he aims to show from the in praise f word essay Lord's life and action that prayer is vital and essay about that power comes from the Spirit not self. The reason for the Gospel of John is stated in Jn 20:31 but these are written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and emerson that believing you may have life in His name.

It would appear clear that John really is an evangelistic Gospel with the purpose of bringing eternal life. Whilst written over a generation later we would expect it to be similar to Mark. But it isn't similar to Mark; or any of the synoptic Gospels. About ninety percent of the material in John is unique to John. It certainly bears the hallmarks of a conservative Gospel; it mentions sin more often that the about other Gospels combined. But the of the f word astonishing thing is tabloids, it never once mentions repentance [19] . In fact the Chemistry Gospel of John places belief as the key to about tabloids, eternal life [20] independent of an act of repentance. I believe that if we take John's Gospel as a straightforward evangelistic Gospel then we have to accept an extremely liberal view of salvation. Returning to the key verse the direct implication is that if you believe Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God then you have eternal life. Sample Academies. By this logic even demons have eternal life [21] an illogical viewpoint as emphasized by James [22] . I do believe that John is an evangelistic tool; however I don't believe it actually is a gospel at all in essay the biblical meaning of the word. It may be noted for example the John is the Chemistry only 'gospel' not to use the word 'gospel' [23] . The purpose of John's Gospel is to reveal Christ.

Of course John would write the full Revelation of Christ a little later but here in John's gospel we see the events of Christ's life packaged up to show the Lord's nature and character. In style I think it is best characterized by the expression Let's take a step back and about look at this. Essay. John doesn't start with the Gospel like Mark, with the incarnation like Luke or with Israeli history like Matthew. He starts before Genesis 1 to explain that the incarnated Messiah was actually the creator of the universe. It is interesting too that John was chosen to essay about tabloids, write this. The simplest of the writers was picked to describe probably the sample essays for military academies most complex of the Gospels.

But I believe this is deliberate: the about tabloids purpose of the book is to bring the first emerson amazon reader as close as possible to understanding the essay about God became man that walked upon the Earth and in praise of the f word essay whose glory was beheld [24] . This book is to be experienced as much as read. The precision of Luke would have complicated needlessly and the speed of Mark would have spoiled the effect. A key feature of John is the seven specific I AM's and of course the majestic, general I AM [25] where Christ flatly states that He is God. It is possible to essay, see in thesis color this something of an apologetic feel. Both the manhood and the deity of Christ have come under attack by this point in the church's history and it is not unlikely that John would want to tackle that. Essay. However I don't think John placed these items for theological precision. I suspect he simply believed that to know Christ more fully then your mind had to be expanded to encompass His deity and the seven different ramifications of that which are given. Emerson. It is true too that the seven I AM's have global reach.

Jesus is tabloids, presented as the light of the world not just of Israel. Another often noted feature of the fourth gospel is the amount of essays first amazon it that is a recording of the Lord speaking; either to individuals or in the form of a monologue. For people with red letter Bibles John is very much the reddest book to be found. Essay Tabloids. This really serves to purposes. Firstly it allows John to convey a lot of theology and theory in a very accurate and natural way.

Secondly it brings the reader even closer to Christ as one can imagine the words being spoken to oneself far more readily and reasonably than one can envisage participating in a scene. For the thesis color believers these are verities that can encourage and essay tabloids exalt; for the non-believer they are challenges to Chemistry, be accepted or ignored. Whilst I consider this explanation of the purpose of John's Gospel is acceptable it doesn't fully explain why John would present a repentance free Gospel. The solution, I believe, is to view John as a wrapper to the Gospel that is tabloids, really presented in Mark. Mark pretty much cuts to the chase and presents a pathway to salvation but he doesn't provide answers to the enquiring rational mind that doubts even some of the precepts of Christianity.

Most importantly Mark presents what Christ did for the people He walked amongst and what He did for us. John presents who Christ was. We should expect that His nature and character will be winsome and attractive and as such can be used to draw people towards a consideration of the thesis color Gospel. Once they are at the point of tabloids believing in Jesus they can follow the lead of the Philippian Jailer and ask what they can do to be saved [26] . When considering the importance of the book of Acts it is necessary to separate out the importance that the events occurred from the importance that we should have a record of Chemistry them. It is significant that Acts was written by essay about, Luke. It wasn't Matthew annotating a huge dispensational shift of time.

It wasn't Mark defining what we need to essay for high 2009, be saved. And it wasn't John bringing us to a closer relationship view of Jesus Christ and bolstering our beliefs. It was the enlightened Luke with his desire to ensure the believer is fully and accurately informed. I believe part of the reason that Acts is informative to the Christian is that it narrates the initiation of many of the essay about tabloids features of the thesis color church today. Acts narrates the creation of the church itself, the move into Samaritan and then Gentile outreach and then ultimately the missionary drive that caused the Gospel to penetrate Europe.

Acts also shows how deacons and elders came about and essay tabloids shows the New Testament pattern of of the f word essay church government. Persecution and martyrdom are also shown as a permanent reminder that true Christianity has a price. Within Acts, as within the Gospel of Luke, Luke is keen to draw out those features that will edify and encourage the about saint - specifically prayer and the Holy Spirit. Throughout Acts we see Christians at the heights of achievement and in depths of persecution, in conflict and in harmony. Yet throughout the same narrative we see the Holy Spirit strengthening, comforting, empowering and guiding. The two actions are entwined in Chemistry the book as they should be in the believers' life. The third strand [27] is prayer. We see individual and corporate prayer working as the powerhouse that causes miracles to happen. However I believe the true value of about Acts is best apprehended by reading books other than Acts.

Even a book on essays series emerson amazon, the development of the New Testament quickly degenerates into 'tradition has it', 'an early tradition states' or 'according to about tabloids, some church fathers' for matters even shortly after the book of Acts. The reality is that without a divinely authoritative account of Chemistry history we are left guessing and sometimes frustrated about what happened in the relatively early church. Acts ensures that at least the very early church, up to around 60AD is thoroughly documented. This is important not just to satisfy our curiosity and to provide a grounding for the church but also because it provides a basis for the context for much of the New Testament that we have. As an example of the latter point I would like to briefly consider the dating of the three synoptic gospels with a view to about tabloids, a gentle attempt at solving the synoptic problem [28] . For High School. It is easiest to start by dating Acts. The narrative finishes during Paul's two year internment in Rome and thus it must have been written then at the earliest. Given nothing else is detailed and significant events happened in the mid-60s [29] it is reasonable to assume it was finished during that internment which places in around 58-60AD. Luke's gospel was clearly written before Acts, it was would have required a significant amount of research which could have occurred during Paul's two years in Caesarea 56-58AD [30] . By this time he would have had access to Romans, 12 Corinthians, 12 Thessalonians, Galatians.

It is possible the essay about tabloids gospel was being written alongside Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians and Philemon sometime around 60AD. Mark and Matthew are notoriously difficult to contests for high, date and my attempt is no more than speculation. However we do know that Mark had left the first [31] missionary journey and was still in disgrace at the start of the second [32] (49AD). We also know that by the writing of 2 Timothy (64-67AD) he was back in Paul's favor. I can see two possibilities for the construct of Mark.

One would be early fifties; Mark had visited Jerusalem, he was fresh from the mission field without direct apostolic support. It is quite possible that this had spurred him towards writing his gospel. The other possibility goes to the mid sixties. Mark in Rome with Paul and Peter the two great evangelists of the apostolic era both facing imminent martyrdom. Mark may easily have undertaken to write a gospel under their guidance to essay, carry the baton as it were once the two men were called home. Of the two early church traditions would point to the mid sixties. Matthew is even harder to of the f word, date purely from scripture. He appears once in the thirteenth verse of the first chapter of Acts and about then disappears from sight.

Luke doesn't tell us any more and thesis color thus we can be relatively sure we don't need to know. We do however know rather more about the pattern by which the church spread. Essentially the church was in Jerusalem until Acts 8:4 when persecution drove it to Samaria. The third stage is worldwide mission commenced with the first missionary journey in Acts 13, around 47AD. Whilst it is not noted as a stage I believe Acts 18:6 is essay tabloids, another turning point; from then on Paul was going to preach to the gentiles primarily [33] . This was towards the tail of the second missionary journey about 52AD. Whether you believe Matthew was the Gospel to the Jews or a book narrating the shift away from a Jewish focus it doesn't make much sense to me to have it written after the shift has taken place. I therefore think it has to be before 52AD and probably after Acts 8. I would therefore go with middle to late forties. With reference to the synoptic problem this roughly corresponds to the Two Gospel (or Griesbach) Hypothesis. This paper has looked at the traditional explanations for having four Gospels. The 'four different viewpoints' was partially accepted as a contributory reason but also rejected as a primary driving reason for the multiplicity of Gospels. The 'four different target audiences' theory was then described but then rejected as being largely untrue for two Gospels and blatantly false for two.

In place of Chemistry this theory was a suggestion that Matthew was written to document and justify the transfer from Christianity to Judaism. Mark is a true evangelistic Gospel containing all that is needful to be saved. Luke is then a primer for new believers giving an authoritative overview of the facts of the Lord's life. John is then the book designed to give people a close look at Christ. To the believer this is a bolster to faith; to the unsaved it is a motivation to consider the gospel.

Finally Acts is the detailed narrative that shows us how the about tabloids church and its traditions came about and provides the background for the rest of the New Testament. Together this New Testament Pentateuch form the basis of all that is to follow. [1]Rom 9:4 [2]Eze 1:10,Rev 4:7 [3]John 14:26 [4]John 21:25 [5] We are actually told from Moses onwards speaks of Christ. Lu 24:27,44 [6]Mat 18:17 [7] LaHaye, Tim Introduction to Matthew, Prophecy Study Bible [8]Mat 8:10 [9]Mat 15:28 [10]Mat 16:18,18:17 [11]Mat 28:19 [12]Mat 5:17 [13] It is interesting to note that the Chemistry so-called Gospel to the Romans omits the faith of the about tabloids centurion; which Matthew and Luke both include! [14]2Co 6:2 [15]Heb 2:9 [16] Robertson gives an excellent walk though of the Greek of the opening four verses of Luke. The opening verse alone contains 3 words unique in the NT but relatively common in other Greek medical literature. [17] Per Robertson the Greek literally means to trace the course of all things with your mind [18] This one is debatable, it depends upon the precise time of the writing of Luke. Some of the date issues are covered in the section upon Acts. [19] Or even repent [20] Eg John 3:16,John 5:24 [21]Mt 8:29,Mr 5:7 [22]James 2:19 [23] In fact it is interesting to study the thesis color use of the essay about word 'gospel' in the New Testament. In Matthew and Luke the gospel is sample for military, described as something the Lord is preaching or that will be preached.

Mark of course declares itself to be a gospel. I don't think John is focused on the Gospel at all. [24]John 1:14 is about tabloids, one of those awe inspiring verses that for me is a better basis for the Gospel of John than Jn 20:21 which is in praise essay, commonly chosen. [25]John 8:58 cf Exodus 3:14 [26]Acts 16:30 [27]Ec 4:12 [28] The synoptic problem is document credibly here: http://www.mindspring.com/ scarlson/synopt/ [29] Burning of Rome 64AD, Paul's Second Imprisonment 64-67AD, Jewish rebellion 66AD, fall of Jerusalem 70AD. [30] Acts 23-25 [31]Acts 13:13 [32]Acts 15:38 [33] Until this point he had always started by visiting the synagogues.

100 Argument or Position Essay Topics with Sample Essays. VirginiaLynne has been a University English instructor for over 20 years. She specializes in helping people write essays faster and easier. For your paper, you will pick an issue to research. You will need to be sure that this is an arguable issue, which means it is one that people hold different views about. As you read through information on this issue, you should be narrowing your topic into a single statement which states your position. This could be a claim of tabloids fact, definition, cause, value, or policy. Note: Some teachers use the term argument essay and others call it a position essay. These terms mean the same thing and are used interchangeably in this article. Is there a way to reduce abortions without legislation? (policy) Does a police officer's racial background make a difference in essays for military academies, how they do their job? (value) Should the racial make-up of tabloids a police department be the same as the community they serve? (definition) How can pro-life and pro-choice groups work together? (values) Should Barbie be banned? (value) Should reality T.V. shows have regulations? (policy) What is true beauty? (definition) Is video gaming good or bad? (value) Are beauty contests a positive thing for Chemistry, young girls? (value) Are participation trophies in athletics a good idea? (policy) Are overbearing sports parents helpful or harmful? (definition) Should young children be pushed to essay tabloids, compete at athletics? (policy) Should children have scheduled activities or be left more time for free play? (value) What is the cause of the increase in child obesity? (cause) How can we encourage children to be more active? (policy) Should people on welfare be required to first series emerson amazon, submit to drug testing? (policy) Why do so many celebrities have terrible life problems? (cause) Should media coverage be regulated? (policy) What is the effect of media coverage on elections? (fact) What is human trafficking? (definition) How can human trafficking be stopped? (policy) How do elected female officials differ from elected males? (fact) How important is essay it to have equal representation of genders and races in first series amazon, political office? (value) How can we support the election of more females to political offices? (policy) How can we get more minorities to become police officers? (policy) How can the about, rights of artists and writers be protected on the Internet? (policy) Why should you pay for Chemistry, your music? (value) Does religious persecution exist? (fact) Should people be allowed to make designer babies? (value) What can be done to reduce unemployment among young African American men? (policy) Should the minimum wage be raised or lowered? (policy) This essay argues that sometimes, a nursing home can be the best choice. Poor Across Oceans.

This essay argues that we need to care more for people in developing countries. Hunger Hurts. Essay About Tabloids. How can we solve the problem of hunger? Should we have a national high school exam? (policy) Is private school tuition (elementary, high school, or college) really worth it? (value) Does statewide testing (like the Chemistry, TAKS/STAAR test in Texas) really increase student knowledge? (cause) Should colleges abolish reliance on SAT and ACT scores in admissions? (policy) How should the country's school system be reformed? (policy) Should the U.S. Essay Tabloids. adopt an essays first series amazon, educational system like Europe's? (policy) What causes students to essay about, graduate from high school without basic skills? (cause) How do American students compare with students from other countries? (fact) What role should technology play in education? (value) What is the value of a liberal arts education? (value) Should students be required to thesis color, take foreign language courses (or any other type of specific course)? Does adding days to the school year really improve learning? (fact) Should schools continue to spend money on about tabloids, fine arts? (value) How should students whose first language is not English be taught in public schools? (policy) Should college athletes be paid? (policy) Cell phones control our relationships. (definition) Computers are changing the way humans think. (fact) Texting and cell phone use has caused young people to be less able to concentrate and focus (or you can do the reverse—has caused them to be able to Chemistry, handle multi-tasking more effectively and efficiently). (cause) Cell phones have changed the way we relate to each other in positive ways. (value) Cell phones, texts, and emails are not as good as talking face-to-face. Tabloids. (value) Textbooks should be replaced by thesis color i-Pads and online resources. (policy) How are online technologies changing the about, way we live? (policy) How is technology changing our definition of Chemistry what it means to be human? (value) What laws should we have about cell phone use in cars? (policy) How is social media changing family relationships? (definition) Should parents limit teenagers' use of social media? (policy) What privacy policies should be upheld by essay tabloids social media companies? (policy) What should (and should not) be posted on Facebook by 2009 college students? (value) Should scientists be allowed to experiment on human embryos? (value) What is nanotechnology? What are its applications and possible uses in tabloids, the future? (definition) Which kind of for high school students topic are you most interested in? Is China the about tabloids, Next Superpower? (Fact) How should we respond to Chemistry, the global problem of illegal immigration? (policy) Would a border fence solve the immigration problem in the U.S.? (fact) What is the relationship between immigration and essay tabloids, nationality? (definition) What causes people to immigrate illegally? (cause) Should the U.S. have a visitor work program? (policy) How has immigration affected the history of the U.S.? (definition) Should all states have laws giving policemen the right to of the f word, require people to prove their legal status? (policy) How can legal immigration be streamlined? (policy) Who should be allowed to immigrate? Who should not? (value) How many illegal immigrants live in the U.S.? Who are they and where do they live? (fact) Toilet Video Games?

Have We Gone Too Far? Is war inevitable? How does war become integral to about, society? (definition) How do people justify war? (value) What might help establish peace? (policy) Should the U.S. continue to act as a policeman for other countries? (value) How should the United States defend itself against terrorism? (policy) Is drone warfare ethical? (value) How is cyber warfare becoming more important? (fact) Is the U.S. engaging in cyber attacks on other countries? (fact) How did 9/11 change the way Americans feel about themselves as a world power? (definition) Should military spending in the U.S. increase or decrease? (policy) How important is race to American identity? (fact) To what extent does individual identity depend on essays, ethnic affiliation? (definition) How does immigration from Latin America affect the essay, culture of America? (fact) Why do Americans think in essay for high, terms of a person having one race when so many Americans have a mixed racial, cultural, and/or ethnic background? (value) Is it a good idea for people to adopt children from tabloids, another ethnic group? (value) What is culture? (definition) What is the value of knowing your racial and sample essays for military, cultural heritage? (value) Should schools be required to teach multiculturalism? (policy) Should churches work harder to be multi-racial? (value) How can parents help raise their children to be appreciative of other cultures? (policy) Is global warming a problem and if so, what can we do about it? (fact) How can we resolve the economy versus environment debate? (policy) How can we be sure to provide clean water for everyone? (policy) What responsibility do Americans have for providing clean water to other nations? (value) How will the worldwide population increase affect our planet? (fact) What can be done to stop poaching of endangered species? (policy) Is hunting good for essay about, the environment? (definition/fact) How can citizens be responsible for Chemistry, their local environment? (policy) What can manufacturers do to help clean up the earth? (fact) What is the importance of clean water? (fact) What is the relationship between health and pollution? (fact) How does the current trend of species extinction compare to the past? (fact) What can Americans do to stop global pollution? (policy) How can we encourage people to essay tabloids, recycle more? (value) How does global warming increase the dangers of disease in the U.S.? (fact) Sometimes, it can help to Chemistry, look through your textbook to find essays to spark ideas. In my class, we use a book by Nancy Wood called Perspectives on Argument . In the back of this book is a list of suggested issues and articles related to those issues. Usually, these articles are just a start for looking for a topic.

You can take an essay about, idea from the essays series emerson, article you like and then research it to find out what different people think about that issue. Still having trouble finding a topic? Try looking up an about tabloids, issue you are interested in on YouTube. You might get some good ideas just browsing around. Sometimes the on lord of the piggy, title of a video can give you a main idea and title. About Tabloids. Especially look for ideas that can be turned into questions that you can argue pro thesis color or con. Whether you go online or look at tabloids a paper copy, you can use the thesis color, news to give you an idea of what to write about. Just remember that if you are doing a research paper that you will need to cite any sources that you use, so make sure you keep a copy.

100 Problem Solution Essay Topics with Sample Essays. by Virginia Kearney 42. Tabloids. How to Write a Reflective Essay with Sample Essays. by Virginia Kearney 21. Thesis Color. How to Write Cause and Effect Essays. by Virginia Kearney 5. How to Write a Summary, Analysis, and Response Essay Paper With Examples. by Virginia Kearney 55. About Tabloids. 100 Science Topics for Research Papers. by essays first Virginia Kearney 109. How to Write an Argument Essay Step by tabloids Step. by Virginia Kearney 15. Virginia Kearney 2 weeks ago from United States. Hi Rosie--You have a good topic and an interesting personal connection. Chemistry. I'd suggest that you do a frame story introduction and conclusion. Start with your situation and then stop part-way through and ask the question: should you call CPS? Then do your answer and about tabloids, tell why or why not.

Finish with telling the end of your story. See my articles on How to write an argument paper and How to write a position paper for essays academies, full instructions. Wondering how to essay about, write a position essay. Topic should you call Child Protective Services. In my personal life we are going through a situation where we called the child protective services but much is not being done. Was thinking if I choose this topic I could write some of our family's frustration about the sample academies, situation, don't know how to go about writing this essay. Virginia Kearney 4 weeks ago from United States. Khen--You can find help if you look for my articles about how to essay about tabloids, write different kinds of f word position or argument papers.

I have several different articles that can lead you step by essay about step through the flies, process. Can you please help me in my position paper? Virginia Kearney 2 months ago from United States. Roami, You have an interesting idea. I think one way for you to about tabloids, get some good information to start your paper is to research why local languages are not included in flies piggy, the instruction first. Tabloids. Next, you might want to interview some people to find out contests 2009, their positions and to get some quotes on this topic. Finally, you might want to get some research articles which show whether or not using a local or home language of a student helps them to about, learn better. In the Chemistry, United States, research has shown that students who receive some instruction in their own language at about tabloids least at essays first emerson amazon first often do better in the long run than a child who is fully immersed in English. In my own experience as a teacher, I discovered that children who came to essay, an all-English classroom before grade 2 or 3, generally was very competent in that language by age 12. However, if they entered an all English school later, they were often not able to catch up.

However, that only works if the in praise, child is in a school where no one else speaks their native language (as is often true in the U.S. but not true in a school where all the children speak their local language together). You have a wonderful topic and one that is very important for your country to about tabloids, consider. I wish you great success in your paper. pls, i need u to look into this position topic for me. Should local languages be made as compulsory as religious languages in schools. Virginia Kearney 4 months ago from United States. Sample For Military. Hi Sam, you might want to try my article about Funny Argumentative Essay Topic Ideas, or else do the negative of about tabloids any idea here or in Chemistry, one of my many other argument essays. In a devil's advocate paper, you want to go against what most people think.

Here are a few ideas just to tabloids, get you thinking: Why Trump will be regarded as one of essays on lord flies our top 5 presidents. Why we should leave ISIS alone. Why race is less a problem in essay about tabloids, America than Europe. Why the leader of North Korea isn't really crazy. I have this assignment of playing the role of devil's advocate and I can't think of a good topic! ( I personally prefer a political related topic). Essays For Military Academies. Virginia Kearney 6 months ago from United States. Aidyn-You add a very interesting position topic.

I had not thought about tabloids, schools making rules against fasting but it certainly could hurt a child's performance in school if they were fasting for essays first emerson, a longer period than a day or two. That could cause a school to be concerned. Thanks for your comment and idea. Aidyn Krikorian 6 months ago. I greatly appreciate your website, and about tabloids, I have a suggestion for of the, a topic. Should we allow fasting or other religious acts in schools? This topic facsinates me and I do hope you will consider it.

I have chosen a topic to essay, use for a paper from this webpage and will be returning. Thank you, Aidyn. Virginia Kearney 6 months ago from United States. Rose--You did not mention what aspect of culture you are writing about which makes it hard to help you. However, for example, if you are writing a paper arguing to people that only like modern music that classical music is essays series worth listening to, you could start by talking about what you agree with about modern music and acknowledge why people of your generation might prefer to essay tabloids, listen to it. Then you could explain why they would actually enjoy classical music if they gave it a try or explain how they could grow to appreciate that kind of music. I need help on my regerian Argument eassy on culture. I dont now how to start it, Does anyone knows how.thanks. Flies. Preston Heard 8 months ago. These are great topics for essay about, the upcoming research essays.

I will definitely be using one of them. Thank you for essays flies, this resource! Aaron Gibson 8 months ago. Excited for your class this semester! Matt Hartman 8 months ago. About Tabloids. This article along with many of the other articles you have written will be very helpful this semester! I'm looking forward to your class! Virginia Kearney 11 months ago from United States. Look for my articles about how to write argument or position essays for lots of Chemistry ideas on essay tabloids, how to introduce essays and essay contests for high students 2009, find sources. Luckily, Google Scholar has lots of about excellent peer-reviewed essays that are good sources, but you can also find many good sources that come from contests for high 2009, government, Universities or published journals that post online (look for about, .gov, .edu or a journal that also appears in essays on lord of the piggy, print).

One easy way to start your introduction is to essay about, tell a story about a student who is generally shy (or maybe bullied) but gets excited (and more included by others) when they are able to share about their own culture during a multiculturalism unit. I am doing an Apa essay on Chemistry, should schools be required to teach multiculturalism any idea on how I should start my intro and what sources I should use? Virginia Kearney 11 months ago from United States. Essay Tabloids. Bebe--You don't tell me whether your paper is a research paper or not, but I've written many articles on how to write different sorts of essays. You can use the search engine on HubPages to find them, or look at the links that usually appear when you pull up one of my articles. Search Argument essays or How to Write a Position Essay or just type in VirginiaLynne. To start a paper on your topic, I think I would use a story in the introduction showing a miscommunication when people don't talk face to face. Hey . Can you please help me in essays for military, my position paper . I dont how to start . My topic is about cellphone,texts and emails are not as good as talking face to essays for military academies, face . It is from yours sample :) thank you. About Tabloids. I think that is sample essays academies video gaming good or bad is essay about a great topic to essay for high 2009, choose. Virginia Kearney 18 months ago from United States. Yes Alsaifl, I think that What is beauty? could be a topic.

You are right that your answer would be a definition claim. Essay About. Jumanah Alsaif 18 months ago. Is the topics What is for military true beauty? (definition) a good topic for a position paper? I was thinking of writing how the definition of beauty is different for each individual. Brittany Adams 14 2 years ago. Tabloids. Thank you so much for posting!

This helps a lot with my writing! Tariq Ali Khan 2 years ago. Excellent work buddy! Thank you so much ! Kristen Howe 2 years ago from Northeast Ohio. Great topics for a variety of essays for everyone who needs to in praise of the f word essay, be inspired. Essay About Tabloids. Voted up for essays piggy, useful!

That Tom Hanks video is hilarious. These ideas are very thought-provoking and inspiring! Virginia Kearney 2 years ago from United States. Cindy A. So glad I was able to give you some good information! Unbelievable.

You have helped me enormously. Essay About. Thank you so much. Thank you for these great topics. VJG 2 years ago from Texas. This would be an interesting article for school students. They always seem to struggle for of the essay, essay ideas. Virginia Kearney 3 years ago from about, United States. Hi Safa--Here are the main steps: 1. Choose a question you are going to write about. Then think about essays of the flies piggy, what your answer to the question is going to be. 2. Decide what you want your reader to essay tabloids, think, do or believe after they read your essay. That is your thesis (the answer to your question).

3. Essays. Decide who you want to persuade to believe this (that is your reader or audience). Think about what that reader already knows and believes about your topic. That will help you develop your arguments. The reader should not be someone who already believes what you do. About Tabloids. If they do, you aren't really arguing are you? 4. Thesis Color. Think of at least 3 reasons why your reader should believe your thesis. Those reasons will be the main body part of your essay. 5. Tabloids. Think of examples or evidence which supports each of those reasons. That is what you will use to first amazon, support those three reasons.

6. About. What objections will your reader have? Write those out and also your answers to those objections. This will be a paragraph after your reasons. Of The Flies. 7. For your conclusion think of what good will come if your reader believes you. Virginia Kearney 3 years ago from United States. Hi katha- if you look at the bottom right blue box I have the links to sample essays. Essay About. These are student essays so they are published by my students under their own names here on hubpages.

Maybe I should move these up on the page so you can find them more easily. Virginia Kearney 3 years ago from United States. Samarah--Yes I think that vaccinating children is a very good topic. You can also narrow that to particular types of vaccinations that are new like the chickenpox vaccine or the HPV. Another possible argument on this topic is essays academies whether or not it is true that vaccines are the main reason for better health in people today than in about, the past. Is the essays amazon, right to tabloids, vaccinate children a good topic? Virginia Kearney 3 years ago from United States. I think you can do something related to essays on lord of the piggy, obesity or how different types of food are good or bad for your health. Or you can talk about GMO foods or organic or locally grown produce. Virginia Kearney 5 years ago from tabloids, United States. Xstatic--I love the students 2009, fact that you do have a position on everything--I like to look at tabloids all sides of things and that is great as an instructor teaching positions, because I can play the devils advocate, but sometimes I do need to just nail down my own point of view!

Jim Higgins 5 years ago from Eugene, Oregon. A great how to for position papers. I have not written one for years, though I have a position on almost everything. Useful Hub and well done as usual. Copyright 2017 HubPages Inc. and on lord flies, respective owners.

Other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners. HubPages ® is essay about tabloids a registered Service Mark of essays HubPages, Inc. HubPages and Hubbers (authors) may earn revenue on about tabloids, this page based on thesis color, affiliate relationships and advertisements with partners including Amazon, Google, and others. Copyright 2017 HubPages Inc. and respective owners.

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