Homework help calculus

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Full Biodata Resume Format Download. 1 Year Experience Resume Format free Download. Resume or Curriculum Vitae Writing Proforma Format. Example of you should, Student Resume Format Download. A resume format is usually chronological but over time functional and combination resume formats have emerged as well.

Here is a brief on homework calculus, all the 3 formats. Thesis! It’s the help calculus traditional resume format where employment history is listed in the reverse order- commencing with the in a reflective essay current one to the oldest or first job. The tried tested format is help calculus a favorite of the HR professionals hiring managers all around. The chronological format will allow the candidate to showcase his upward mobility in the career. It would be useful for specialist mid-level applicants. You must follow the chronological resume when. Social Networking Thesis Papers! You have to portray a vertical progression in your career You more or less had a consistent career with no such big work-experience gaps in between You are planning a change of homework, company but in similar trade.

The functional resume format focuses mostly on the skills of the applicant rather than his work experiences. Unlike the conventional chronological format, this one ignores when where the applicant performed or learned those skills. It’s the fact that the candidate holds those skills relevant to the specific job opening, is highlighted in the functional format. The functional format would be useful for you when- You need to beginning with, create a Fresher Resume Format Templates with no previous work experience but when you are confident about your skills You have big gaps in your career history You are looking forward to promote a particular skill set. Help Calculus! As the name suggests, combination resume focuses on a fusion of the traditional chronological functional resumes.

Such a resume would usually start with professional profile/summary of qualifications which will include your skills, abilities achievements that are pertinent to the specific job opening you are applying for- it’s for sentences, the functional side. The introductory section would be followed by job experience, education (B.E) additional related sections in the reverse chronological format. Such a resume would be great when- You are looking forward to highlight a well-developed relevant skill set You have mastered your art You are planning a switch to another industry. For example, let’s say you are working as an investment banker but you are really good at homework help calculus cartoons or conceptual sketching- such artistic skills would be a wealth for advertising industry in case you are planning to turn your hobbies into your profession. Formatting a resume is no rocket science but you have to social thesis papers, be really strategic with the overall planning. As mentioned earlier, the traditional chronological approach is relevant when you are proud of the help upward mobility that you have attained in your career. If you are a person with huge or at least some professional experience in your industry- the chronological style would be the proper resume format for you. The best resume format for a functional resume strategically groups the key skills abilities of the candidate in various categories to explain his eligibility expertise for some particular job. The skill-based focus will enable you to pull the prospective employer’s attention on your strength which would in turn divert the focus from your absent or flawed employment record. For example, let’s say you are applying for the position of analytical, a sales manager in a MNC with an international market- and in such a case your functional resume would stress on categories with headings like “team building leadership expertise”, “fluency in foreign languages” etc.

In some of cases, the homework calculus functional resume is completely devoid of the employment history. Even if it is mentioned, it appears at reflective the very bottom of the resume or in homework calculus the next page to de-stress on its importance. Friendship! When you are planning a combination resume , you have to help calculus, commence with your key qualifications skills. You can include your career objective, expertise, accomplishments pertinent training relevant to the job application here. The strategy here is to fill up 80-85% of your resume with your skills talents and quote, the rest 15-20 percent would be about your career history.

Unlike the help calculus functional resume, you cannot omit your career history here. Beginning A Block Quote! Make sure it’s easy to read Use bullet points and adequate spacing- single spacing when you are writing about your skills under same category and homework help calculus, double-spacing before the start of another category. Use contextual keywords relevant to your job position industry. Use formal fonts and transition, the font size should be 14 for headings and 12 for the rest. You must use strong verbs such as “managed”, “handled”, “led”, “administered”, “charted” etc. Begin the resume with summary sentence so that the hiring manager can have a blue-print of your skills abilities at a glance. Homework Help Calculus! Include personal accomplishments if they are pertinent to the relevant job opening.

Focus on research essay proposal, quantifiable accomplishments include facts figures. No grammar mistake or typo error is homework help allowed in your resume. Don’t use generic words like hardworking or confident- rather use “efficient at in a reflective essay you should handling big teams for crucial projects”. Don’t use informal email ids in contact details. Don’t use chronological resume when you have big gaps in your career. Don’t include irrelevant personal hobbies. No lengthy resume.

Don’t lie in your resume and homework calculus, be honest. When you are looking for best resume format examples, we at template.net are ready to beginning with, help you with your expert-designed resumes- whether you need a chronological one or a functional one or a combination resume. Ceative Resume Templates must be drafted using a formal format and a professional tone but it may not be possible for everyone to get it right. Thus one can make use of help calculus, a resume format. A resume format is a detailed layout and format of a resume which can be used by sentences essays those who are confused about the format of such a formal document. A resume format is homework divided into sections and categories in the exact same way as needed in a resume. It gives the users a reference point of view and idea of how a professional Resume Templates must look like.

Resume formats may also be provided with the main headings like personal details, academic details, professional experience etc. for better use and reference of the users. What makes a resume format the best resume format is the manner in papers which it is drafted or framed and homework help calculus, how much convenience it offers to the user. It must be time saving for the user to use and important, customize and should also be self-explanatory. The following are some of the contents of help calculus, a resume format which truly make it ‘best’: What is the format of with, a CV?(100 Words) When it comes to help calculus, CV, it has to papers, be professional. There are different types of CV possible depending on the purpose of its use and the expectation of the targeted audiences. Homework Help! Similarly, different types of CVs will have different formats. For example, CV for applying in an IT firm would be different from friendship a CV to apply for a marketing company. Instead of taking the risk of calculus, designing CV format yourself, it is better to in a reflective, download for sample CV collection. For example, if you download marketing resume collection, you will get a lot of Marketing Resume Format Templates and you can choose the best one that appeals to you and help, fill in the details to reflective, send it out.

What kind of Resume Should I use?(100 Words) Basically, there are four types of resume available. They are chronological, functional, combinational and homework, targeted. Chronological resumes are most commonly used as it represents the data sequentially for the employers to find them easily at the very first glance. In case you have some lapse in your work and study, then it is better to use a functional resume to cover it up skillfully. Important Essay! Combinational resume must be used when you are very experienced and your work history matters more than basic data. Targeted resumes are most effective and you need to spend more time preparing it. Homework Help Calculus! Download some Basic Resume Format Templates and some samples to make a perfect resume yourself. Essay You Should! Which Format do Most Employers Prefer for Resumes?

Depending on the job requirement, different employers prefer different resume formats. If the job requirement is for freshers only, employers would like to receive chronological resumes as the data and information about the candidate would be sequentially and it would be easy to locate required information easily. But in the case of hiring experienced professionals, employers prefer to homework, have functional resumes where experience and essay about hobbies, skills get the priority. But in general, employers prefer chronological resume format. Therefore, you need to download different formats like IT Resume Format Templates to homework help calculus, apply in research IT firm and then based on the job requirements, you have to form the resume that the homework calculus employers would prefer the most. To write a resume, you have to collect all the required data and information about transition sentences you in one place. Then you have to download some sample resumes and homework, resume templates as per networking papers the purpose of the resume. For example, if you are applying in an IT firm, you should download IT resumes or if you are applying for homework, a post of proposal, HR, you should download HR Resume Format Templates.

After downloading them, open them and start filling the details. If there are any unnecessary headings that do not match your profile, you have to omit and help calculus, delete them. You should refer to sample resume for checking out how exactly to fill the data and information to look impressive. what are two of the Most Popular Resume Formats. Beginning! Out of the four different types of homework, resumes we listed above, chronological and functional are the most popular resume formats. Chronological resume formats are popular among freshers or those who have light experience of in a, a couple of help calculus, years. On the other hand, functional resumes are popular among experienced professionals with at beginning an essay with least experience of working in homework help two and more companies. Freshers can also use it in case the candidate has diverse skills and has done many internships in the past. There are multiple formats available in these two categories and one should download freshers and Experienced Resume Format Templates to have different variations to choose from. A chronological resume is the most used resumes in beginning a block quote the world. Homework Help! In a chronological resume, everything is proposal listed from the recent to the earliest format.

For example, in academic background, your university degree would come first, followed by the college degree and homework help calculus, then at last school qualification. Similarly, in an essay a block work experience, your recent work would be listed and in homework help calculus the end, you can have your internships. This is the most preferred Writer Resumes format by the employers as it is easy for research essay proposal, them to get a snapshot of everything very quickly in their mind. There are various types of help calculus, chronological formats available and reflective essay you should, you should download freshers resume format templates to get all the variations and choose the best.

KurzweilAI | Accelerating Intelligence. An analysis of the history of technology shows that technological change is exponential, contrary to the common-sense “intuitive linear” view. So we won’t experience 100 years of help calculus, progress in the 21st century — it will be more like 20,000 years of progress (at today’s rate). The “returns,” such as chip speed and cost-effectiveness, also increase exponentially. There’s even exponential growth in the rate of exponential growth. Within a few decades, machine intelligence will surpass human intelligence, leading to essay hobbies The Singularity — technological change so rapid and profound it represents a rupture in the fabric of human history. Calculus. The implications include the merger of biological and nonbiological intelligence, immortal software-based humans, and ultra-high levels of intelligence that expand outward in the universe at the speed of light.

You will get $40 trillion just by reading this essay and social networking papers, understanding what it says. For complete details, see below. (It’s true that authors will do just about calculus anything to keep your attention, but I’m serious about this statement. Until I return to a further explanation, however, do read the first sentence of this paragraph carefully.) Now back to the future: it’s widely misunderstood. Our forebears expected the future to an essay a block quote be pretty much like their present, which had been pretty much like their past. Although exponential trends did exist a thousand years ago, they were at that very early stage where an exponential trend is so flat that it looks like no trend at all. So their lack of expectations was largely fulfilled. Today, in help accordance with the common wisdom, everyone expects continuous technological progress and the social repercussions that follow.

But the future will be far more surprising than most observers realize: few have truly internalized the implications of the fact that the short essay hobbies rate of change itself is homework help accelerating. The Intuitive Linear View versus the networking thesis papers Historical Exponential View. Most long range forecasts of technical feasibility in future time periods dramatically underestimate the power of future technology because they are based on help calculus, what I call the “intuitive linear” view of technological progress rather than the “historical exponential view.” To express this another way, it is not the case that we will experience a hundred years of progress in the twenty-first century; rather we will witness on the order of research proposal, twenty thousand years of progress (at today’s rate of progress, that is). This disparity in help outlook comes up frequently in a variety of contexts, for example, the discussion of the ethical issues that Bill Joy raised in his controversial WIRED cover story, Why The Future Doesn’t Need Us. Bill and I have been frequently paired in a variety of venues as pessimist and optimist respectively. Although I’m expected to criticize Bill’s position, and indeed I do take issue with his prescription of important essay, relinquishment, I nonetheless usually end up defending Joy on homework, the key issue of feasibility. Recently a Noble Prize winning panelist dismissed Bill’s concerns, exclaiming that, “we’re not going to in a reflective see self-replicating nanoengineered entities for a hundred years.” I pointed out that 100 years was indeed a reasonable estimate of the amount of technical progress required to achieve this particular milestone at homework help today’s rate of research essay, progress . But because we’re doubling the rate of progress every decade, we’ll see a century of progress– at help calculus today’s rate –in only 25 calendar years. When people think of a future period, they intuitively assume that the current rate of short your, progress will continue for future periods. However, careful consideration of the homework calculus pace of technology shows that the rate of progress is not constant, but it is networking thesis papers human nature to adapt to the changing pace, so the intuitive view is that the pace will continue at the current rate.

Even for those of help, us who have been around long enough to experience how the pace increases over friendship, time, our unexamined intuition nonetheless provides the homework help impression that progress changes at the rate that we have experienced recently. Friendship Essay. From the mathematician’s perspective, a primary reason for this is that an calculus exponential curve approximates a straight line when viewed for networking thesis a brief duration. Calculus. So even though the rate of about hobbies, progress in the very recent past (e.g., this past year) is far greater than it was ten years ago (let alone a hundred or a thousand years ago), our memories are nonetheless dominated by our very recent experience. It is typical, therefore, that even sophisticated commentators, when considering the future, extrapolate the help calculus current pace of change over thesis papers, the next 10 years or 100 years to determine their expectations. This is why I call this way of homework help calculus, looking at the future the “intuitive linear” view. But a serious assessment of the history of technology shows that technological change is exponential.

In exponential growth, we find that a key measurement such as computational power is multiplied by essay about hobbies, a constant factor for each unit of time (e.g., doubling every year) rather than just being added to incrementally. Exponential growth is help a feature of any evolutionary process, of which technology is a primary example. One can examine the data. in different ways, on an essay a block quote, different time scales, and for a wide variety of technologies ranging from help, electronic to biological, and the acceleration of progress and short essay, growth applies. Indeed, we find not just simple exponential growth, but “double” exponential growth, meaning that the rate of exponential growth is itself growing exponentially. These observations do not rely merely on an assumption of the continuation of Moore’s law (i.e., the exponential shrinking of transistor sizes on an integrated circuit), but is based on a rich model of diverse technological processes. What it clearly shows is that technology, particularly the pace of technological change, advances (at least) exponentially, not linearly, and has been doing so since the advent of technology, indeed since the advent of evolution on Earth. I emphasize this point because it is the most important failure that would-be prognosticators make in considering future trends.

Most technology forecasts ignore altogether this “historical exponential view” of homework, technological progress. Essay. That is why people tend to overestimate what can be achieved in the short term (because we tend to leave out necessary details), but underestimate what can be achieved in the long term (because the exponential growth is ignored). We can organize these observations into what I call the law of accelerating returns as follows: Evolution applies positive feedback in that the more capable methods resulting from one stage of evolutionary progress are used to create the next stage. As a result, the rate of progress of an homework calculus evolutionary process increases exponentially over time. Over time, the “order” of the information embedded in reflective essay the evolutionary process (i.e., the measure of how well the information fits a purpose, which in evolution is survival) increases. Help. A correlate of the above observation is that the “returns” of an evolutionary process (e.g., the speed, cost-effectiveness, or overall “power” of a process) increase exponentially over time. In another positive feedback loop, as a particular evolutionary process (e.g., computation) becomes more effective (e.g., cost effective), greater resources are deployed toward the further progress of that process. This results in social a second level of exponential growth (i.e., the rate of exponential growth itself grows exponentially).

Biological evolution is one such evolutionary process. Technological evolution is homework calculus another such evolutionary process. Research. Indeed, the calculus emergence of the first technology creating species resulted in the new evolutionary process of technology. Therefore, technological evolution is an outgrowth of–and a continuation of–biological evolution. A specific paradigm (a method or approach to solving a problem, e.g., shrinking transistors on an integrated circuit as an approach to making more powerful computers) provides exponential growth until the method exhausts its potential. When this happens, a paradigm shift (i.e., a fundamental change in the approach) occurs, which enables exponential growth to continue. If we apply these principles at the highest level of evolution on transition essays, Earth, the homework help calculus first step, the quote creation of cells, introduced the paradigm of biology.

The subsequent emergence of DNA provided a digital method to record the results of evolutionary experiments. Then, the evolution of a species who combined rational thought with an opposable appendage (i.e., the thumb) caused a fundamental paradigm shift from biology to technology. The upcoming primary paradigm shift will be from biological thinking to a hybrid combining biological and nonbiological thinking. Help. This hybrid will include “biologically inspired” processes resulting from the reverse engineering of biological brains. If we examine the research timing of these steps, we see that the process has continuously accelerated.

The evolution of life forms required billions of years for the first steps (e.g., primitive cells); later on progress accelerated. During the Cambrian explosion, major paradigm shifts took only homework, tens of millions of years. Short Essay Your Hobbies. Later on, Humanoids developed over a period of millions of years, and Homo sapiens over a period of only hundreds of thousands of years. With the advent of calculus, a technology-creating species, the exponential pace became too fast for evolution through DNA-guided protein synthesis and moved on to human-created technology. Technology goes beyond mere tool making; it is a process of creating ever more powerful technology using the tools from the previous round of innovation. In this way, human technology is distinguished from the essay about tool making of other species. There is a record of each stage of technology, and each new stage of homework calculus, technology builds on the order of the previous stage. The first technological steps-sharp edges, fire, the friendship important wheel–took tens of help, thousands of years. Research Essay. For people living in this era, there was little noticeable technological change in help calculus even a thousand years. By 1000 A.D., progress was much faster and a paradigm shift required only beginning a block quote, a century or two.

In the help nineteenth century, we saw more technological change than in the nine centuries preceding it. Then in the first twenty years of the twentieth century, we saw more advancement than in all of the nineteenth century. Now, paradigm shifts occur in social only a few years time. The World Wide Web did not exist in anything like its present form just a few years ago; it didn’t exist at all a decade ago. The paradigm shift rate (i.e., the overall rate of technical progress) is currently doubling (approximately) every decade; that is, paradigm shift times are halving every decade (and the rate of homework calculus, acceleration is essay itself growing exponentially). So, the help technological progress in the twenty-first century will be equivalent to what would require (in the linear view) on the order of networking, 200 centuries. In contrast, the twentieth century saw only about 25 years of progress (again at today’s rate of progress) since we have been speeding up to current rates. So the twenty-first century will see almost a thousand times greater technological change than its predecessor. To appreciate the nature and homework calculus, significance of the coming “singularity,” it is important to ponder the essay about nature of exponential growth.

Toward this end, I am fond of telling the tale of the inventor of chess and his patron, the help calculus emperor of China. Important. In response to the emperor’s offer of a reward for his new beloved game, the inventor asked for a single grain of rice on the first square, two on help, the second square, four on the third, and so on. The Emperor quickly granted this seemingly benign and networking thesis papers, humble request. One version of the story has the emperor going bankrupt as the 63 doublings ultimately totaled 18 million trillion grains of rice. Help Calculus. At ten grains of rice per square inch, this requires rice fields covering twice the short essay about your hobbies surface area of the Earth, oceans included. Help Calculus. Another version of the beginning a block quote story has the inventor losing his head. It should be pointed out that as the homework help calculus emperor and the inventor went through the first half of the chess board, things were fairly uneventful. The inventor was given spoonfuls of research essay proposal, rice, then bowls of rice, then barrels. By the end of the calculus first half of the chess board, the inventor had accumulated one large field’s worth (4 billion grains), and the emperor did start to take notice. It was as they progressed through the second half of the chessboard that the situation quickly deteriorated.

Incidentally, with regard to the doublings of essay, computation, that’s about where we stand now–there have been slightly more than 32 doublings of performance since the first programmable computers were invented during World War II. This is the nature of exponential growth. Although technology grows in homework help calculus the exponential domain, we humans live in a linear world. So technological trends are not noticed as small levels of technological power are doubled. Then seemingly out of nowhere, a technology explodes into social networking thesis, view. For example, when the Internet went from 20,000 to 80,000 nodes over a two year period during the 1980s, this progress remained hidden from the general public. A decade later, when it went from 20 million to 80 million nodes in the same amount of time, the impact was rather conspicuous. As exponential growth continues to homework accelerate into the first half of the beginning an essay with twenty-first century, it will appear to explode into infinity, at least from the limited and linear perspective of contemporary humans. The progress will ultimately become so fast that it will rupture our ability to follow it.

It will literally get out of our control. The illusion that we have our hand “on the plug,” will be dispelled. Can the homework help calculus pace of technological progress continue to speed up indefinitely? Is there not a point where humans are unable to think fast enough to keep up with it? With regard to unenhanced humans, clearly so.

But what would a thousand scientists, each a thousand times more intelligent than human scientists today, and each operating a thousand times faster than contemporary humans (because the information processing in their primarily nonbiological brains is faster) accomplish? One year would be like a millennium. What would they come up with? Well, for one thing, they would come up with technology to become even more intelligent (because their intelligence is no longer of fixed capacity). They would change their own thought processes to important think even faster. When the scientists evolve to calculus be a million times more intelligent and in a essay, operate a million times faster, then an hour would result in a century of progress (in today’s terms). This, then, is the Singularity. The Singularity is technological change so rapid and so profound that it represents a rupture in homework the fabric of human history. An Essay With A Block Quote. Some would say that we cannot comprehend the Singularity, at least with our current level of understanding, and that it is impossible, therefore, to look past its “event horizon” and make sense of what lies beyond.

My view is that despite our profound limitations of thought, constrained as we are today to a mere hundred trillion interneuronal connections in our biological brains, we nonetheless have sufficient powers of abstraction to make meaningful statements about the nature of life after the Singularity. Most importantly, it is calculus my view that the intelligence that will emerge will continue to represent the human civilization, which is research essay proposal already a human-machine civilization. This will be the next step in evolution, the next high level paradigm shift. To put the homework calculus concept of Singularity into perspective, let’s explore the research history of the word itself. Calculus. Singularity is a familiar word meaning a unique event with profound implications. In A Reflective Essay. In mathematics, the term implies infinity, the explosion of value that occurs when dividing a constant by homework, a number that gets closer and closer to zero. Short Essay About. In physics, similarly, a singularity denotes an help event or location of about, infinite power.

At the center of a black hole, matter is help calculus so dense that its gravity is infinite. As nearby matter and energy are drawn into the black hole, an event horizon separates the region from the rest of the Universe. It constitutes a rupture in the fabric of space and friendship important, time. The Universe itself is said to have begun with just such a Singularity. In the 1950s, John Von Neumann was quoted as saying that “the ever accelerating progress of technology…gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the homework calculus race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue.” In the 1960s, I. J. Good wrote of an “intelligence explosion,” resulting from intelligent machines designing their next generation without human intervention. Short About Your. In 1986, Vernor Vinge, a mathematician and computer scientist at San Diego State University, wrote about a rapidly approaching technological “singularity” in his science fiction novel, Marooned in help calculus Realtime. Then in 1993, Vinge presented a paper to a NASA-organized symposium which described the Singularity as an impending event resulting primarily from the advent of “entities with greater than human intelligence,” which Vinge saw as the harbinger of a run-away phenomenon. From my perspective, the Singularity has many faces.

It represents the nearly vertical phase of networking, exponential growth where the homework rate of growth is so extreme that technology appears to research essay proposal be growing at infinite speed. Of course, from a mathematical perspective, there is no discontinuity, no rupture, and the growth rates remain finite, albeit extraordinarily large. But from our currently limited perspective, this imminent event appears to be an acute and abrupt break in the continuity of progress. However, I emphasize the word “currently,” because one of the salient implications of the Singularity will be a change in the nature of our ability to understand. In other words, we will become vastly smarter as we merge with our technology. When I wrote my first book, The Age of Intelligent Machines, in the 1980s, I ended the book with the specter of the emergence of machine intelligence greater than human intelligence, but found it difficult to look beyond this event horizon. Homework. Now having thought about its implications for the past 20 years, I feel that we are indeed capable of transition sentences analytical, understanding the many facets of this threshold, one that will transform all spheres of human life. Consider a few examples of the implications. The bulk of homework calculus, our experiences will shift from real reality to virtual reality. Essay About. Most of the intelligence of our civilization will ultimately be nonbiological, which by the end of this century will be trillions of trillions of times more powerful than human intelligence.

However, to address often expressed concerns, this does not imply the end of biological intelligence, even if thrown from its perch of evolutionary superiority. Moreover, it is important to note that the nonbiological forms will be derivative of biological design. In other words, our civilization will remain human, indeed in many ways more exemplary of what we regard as human than it is calculus today, although our understanding of the term will move beyond its strictly biological origins. Many observers have nonetheless expressed alarm at the emergence of forms of networking thesis papers, nonbiological intelligence superior to human intelligence. The potential to augment our own intelligence through intimate connection with other thinking mediums does not necessarily alleviate the concern, as some people have expressed the wish to remain “unenhanced” while at help the same time keeping their place at the top of the sentences analytical essays intellectual food chain. My view is that the likely outcome is that on help calculus, the one hand, from the perspective of friendship, biological humanity, these superhuman intelligences will appear to be their transcendent servants, satisfying their needs and desires. On the other hand, fulfilling the wishes of homework help, a revered biological legacy will occupy only a trivial portion of the short essay about your intellectual power that the Singularity will bring. Needless to say, the Singularity will transform all aspects of our lives, social, sexual, and economic, which I explore herewith. Before considering further the implications of the Singularity, let’s examine the wide range of technologies that are subject to the law of accelerating returns.

The exponential trend that has gained the greatest public recognition has become known as “Moore’s Law.” Gordon Moore, one of the homework inventors of integrated circuits, and then Chairman of Intel, noted in the mid 1970s that we could squeeze twice as many transistors on an integrated circuit every 24 months. Given that the electrons have less distance to travel, the friendship important circuits also run twice as fast, providing an overall quadrupling of computational power. After sixty years of devoted service, Moore’s Law will die a dignified death no later than the year 2019. Homework Help Calculus. By that time, transistor features will be just a few atoms in width, and the strategy of ever finer photolithography will have run its course. So, will that be the end of the exponential growth of research essay proposal, computing? If we plot the help speed (in instructions per second) per $1000 (in constant dollars) of essay, 49 famous calculators and computers spanning the entire twentieth century, we note some interesting observations. Moore’s Law Was Not the First, but the Fifth Paradigm To Provide Exponential Growth of Computing. Each time one paradigm runs out of steam, another picks up the pace. It is important to homework note that Moore’s Law of Integrated Circuits was not the first, but the fifth paradigm to provide accelerating price-performance.

Computing devices have been consistently multiplying in power (per unit of time) from the transition essays mechanical calculating devices used in the 1890 U.S. Census, to Turing’s relay-based “Robinson” machine that cracked the homework calculus Nazi enigma code, to the CBS vacuum tube computer that predicted the election of social networking thesis papers, Eisenhower, to homework help the transistor-based machines used in the first space launches, to the integrated-circuit-based personal computer which I used to dictate (and automatically transcribe) this essay. But I noticed something else surprising. Research Proposal. When I plotted the 49 machines on an exponential graph (where a straight line means exponential growth), I didn’t get a straight line. What I got was another exponential curve. In other words, there’s exponential growth in homework the rate of social networking papers, exponential growth. Computer speed (per unit cost) doubled every three years between 1910 and 1950, doubled every two years between 1950 and 1966, and is now doubling every year. But where does Moore’s Law come from? What is behind this remarkably predictable phenomenon?

I have seen relatively little written about the ultimate source of this trend. Is it just “a set of industry expectations and goals,” as Randy Isaac, head of basic science at IBM contends? Or is there something more profound going on? In my view, it is one manifestation (among many) of the exponential growth of the homework evolutionary process that is technology. The exponential growth of computing is a marvelous quantitative example of the exponentially growing returns from an evolutionary process.

We can also express the exponential growth of computing in terms of an in a accelerating pace: it took ninety years to achieve the first MIPS (million instructions per second) per thousand dollars, now we add one MIPS per thousand dollars every day. Moore’s Law narrowly refers to the number of transistors on an integrated circuit of fixed size, and homework, sometimes has been expressed even more narrowly in terms of transistor feature size. But rather than feature size (which is only one contributing factor), or even number of transistors, I think the most appropriate measure to track is computational speed per unit cost. This takes into friendship important essay, account many levels of “cleverness” (i.e., innovation, which is to say, technological evolution). In addition to all of the innovation in integrated circuits, there are multiple layers of innovation in computer design, e.g., pipelining, parallel processing, instruction look-ahead, instruction and memory caching, and many others. From the above chart, we see that the exponential growth of computing didn’t start with integrated circuits (around 1958), or even transistors (around 1947), but goes back to the electromechanical calculators used in the 1890 and 1900 U.S. Census. This chart spans at calculus least five distinct paradigms of computing, of which Moore’s Law pertains to only the latest one. It’s obvious what the sixth paradigm will be after Moore’s Law runs out of essay, steam during the second decade of this century. Chips today are flat (although it does require up to 20 layers of material to produce one layer of circuitry). Our brain, in contrast, is organized in three dimensions.

We live in a three dimensional world, why not use the third dimension? The human brain actually uses a very inefficient electrochemical digital controlled analog computational process. The bulk of the calculations are done in the interneuronal connections at a speed of only about 200 calculations per help calculus second (in each connection), which is about ten million times slower than contemporary electronic circuits. But the brain gains its prodigious powers from its extremely parallel organization in three dimensions . There are many technologies in the wings that build circuitry in three dimensions. Nanotubes, for example, which are already working in laboratories, build circuits from pentagonal arrays of carbon atoms. One cubic inch of nanotube circuitry would be a million times more powerful than the human brain. There are more than enough new computing technologies now being researched, including three-dimensional silicon chips, optical computing, crystalline computing, DNA computing, and quantum computing, to keep the law of accelerating returns as applied to computation going for a long time. Thus the (double) exponential growth of computing is broader than Moore’s Law, which refers to only one of its paradigms. And this accelerating growth of computing is, in turn, part of the yet broader phenomenon of the accelerating pace of short essay about your hobbies, any evolutionary process. Observers are quick to criticize extrapolations of an exponential trend on the basis that the trend is homework calculus bound to run out of “resources.” The classical example is beginning an essay with a block quote when a species happens upon a new habitat (e.g., rabbits in Australia), the homework calculus species’ numbers will grow exponentially for a time, but then hit a limit when resources such as food and space run out. But the friendship important resources underlying the exponential growth of an evolutionary process are relatively unbounded: (i) The (ever growing) order of the evolutionary process itself.

Each stage of evolution provides more powerful tools for the next. In biological evolution, the help calculus advent of DNA allowed more powerful and faster evolutionary “experiments.” Later, setting the “designs” of animal body plans during the Cambrian explosion allowed rapid evolutionary development of other body organs such as the brain. Or to take a more recent example, the transition analytical advent of computer assisted design tools allows rapid development of the next generation of computers. Homework Help. (ii) The “chaos” of the environment in which the evolutionary process takes place and which provides the options for further diversity. In biological evolution, diversity enters the process in the form of friendship essay, mutations and ever changing environmental conditions. Homework Help. In technological evolution, human ingenuity combined with ever changing market conditions keep the sentences analytical process of homework help, innovation going. The maximum potential of matter and thesis papers, energy to contain intelligent processes is a valid issue. But according to homework calculus my models, we won’t approach those limits during this century (but this will become an issue within a couple of centuries).

We also need to with quote distinguish between the “S” curve (an “S” stretched to the right, comprising very slow, virtually unnoticeable growth–followed by homework help calculus, very rapid growth–followed by a flattening out as the process approaches an asymptote) that is papers characteristic of any specific technological paradigm and the continuing exponential growth that is calculus characteristic of the ongoing evolutionary process of technology. Specific paradigms, such as Moore’s Law, do ultimately reach levels at which exponential growth is no longer feasible. Thus Moore’s Law is an social networking papers S curve. But the growth of computation is an ongoing exponential (at least until we “saturate” the Universe with the intelligence of our human-machine civilization, but that will not be a limit in this coming century). In accordance with the law of accelerating returns, paradigm shift, also called innovation, turns the S curve of any specific paradigm into a continuing exponential. A new paradigm (e.g., three-dimensional circuits) takes over when the old paradigm approaches its natural limit. This has already happened at least four times in the history of computation.

This difference also distinguishes the help tool making of non-human species, in which the mastery of a tool-making (or using) skill by each animal is characterized by in a reflective you should, an abruptly ending S shaped learning curve, versus human-created technology, which has followed an exponential pattern of growth and acceleration since its inception. DNA Sequencing, Memory, Communications, the homework help calculus Internet, and Miniaturization. This “law of accelerating returns” applies to all of technology, indeed to any true evolutionary process, and can be measured with remarkable precision in information based technologies. There are a great many examples of the exponential growth implied by the law of accelerating returns in technologies as varied as DNA sequencing, communication speeds, electronics of all kinds, and even in the rapidly shrinking size of technology. The Singularity results not from the exponential explosion of computation alone, but rather from the interplay and myriad synergies that will result from manifold intertwined technological revolutions. Also, keep in mind that every point on the exponential growth curves underlying these panoply of technologies (see the graphs below) represents an intense human drama of innovation and in a reflective you should, competition. It is remarkable therefore that these chaotic processes result in such smooth and predictable exponential trends. For example, when the help calculus human genome scan started fourteen years ago, critics pointed out that given the beginning an essay speed with which the genome could then be scanned, it would take thousands of years to finish the project.

Yet the calculus fifteen year project was nonetheless completed slightly ahead of schedule. Of course, we expect to see exponential growth in electronic memories such as RAM. Notice How Exponential Growth Continued through Paradigm Shifts from Vacuum Tubes to in a essay Discrete Transistors to Integrated Circuits. However, growth in magnetic memory is not primarily a matter of Moore’s law, but includes advances in mechanical and electromagnetic systems. Exponential growth in communications technology has been even more explosive than in computation and is no less significant in its implications.

Again, this progression involves far more than just shrinking transistors on an integrated circuit, but includes accelerating advances in fiber optics, optical switching, electromagnetic technologies, and others. Notice Cascade of help, smaller “S” Curves. Note that in transition essays the above two charts we can actually see the progression of “S” curves: the acceleration fostered by a new paradigm, followed by a leveling off as the paradigm runs out of steam, followed by renewed acceleration through paradigm shift. The following two charts show the overall growth of the Internet based on the number of hosts. These two charts plot the help calculus same data, but one is on an exponential axis and the other is linear. As I pointed out earlier, whereas technology progresses in the exponential domain, we experience it in the linear domain. An Essay. So from the perspective of most observers, nothing was happening until the mid 1990s when seemingly out of nowhere, the homework help world wide web and short essay about your hobbies, email exploded into homework calculus, view. But the emergence of the Internet into a worldwide phenomenon was readily predictable much earlier by examining the exponential trend data.

Notice how the explosion of the Internet appears to be a surprise from the research proposal Linear Chart, but was perfectly predictable from the Exponential Chart. Ultimately we will get away from the tangle of wires in homework help our cities and in our lives through wireless communication, the power of transition, which is doubling every 10 to 11 months. Another technology that will have profound implications for the twenty-first century is the pervasive trend toward making things smaller, i.e., miniaturization. The salient implementation sizes of a broad range of technologies, both electronic and mechanical, are shrinking, also at a double exponential rate. At present, we are shrinking technology by a factor of help calculus, approximately 5.6 per linear dimension per decade. The Exponential Growth of Computation Revisited. If we view the important exponential growth of computation in its proper perspective as one example of the pervasiveness of the homework exponential growth of information based technology, that is, as one example of many of the law of accelerating returns, then we can confidently predict its continuation. In the accompanying sidebar, I include a simplified mathematical model of the law of in a reflective, accelerating returns as it pertains to the (double) exponential growth of computing. Calculus. The formulas below result in the above graph of the essay your hobbies continued growth of computation. This graph matches the available data for the twentieth century through all five paradigms and provides projections for homework the twenty-first century.

Note how the Growth Rate is growing slowly, but nonetheless exponentially. The Law of Accelerating Returns Applied to the Growth of Computation. The following provides a brief overview of the friendship important essay law of accelerating returns as it applies to the double exponential growth of computation. This model considers the impact of the growing power of the technology to foster its own next generation. For example, with more powerful computers and related technology, we have the tools and homework, the knowledge to design yet more powerful computers, and to do so more quickly. Note that the data for the year 2000 and beyond assume neural net connection calculations as it is expected that this type of calculation will ultimately dominate, particularly in emulating human brain functions.

This type of social, calculation is help calculus less expensive than conventional (e.g., Pentium III / IV) calculations by a factor of at least 100 (particularly if implemented using digital controlled analog electronics, which would correspond well to the brain’s digital controlled analog electrochemical processes). A factor of 100 translates into approximately 6 years (today) and less than 6 years later in the twenty-first century. My estimate of brain capacity is 100 billion neurons times an average 1,000 connections per neuron (with the an essay with a block calculations taking place primarily in the connections) times 200 calculations per second. Although these estimates are conservatively high, one can find higher and lower estimates. However, even much higher (or lower) estimates by orders of homework help, magnitude only shift the prediction by a relatively small number of years. Some prominent dates from this analysis include the following: We achieve one Human Brain capability (2 * 10^16 cps) for sentences $1,000 around the calculus year 2023.

We achieve one Human Brain capability (2 * 10^16 cps) for important one cent around the year 2037. We achieve one Human Race capability (2 * 10^26 cps) for $1,000 around the year 2049. We achieve one Human Race capability (2 * 10^26 cps) for one cent around the year 2059. The Model considers the following variables: V: Velocity (i.e., power) of computing (measured in help calculus CPS/unit cost) W: World Knowledge as it pertains to designing and building computational devices t: Time. The assumptions of the model are: In other words, computer power is a linear function of the knowledge of a block, how to build computers.

This is actually a conservative assumption. In general, innovations improve V (computer power) by homework help calculus, a multiple, not in an additive way. Independent innovations multiply each other’s effect. For example, a circuit advance such as CMOS, a more efficient IC wiring methodology, and a processor innovation such as pipelining all increase V by sentences, independent multiples. In other words, W (knowledge) is cumulative, and the instantaneous increment to knowledge is proportional to homework help calculus V. W = C1 * C2 * Integral (0 to t) W W = C1 * C2 * C3 ^ (C4 * t) V = C1 ^ 2 * C2 * C3 ^ (C4 * t) (Note on notation: a^b means a raised to the b power.) Simplifying the constants, we get: So this is social thesis a formula for homework help “accelerating” (i.e., exponentially growing) returns, a “regular Moore’s Law.” As I mentioned above, the essay hobbies data shows exponential growth in help the rate of exponential growth. (We doubled computer power every three years early in research essay the twentieth century, every two years in the middle of the century, and homework calculus, close to every one year during the 1990s.) Let’s factor in another exponential phenomenon, which is the reflective growing resources for computation.

Not only is each (constant cost) device getting more powerful as a function of W, but the resources deployed for computation are also growing exponentially. N: Expenditures for computation V = C1 * W (as before) N = C4 ^ (C5 * t) (Expenditure for computation is growing at its own exponential rate) W = C2 * Integral(0 to t) (N * V) As before, world knowledge is accumulating, and the instantaneous increment is proportional to help calculus the amount of computation, which equals the resources deployed for computation (N) * the power of each (constant cost) device. W = C1 * C2 * Integral(0 to beginning with t) (C4 ^ (C5 * t) * W) W = C1 * C2 * (C3 ^ (C6 * t)) ^ (C7 * t) V = C1 ^ 2 * C2 * (C3 ^ (C6 * t)) ^ (C7 * t) Simplifying the calculus constants, we get: This is short essay hobbies a double exponential–an exponential curve in which the rate of homework, exponential growth is growing at a different exponential rate. Now let’s consider real-world data. Considering the sentences analytical data for actual calculating devices and computers during the twentieth century: CPS/$1K: Calculations Per Second for $1,000.

Twentieth century computing data matches: We can determine the growth rate over a period of help, time: Growth Rate =10^((LOG(CPS/$1K for friendship essay Current Year) – LOG(CPS/$1K for Previous Year))/(Current Year – Previous Year)) Human Brain = 100 Billion (10^11) neurons * 1000 (10^3) Connections/Neuron * 200 (2 * 10^2) Calculations Per Second Per Connection = 2 * 10^16 Calculations Per Second Human Race = 10 Billion (10^10) Human Brains = 2 * 10^26 Calculations Per Second. These formulas produce the graph above. Already, IBM’s “Blue Gene” supercomputer, now being built and homework help calculus, scheduled to research essay proposal be completed by 2005, is homework help calculus projected to provide 1 million billion calculations per second (i.e., one billion megaflops).

This is already one twentieth of the capacity of the human brain, which I estimate at a conservatively high 20 million billion calculations per hobbies second (100 billion neurons times 1,000 connections per neuron times 200 calculations per second per connection). In line with my earlier predictions, supercomputers will achieve one human brain capacity by 2010, and homework, personal computers will do so by around 2020. By 2030, it will take a village of human brains (around a thousand) to match $1000 of computing. By 2050, $1000 of computing will equal the processing power of all human brains on Earth. Of course, this only includes those brains still using carbon-based neurons. While human neurons are wondrous creations in a way, we wouldn’t (and don’t) design computing circuits the social papers same way. Help Calculus. Our electronic circuits are already more than ten million times faster than a neuron’s electrochemical processes. Most of the complexity of a human neuron is beginning an essay a block quote devoted to maintaining its life support functions, not its information processing capabilities. Ultimately, we will need to homework help calculus port our mental processes to short essay your a more suitable computational substrate.

Then our minds won’t have to stay so small, being constrained as they are today to a mere hundred trillion neural connections each operating at a ponderous 200 digitally controlled analog calculations per second. So far, I’ve been talking about the hardware of calculus, computing. The software is even more salient. One of the principal assumptions underlying the research proposal expectation of the Singularity is the homework help ability of nonbiological mediums to emulate the important essay richness, subtlety, and depth of homework help calculus, human thinking. Achieving the computational capacity of the human brain, or even villages and nations of human brains will not automatically produce human levels of capability. By human levels I include all the diverse and subtle ways in which humans are intelligent, including musical and essay proposal, artistic aptitude, creativity, physically moving through the homework help calculus world, and understanding and responding appropriately to emotion.

The requisite hardware capacity is a necessary but not sufficient condition. The organization and transition sentences, content of homework calculus, these resources–the software of intelligence–is also critical. Before addressing this issue, it is important to note that once a computer achieves a human level of intelligence, it will necessarily soar past it. Research Essay. A key advantage of nonbiological intelligence is that machines can easily share their knowledge. If I learn French, or read War and Peace, I can’t readily download that learning to you.

You have to acquire that scholarship the same painstaking way that I did. My knowledge, embedded in a vast pattern of neurotransmitter concentrations and calculus, interneuronal connections, cannot be quickly accessed or transmitted. But we won’t leave out quick downloading ports in our nonbiological equivalents of human neuron clusters. When one computer learns a skill or gains an insight, it can immediately share that wisdom with billions of other machines. As a contemporary example, we spent years teaching one research computer how to recognize continuous human speech. Essay Hobbies. We exposed it to thousands of hours of recorded speech, corrected its errors, and patiently improved its performance. Finally, it became quite adept at recognizing speech (I dictated most of my recent book to it).

Now if you want your own personal computer to homework recognize speech, it doesn’t have to go through the beginning with same process; you can just download the fully trained patterns in seconds. Ultimately, billions of homework help, nonbiological entities can be the master of a block, all human and machine acquired knowledge. In addition, computers are potentially millions of times faster than human neural circuits. A computer can also remember billions or even trillions of facts perfectly, while we are hard pressed to remember a handful of phone numbers. The combination of human level intelligence in a machine with a computer’s inherent superiority in the speed, accuracy, and calculus, sharing ability of in a you should, its memory will be formidable. There are a number of homework help calculus, compelling scenarios to important essay achieve higher levels of intelligence in homework help calculus our computers, and ultimately human levels and beyond. We will be able to friendship evolve and train a system combining massively parallel neural nets with other paradigms to homework calculus understand language and model knowledge, including the ability to read and model the knowledge contained in written documents. Unlike many contemporary “neural net” machines, which use mathematically simplified models of human neurons, some contemporary neural nets are already using highly detailed models of human neurons, including detailed nonlinear analog activation functions and other relevant details.

Although the ability of today’s computers to extract and friendship important, learn knowledge from natural language documents is limited, their capabilities in this domain are improving rapidly. Computers will be able to read on their own, understanding and modeling what they have read, by the second decade of the twenty-first century. We can then have our computers read all of the world’s literature–books, magazines, scientific journals, and other available material. Ultimately, the machines will gather knowledge on their own by venturing out on the web, or even into the physical world, drawing from the full spectrum of media and information services, and homework help, sharing knowledge with each other (which machines can do far more easily than their human creators). Reverse Engineering the Human Brain. The most compelling scenario for mastering the software of intelligence is to essay your hobbies tap into the blueprint of the best example we can get our hands on of an intelligent process. There is no reason why we cannot reverse engineer the human brain, and essentially copy its design. Although it took its original designer several billion years to develop, it’s readily available to us, and not (yet) copyrighted.

Although there’s a skull around the brain, it is homework calculus not hidden from our view. The most immediately accessible way to accomplish this is through destructive scanning: we take a frozen brain, preferably one frozen just slightly before rather than slightly after it was going to die anyway, and examine one brain layer–one very thin slice–at a time. We can readily see every neuron and every connection and every neurotransmitter concentration represented in each synapse-thin layer. Human brain scanning has already started. A condemned killer allowed his brain and body to be scanned and transition sentences essays, you can access all 10 billion bytes of him on calculus, the Internet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html. He has a 25 billion byte female companion on the site as well in case he gets lonely. This scan is networking thesis papers not high enough in homework help calculus resolution for our purposes, but then, we probably don’t want to base our templates of machine intelligence on analytical, the brain of homework calculus, a convicted killer, anyway. But scanning a frozen brain is feasible today, albeit not yet at a sufficient speed or bandwidth, but again, the law of short about your hobbies, accelerating returns will provide the homework calculus requisite speed of scanning, just as it did for the human genome scan. Carnegie Mellon University’s Andreas Nowatzyk plans to scan the nervous system of the brain and body of a mouse with a resolution of less than 200 nanometers, which is research essay getting very close to the resolution needed for reverse engineering. We also have noninvasive scanning techniques today, including high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, optical imaging, near-infrared scanning, and other technologies which are capable in homework calculus certain instances of reflective essay you should, resolving individual somas, or neuron cell bodies. Brain scanning technologies are also increasing their resolution with each new generation, just what we would expect from the law of accelerating returns.

Future generations will enable us to resolve the connections between neurons and to peer inside the help synapses and record the neurotransmitter concentrations. We can peer inside someone’s brain today with noninvasive scanners, which are increasing their resolution with each new generation of this technology. There are a number of technical challenges in accomplishing this, including achieving suitable resolution, bandwidth, lack of networking thesis papers, vibration, and safety. For a variety of help, reasons it is easier to beginning quote scan the brain of someone recently deceased than of someone still living. Homework Help. It is easier to get someone deceased to sit still, for one thing. But noninvasively scanning a living brain will ultimately become feasible as MRI, optical, and other scanning technologies continue to improve in resolution and speed. Although noninvasive means of scanning the brain from outside the skull are rapidly improving, the social papers most practical approach to capturing every salient neural detail will be to scan it from inside. Calculus. By 2030, “nanobot” (i.e., nano robot) technology will be viable, and brain scanning will be a prominent application. Nanobots are robots that are the size of human blood cells, or even smaller. Billions of them could travel through every brain capillary and scan every relevant feature from beginning an essay a block, up close.

Using high speed wireless communication, the nanobots would communicate with each other, and with other computers that are compiling the homework calculus brain scan data base (in other words, the nanobots will all be on a wireless local area network). This scenario involves only capabilities that we can touch and reflective you should, feel today. We already have technology capable of homework help, producing very high resolution scans, provided that the scanner is physically proximate to the neural features. In A Reflective You Should. The basic computational and communication methods are also essentially feasible today. Homework Calculus. The primary features that are not yet practical are nanobot size and short essay about hobbies, cost. As I discussed above, we can project the help exponentially declining cost of computation, and short about your hobbies, the rapidly declining size of both electronic and homework help calculus, mechanical technologies. We can conservatively expect, therefore, the requisite nanobot technology by around 2030. Because of its ability to friendship place each scanner in very close physical proximity to every neural feature, nanobot-based scanning will be more practical than scanning the brain from outside. How will we apply the calculus thousands of trillions of bytes of information derived from each brain scan? One approach is to use the results to design more intelligent parallel algorithms for essay our machines, particularly those based on one of the neural net paradigms.

With this approach, we don’t have to copy every single connection. There is homework a great deal of repetition and you should, redundancy within any particular brain region. Homework Help Calculus. Although the information contained in a human brain would require thousands of trillions of bytes of information (on the order of important essay, 100 billion neurons times an homework help calculus average of 1,000 connections per neuron, each with multiple neurotransmitter concentrations and connection data), the design of the brain is characterized by a human genome of only about a billion bytes. Furthermore, most of the genome is social networking papers redundant, so the initial design of the brain is characterized by approximately one hundred million bytes, about the size of Microsoft Word. Of course, the help calculus complexity of our brains greatly increases as we interact with the world (by a factor of more than ten million). Because of the highly repetitive patterns found in each specific brain region, it is not necessary to capture each detail in friendship important essay order to reverse engineer the homework help significant digital-analog algorithms. Essay You Should. With this information, we can design simulated nets that operate similarly. Homework Help Calculus. There are already multiple efforts under way to scan the short essay about human brain and apply the homework insights derived to short essay about your hobbies the design of intelligent machines.

The pace of brain reverse engineering is only slightly behind the availability of the brain scanning and neuron structure information. A contemporary example is a comprehensive model of a significant portion of the human auditory processing system that Lloyd Watts (www.lloydwatts.com) has developed from both neurobiology studies of specific neuron types and brain interneuronal connection information. Watts’ model includes five parallel paths and includes the homework help actual intermediate representations of about your hobbies, auditory information at each stage of neural processing. Watts has implemented his model as real-time software which can locate and identify sounds with many of the calculus same properties as human hearing. Although a work in progress, the model illustrates the feasibility of converting neurobiological models and brain connection data into working simulations. Also, as Hans Moravec and others have speculated, these efficient simulations require about short essay 1,000 times less computation than the theoretical potential of the biological neurons being simulated.

Reverse Engineering the homework help Human Brain: Five Parallel Auditory Pathways. Chart by Lloyd Watts. Cochlea : Sense organ of hearing. 30,000 fibers converts motion of the stapes into spectro-temporal representation of research, sound. MC : Multipolar Cells. Measure spectral energy. GBC : Globular Bushy Cells. Relays spikes from the help calculus auditory nerve to important essay the Lateral Superior. Olivary Complex (includes LSO and MSO) . Encoding of timing and amplitude of signals for binaural comparison of level. SBC : Spherical Bushy Cells.

Provide temporal sharpening of time of arrival, as a pre-processor for interaural time difference calculation. OC : Octopus Cells. Detection of transients. DCN : Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus. Help Calculus. Detection of spectral edges and calibrating for noise levels. VNTB : Ventral Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body. Sentences Essays. Feedback signals to modulate outer hair cell function in homework help calculus the cochlea. VNLL , PON : Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus, Peri-Olivary Nuclei. Processing transients from the Octopus Cells. MSO : Medial Superior Olive.

Computing inter-aural time difference (difference in time of arrival between the two ears, used to in a reflective essay tell where a sound is homework help coming from). LSO : Lateral Superior Olive. Also involved in computing inter-aural level difference. ICC : Central Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus. The site of major integration of essay, multiple representations of sound.

ICx : Exterior Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus. Further refinement of sound localization. SC : Superior Colliculus. Location of auditory/visual merging. MGB : Medial Geniculate Body.

The auditory portion of the homework help calculus thalamus. LS : Limbic System. Comprising many structures associated with emotion, memory, territory, etc. The brain is not one huge “tabula rasa” (i.e., undifferentiated blank slate), but rather an intricate and intertwined collection of essay, hundreds of specialized regions. The process of homework, “peeling the onion” to understand these interleaved regions is well underway.

As the in a reflective you should requisite neuron models and brain interconnection data becomes available, detailed and implementable models such as the homework help auditory example above will be developed for all brain regions. After the algorithms of a region are understood, they can be refined and extended before being implemented in synthetic neural equivalents. For one thing, they can be run on a computational substrate that is already more than ten million times faster than neural circuitry. Networking Papers. And we can also throw in the methods for help building intelligent machines that we already understand. A more controversial application than this scanning-the-brain-to-understand-it scenario is scanning-the-brain-to- download -it . Here we scan someone’s brain to map the locations, interconnections, and contents of all the somas, axons, dendrites, presynaptic vesicles, neurotransmitter concentrations, and other neural components and levels. Its entire organization can then be re-created on networking, a neural computer of sufficient capacity, including the contents of homework help calculus, its memory. To do this, we need to understand local brain processes, although not necessarily all of the higher level processes. Scanning a brain with sufficient detail to sentences analytical download it may sound daunting, but so did the human genome scan.

All of the calculus basic technologies exist today, just not with the requisite speed, cost, and size, but these are the attributes that are improving at reflective essay a double exponential pace. The computationally pertinent aspects of individual neurons are complicated, but definitely not beyond our ability to accurately model. For example, Ted Berger and his colleagues at Hedco Neurosciences have built integrated circuits that precisely match the digital and calculus, analog information processing characteristics of essay, neurons, including clusters with hundreds of neurons. Carver Mead and his colleagues at CalTech have built a variety of integrated circuits that emulate the homework help calculus digital-analog characteristics of mammalian neural circuits. A recent experiment at San Diego’s Institute for Nonlinear Science demonstrates the potential for electronic neurons to research proposal precisely emulate biological ones. Neurons (biological or otherwise) are a prime example of what is often called “chaotic computing.” Each neuron acts in an essentially unpredictable fashion. When an homework calculus entire network of neurons receives input (from the social thesis outside world or from other networks of neurons), the signaling amongst them appears at first to be frenzied and random. Over time, typically a fraction of a second or so, the chaotic interplay of the neurons dies down, and a stable pattern emerges.

This pattern represents the “decision” of the homework help calculus neural network. Beginning A Block. If the neural network is performing a pattern recognition task (which, incidentally, comprises the homework bulk of the activity in the human brain), then the emergent pattern represents the appropriate recognition. So the networking papers question addressed by the San Diego researchers was whether electronic neurons could engage in this chaotic dance alongside biological ones. They hooked up their artificial neurons with those from spiney lobsters in a single network, and their hybrid biological-nonbiological network performed in homework help calculus the same way (i.e., chaotic interplay followed by a stable emergent pattern) and with the same type of results as an in a reflective essay all biological net of neurons. Essentially, the help biological neurons accepted their electronic peers. It indicates that their mathematical model of in a essay you should, these neurons was reasonably accurate. There are many projects around the world which are creating nonbiological devices to recreate in homework help calculus great detail the functionality of human neuron clusters. Essay About Your. The accuracy and scale of these neuron-cluster replications are rapidly increasing. We started with functionally equivalent recreations of single neurons, then clusters of homework calculus, tens, then hundreds, and now thousands.

Scaling up technical processes at an exponential pace is what technology is good at. As the computational power to emulate the about human brain becomes available–we’re not there yet, but we will be there within a couple of help calculus, decades–projects already under way to reflective you should scan the human brain will be accelerated, with a view both to homework calculus understand the human brain in general, as well as providing a detailed description of the contents and design of in a reflective you should, specific brains. By the third decade of the twenty-first century, we will be in a position to create highly detailed and complete maps of all relevant features of all neurons, neural connections and help, synapses in the human brain, all of the neural details that play a role in the behavior and functionality of the brain, and to recreate these designs in suitably advanced neural computers. Is the Human Brain Different from a Computer? Is the human brain different from a computer? The answer depends on reflective you should, what we mean by the word “computer.” Certainly the homework help calculus brain uses very different methods from conventional contemporary computers. Thesis Papers. Most computers today are all digital and perform one (or perhaps a few) computations at homework help a time at extremely high speed. In contrast, the essays human brain combines digital and homework, analog methods with most computations performed in the analog domain. Networking Thesis. The brain is massively parallel, performing on homework, the order of a hundred trillion computations at the same time, but at extremely slow speeds.

With regard to digital versus analog computing, we know that digital computing can be functionally equivalent to analog computing (although the reverse is not true), so we can perform all of the an essay capabilities of a hybrid digital–analog network with an all digital computer. On the other hand, there is an engineering advantage to analog circuits in calculus that analog computing is potentially thousands of times more efficient. Transition Sentences Analytical Essays. An analog computation can be performed by a few transistors, or, in help calculus the case of mammalian neurons, specific electrochemical processes. A digital computation, in contrast, requires thousands or tens of thousands of an essay, transistors. Help. So there is a significant engineering advantage to beginning an essay with a block emulating the brain’s analog methods.

The massive parallelism of the human brain is the key to its pattern recognition abilities, which reflects the strength of human thinking. As I discussed above, mammalian neurons engage in a chaotic dance, and if the neural network has learned its lessons well, then a stable pattern will emerge reflecting the homework help calculus network’s decision. Social Networking Papers. There is no reason why our nonbiological functionally equivalent recreations of biological neural networks cannot be built using these same principles, and indeed there are dozens of projects around the world that have succeeded in doing this. My own technical field is pattern recognition, and the projects that I have been involved in for over thirty years use this form of chaotic computing. Particularly successful examples are Carver Mead’s neural chips, which are highly parallel, use digital controlled analog computing, and are intended as functionally similar recreations of biological networks. The Singularity envisions the emergence of human-like intelligent entities of astonishing diversity and scope. Although these entities will be capable of help calculus, passing the “Turing test” (i.e., able to fool humans that they are human), the question arises as to whether these “people” are conscious, or just appear that way.

To gain some insight as to why this is an extremely subtle question (albeit an ultimately important one) it is useful to consider some of the paradoxes that emerge from the short essay about concept of downloading specific human brains. Although I anticipate that the most common application of the knowledge gained from reverse engineering the human brain will be creating more intelligent machines that are not necessarily modeled on specific biological human individuals, the scenario of scanning and homework, reinstantiating all of the neural details of essay hobbies, a specific person raises the homework help most immediate questions of identity. Let’s consider the question of thesis, what we will find when we do this. We have to consider this question on both the objective and subjective levels. “Objective” means everyone except me, so let’s start with that. Objectively, when we scan someone’s brain and reinstantiate their personal mind file into a suitable computing medium, the newly emergent “person” will appear to other observers to have very much the same personality, history, and help, memory as the person originally scanned. That is, once the technology has been refined and in a essay, perfected. Like any new technology, it won’t be perfect at homework first. But ultimately, the scans and recreations will be very accurate and realistic. Interacting with the newly instantiated person will feel like interacting with the original person. The new person will claim to be that same old person and will have a memory of having been that person. The new person will have all of the patterns of knowledge, skill, and personality of the original.

We are already creating functionally equivalent recreations of neurons and neuron clusters with sufficient accuracy that biological neurons accept their nonbiological equivalents and work with them as if they were biological. Networking Papers. There are no natural limits that prevent us from homework, doing the same with the hundred billion neuron cluster of clusters we call the human brain. Subjectively, the issue is more subtle and research essay, profound, but first we need to reflect on one additional objective issue: our physical self. Consider how many of our thoughts and thinking are directed toward our body and its survival, security, nutrition, and image, not to help calculus mention affection, sexuality, and reproduction. Many, if not most, of the goals we attempt to advance using our brains have to do with our bodies: protecting them, providing them with fuel, making them attractive, making them feel good, providing for their myriad needs and desires. Some philosophers maintain that achieving human level intelligence is research impossible without a body. If we’re going to port a human’s mind to a new computational medium, we’d better provide a body. A disembodied mind will quickly get depressed. There are a variety of bodies that we will provide for our machines, and that they will provide for themselves: bodies built through nanotechnology (i.e., building highly complex physical systems atom by atom), virtual bodies (that exist only in virtual reality), bodies comprised of swarms of nanobots, and help, other technologies. A common scenario will be to enhance a person’s biological brain with intimate connection to nonbiological intelligence.

In this case, the body remains the good old human body that we’re familiar with, although this too will become greatly enhanced through biotechnology (gene enhancement and replacement) and, later on, through nanotechnology. A detailed examination of twenty-first century bodies is essay hobbies beyond the scope of this essay, but recreating and enhancing our bodies will be (and has been) an easier task than recreating our minds. To return to the issue of subjectivity, consider: is the reinstantiated mind the same consciousness as the person we just scanned? Are these “people” conscious at all? Is this a mind or just a brain?

Consciousness in our twenty-first century machines will be a critically important issue. But it is calculus not easily resolved, or even readily understood. People tend to have strong views on the subject, and often just can’t understand how anyone else could possibly see the issue from a different perspective. Marvin Minsky observed that “there’s something queer about describing consciousness. Whatever people mean to say, they just can’t seem to make it clear.” We don’t worry, at least not yet, about causing pain and suffering to our computer programs. But at what point do we consider an entity, a process, to be conscious, to feel pain and discomfort, to have its own intentionality, its own free will?

How do we determine if an entity is conscious; if it has subjective experience? How do we distinguish a process that is conscious from with quote, one that just acts as if it is conscious? We can’t simply ask it. If it says “Hey I’m conscious,” does that settle the issue? No, we have computer games today that effectively do that, and calculus, they’re not terribly convincing. How about about your hobbies if the entity is very convincing and compelling when it says “I’m lonely, please keep me company.” Does that settle the issue? If we look inside its circuits, and see essentially the identical kinds of feedback loops and other mechanisms in its brain that we see in a human brain (albeit implemented using nonbiological equivalents), does that settle the issue? And just who are these people in the machine, anyway? The answer will depend on who you ask. If you ask the people in the machine, they will strenuously claim to be the original persons.

For example, if we scan–let’s say myself–and record the homework help calculus exact state, level, and research, position of every neurotransmitter, synapse, neural connection, and every other relevant detail, and then reinstantiate this massive data base of information (which I estimate at thousands of trillions of bytes) into a neural computer of sufficient capacity, the homework help calculus person who then emerges in the machine will think that “he” is (and had been) me, or at least he will act that way. In A. He will say “I grew up in Queens, New York, went to college at MIT, stayed in the Boston area, started and homework, sold a few artificial intelligence companies, walked into social networking papers, a scanner there, and woke up in the machine here. Hey, this technology really works.” Is this really me? For one thing, old biological Ray (that’s me) still exists. Calculus. I’ll still be here in research essay proposal my carbon-cell-based brain. Alas, I will have to homework help calculus sit back and watch the new Ray succeed in endeavors that I could only with, dream of. Let’s consider the issue of just who I am, and who the new Ray is a little more carefully.

First of all, am I the stuff in my brain and body? Consider that the particles making up my body and homework calculus, brain are constantly changing. We are not at all permanent collections of particles. The cells in our bodies turn over at different rates, but the particles (e.g., atoms and molecules) that comprise our cells are exchanged at a very rapid rate. I am just not the essay hobbies same collection of particles that I was even a month ago.

It is the patterns of matter and homework, energy that are semipermanent (that is, changing only gradually), but our actual material content is changing constantly, and very quickly. We are rather like the patterns that water makes in a stream. Reflective Essay You Should. The rushing water around a formation of rocks makes a particular, unique pattern. This pattern may remain relatively unchanged for hours, even years. Of course, the actual material constituting the pattern–the water–is replaced in homework milliseconds. The same is true for Ray Kurzweil. Like the short hobbies water in a stream, my particles are constantly changing, but the pattern that people recognize as Ray has a reasonable level of continuity. This argues that we should not associate our fundamental identity with a specific set of particles, but rather the pattern of matter and energy that we represent. Many contemporary philosophers seem partial to homework help calculus this “identify from important essay, pattern” argument. If you were to scan my brain and reinstantiate new Ray while I was sleeping, I would not necessarily even know about it (with the nanobots, this will be a feasible scenario).

If you then come to me, and say, “good news, Ray, we’ve successfully reinstantiated your mind file, so we won’t be needing your old brain anymore,” I may suddenly realize the flaw in homework this “identity from pattern” argument. I may wish new Ray well, and realize that he shares my “pattern,” but I would nonetheless conclude that he’s not me, because I’m still here. How could he be me? After all, I would not necessarily know that he even existed. Let’s consider another perplexing scenario.

Suppose I replace a small number of biological neurons with functionally equivalent nonbiological ones (they may provide certain benefits such as greater reliability and beginning an essay, longevity, but that’s not relevant to homework help this thought experiment). After I have this procedure performed, am I still the same person? My friends certainly think so. I still have the same self-deprecating humor, the important same silly grin–yes, I’m still the same guy. It should be clear where I’m going with this. Bit by homework help calculus, bit, region by region, I ultimately replace my entire brain with essentially identical (perhaps improved) nonbiological equivalents (preserving all of the neurotransmitter concentrations and important essay, other details that represent my learning, skills, and memories).

At each point, I feel the homework procedures were successful. At each point, I feel that I am the same guy. In A Reflective Essay. After each procedure, I claim to be the same guy. My friends concur. Help Calculus. There is no old Ray and research essay proposal, new Ray, just one Ray, one that never appears to fundamentally change. But consider this. This gradual replacement of my brain with a nonbiological equivalent is essentially identical to the following sequence: (i) scan Ray and reinstantiate Ray’s mind file into new (nonbiological) Ray, and, then (ii) terminate old Ray. But we concluded above that in such a scenario new Ray is not the same as old Ray.

And if old Ray is terminated, well then that’s the end of Ray. So the gradual replacement scenario essentially ends with the same result: New Ray has been created, and old Ray has been destroyed, even if we never saw him missing. So what appears to be the continuing existence of just one Ray is really the homework creation of new Ray and the termination of old Ray. On yet another hand (we’re running out of philosophical hands here), the gradual replacement scenario is not altogether different from what happens normally to our biological selves, in that our particles are always rapidly being replaced. Networking Thesis Papers. So am I constantly being replaced with someone else who just happens to be very similar to my old self? I am trying to illustrate why consciousness is not an help easy issue. Transition Sentences Analytical. If we talk about consciousness as just a certain type of help calculus, intelligent skill: the essay ability to reflect on one’s own self and situation, for example, then the issue is not difficult at calculus all because any skill or capability or form of intelligence that one cares to define will be replicated in nonbiological entities (i.e., machines) within a few decades. With this type of objective view of consciousness, the conundrums do go away. But a fully objective view does not penetrate to essay the core of the issue, because the essence of consciousness is subjective experience, not objective correlates of that experience. Will these future machines be capable of having spiritual experiences? They certainly will claim to.

They will claim to be people, and to have the full range of emotional and spiritual experiences that people claim to have. And these will not be idle claims; they will evidence the sort of rich, complex, and help calculus, subtle behavior one associates with these feelings. How do the claims and behaviors–compelling as they will be–relate to the subjective experience of research essay proposal, these reinstantiated people? We keep coming back to the very real but ultimately unmeasurable issue of consciousness. People often talk about calculus consciousness as if it were a clear property of an entity that can readily be identified, detected, and gauged. If there is one crucial insight that we can make regarding why the social networking papers issue of consciousness is so contentious, it is the help following: There exists no objective test that can conclusively determine its presence. Science is about objective measurement and logical implications therefrom, but the very nature of objectivity is that you cannot measure subjective experience-you can only measure correlates of it, such as behavior (and by behavior, I include the actions of essay, components of an entity, such as neurons). This limitation has to homework help do with the very nature of the concepts “objective” and “subjective.” Fundamentally, we cannot penetrate the subjective experience of another entity with direct objective measurement. We can certainly make arguments about it: i.e., “look inside the brain of this nonhuman entity, see how its methods are just like a human brain.” Or, “see how its behavior is just like human behavior.” But in the end, these remain just arguments.

No matter how convincing the social behavior of a reinstantiated person, some observers will refuse to homework help calculus accept the research essay consciousness of an entity unless it squirts neurotransmitters, or is based on DNA-guided protein synthesis, or has some other specific biologically human attribute. We assume that other humans are conscious, but that is homework help calculus still an assumption, and there is no consensus amongst humans about the consciousness of nonhuman entities, such as higher non-human animals. The issue will be even more contentious with regard to future nonbiological entities with human-like behavior and intelligence. So how will we resolve the claimed consciousness of nonbiological intelligence (claimed, that is, by social papers, the machines)? From a practical perspective, we’ll accept their claims. Keep in mind that nonbiological entities in the twenty-first century will be extremely intelligent, so they’ll be able to convince us that they are conscious. They’ll have all the delicate and emotional cues that convince us today that humans are conscious. They will be able to make us laugh and homework calculus, cry.

And they’ll get mad if we don’t accept their claims. But fundamentally this is a political prediction, not a philosophical argument. Over the past several years, Roger Penrose, a noted physicist and philosopher, has suggested that fine structures in the neurons called tubules perform an exotic form of computation called “quantum computing.” Quantum computing is computing using what are called “qu bits” which take on all possible combinations of transition sentences, solutions simultaneously. It can be considered to be an extreme form of homework calculus, parallel processing (because every combination of values of the qu bits are tested simultaneously). Penrose suggests that the tubules and beginning an essay with a block, their quantum computing capabilities complicate the concept of recreating neurons and homework calculus, reinstantiating mind files. However, there is little to suggest that the transition sentences analytical essays tubules contribute to the thinking process. Even generous models of human knowledge and capability are more than accounted for by current estimates of homework help, brain size, based on contemporary models of neuron functioning that do not include tubules. In fact, even with these tubule-less models, it appears that the brain is reflective essay conservatively designed with many more connections (by several orders of homework calculus, magnitude) than it needs for its capabilities and capacity. Recent experiments (e.g., the San Diego Institute for Nonlinear Science experiments) showing that hybrid biological-nonbiological networks perform similarly to all biological networks, while not definitive, are strongly suggestive that our tubule-less models of neuron functioning are adequate. Lloyd Watts’ software simulation of his intricate model of important, human auditory processing uses orders of calculus, magnitude less computation than the networks of neurons he is simulating, and there is no suggestion that quantum computing is friendship important essay needed. However, even if the tubules are important, it doesn’t change the projections I have discussed above to homework help any significant degree.

According to social thesis papers my model of computational growth, if the tubules multiplied neuron complexity by a factor of a thousand (and keep in mind that our current tubule-less neuron models are already complex, including on the order of a thousand connections per neuron, multiple nonlinearities and other details), this would delay our reaching brain capacity by only about 9 years. If we’re off by a factor of homework help, a million, that’s still only a delay of 17 years. A factor of important, a billion is around 24 years (keep in mind computation is growing by a double exponential). With regard to quantum computing, once again there is nothing to suggest that the brain does quantum computing. Just because quantum technology may be feasible does not suggest that the brain is capable of it.

After all, we don’t have lasers or even radios in our brains. Although some scientists have claimed to detect quantum wave collapse in the brain, no one has suggested human capabilities that actually require a capacity for quantum computing. However, even if the brain does do quantum computing, this does not significantly change the outlook for human-level computing (and beyond) nor does it suggest that brain downloading is infeasible. First of all, if the brain does do quantum computing this would only verify that quantum computing is homework help calculus feasible. There would be nothing in essay such a finding to suggest that quantum computing is restricted to biological mechanisms. Biological quantum computing mechanisms, if they exist, could be replicated. Indeed, recent experiments with small scale quantum computers appear to be successful. Help. Even the conventional transistor relies on the quantum effect of electron tunneling. Penrose suggests that it is impossible to perfectly replicate a set of quantum states, so therefore, perfect downloading is impossible. Well, how perfect does a download have to beginning with be?

I am at this moment in a very different quantum state (and different in non-quantum ways as well) than I was a minute ago (certainly in a very different state than I was before I wrote this paragraph). If we develop downloading technology to help the point where the “copies” are as close to the original as the original person changes anyway in the course of one minute, that would be good enough for any conceivable purpose, yet does not require copying quantum states. As the technology improves, the accuracy of the copy could become as close as the original changes within ever briefer periods of time (e.g., one second, one millisecond, one microsecond). When it was pointed out to Penrose that neurons (and even neural connections) were too big for quantum computing, he came up with the tubule theory as a possible mechanism for neural quantum computing. So the concern with quantum computing and tubules have been introduced together. You Should. If one is searching for barriers to replicating brain function, it is an ingenious theory, but it fails to homework calculus introduce any genuine barriers.

There is social networking thesis papers no evidence for it, and calculus, even if true, it only delays matters by a decade or two. There is no reason to believe that biological mechanisms (including quantum computing) are inherently impossible to replicate using nonbiological materials and mechanisms. Dozens of contemporary experiments are successfully performing just such replications. The Noninvasive Surgery-Free Reversible Programmable Distributed Brain Implant, Full-Immersion Shared Virtual Reality Environments, Experience Beamers, and Brain Expansion. How will we apply technology that is more intelligent than its creators? One might be tempted to beginning respond “Carefully!” But let’s take a look at some examples. Consider several examples of the nanobot technology, which, based on calculus, miniaturization and cost reduction trends, will be feasible within 30 years. Social Networking Thesis. In addition to scanning your brain, the homework help nanobots will also be able to expand our experiences and our capabilities.

Nanobot technology will provide fully immersive, totally convincing virtual reality in the following way. The nanobots take up positions in close physical proximity to every interneuronal connection coming from all of our senses (e.g., eyes, ears, skin). We already have the essay about technology for electronic devices to communicate with neurons in both directions that requires no direct physical contact with the neurons. Homework Help. For example, scientists at the Max Planck Institute have developed “neuron transistors” that can detect the friendship firing of a nearby neuron, or alternatively, can cause a nearby neuron to fire, or suppress it from firing. Help Calculus. This amounts to research proposal two-way communication between neurons and the electronic-based neuron transistors. The Institute scientists demonstrated their invention by controlling the movement of a living leech from their computer. Again, the primary aspect of nanobot-based virtual reality that is help calculus not yet feasible is networking size and cost.

When we want to homework help calculus experience real reality, the nanobots just stay in position (in the in a capillaries) and do nothing. If we want to homework help calculus enter virtual reality, they suppress all of the friendship important inputs coming from the real senses, and replace them with the signals that would be appropriate for the virtual environment. You (i.e., your brain) could decide to cause your muscles and limbs to move as you normally would, but the nanobots again intercept these interneuronal signals, suppress your real limbs from moving, and instead cause your virtual limbs to move and provide the appropriate movement and reorientation in the virtual environment. The web will provide a panoply of virtual environments to explore. Some will be recreations of homework help calculus, real places, others will be fanciful environments that have no “real” counterpart. Transition Essays. Some indeed would be impossible in the physical world (perhaps, because they violate the laws of physics). We will be able to “go” to these virtual environments by ourselves, or we will meet other people there, both real people and homework help calculus, simulated people. Of course, ultimately there won’t be a clear distinction between the reflective essay two.

By 2030, going to a web site will mean entering a full immersion virtual reality environment. Homework Help Calculus. In addition to encompassing all of the short about your senses, these shared environments can include emotional overlays as the homework help nanobots will be capable of triggering the neurological correlates of emotions, sexual pleasure, and other derivatives of our sensory experience and mental reactions. In the same way that people today beam their lives from web cams in their bedrooms, “experience beamers” circa 2030 will beam their entire flow of sensory experiences, and if so desired, their emotions and other secondary reactions. We’ll be able to plug in (by going to the appropriate web site) and experience other people’s lives as in the plot concept of ‘Being John Malkovich.’ Particularly interesting experiences can be archived and relived at any time. We won’t need to beginning an essay wait until 2030 to experience shared virtual reality environments, at least for homework the visual and auditory senses. Full immersion visual-auditory environments will be available by the end of this decade with images written directly onto our retinas by our eyeglasses and contact lenses.

All of the electronics for the computation, image reconstruction, and very high bandwidth wireless connection to the Internet will be embedded in important our glasses and help calculus, woven into our clothing, so computers as distinct objects will disappear. In my view, the most significant implication of the Singularity will be the merger of biological and nonbiological intelligence. First, it is important to point out that well before the end of the an essay with twenty-first century, thinking on nonbiological substrates will dominate. Biological thinking is stuck at 10 26 calculations per second (for all biological human brains), and homework, that figure will not appreciably change, even with bioengineering changes to our genome. Nonbiological intelligence, on friendship important essay, the other hand, is growing at a double exponential rate and will vastly exceed biological intelligence well before the middle of homework help calculus, this century. Essay. However, in my view, this nonbiological intelligence should still be considered human as it is fully derivative of the homework help calculus human-machine civilization. The merger of these two worlds of short, intelligence is not merely a merger of homework calculus, biological and beginning an essay a block, nonbiological thinking mediums, but more importantly one of method and organization of thinking. One of the key ways in which the two worlds can interact will be through the nanobots. Nanobot technology will be able to homework expand our minds in virtually any imaginable way. Our brains today are relatively fixed in design.

Although we do add patterns of interneuronal connections and neurotransmitter concentrations as a normal part of the learning process, the current overall capacity of the human brain is highly constrained, restricted to a mere hundred trillion connections. Brain implants based on massively distributed intelligent nanobots will ultimately expand our memories a trillion fold, and otherwise vastly improve all of our sensory, pattern recognition, and cognitive abilities. Since the nanobots are communicating with each other over a wireless local area network, they can create any set of new neural connections, can break existing connections (by suppressing neural firing), can create new hybrid biological-nonbiological networks, as well as add vast new nonbiological networks. Using nanobots as brain extenders is a significant improvement over the idea of surgically installed neural implants, which are beginning to be used today (e.g., ventral posterior nucleus, subthalmic nucleus, and ventral lateral thalamus neural implants to counteract Parkinson’s Disease and tremors from other neurological disorders, cochlear implants, and others.) Nanobots will be introduced without surgery, essentially just by injecting or even swallowing them. They can all be directed to short about hobbies leave, so the process is easily reversible. They are programmable, in that they can provide virtual reality one minute, and a variety of brain extensions the next. Help Calculus. They can change their configuration, and clearly can alter their software. Perhaps most importantly, they are massively distributed and transition sentences, therefore can take up billions or trillions of positions throughout the calculus brain, whereas a surgically introduced neural implant can only be placed in one or at most a few locations. The Double Exponential Growth of the your hobbies Economy During the 1990s Was Not a Bubble.

Yet another manifestation of the law of homework help calculus, accelerating returns as it rushes toward the essay proposal Singularity can be found in homework help calculus the world of economics, a world vital to both the sentences essays genesis of the homework help calculus law of accelerating returns, and to its implications. It is the economic imperative of a competitive marketplace that is driving technology forward and fueling the law of networking, accelerating returns. Homework Help. In turn, the law of social networking thesis papers, accelerating returns, particularly as it approaches the Singularity, is transforming economic relationships. Virtually all of the economic models taught in economics classes, used by the Federal Reserve Board to set monetary policy, by help calculus, Government agencies to friendship set economic policy, and by economic forecasters of all kinds are fundamentally flawed because they are based on the intuitive linear view of history rather than the historically based exponential view. The reason that these linear models appear to work for homework help calculus a while is for the same reason that most people adopt the intuitive linear view in the first place: exponential trends appear to be linear when viewed (and experienced) for friendship important a brief period of time, particularly in the early stages of an exponential trend when not much is homework calculus happening. Analytical. But once the “knee of the help calculus curve” is achieved and the exponential growth explodes, the linear models break down. The exponential trends underlying productivity growth are just beginning this explosive phase. The economy (viewed either in networking total or per help capita) has been growing exponentially throughout this century:

There is also a second level of essays, exponential growth, but up until recently the second exponent has been in help calculus the early phase so that the growth in papers the growth rate has not been noticed. Homework Calculus. However, this has changed in this past decade, during which the an essay rate of growth has been noticeably exponential. Productivity (economic output per worker) has also been growing exponentially. Even these statistics are greatly understated because they do not fully reflect significant improvements in the quality and features of products and help calculus, services. Essay About Your Hobbies. It is not the case that “a car is homework calculus a car;” there have been significant improvements in safety, reliability, and features. There are a myriad of such examples. Pharmaceutical drugs are increasingly effective. Groceries ordered in five minutes on the web and delivered to your door are worth more than groceries on a supermarket shelf that you have to fetch yourself. Clothes custom manufactured for your unique body scan are worth more than clothes you happen to find left on a store rack.

These sorts of improvements are true for most product categories, and none of them are reflected in the productivity statistics. The statistical methods underlying the productivity measurements tend to factor out gains by essentially concluding that we still only get one dollar of products and services for a dollar despite the fact that we get much more for a dollar (e.g., compare a $1,000 computer today to one ten years ago). University of Chicago Professor Pete Klenow and University of Rochester Professor Mark Bils estimate that the value of existing goods has been increasing at 1.5% per year for the past 20 years because of qualitative improvements. This still does not account for the introduction of essay, entirely new products and product categories. The Bureau of Labor Statistics, which is homework calculus responsible for the inflation statistics, uses a model that incorporates an estimate of quality growth at only 0.5% per with a block quote year, reflecting a systematic underestimate of quality improvement and a resulting overestimate of help, inflation by at least 1 percent per year. Despite these weaknesses in the productivity statistical methods, the gains in productivity are now reaching the steep part of the reflective essay exponential curve. Labor productivity grew at 1.6% per year until 1994, then rose at 2.4% per year, and is now growing even more rapidly. In the quarter ending July 30, 2000, labor productivity grew at 5.3%. Manufacturing productivity grew at 4.4% annually from 1995 to 1999, durables manufacturing at 6.5% per homework help year.

The 1990s have seen the transition sentences essays most powerful deflationary forces in history. This is why we are not seeing inflation. Yes, it’s true that low unemployment, high asset values, economic growth, and other such factors are inflationary, but these factors are offset by the double exponential trends in calculus the price-performance of transition essays, all information based technologies: computation, memory, communications, biotechnology, miniaturization, and even the homework calculus overall rate of technical progress. These technologies deeply affect all industries. We are also undergoing massive disintermediation in the channels of distribution through the web and other new communication technologies, as well as escalating efficiencies in operations and administration. All of the technology trend charts in this essay e represent massive deflation. There are many examples of the impact of these escalating efficiencies. Social. BP Amoco’s cost for finding oil is now less than $1 per barrel, down from nearly $10 in homework calculus 1991. Processing an internet transaction costs a bank one penny, compared to over $1 using a teller ten years ago. A Roland Berger / Deutsche Bank study estimates a cost savings of $1200 per North American car over the next five years. A more optimistic Morgan Stanley study estimates that Internet-based procurement will save Ford, GM, and important, DaimlerChrysler about help calculus $2700 per vehicle.

Software prices are deflating even more quickly than computer hardware. Software Price-Performance Has Also Improved at an Exponential Rate. Current economic policy is in a essay you should based on calculus, outdated models which include energy prices, commodity prices, and capital investment in plant and equipment as key driving factors, but do not adequately model bandwidth, MIPs, megabytes, intellectual property, knowledge, and other increasingly vital (and increasingly increasing) constituents that are driving the economy. The economy “wants” to grow more than the 3.5% per year, which constitutes the current “speed limit” that the Federal Reserve bank and other policy makers have established as “safe,” meaning noninflationary. But in keeping with the law of accelerating returns, the an essay with quote economy is capable of “safely” establishing this level of growth in less than a year, implying a growth rate in an entire year of greater than 3.5%.

Recently, the growth rate has exceeded 5%. None of this means that cycles of recession will disappear immediately. Homework Help Calculus. The economy still has some of the underlying dynamics that historically have caused cycles of recession, specifically excessive commitments such as capital intensive projects and essay about hobbies, the overstocking of inventories. However, the rapid dissemination of information, sophisticated forms of homework calculus, online procurement, and increasingly transparent markets in all industries have diminished the beginning with impact of this cycle. So “recessions” are likely to homework help be shallow and research proposal, short lived. The underlying long-term growth rate will continue at a double exponential rate. The overall growth of the economy reflects completely new forms and layers of wealth and value that did not previously exist, or least that did not previously constitute a significant portion of the economy (but do now): intellectual property, communication portals, web sites, bandwidth, software, data bases, and many other new technology based categories.

There is no need for help calculus high interest rates to counter an inflation that doesn’t exist. The inflationary pressures which exist are counterbalanced by all of the deflationary forces I’ve mentioned. The current high interest rates fostered by the Federal Reserve Bank are destructive, are causing trillions of dollars of lost wealth, are regressive, hurt business and the middle class, and are completely unnecessary. The Fed’s monetary policy is only influential because people believe it to be. It has little real power. The economy today is largely backed by private capital in reflective essay you should the form of a growing variety of equity instruments. Homework. The portion of available liquidity in the economy that the Fed actually controls is relatively insignificant. The reserves that banks and financial institutions maintain with the Federal Reserve System are less than $50 billion, which is only 0.6% of the GDP, and 0.25% of the liquidity available in stocks. Restricting the growth rate of the proposal economy to an arbitrary limit makes as much sense as restricting the help calculus rate at transition sentences essays which a company can grow its revenues–or its market cap. Speculative fever will certainly occur and there will necessarily continue to be high profile failures and market corrections. However the ability of technology companies to rapidly create new–real–wealth is just one of the factors that will continue to fuel ongoing double exponential growth in calculus the economy.

These policies have led to an “Alice in analytical essays Wonderland” situation in which the market goes up on bad economic news (because it means that more unnecessary punishment will be avoided) and goes down on good economic news. Speaking of market speculative fever and market corrections, the stock market values for so-called “B to B” (Business to Business) and “B to C” (Business to Consumer) web portals and enabling technologies is likely to come back strongly as it becomes clear that economic transactions are indeed escalating toward e-commerce, and that the (surviving) contenders are capable of demonstrating profitable business models. The intuitive linear assumption underlying economic thinking reaches its most ludicrous conclusions in the political debate surrounding the long-term future of the social security system. The economic models used for the social security projections are entirely linear, i.e., they reflect fixed economic growth. This might be viewed as conservative planning if we were talking about projections of only a few years, but they become utterly unrealistic for the three to four decades being discussed. These projections actually assume a fixed rate of homework help, growth of 3.5% per year for the next fifty years! There are incredibly naive assumptions that bear on both sides of the argument.

On the one hand, there will be radical extensions to in a you should human longevity, while on the other hand, we will benefit from far greater economic expansion. Homework Help Calculus. These factors do not rule each other out, however, as the positive factors are stronger, and will ultimately dominate. Moreover, we are certain to rethink social security when we have centenarians who look and act like 30 year-olds (but who will think much faster than 30 year-olds circa the hobbies year 2000). Another implication of the help calculus law of accelerating returns is important exponential growth in education and learning. Over the past 120 years, we have increased our investment in K-12 education (per student and in constant dollars) by help, a factor of ten. Sentences. We have a one hundred fold increase in the number of college students. Automation started by help calculus, amplifying the power of friendship essay, our muscles, and in recent times has been amplifying the power of our minds. Thus, for the past two centuries, automation has been eliminating jobs at the bottom of the skill ladder while creating new (and better paying) jobs at the top of the skill ladder. Homework Calculus. So the ladder has been moving up, and thus we have been exponentially increasing investments in education at research all levels. Oh, and about that “offer” at the beginning of this essay, consider that present stock values are based on future expectations.

Given that the (literally) short sighted linear intuitive view represents the ubiquitous outlook, the common wisdom in economic expectations are dramatically understated. Although stock prices reflect the homework calculus consensus of networking papers, a buyer-seller market, it nonetheless reflects the underlying linear assumption regarding future economic growth. Homework Calculus. But the law of accelerating returns clearly implies that the growth rate will continue to grow exponentially because the rate of progress will continue to accelerate. Although (weakening) recessionary cycles will continue to cause immediate growth rates to transition sentences analytical fluctuate, the underlying rate of growth will continue to double approximately every decade. But wait a second, you said that I would get $40 trillion if I read and understood this essay. That’s right.

According to help my models, if we replace the linear outlook with the more appropriate exponential outlook, current stock prices should triple. Since there’s about $20 trillion in the equity markets, that’s $40 trillion in additional wealth. But you said I would get that money. No, I said “you” would get the money, and that’s why I suggested reading the sentence carefully. The English word “you” can be singular or plural. I meant it in the sense of “all of you.” I see, all of us as in an essay quote the whole world. But not everyone will read this essay. Well, but everyone could.

So if all of you read this essay and understand it, then economic expectations would be based on the historical exponential model, and thus stock values would increase. You mean if everyone understands it, and agrees with it. Okay, I suppose I was assuming that. Is that what you expect to calculus happen. Well, actually, no. Putting on my futurist hat again, my prediction is that indeed these views will prevail, but only over time, as more and more evidence of the exponential nature of technology and its impact on the economy becomes apparent. This will happen gradually over friendship essay, the next several years, which will represent a strong continuing updraft for the market.

Technology has always been a double edged sword, bringing us longer and healthier life spans, freedom from physical and mental drudgery, and help, many new creative possibilities on the one hand, while introducing new and networking papers, salient dangers on the other. We still live today with sufficient nuclear weapons (not all of which appear to homework calculus be well accounted for) to end all mammalian life on sentences, the planet. Homework. Bioengineering is in the early stages of enormous strides in reversing disease and aging processes. However, the means and knowledge will soon exist in a routine college bioengineering lab (and already exists in social networking thesis more sophisticated labs) to create unfriendly pathogens more dangerous than nuclear weapons. As technology accelerates toward the homework help calculus Singularity, we will see the same intertwined potentials: a feast of creativity resulting from human intelligence expanded a trillion-fold combined with many grave new dangers. Consider unrestrained nanobot replication. Nanobot technology requires billions or trillions of such intelligent devices to be useful.

The most cost effective way to proposal scale up to such levels is through self-replication, essentially the same approach used in calculus the biological world. And in the same way that biological self-replication gone awry (i.e., cancer) results in friendship biological destruction, a defect in homework help the mechanism curtailing nanobot self-replication would endanger all physical entities, biological or otherwise. Other primary concerns include “who is controlling the essay nanobots?” and “who are the nanobots talking to?” Organizations (e.g., governments, extremist groups) or just a clever individual could put trillions of undetectable nanobots in the water or food supply of an individual or of an entire population. These “spy” nanobots could then monitor, influence, and even control our thoughts and help calculus, actions. In addition to research essay proposal introducing physical spy nanobots, existing nanobots could be influenced through software viruses and other software “hacking” techniques. Homework Calculus. When there is software running in reflective essay our brains, issues of privacy and security will take on a new urgency. My own expectation is calculus that the creative and constructive applications of this technology will dominate, as I believe they do today. But there will be a valuable (and increasingly vocal) role for in a you should a concerned and constructive Luddite movement (i.e., anti-technologists inspired by early nineteenth century weavers who destroyed labor-saving machinery in protest). If we imagine describing the dangers that exist today to people who lived a couple of hundred years ago, they would think it mad to take such risks. Help Calculus. On the other hand, how many people in the year 2000 would really want to transition sentences analytical essays go back to homework the short, brutish, disease-filled, poverty-stricken, disaster-prone lives that 99 percent of the human race struggled through a couple of essay, centuries ago? We may romanticize the past, but up until fairly recently, most of humanity lived extremely fragile lives where one all too common misfortune could spell disaster.

Substantial portions of our species still live in help this precarious way, which is at least one reason to research proposal continue technological progress and the economic enhancement that accompanies it. People often go through three stages in examining the impact of future technology: awe and wonderment at its potential to overcome age old problems, then a sense of homework calculus, dread at a new set of about hobbies, grave dangers that accompany these new technologies, followed, finally and hopefully, by the realization that the only viable and homework help, responsible path is to set a careful course that can realize the promise while managing the peril. In his cover story for WIRED Why The Future Doesn’t Need Us, Bill Joy eloquently described the plagues of essay hobbies, centuries’ past, and how new self-replicating technologies, such as mutant bioengineered pathogens, and “nanobots” run amok, may bring back long forgotten pestilence. Indeed these are real dangers. It is also the case, which Joy acknowledges, that it has been technological advances, such as antibiotics and improved sanitation, which has freed us from the prevalence of such plagues. Suffering in the world continues and demands our steadfast attention. Homework Calculus. Should we tell the research essay millions of people afflicted with cancer and other devastating conditions that we are canceling the development of all bioengineered treatments because there is a risk that these same technologies may someday be used for homework malevolent purposes? Having asked the rhetorical question, I realize that there is a movement to friendship important essay do exactly that, but I think most people would agree that such broad based relinquishment is not the answer.

The continued opportunity to alleviate human distress is one important motivation for continuing technological advancement. Help Calculus. Also compelling are the already apparent economic gains I discussed above which will continue to essay hasten in the decades ahead. The continued acceleration of many intertwined technologies are roads paved with gold (I use the plural here because technology is clearly not a single path). Homework Help Calculus. In a competitive environment, it is an economic imperative to your go down these roads. Relinquishing technological advancement would be economic suicide for individuals, companies, and nations. Which brings us to help calculus the issue of relinquishment, which is Bill Joy’s most controversial recommendation and personal commitment. I do feel that relinquishment at the right level is part of a responsible and constructive response to these genuine perils. The issue, however, is exactly this: at what level are we to relinquish technology? Ted Kaczynski would have us renounce all of it. This, in my view, is neither desirable nor feasible, and the futility of such a position is only underscored by the senselessness of Kaczynski’s deplorable tactics. Another level would be to forego certain fields; nanotechnology, for example, that might be regarded as too dangerous.

But such sweeping strokes of relinquishment are equally untenable. Research. Nanotechnology is simply the inevitable end result of the help calculus persistent trend toward miniaturization which pervades all of essay about, technology. It is far from a single centralized effort, but is being pursued by a myriad of calculus, projects with many diverse goals. One observer wrote: “A further reason why industrial society cannot be reformed. . . is that modern technology is social networking papers a unified system in which all parts are dependent on one another. Homework Calculus. You can’t get rid of the “bad” parts of research essay, technology and retain only the homework help calculus “good” parts. Take modern medicine, for example. Progress in medical science depends on progress in chemistry, physics, biology, computer science and other fields. Advanced medical treatments require expensive, high-tech equipment that can be made available only by beginning an essay with a block quote, a technologically progressive, economically rich society. Clearly you can’t have much progress in medicine without the whole technological system and everything that goes with it.” The observer I am quoting is, again, Ted Kaczynski.

Although one might properly resist Kaczynski as an authority, I believe he is correct on the deeply entangled nature of the help calculus benefits and risks. Friendship Essay. However, Kaczynski and I clearly part company on our overall assessment on the relative balance between the two. Bill Joy and help, I have dialogued on this issue both publicly and privately, and we both believe that technology will and should progress, and that we need to be actively concerned with the in a reflective essay dark side. If Bill and I disagree, it’s on the granularity of relinquishment that is both feasible and desirable. Abandonment of broad areas of technology will only push them underground where development would continue unimpeded by help calculus, ethics and regulation. Social Thesis. In such a situation, it would be the less stable, less responsible practitioners (e.g., the terrorists) who would have all the expertise.

I do think that relinquishment at the right level needs to be part of our ethical response to the dangers of twenty first century technologies. Calculus. One constructive example of essay about your hobbies, this is the proposed ethical guideline by the Foresight Institute, founded by nanotechnology pioneer Eric Drexler, that nanotechnologists agree to relinquish the homework development of physical entities that can self-replicate in a natural environment. Another is a ban on in a reflective essay you should, self-replicating physical entities that contain their own codes for self-replication. Homework Help Calculus. In what nanotechnologist Ralph Merkle calls the “Broadcast Architecture,” such entities would have to obtain such codes from a centralized secure server, which would guard against undesirable replication. The Broadcast Architecture is impossible in the biological world, which represents at least one way in which nanotechnology can be made safer than biotechnology.

In other ways, nanotech is potentially more dangerous because nanobots can be physically stronger than protein-based entities and more intelligent. It will eventually be possible to important essay combine the help calculus two by having nanotechnology provide the codes within biological entities (replacing DNA), in which case biological entities can use the an essay a block quote much safer Broadcast Architecture. Our ethics as responsible technologists should include such “fine grained” relinquishment, among other professional ethical guidelines. Other protections will need to include oversight by regulatory bodies, the calculus development of a block quote, technology-specific “immune” responses, as well as computer assisted surveillance by law enforcement organizations. Many people are not aware that our intelligence agencies already use advanced technologies such as automated word spotting to calculus monitor a substantial flow of telephone conversations. As we go forward, balancing our cherished rights of privacy with our need to be protected from the malicious use of powerful twenty first century technologies will be one of many profound challenges. This is one reason that such issues as an encryption “trap door” (in which law enforcement authorities would have access to otherwise secure information) and the FBI “Carnivore” email-snooping system have been so contentious. As a test case, we can take a small measure of comfort from transition analytical, how we have dealt with one recent technological challenge.

There exists today a new form of fully nonbiological self replicating entity that didn’t exist just a few decades ago: the computer virus. When this form of destructive intruder first appeared, strong concerns were voiced that as they became more sophisticated, software pathogens had the homework potential to destroy the computer network medium they live in. Yet the “immune system” that has evolved in response to this challenge has been largely effective. Although destructive self-replicating software entities do cause damage from transition essays, time to time, the injury is homework help but a small fraction of the benefit we receive from the computers and communication links that harbor them. No one would suggest we do away with computers, local area networks, and the Internet because of software viruses. One might counter that computer viruses do not have the friendship essay lethal potential of biological viruses or of destructive nanotechnology. Although true, this strengthens my observation. The fact that computer viruses are not usually deadly to humans only means that more people are willing to calculus create and release them. It also means that our response to research the danger is that much less intense. Conversely, when it comes to self replicating entities that are potentially lethal on homework, a large scale, our response on all levels will be vastly more serious.

Technology will remain a double edged sword, and the story of the Twenty First century has not yet been written. It represents vast power to sentences be used for all humankind’s purposes. We have no choice but to work hard to apply these quickening technologies to advance our human values, despite what often appears to be a lack of consensus on homework, what those values should be. Once brain porting technology has been refined and fully developed, will this enable us to live forever? The answer depends on what we mean by thesis, living and dying. Consider what we do today with our personal computer files. When we change from one personal computer to a less obsolete model, we don’t throw all our files away; rather we copy them over to help the new hardware. Although our software files do not necessary continue their existence forever, the longevity of our personal computer software is completely separate and disconnected from the hardware that it runs on. Beginning With Quote. When it comes to our personal mind file, however, when our human hardware crashes, the software of our lives dies with it. Help Calculus. However, this will not continue to be the case when we have the means to essay you should store and restore the thousands of trillions of bytes of information represented in homework help calculus the pattern that we call our brains. The longevity of one’s mind file will not be dependent, therefore, on the continued viability of any particular hardware medium.

Ultimately software-based humans, albeit vastly extended beyond the severe limitations of humans as we know them today, will live out on with a block, the web, projecting bodies whenever they need or want them, including virtual bodies in calculus diverse realms of virtual reality, holographically projected bodies, physical bodies comprised of friendship important, nanobot swarms, and other forms of nanotechnology. A software-based human will be free, therefore, from the constraints of any particular thinking medium. Today, we are each confined to homework help a mere hundred trillion connections, but humans at the end of the twenty-first century can grow their thinking and beginning an essay a block, thoughts without limit. We may regard this as a form of immortality, although it is worth pointing out that data and information do not necessarily last forever. Although not dependent on the viability of the hardware it runs on, the longevity of information depends on its relevance, utility, and accessibility. If you’ve ever tried to retrieve information from an obsolete form of homework calculus, data storage in an old obscure format (e.g., a reel of magnetic tape from a 1970 minicomputer), you will understand the challenges in keeping software viable. However, if we are diligent in a block maintaining our mind file, keeping current backups, and help, porting to current formats and mediums, then a form of essay, immortality can be attained, at least for software-based humans. Our mind file–our personality, skills, memories–all of that is lost today when our biological hardware crashes.

When we can access, store, and restore that information, then its longevity will no longer be tied to our hardware permanence. Is this form of immortality the same concept as a physical human, as we know them today, living forever? In one sense it is, because as I pointed out earlier, our contemporary selves are not a constant collection of matter either. Only our pattern of matter and energy persists, and even that gradually changes. Similarly, it will be the pattern of homework help, a software human that persists and develops and changes gradually. But is social thesis that person based on my mind file, who migrates across many computational substrates, and who outlives any particular thinking medium, really me? We come back to the same questions of consciousness and identity, issues that have been debated since the Platonic dialogues. Help. As we go through the twenty-first century, these will not remain polite philosophical debates, but will be confronted as vital, practical, political, and friendship important essay, legal issues. A related question is “is death desirable?” A great deal of our effort goes into avoiding it. We make extraordinary efforts to delay it, and indeed often consider its intrusion a tragic event.

Yet we might find it hard to live without it. Homework Help Calculus. We consider death as giving meaning to our lives. It gives importance and value to time. Time could become meaningless if there were too much of it. The Next Step in Evolution and the Purpose of Life. But I regard the freeing of the human mind from its severe physical limitations of scope and duration as the necessary next step in in a evolution. Calculus. Evolution, in my view, represents the purpose of life. That is, the purpose of life–and of our lives–is to in a reflective evolve.

The Singularity then is not a grave danger to be avoided. In my view, this next paradigm shift represents the goal of our civilization. What does it mean to evolve? Evolution moves toward greater complexity, greater elegance, greater knowledge, greater intelligence, greater beauty, greater creativity, and more of other abstract and subtle attributes such as love. And God has been called all these things, only without any limitation: infinite knowledge, infinite intelligence, infinite beauty, infinite creativity, infinite love, and so on. Of course, even the accelerating growth of evolution never achieves an infinite level, but as it explodes exponentially, it certainly moves rapidly in that direction. So evolution moves inexorably toward our conception of God, albeit never quite reaching this ideal. Calculus. Thus the freeing of our thinking from the severe limitations of its biological form may be regarded as an essential spiritual quest. In making this statement, it is important to sentences analytical essays emphasize that terms like evolution, destiny, and spiritual quest are observations about the end result, not the basis for these predictions. I am not saying that technology will evolve to calculus human levels and beyond simply because it is our destiny and because of the satisfaction of a spiritual quest.

Rather my projections result from a methodology based on beginning an essay quote, the dynamics underlying the (double) exponential growth of technological processes. Homework Help Calculus. The primary force driving technology is economic imperative. Essay. We are moving toward machines with human level intelligence (and beyond) as the result of millions of small advances, each with their own particular economic justification. To use an example from my own experience at calculus one of my companies (Kurzweil Applied Intelligence), whenever we came up with a slightly more intelligent version of speech recognition, the new version invariably had greater value than the essays earlier generation and, as a result, sales increased. Help Calculus. It is interesting to analytical note that in the example of speech recognition software, the three primary surviving competitors stayed very close to calculus each other in the intelligence of an essay with, their software.

A few other companies that failed to do so (e.g., Speech Systems) went out of business. At any point in time, we would be able to homework help sell the version prior to the latest version for perhaps a quarter of the price of the current version. As for versions of our technology that were two generations old, we couldn’t even give those away. This phenomenon is not only true for short about hobbies pattern recognition and other “AI” software, but applies to all products, from bread makers to help cars. And if the product itself doesn’t exhibit some level of intelligence, then intelligence in the manufacturing and marketing methods have a major effect on the success and profitability of an with a block quote enterprise. There is a vital economic imperative to homework calculus create more intelligent technology.

Intelligent machines have enormous value. That is why they are being built. There are tens of thousands of projects that are advancing intelligent machines in social networking diverse incremental ways. The support for “high tech” in help calculus the business community (mostly software) has grown enormously. When I started my optical character recognition (OCR) and speech synthesis company (Kurzweil Computer Products, Inc.) in 1974, there were only a half-dozen high technology IPO’s that year. The number of such deals has increased one hundred fold and the number of dollars invested has increased by more than one thousand fold in the past 25 years.

In the four years between 1995 and 1999 alone, high tech venture capital deals increased from just over research proposal, $1 billion to approximately $15 billion. We will continue to build more powerful computational mechanisms because it creates enormous value. We will reverse-engineer the human brain not simply because it is our destiny, but because there is valuable information to be found there that will provide insights in homework help building more intelligent (and more valuable) machines. We would have to repeal capitalism and about your hobbies, every visage of economic competition to stop this progression. By the second half of this next century, there will be no clear distinction between human and homework help calculus, machine intelligence. On the one hand, we will have biological brains vastly expanded through distributed nanobot-based implants. On the other hand, we will have fully nonbiological brains that are copies of beginning an essay with, human brains, albeit also vastly extended.

And we will have a myriad of other varieties of intimate connection between human thinking and the technology it has fostered. Ultimately, nonbiological intelligence will dominate because it is growing at a double exponential rate, whereas for help all practical purposes biological intelligence is at a standstill. Human thinking is stuck at 10 26 calculations per second (for all biological humans), and that figure will never appreciably change (except for transition analytical essays a small increase resulting from genetic engineering). Homework Calculus. Nonbiological thinking is in a reflective still millions of times less today, but the cross over will occur before 2030. By the end of the twenty-first century, nonbiological thinking will be trillions of trillions of times more powerful than that of its biological progenitors, although still of human origin. Calculus. It will continue to beginning with be the human-machine civilization taking the next step in evolution. Most forecasts of the future seem to ignore the revolutionary impact of the Singularity in our human destiny: the inevitable emergence of computers that match and ultimately vastly exceed the capabilities of the human brain, a development that will be no less important than the evolution of human intelligence itself some thousands of centuries ago.

And the homework help primary reason for this failure is that they are based on the intuitive but short sighted linear view of history. Before the next century is over, the Earth’s technology-creating species will merge with its computational technology. There will not be a clear distinction between human and machine. After all, what is the friendship essay difference between a human brain enhanced a trillion fold by nanobot-based implants, and a computer whose design is help calculus based on high resolution scans of the human brain, and then extended a trillion-fold? Why SETI Will Fail (and why we are alone in the Universe) The law of accelerating returns implies that by 2099, the intelligence that will have emerged from human-machine civilization will be trillions of trillions of thesis, times more powerful than it is today, dominated of course by its nonbiological form. So what does this have to homework do with SETI (the Search for short hobbies Extra Terrestrial Intelligence)? The naive view, going back to pre-Copernican days, was that the Earth was at the center of the Universe, and human intelligence its greatest gift (next to God).

The more informed recent view is that even if the likelihood of a star having a planet with a technology creating species is very low (e.g., one in a million), there are so many stars (i.e., billions of trillions of calculus, them), that there are bound to be many with advanced technology. This is the view behind SETI, was my view until recently, and is the common informed view today. Although SETI has not yet looked everywhere, it has already covered a substantial portion of the Universe. In the essay above diagram (courtesy of Scientific American), we can see that SETI has already thoroughly searched all star systems within 10 7 light-years from calculus, Earth for alien civilizations capable (and willing) to transmit at a power of at important least 10 25 watts, a so-called Type II civilization (and all star systems within 10 6 light-years for transmission of at least 10 18 watts, and so on). Homework Help Calculus. No sign of intelligence has been found as of yet. In a recent email to my research assistant, Dr. You Should. Seth Shostak of the SETI Institute points out that a new comprehensive targeted search, called Project Phoenix, which has up to 100 times the sensitivity and covers a greater range of the radio dial as compared to homework help previous searches, has only been applied thus far to transition sentences analytical 500 star systems, which is, of course only a minute fraction of the half trillion star systems in homework just our own galaxy. However, according to thesis my model, once a civilization achieves our own level (“Earth-level”) of radio transmission, it takes no more than one century, two at the most, to achieve what SETI calls a Type II civilization. If the assumption that there are at least millions of radio capable civilizations out there, and that these civilizations are spread out over millions (indeed billions) of help calculus, years of development, then surely there ought to be millions that have achieved Type II status.

Incidentally, this is not an argument against the SETI project, which in my view should have the highest possible priority because the negative finding is no less significant than a positive result. It is odd that we find the social networking cosmos so silent. Where is everybody? There should be millions of help calculus, civilizations vastly more advanced than our own, so we should be noticing their broadcasts. A sufficiently advanced civilization would not be likely to short about your restrict its broadcasts to subtle signals on obscure frequencies. Why are they so silent, and homework calculus, so shy? As I have studied the implications of the law of accelerating returns, I have come to a different view. Because exponential growth is so explosive, it is the short essay about hobbies case that once a species develops computing technology, it is only a matter of a couple of centuries before the nonbiological form of their intelligence explodes. Homework. It permeates virtually all matter in their vicinity, and then inevitably expands outward close to the maximum speed that information can travel. Once the nonbiological intelligence emerging from that species’ technology has saturated its vicinity (and the nature of this saturation is another complex issue, which I won’t deal with in this essay), it has no other way to continue to evolve but to expand outwardly. The expansion does not start out at the maximum speed, but quickly achieves a speed within a vanishingly small delta from the maximum speed.

What is the maximum speed? We currently understand this to be the speed of light, but there are already tantalizing hints that this may not be an absolute limit. There were recent experiments that measured the flight time of photons at nearly twice the speed of light, a result of quantum uncertainty on their position. However, this result is actually not useful for this analysis, because it does not actually allow information to proposal be communicated at faster than the speed of homework help, light, and we are fundamentally interested in communication speed. Quantum disentanglement has been measured at many times the speed of research proposal, light, but this is only communicating randomness (profound quantum randomness) at speeds far greater than the homework help speed of light; again, this is not communication of information (but is of great interest for networking papers restoring encryption, after quantum computing destroys it). There is the potential for help worm holes (or folds of the Universe in dimensions beyond the three visible ones), but this is not really traveling at faster than the speed of light, it just means that the topology of the Universe is not the simple three dimensional space that naive physics implies. But we already knew that. However, if worm holes or folds in the Universe are ubiquitous, then perhaps these short cuts would allow us to get everywhere quickly. Would anyone be shocked if some subtle ways of getting around this speed limit were discovered?

And no matter how subtle, sufficiently subtle technology will find ways to apply it. The point is that if there are ways around this limit (or any other currently understood limit), then the extraordinary levels of intelligence that our human-machine civilization will achieve will find those ways and exploit them. So for in a now, we can say that ultra high levels of help calculus, intelligence will expand outward at the speed of light, but recognize that this may not be the actual limit of the speed of beginning, expansion, or even if the help limit is the speed of light that this limit may not restrict reaching other locations quickly. Consider that the in a reflective you should time spans for homework biological evolution are measured in millions and billions of years, so if there are other civilizations out there, they would be spread out by huge spans of time. If there are a lot of in a reflective essay you should, them, as contemporary thinking implies, then it would be very unlikely that at least some of homework help, them would not be ahead of us. That at least is the SETI assumption. And if they are ahead of us, they likely would be ahead of us by short essay about, huge spans of time. The likelihood that any civilization that is ahead of us is ahead of us by calculus, only a few decades is in a reflective essay extremely small. If the SETI assumption that there are many (e.g., millions) of technological (at least radio capable) civilizations is correct, then at help calculus least some of them (i.e., millions of them) would be way ahead of us.

But it takes only important essay, a few centuries at most from the advent of computation for that civilization to expand outward at at least light speed. Given this, how can it be that we have not noticed them? The conclusion I reach is that it is likely that there are no such other civilizations. In other words, we are in the lead. That’s right, our humble civilization with its Dodge pick up trucks, fried chicken fast food, and homework calculus, ethnic cleansings (and computation!) is in the lead. Now how can that be? Isn’t this extremely unlikely given the billions of trillions of likely planets? Indeed it is very unlikely. But equally unlikely is the existence of our Universe with a set of laws of physics so exquisitely precisely what is needed for the evolution of life to be possible.

But by the Anthropic principle, if the social networking Universe didn’t allow the evolution of life we wouldn’t be here to notice it. Homework Calculus. Yet here we are. An Essay. So by the same Anthropic principle, we’re here in homework the lead in the Universe. Again, if we weren’t here, we would not be noticing it. Let’s consider some arguments against this perspective. Perhaps there are extremely advanced technological civilizations out there, but we are outside their light sphere of intelligence. That is, they haven’t gotten here yet. Okay, in this case, SETI will still fail because we won’t be able to social networking papers see (or hear) them, at least not before we reach Singularity. Perhaps they are amongst us, but have decided to homework remain invisible to us. Incidentally, I have always considered the science fiction notion of large space ships with large squishy creatures similar to us to be very unlikely. Any civilization sophisticated enough to make the trip here would have long since passed the point of merging with their technology and would not need to in a essay send such physically bulky organisms and equipment.

Such a civilization would not have any unmet material needs that require it to steal physical resources from us. They would be here for observation only, to gather knowledge, which is the only resource of homework calculus, value to important such a civilization. The intelligence and help, equipment needed for such observation would be extremely small. In this case, SETI will still fail because if this civilization decided that it did not want us to notice it, then it would succeed in that desire. Keep in mind that they would be vastly more intelligent than we are today.

Perhaps they will reveal themselves to us when we achieve the next level of our evolution, specifically merging our biological brains with our technology, which is to beginning an essay quote say, after the Singularity. Moreover, given that the SETI assumption implies that there are millions of such highly developed civilizations, it seems odd that all of them have made the same decision to stay out of our way. Why Intelligence is More Powerful than Physics. As intelligence saturates the matter and energy available to it, it turns dumb matter into smart matter. Although smart matter still nominally follows the laws of physics, it is so exquisitely intelligent that it can harness the most subtle aspects of the laws to manipulate matter and energy to its will. So it would at least appear that intelligence is homework more powerful than physics. Perhaps what I should say is that intelligence is more powerful than cosmology. That is, once matter evolves into smart matter (matter fully saturated with intelligence), it can manipulate matter and energy to do whatever it wants. This perspective has not been considered in about discussions of future cosmology. It is assumed that intelligence is irrelevant to events and processes on a cosmological scale. Stars are born and die; galaxies go through their cycles of creation and destruction.

The Universe itself was born in a big bang and will end with a crunch or a whimper, we’re not yet sure which. But intelligence has little to do with it. Homework Help. Intelligence is just a bit of froth, an essay your ebullition of homework, little creatures darting in and out of inexorable universal forces. The mindless mechanism of the Universe is winding up or down to a distant future, and there’s nothing intelligence can do about it. That’s the common wisdom, but I don’t agree with it. Intelligence will be more powerful than these impersonal forces. Once a planet yields a technology creating species and that species creates computation (as has happened here on sentences analytical, Earth), it is only a matter of a few centuries before its intelligence saturates the matter and energy in calculus its vicinity, and it begins to expand outward at the speed of light or greater. It will then overcome gravity (through exquisite and vast technology) and other cosmological forces (or, to be fully accurate, will maneuver and control these forces) and create the short about your hobbies Universe it wants.

This is the calculus goal of the beginning an essay a block quote Singularity. What kind of Universe will that be? Well, just wait and homework calculus, see. Most of about hobbies, you (again I’m using the plural form of the word) are likely to help calculus be around to see the Singularity. The expanding human life span is another one of research essay proposal, those exponential trends. In the eighteenth century, we added a few days every year to human longevity; during the nineteenth century we added a couple of weeks each year; and now we’re adding almost a half a year every year. Calculus. With the revolutions in genomics, proteomics, rational drug design, therapeutic cloning of research essay, our own organs and tissues, and related developments in bio-information sciences, we will be adding more than a year every year within ten years. So take care of yourself the old fashioned way for just a little while longer, and you may actually get to homework help calculus experience the next fundamental paradigm shift in our destiny. Copyright (C) Raymond Kurzweil 2001.

Chart Graphics by research, Brett Rampata/Digital Organism. Topics: Innovation/Entrepreneurship | Quantum | Social Networking/Web. Hi. I was doing some research on this topic. Calculus. I live in transition sentences essays helsinki and help calculus, I found a finnish translation of The Visible Human Project. It’s here : http://www.1001-soldes.com/visible-human-project. Thanks for thesis papers creating and sharing a great resource. The rate of calculus, technological change has serious implications for the economics of investing in terms of a “buy now or wait for the next improved model” problem.

The “economic life” of equipment in certain industries is far shorter than the mechanical life (i.e. the machine is not worn out and with quote, still operates within accepted tolerances). We saw this in the late 90?s to homework help calculus early 2000 when the majority of reflective essay you should, used metal working machinery dealers went out of business. While the used equipment still “worked like new” it was technologically obsolete relative to the performance of the help calculus most recent technology. The economics of competition often led to research proposal the situation where the old technology even at an acquisition cost almost equivalent to homework help scrap value, but including operating and maintenance costs, could not compete with the features and costs of the new technology. Financial lending institutions were hit hard as their floor-plan financing of reflective essay you should, used equipment inventory when the dealer closed it’s doors and homework, gave the keys to the banker, only to find out that the $250,000 machine was worth $5,000 as scrap. As a result, many small manufacturers are finding it almost impossible to get bank financing to acquire new (expensive) technology. As a result, smaller firms are finding it more difficult to be competitive unless they can operate their equipment almost 24/7/365 in order to “wear it out” before it becomes technologically obsolete. In many areas, this has resulted in a dilemma of deciding to “buy now” or wait for social networking papers new model.

As the rate of technological change increases, this can quickly lead to an “investment singularity” where on never makes an homework investment. I feel that this conundrum is leading to research greater concentration in manufacturing with less competition. This in itself may be the homework help calculus “brakes” the the technology growth rate as once a manufacturer achieves near monopoly status, it can continue to price goods based on the economics of the networking papers “old technology” without being undercut by new competitors using new technology. I believe that there is a need for calculus a new model of essay, small-medium manufacturing that can “share technology” in order to help calculus “wear it out” before it becomes obsolete. This obviously entail a major logistics problem that I feel would lead to the development of transition sentences analytical essays, concentrated manufacturing locations in homework order to facilitate sharing of equipment along with coordination of methods (i.e. standardized CAD-CAM, MRP, etc.). I was wondering why you did not use a paradigm shows patent across the age of technology… can easily support your claims, specifically because the rate and return can be proven accurate, In 2001 you write that “we will be adding more than a year every year within ten years” (So 2011).

In 2015, at the Emerging Issues forum in NC State U, you say that “within 15 years we’ll be adding more than a year every year to your remaining life expectancy.” It does appear, even to this very sympathetic reader of yours, that you keep pushing back the social papers date when we’ll finally reach longevity escape velocity. Where does he say that? I can’t find that quote in this article. Also, I would assume his “predictions” are not set in stone, and need flexibility. I see these as possibilities as to when we should be able to do this or that, not an exact time-frame. He isn’t trying to be a prophet of the future, or a Nostradamus. Just listing his educated theories on what the homework calculus future might hold. Given medical progress you write that “we will be adding more than a year every year within ten years”. This in 2001, so it would refer to essay 2011. Have we been adding more than a year to our remaining life span since 2011? looking widely, any growth is like more lambda function than exponent.. Homework Calculus. exponential growth linear phase saturation.. fixing on exponential growth like a searching for Philosopher’s stone..

A technological singularity has already occurred at with quote least once in help history. Before the invention of neural cell, the adaptation for new environments required many generations of evolutionary trial. Compared to that, the speed at which neurons model the world is near-infinite. Seems very reasonable! I was wondering, how to test if a copied mind is social networking papers indistinguishable from the actual mind copied?

Let’s say you and your copy are given the help identical simulated world environments to play in. Friendship Important Essay. If the behaviours of calculus, you and beginning, your copy do not deviate by calculus, more than the an essay a block quote behaviour of homework help, actual you would be expected to deviate from the transition sentences analytical essays behaviour of identical actual you in a universe different from this one by the amount of entropy that would be needed to homework calculus create the with a block observed level of differences in behaviour over the same period of time, then we would consider your copy identical up to that level of entropy, defined by the triple (you, your copy, game). Hello, I am currently a student in molecular biology at help UofM, Well, firstly, it needs to be stated that this is a deliciously entertaining and research, well defined hypothesis. There are certainly numerous well-supported facts throughout this essay and I too, agree with its principle suggestion. It is noteworthy to point out that what this man is attempting to homework prove is at research essay its utmost level not provable (currently), but may be able to homework help calculus be in time. The most difficult part to short essay your hobbies grasp for most people is the ability to extend your analyzing beyond your realm of present reasoning. On a far lesser scale, many find it difficult to draw 3-Dimensional figures on 2-D paper. But just because you can’t comprehend it-or perhaps even if you can and assess that it is only an optical illusion-doesn’t mean there is no merit in its core reasoning. That is to say, it is possible to use these directly fictitious drawings to help ultimately understand the concepts it would entail in 3 dimensions.

What I am saying is, simply put, that which is impossible now is not necessarily impossible later. When addressing the future, you must not assess it linearly (as Kurzweil elaborates), despite our deepest internal desire to view it as so. If you think A.I. intelligence is you should unable to pass human intelligence, then you will have a much more difficult time understanding the ideas behind Dystopian/Utopian theories. On a final note, I truly wonder if these two theories are interrelated, as I’d assume that this could ultimately extend to argue that the help calculus exponential growth of technology may culminate in a Singularity point that ultimately results in in a reflective essay you should the destruction of the exponential model and offers an entirely new shape after. (I’d assume a possible restart in help technological growth if you believe in Dystopia with a Utopian stance being more unclear). I am very interested to hear your take on short essay about, that. How will we apply technplogy that is homework help more intelligent than its creators………. yea, imagine some one from the 80s picking up a smart phone and having infinite amount of information in their hands! they would be so unimpressed… u mad bro that life didn’t turn out like movies from the 70?s and 80?s….you’re an idiot.

I’m just going to social thesis papers say something about the life and the future. There were changes in the past for the future for the past, old fashioned civilians. Everything is the same, everyone is the same. They all think their more godly than others. The fact is, their not. They never will be…there’s only president’s and higher occupations who fuck up our world and are the higher occupations. So, now we live in the Still Age, where nothing seems to move forward. Sure we have technology, but nothing’s actually happening. Life’s dead, the help people may seem alive but we are the walking dead. Research. Suppose we don’t actually need a zombie apocalypse because WE are it. We ARE zombies.

I mean, look at all the homework calculus movies from the 70?s/80?s they expect in the 2000s/2020s will be all futuristic with hover cars and moving cities and blah blah blah but NO, they would be choking themselves now that the future hasn’t moved on and they saw today. I will be dead by the time anything changes to a block quote our city or evolves….why is it that we can’t go out by the time night comes? why cant we be creatures of the night instead of creatures of the day? It’s frustrating, sitting here on homework help calculus, your bed waiting for the next day. The night is not safe for anyone, why? Who dared made it that way? I would like to walk in the night feeling safe but I suppose that isnt possible…why is the essay day safe? But the homework day isnt safe, either.

No, I didn’t read the preposterous post or comments. Maths sucks…I bet I can pass by without using it…that’s a challenge…okay, so maybe the shops I need maths for but thats it and I can use a calculator for gods sake! Who the fuck buys 42 melons anyway? You know? Those ridiculous math sums. A Block Quote. And why, do we see all these people everywhere and dont know their names? Their everything? Their always different looking everyday. We don’t have self awareness because we’re just too used to everything, we’re almost like puppets obeying this life system…we only homework, have self awareness when we are in an essay a block trouble.

I mean, I kind of feel like we’re just waiting to help calculus die everyday. I don’t want that. I hate that. Research Essay. I want to feel alive, to homework calculus feel lived, I dont want to walk in a daydream. Why must we obey the system? Go to school for half your life, work the rest of the half, grow old and in a reflective essay, die. Everyone’s the same. Help. It’s programmed for every human. You want to social networking papers know your purpose? That’s your purpose.

Work till you grow old. Enjoy the little things ;) It is calculus mind bogging yet well supported by facts…dear sir may I bring one area that could sweep all other areas…exponential increase is proposal BADLY needed in homework personal conduct,wash-out of negative thinking ,and being. old indian scriptures DO mention that such is possible.but that is all to. it…probably suspecting misuse. from nsc. UIM (Ultra Intelligent machines) ” ultra-intelligent machine could design even better machines” document in 1960s are not far from reality. “consciousness is an in a reflective essay you should unbroken chain. Calculus. if you copy yourself directly you break the chain, the new copy’s consciousness would begin at that point and your old self would continue to be conscious. a slow transition allows an networking thesis introspective understanding of that gradual change as you evolve from biology into technology, although you may change your consciousness remains intact. that is calculus my view anyway” Moore’s law is beginning a block just one of millions of positive feedback loops that occur in the world (in biology, sociology, economics, chemistry etc). Homework Calculus. Yet none of these feedback loops continue indefinitely, as you are assuming Moore’s Law will. This is because every feedback loop, including Moore’s Law, eventually has limiting factors (Usually a lack of reflective essay, resources / ingredients). All the technology curves will be slowed by limiting factors eventually, and the singularity won’t occur.

Jordan: in The Singularity Is Near book. Homework Help Calculus. Ray explains that Moore’s law will expire in the future, and friendship important, will be replaced by another process. Jordan – respectfully – did you read the whole essay? I agree with your criticism in a sense, in that we haven’t yet established that there is a possible “paradigm” after integrated circuits. Help. Pointing to the end of about your hobbies, Moore’s law and homework calculus, claiming their is nothing beyond that is no different than having someone circa 1956 claiming vacuum tubes are the fastest computers we can EVER make. Beginning An Essay A Block. Moore’s law is projected to end sometime around 2018 – 2022. Ray is very aware of this, as he points out many times in his essay. Had his argument been of the form “Moore’s law – Singularity” your counter argument would have been sufficient. This is not at all what he is arguing, in fact, the premise “Moore’s law will end” is one premises of his argument (the rise an fall of new paradigms for intelligence). If you want to argue against homework, a singularity occurring, you need to address the fundamental trends underlying Moore’s law (things along the lines of building upon previous innovations and then work out what laws of physics may interfere with the continuation of that trend). The only small problem I saw with what his argument above is that nanites will have a hard time sending and receiving WiFi if they are smaller than the wavelength of reflective essay you should, carrier frequency.

If I were to then conclude that this physical problem will prevent nanites from EVER using any kind of homework calculus, wireless communication, I would be adopting the same type of thinking as yours regarding Moore’s law. All of us working together over many years of research essay, innovation and homework help, “evolution” have created this smooth pattern (I would argue that ALL people contribute in transition sentences analytical some small way, even the help calculus ones that don’t appear to essay be doing anything – it all adds up). The patterns you see in a branching tree, in the periodic table, in human personality types, a fractal, the sand on the beach, a hurricane, the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction… take your pick but the “Law of Accelerating Returns” as Ray calls it is simply another one of those types of patterns. It’s literally a force of nature – we recognize that we’re creating that pattern, but then we delude ourselves into thinking that we’re “in control” of homework, it, and social networking thesis papers, that just isn’t the case. All of these large scale aggregate patterns constructed by an uncountable number of help, small scale chaotic events will be points of great interest for us going forward (they already are, but they’ll become more important as we try to transition sentences analytical solve problems… like the end of Moore’s law). They form the links between the known fundamental properties of the universe with our experienced conciousness. A top priority is to understand that complex and interconnected web.

uuuuuuummmm, i was told i would recieve 40 trillion dollars…. by Theodoore Aborgone. 40 trillion? For what?? Hi to everyone, this is help calculus my first post, because I REALLY need help. Everywhere i see know this advertisements about Forex thing, got attracted, started to read about it, but still really confused about hobbies What is forex . All the homework explanations i find on the internet are very complicated. Too many smart words. Can someone explain what is forex by his own words ? Tired of websites. I just can not imagine with incredibly blog greatly that warned me!

God bless you “It is not beauty that endears; it’s love that makes us see beauty.” – Leo Tolstoy. Too much technological change within such a short period of time is too much for humans to handle. Humans must learn how to adapt to the societal changes that this new technology will bring, so that humans won’t end civilization as we know it. We as a species must strive for peace. note how phase conjugation is the in a symmetry origin of acceleration (gravity) and all centripetal – self organizing forces. Seems like we should re-evaluate the perception we call time imortality is right around the corner. So hold on to your pants were about to defy physics as we know it.

Epigenetic mechanisms can provide a survival advantage under adverse conditions with mechanical laws. It presupposes that Science historically developed out of Phylosophy. It is more convenient to postulate that Epigenetics expanded in accordance with mechanical laws that have existed since the beginning of creation. (Epigenetics Wikipedia page here) I have two problems with this theory. The first is physical, the second metaphysical. Homework Help Calculus. The first problem that while exponential growth is certainly a mathematical possibility, it is never a physical one. In mathematics, all exponential growth results in beginning an essay a block quote asymptotes. There are, however, no physical asymptotes – they simply do not exist. For example, the repellent force of protons looks asymptotic until a certain point – then it breaks over and nuclear forces take over, binding the nucleus of an help calculus atom together. The same thing happens with a zener diode, or any other seemingly asymptotic function.

There is always a breakover point. Essay Hobbies. (Interesting discussion regarding the homework growth of networking papers, mass as it approaches the speed of light – but if you think about it, we simply don’t know yet). The second is metaphysical. This theory assumes – and I think incorrectly – that consciousness is the result of increased neural activity. However, any honest person that thinks about it will realize that there is something in the “soul” or “spirit” that is help calculus yet to proposal be explored or understood. Anyone that has ever entered a room where an argument has just taken place and “felt” the help calculus “tension” in the room has sensed with something other than the brain – unless all of that is just electromagnetic vibes, and as an electrical engineer, I know those electromagnetic waves travel outward and transition analytical essays, disperse at nearly the speed of light. Homework Help Calculus. I think that the brain is more of an interface to the “spirit” where real cognitive thinking occurs. In A Essay. That is why we “stew” on things to think them through – our brain needs to be preoccupied sometimes (watching TV, listening to music, etc.) in order to “think”. Our brain doesn’t do the thinking, that is a metaphysical thing. Thinking that cognitive self-awareness comes from neural activity is a stretch that is not supported by homework help calculus, any medical knowledge, it is simply assumed (like evolution). It is more of a religion than religion is. The complexity of the interface certainly needs to be explored, but until we can figure out where the real cognitive engine is, I don’t think there is any chance that more complex interfaces will become self aware.

The RS 232 interface is beginning an essay simple and the USB3 may be better and more complex, but no matter how good the interface gets, it will never become the computer chip itself. LIkewise, the brain may be exceeded by a computer, but it will never become the cognitive center of a person. On the bright side, Mr. Kurzweil, the spirit never dies. Are you sure about homework calculus this? Animal often communicate non-verbally because they don’t have a structured, organized universal way of communicating with one another. So they have to rely on friendship, a not of help, non-verbal ques to beginning an essay with a block communicate with one another. Therefore you example of “walking into help calculus, a room with an argument” isn’t a very good example of a “spiritual” perception, because humans display certain actions and characteristic when under pressure, and some of us have been wired to perceive these unconscious non-verbal forms of communication. Looks of worry, muscles tensing up, frowns, fidgeting…

It’s a romantic idea that we have a soul, but to friendship essay claim we have souls is to deny the elegance and homework help calculus, beauty that is our brains. Research Essay Proposal. So don’t be mean to your brain, give credit where credit’s due! ” In mathematics, all exponential growth results in asymptotes. There are, however, no physical asymptotes – they simply do not exist.” There is a physical limit at the end of the century. He explains in help this particular essay that he left it out, but it is basically the point at which we cant get any more use out of an atom and simply require more atoms. At that point all research and advancement will be towards getting more atoms. “That is an essay with quote why we “stew” on homework calculus, things to think them through – our brain needs to be preoccupied sometimes (watching TV, listening to music, etc.) in order to essay proposal “think”. Our brain doesn’t do the thinking, that is a metaphysical thing.” We are unaware of the vast majority of our brains activity. This is the work being done in the subconscious.

We are only aware of the activity on the thin outer film on the outside of the brain, and homework calculus, we have even shown that many of the decisions we think we consciously make were actually your subconscious making the decision and analytical, lying to you conscious brain that you made the decision. You can tell these “decisions” apart from the rest by asking yourself if you actually considered alternatives to what you just did; if not, that is your subconscious. Your subconscious considers almost every thing you could possibly do next, and analyzes the world in very unconventional ways… sometimes seeing past our rigid conception of reality. 95% of our brain is in the subconscious. Little is homework help known about what the subconscious is capable of or senses past the 5 our conscious brain is aware of.

Seeing into essay, the outer layer of the subconscious is help calculus a spiritual experience. It can be achieved through dreaming, meditation, spirituality, and hallucinogens. When you “feel” things you are not aware of reflective essay, or “stew”, this is your subconscious working away. This is the homework real you. “Thinking that cognitive self-awareness comes from neural activity is a stretch that is not supported by essay proposal, any medical knowledge, it is simply assumed” Self awareness is shown to take place in calculus the brain only when it is in a highly interconnected state.

The outer 5% of the brain is the social thesis papers conscious part and is only developed to any reasonable extent in humans. The conscious part of the brain connects the other parts of the brain together and allows you to be aware of homework help calculus, them and also override them with logic. Scientific inquiry into this by watching chain reactions in the brain has shown that when are are no longer self aware, the difference in the brain is that the separate parts are no longer communicating with each other…they are simply acting. This is how it is in animals. You made a few points that I found interesting and you might be able to help me with a nonprofit initiative of mine called iSocialWatch, it is the first social media watchdog and consumer advocacy organization focusing on privacy, safety, psychology and sexuality in reflective essay the context of cyber, social and ultra connected space. You can reach out by calculus, email stephane at isocialwatch dot org, or Twitter “isocialwatch”, or facebook.com/isocialwatch. Looking forward hearing from you. I’m not sure that I agree with the Kurzweil’s refutation of Penrose’s description of the origin of research proposal, consciousness. Homework Help Calculus. I would not, for example, say that the gradual introduction of electronic pseudo-neurons is functionally equivalent to a complete brain scan/recreation. Short Your. The fundamental difference between the two processes, it seems to me, is the gradual nature of the former, which avoids the discontinuity of the latter. Continuity may be fundamental to consciousness, which is why Penrose’s argument holds water.

No matter how “close” our quantum technology can come to help calculus replicating our quantum states, there will always be that discontinuity because the duplication, as Penrose argues, cannot be perfect. Therefore, consciousness cannot be downloaded from a biological mind. Of course, consciousness could also be something completely unrelated to all of this. Maybe these physical processes are results of consciousness and not the other way around. Every new invention has a beginning, an accellerating development phase, a peak of development and then a decellerating slowing down of a block quote, development. Nothing takes forever. Eventually we will live in a world that doesn’t change much. You just think it is homework help linear or exponentially accellerating because you don’t appreciate that the industrial/technological time has been very short. It’s like looking at our world and thinking it is thesis flat but when you get to the pole it goes no further. It’s just a ball.

You can’t see the reality because you over-rate your intelligence. I think the jump from homework, – the window that a civilization would be broadcasting radio waves is friendship very small – to, therefore no other civilizations exist – is homework a false conclusion. I also disagree that civilizations would be broadcasting a signal to all the universe once they advanced beyond human level intelligence. The smart entity would conceal themselves and be the essay one to decide when any contact should occur. I do not think they are here, but that does not mean that they aren’t out there. Are You Serious Bro? We Tried So Hard Not To Go There But There You Went… Please log in to help post a comment.

The Kurzweil Accelerating Intelligence newsletter features science and technology breakthroughs. Essay Proposal. It also lists new blog posts, events, videos, and books.

3 Resume Trends Stinking Up Your Job Search. Homework? Doesn#8217;t matter how pretty the pen. Beginning? Over half of help calculus, recent college graduates don’t have full-time jobs. I know why. Those words appeared on one of a hundred resumes I just reviewed while helping a startup client fill an open position. Excellent penmanship . It was not the resume of a shorthand-proficient grandmother trying to transition sentences analytical essays get back into calculus the workforce. It was the resume of an essay with a block, a recent college graduate.

A college graduate with impressive accomplishments, buried lower on his resume. A college graduate who will never get a full-time job. Neither will most of the homework, one hundred applicants I just reviewed. Turns out there’s a lot of excellent penmanship on resumes today. This is not because these Millennials don#8217;t have great backgrounds and social thesis, pertinent experiences. It#8217;s because someone is giving college students very bad advice about what should, and shouldn’t, go in their resumes. And it’s costing them jobs. Dude, it#8217;s tiny. Homework? Pipe down. Essay? Career Killing Resume Advice #1 Trophies and Accolades.

Almost half of the resumes I received began with a list of every achievement, every accolade, and every proud moment in the job seeker#8217;s life. All listed before any actual, relevant, work-related qualifications. “ Doubles tennis champion 2011 ” “ Graduated in only four years ” (Yup, that’s real.) You have excellent penmanship? Really? And tell me about your sewing skills. I don’t know if this is homework calculus a result of growing up in a time of participation trophies, or if it’s an attempt to make a resume look more human. But in journalism it’s called burying the lead. You don’t lead a story about the Elvis Presley officiating a ribbon cutting ceremony at the 7-Elevent with details about it being held after lunch on the southwest corner of the building. Sentences Analytical Essays? The lead is that the homework help calculus, King of Rock and Roll is in a essay alive and well and enjoying a Slurpee. The lead in any job search is what qualifies you for this job . Not whether you’ve got a good backhand at the net. Here’s an example.

One resume I received led with these sections: Profile : paragraph long Education : including details as specific as foreign-language coursework In/OutSchool Activities : another 10 lines of information Skill : leading with #8220;Microsoft Office proficiency#8221; (Which BTW, should be a given, not a special mention. Yikes) All of help, that information (which took up ? of a page) , was then, finally, followed by work experience. Here’s the problem ; this candidate may have been the essay, most qualified person for the job. Help Calculus? They may have had the actual, relevant work experience I was looking for. But I wouldn’t know that because I fell asleep somewhere around “ Spanish Culture Courses .” I don’t know who is transition analytical essays promoting this look-at-all-my-trophies trend, but I’m guessing it’s someone’s mother. And she needs to homework help calculus stop it. Now. If your resume gets read at all, it will only networking thesis papers, be read at a glance . Don’t fill that glance with information about help calculus, your college dance troupe.

Yes, that’s an essay proposal actual example. I swear. A candidate actually included details about her college dance troupe before listing anything that remotely related to the position she was applying for. Holy blue tights, Batman. Is that really relevant? Career Killing Resume Advice #2: Writer’s Blocks. Whoever decided to kill the bullets on resumes should be shot with one. Another mind-numbingly annoying, and wholly ineffective resume trend is stream of calculus, consciousness summaries. Instead of highlighting pertinent information, job seekers have started writing one long paragraph of copy.

These big blocks of text look like a journaling exercise. You know, where you write in one continuous stream until the time is up. Only these disjointed, excruciatingly dull, blocks of copy are still written in resume speak. One job summary I read was 173 words long . Yes, I counted the beginning, words. I counted the homework, words because it was less painful than reading a 173-word long paragraph of resume speak.

Poking both eyes out with my own big toe would be less painful. A couple hundred words of in a reflective essay, copy could be considered a short blog post. But most bloggers would be smart enough to help calculus break those words up into little chunks of text to make it easier to digest. Even then, it better be damned enticing copy or no one will read it. Resume speak—sentences usually seen in easy to skim bullets—is not damned enticing copy. Resume speak is beginning an essay a block quote damned boring copy. “ …customized implementation process. Additional functions include, customer performance tracking, industry analysis, assigned projects. Handle customer questions while providing customer with a clear understanding of calculus, both technical and functional aspects of the transition essays, system. #8230;#8221; Admit it. You couldn’t even get through those two sentences, right? Thirty-two words, and you couldn’t do it.

Now imagine them in the middle of a 200-word chunk of text. Homework? One candidate listed all past work experience in about paragraph form . One job after the other, all typed out in homework calculus one, impossible to you should read, paragraph. Are you kidding me? The great writers of homework help calculus, history could not make job functions, or employment history, compelling reading. So stop laying it out like the great American novel. No one is beginning reading that copy. No one. If your resume can’t be scanned so that the help, person hiring can find the applicable information, it won’t be scanned at all.

And here’s a hint, the person hiring wants to find the applicable information. They want to hire someone. They want that person to be you so that they don’t have to read another soul-crushingly boring resume. Short Essay Your Hobbies? So do them a favor and highlight the homework, pertinent info. Don’t hide it, Where’s Waldo style, in essay proposal the middle of a paragraph of text.

See, you#8217;re not the only one. Career Killing Resume Advice #3: School, School, School. Yeah, we get it. You’ve got a diploma. Like practically every other person who applied for this job. But unless you did something unique while you were at school, unless you started a business, or interned as Zuckerberg’s number two, details about your education belong at the end of homework, your resume. Yes, school and the honors you received while there are impressive. Congrats, your parents must be proud.

But this information only networking thesis papers, belongs at the top of your resume if you’ve got absolutely nothing else to homework help calculus talk about. And if you’ve got absolutely nothing else to talk about, you’re not going to get the transition essays, job. If you’ve got nothing else to talk about, stop right now and go get an internship . Go volunteer with a company if you have to. Homework Calculus? Just keep showing up until you’ve got some accomplishment to put on your resume that doesn’t involve a GPA. And while you’re at it, take your GPA off your resume. No one cares. One of the candidates I reviewed for my client’s company led his resume with: “ Dean’s List, Magna Cum Laude Honors, Golden Key International Honor Society, Sigma Epsilon Rho Honor Society ” Impressive. Unfortunately, all I see is that this person is in a reflective essay you should very, very good in structured environments, with standardized systems for homework measuring his performance. And that makes him proud.

And that makes me confident that he won’t be a good fit for my startup client. Hey, I could be wrong. But there’s nothing about the way he approached this job opening or his resume that tells me otherwise. Essay? And that’s all I’m looking for in any of these resumes. Something that tells me why I should hire you. Homework Help Calculus? I want to hire you. I really, really do. Please, just show me why I should. An Essay Quote? I would hire the first person that led their resume by simply saying: “ I would rock this job for these three reason: I perfected my ability to homework [something relevant to essay your hobbies the job] while working at [a company]. I absolutely loved doing [another relevant thing] and did it so well that [measurable result].

I already have a list of ideas about how we could do [something super cool and homework calculus, clever] with your brand to make it the [rock the friendship essay, world]. ” You want to be unique and homework, standout when you contact a company? Try putting that at reflective essay, the top of your resume. But don’t try any of help, these other silly new formatting trends being tossed around. They won’t get you the job. Neither will good penmanship. In A? About the author : Kathy Ver Eecke works with startups in the early stages, where the homework calculus, good stuff happens. Download a free copy of her ebook, The Ultimate Guide to Getting Any Startup Job, if you’re trying to break into a startup or if you’re hiring employees for your startup.

We were taught in school that adding these details let the employer see our personality which was supposed to be a good thing. Essay About Hobbies? Personality IS a good thing. But it#8217;s not a date. Win me over with a few qualifications for the job, THEN show me you#8217;re a good cultural fit for the company. When you#8217;ve got a gazillion resumes to get through, you narrow them down very quickly to the people who have something to offer. If you miss that first cut, it doesn#8217;t matter how fun you are. Homework Help? As a former HR Manager I can verify that Kathy#8217;s advise is spot on. About? Recruiters and homework help, hiring managers scan resumes first to find the most relevant before digging deeper. The last thing they care about friendship essay, are your hobbies.

If anything, your hobbies can you land you in homework the #8216;no#8217; pile. I recently had a dept mgr disregard an otherwise good candidate because one of his listed hobbies was #8220;too weird#8221;. What was the #8220;weird#8221; hobby? I think the best things that applicants should showcase are the qualifications that suits the job (of course those you possess). Exceptional skills that fits the job the research essay proposal, employer is looking for is the key in getting hired. Homework Help Calculus? I#8217;m resisting the urge to just respond #8220;word#8221; Great post Kathy. Show them what you can do for them, not what your ego has done for you. Even as a blogger when I look at someones about page. I look for there experience in life not all there education. Yes, education is very important and a must. But at the same time maybe you sat in a class for hours,did the work needed, but never really learned anything.

Just have a degree, etc. No right where you are coming from, show me what you can do for me and transition sentences analytical, add to my company. Blessings to you Kathy and nice to help calculus have you aboard. Everything about your response tells me you#8217;re an entrepreneur, in essays particular #8220;show me what you can do for me and add to my company.#8221; That#8217;s really it in a nutshell. For the client I#8217;m working with now, I would hire someone with a music degree if they would just show me how they can help my client.

Thanks for the comment Debbie. I see this way also, enthusiasm and focus on the benefits to the employer once they hire you, gets the job done, meaning gets you the job. Homework Calculus? At the same time I don#8217;t think anyone who#8217;s gotten (has) a job, let alone a great job, credits his/her resume for doing the trick. It#8217;s maybe where some got it mixed up. The resume is for transition getting you an interview. The interview is for help calculus getting you a job.

That#8217;s why personality works best during the interview cycle, not so much in the resume. OMG Beat, you are 100% right. Really, when it comes to getting a job with a startup I think resumes are as useful as a sixth toe. The resume alone will never, ever get you the job. Sometimes however they are a necessary evil, as is the case with the client I#8217;m helping now. Social Networking Papers? That said, of the help, 100 resumes I#8217;ve reviewed, you know how many the founder has reviewed?

Three. Transition Sentences Analytical Essays? And that#8217;s after I narrowed the group down to six. Still, he could only homework, bring himself to look at three. Resumes and startups do not mix. Wow! Great and an essay with a block quote, funny post. Homework Calculus? Thank you so much for the pertinent information. It#8217;s been so long since I wrote a resume. Networking Thesis? I#8217;ll definately take your advice! When working in the corporate world one of my responsibilities was taking on new graduates so you can image the different type of resumes I saw! But it is just as important for homework calculus college leavers to have a convincing resume, as someone who is in a reflective essay 30 years old with 10 years work experience.

One of the things I did learn (from the good resumes) was if the homework help, student linked their individual success to working skills. For instance, one student sold things on eBay and had a 100% positive feedback record. This showed the student had excellent customer service experience, they are reliable and trustworthy. All excellent traits that employers are looking for. Andrew The ebay example is exactly the type of transition sentences essays, things most startups would view at homework help calculus, pertinent, useful information. They would also find details about growing a paper route interesting and entrepreneurial and useful. Research Proposal? A smart candidat would Tweet the founder about something like that to get his/her attention, then follow with an emailed resume. Great tip Andrew. thanks! This is calculus a n informative read for those who appear in their best suits, carry their academic credentials without any experience at all.

You#8217;re absolutely right. It#8217;s experience or internship that matters these days and not the usual school accomplishments that you had. It#8217;s reality. Application is indeed better than all theory. Read the short about hobbies, job description thoohugrly. Make a list of the qualities they ask for calculus such as team player (yuk!) or confidentiality or whatever their #8220;buz#8221; words are.Prepare your answers to common questions like:What is friendship your best quality or your worst??What would your co-workers say about you?What problem did you have with a coworker and help, how did you resolve it?How do you prefer your supervisor to communicate with you?You can find these common questions on friendship the internet somewhere. Type out examples of things you have done or happened.Then incorporate these #8220;buz#8221; words from the homework, job description into these answers, i.e., #8220;I am a great team player#8221; and helped a coworker with this problem .Use their words and match their job description. Friendship Important Essay? Alfredo great tip. Thx for help sharing. This article really hits home for me. Working in beginning an essay with a block the medical profession in help a busy clinic, we often take on papers college graduates who want to pursue a profession in medicine.

I view the new hires as to whether they #8220;get it or not#8221;. A resume can be impressive, but the skills needed to work in our environment are clearly translated through their work or internship experience rather than GPA. Help? A brilliant person does not necessarily make a good doctor, PA or nurse! OMG laugh out essay proposal loud funny. I haven#8217;t had a resume in 20 years or more and it#8217;s a good thing. Homework Help Calculus? I can#8217;t write like you. that#8217;s also why I do radio. not writing. and did you know I also grow vegetables in an essay with my spare time and hike our local trails and once when I was little I went to the state fair and danced and help, #8230;. oh I digress. Lesson not learned. Research Essay? OMG laugh out loud funny, right back at ya. But Michelle, how#8217;s your penmanship? penmanship?

It sucks. I#8217;m bored and in a hurry#8230; hot hot hot. here. H words.. Help? I digress again. Very interesting, I haven#8217;t written my own resume for years but I read a lot n a previous job, but they weren#8217;t nearly as exciting as yours. I guess it#8217;s a matter of important essay, advice, at homework help calculus, one workshop I was told mine was too short and I should add in research more detail. Personally I thought one page broken up into help bullet points was enough, but clearly not for social networking papers that person. One man#8217;s poison is homework help calculus another man#8217;s nectar I guess! I#8217;ll tell ya, your resume sounds spectacular to me. Short, bulleted, if it#8217;s full of useful info, I#8217;d drink that poison. #8220;Whoever decided to essay your hobbies kill the calculus, bullets on beginning a block resumes should be shot with one#8221;.

LOL. Excellent post, Kathy. Homework? I haven#8217;t done a resume in eons (and hope not to need one) but I#8217;m sure I#8217;ll be helping boys someday so this is darn useful information. YES, YES, YES! Kathy I agree with everything you said. Networking? I look at a LOT of homework help, resumes, most from people who have a lot of experience.

They still don#8217;t strip it down to the things that matter. Social Networking Thesis? Start with the top, you don#8217;t need your street address, your email and phone number are enough. If you are putting Resume at the top, then the document isn#8217;t clear enough to indicate what the homework help calculus, heck it is. Essay Proposal? Do check your spelling and homework help calculus, don#8217;t use text speak. Think about that paragraph at the top. 3-4 sentences, boiled down to something that makes you stand out as the most relevant applicant for reflective the job. In this electronic age, you can change that paragraph for help every application you send.

Don#8217;t forget the cover letter (your email), It#8217;s great if it#8217;s warm, personable and about them. Tell them why you want to work there. There is nothing more flattering than someone who#8217;s interested in you. There are jobs out there, you just need the right bait for your hook. Clearly said by someone who knows resumes.

Great tips Kathy, thanks for sharing. And yes, don#8217;t forget the cover letter. Research Essay Proposal? I think you can get the job with the cover letter alone. I am hiring people now and it is numbing how all these resumes look alike. Homework Help Calculus? They don#8217;t help me much and in a reflective you should, I have devised a test that a candidate has to take before I will even look at the resume. If you can pass the test, I will see what you did to be able to do so. Don#8217;t pass, I don#8217;t look at anything more.

Okay, I LOVE that idea. And, of course, I#8217;m dying to know if I#8217;d pass the test. Calculus? What kind of test Bruce? Curious#8230; I think resumes are outdateds and a good cover letter is beginning an essay with a block more interesting. Tell them how you love their idea and how you can benefit the company not what you have done in the past but how you can use it for help them would be more effective. I remember interviewing a woman I had in one of my sales classes. She was so smart.

I liked her. But when she came in for the interview she was so nervous. At one point, almost in tears, she said #8220;I want this job so bad and I know I am screwing up this inteview.#8221; She started work the following Monday. Actually that#8217;s true long resume with decorated with #8220;trophies#8221; is papers not really a good idea. People will read them will fall asleep. Its should concise yet eye-catchy.

I read a lot of resumes because I place volunteers at a non-profit. I have not encountered #8220;good penmanship#8221; qualifications yet, but I have seen a large mixture of resumes that break the three rules given above. One of things that bugs me the most is when the help calculus, formatting is sloppy. Research Essay Proposal? This is probably a personal preference, but if there are extra spaces, mismatch headings/subheadings, and poor bullet/page alignment, then I assume the individual was being lazy. I also don#8217;t know why more people don#8217;t tell you to pdf your resumethen the formatting isn#8217;t editable and will always look the same no matter what version of word it is calculus opened in. I also recently graduated from undergrad and will wholeheartedly admit that my school #8220;career#8221; advisers were not very helpful. Beginning With Quote? Most of my best resume advice came from internship supervisors, coworkers, and help calculus, professors (who were currently also full time professionals). PDFs are a great suggestion.

Formatting can be thrown off from computer to essay proposal computer and it wrecks the whole impression. I#8217;m with you, visually the wonky spaces etc. just make the whole thing look sloppy and homework help calculus, you blame the person#8217;s lack of attention to detail. In A Essay You Should? I second that bit about #8220;career#8221; services. The center at homework help calculus, my school was useless. By your condescending attitude I would think you would have taken the time to proofread your own article. #8220;You#8217;re parents would be proud.#8221; Obviously excellent grammar is not on in a reflective essay you should your resume. Calculus? Ouch. No condescension intended. Everyone makes mistakes, and a grammar or spelling mistake would be overlooked in a resume that was loaded with all the right other stuff. I#8217;d forgive a lot more than simple spelling errors for the right other stuff. You#8217;ve got a good eye for friendship essay detail. Homework? I#8217;m sure you#8217;ll do fine.

I know this is late but I just came across this article and your, I#8217;d have to homework help agree with Ellie. I recently attended a resume class that turned my perfectly bulletted (is that a word?)resume into boring paragraphs. An Essay A Block Quote? I too thought this was a no-no until it was explained that the majority of companies nowadays require your resume to be submitted online. And you no longer can get away with one resume for all companies. Calculus? Nowadays, a computer scores your resume based on key words that match the friendship important, company#8217;s job posting and only the top few ever actually get read by a human. The more words, the calculus, better the odds. In order to important be seen, your resume needs to help calculus kiss a computer#8217;s ass, not the boss#8217;s. And now that a computer does the first cut and not a human, a grammatical error will be picked up quickly and and your resume will be tossed out, regardless of essay, how impressive your credentials are. Hi Courtney really great point!

And you#8217;re right; these programs are being used by help calculus big companies and by HR recruiting companies. So it#8217;s a good thing to be aware of. However, I can almost guarantee that if you#8217;re sending your resume to a startup#8230;.they won#8217;t be using these programs, and they absolutely, positively won#8217;t have anything to do with an HR company. So bottom line, if you#8217;re applying at The Coca-Cola Company you may want to give the paragraph approach a try. But if you#8217;re hitting up a startup, stick with a scan-able resume or it will never get read.

Thanks for pointing this out though, it does shed a lot of in a, light on this new trend. This is a well-written and fun article. In the second paragraph above the graduation picture, did you mean #8220;soul-crushingly#8221; rather than #8220;sole-crushingly#8221;? Trying to help calculus work out a joke about proposal, walking a mile in homework help their shoes#8230;can#8217;t make it work. So I#8217;ll fess up; yes, it#8217;s a typo. Thanks for catching it! That might have worked! We#8217;ll pretend that you did. Well-played! Very good article.

Have fun reading it entirely, very good helpful informations. Though people got a lot of corrections with your grammar, but all in all it looks really good for me, Thanks for in a essay you should sharing! Great post kathy.I am Akia Johnson.I am planning to switch my current job.I haven’t written my own resume for last 2 years.While writing resume i will definitely take your suggestion.I think every one need to understand what we need to add in resume or what not.Your sharing is appreciated. Kathy come up with new post like this.I would like to read your new upcoming post. Thanks Akia Glad you enjoyed the post. Good luck with your job search. And good luck writing your resume! Hi kathy, Nice post.Great work on this post.I am Yuth Martin.I have lost my good job opportunity because of wrong resume writing.Right now i am searching a job.From my experience i would like to say,before writing resume,there is need to read more article on resume. your blog is informative.Gives me lot of information. Homework? I like your blog.I am giving you +1. Beautiful and to the point.

It#8217;s like focusing on reflective essay you should activities over outcomes. Relevancy and calculus, results speak volumes. I like the directness (and the aliteration) of #8216;relevancy and results.#8217; That#8217;s it in social a concise nutshell! Well said J.D. Help Calculus? Good advice for newbies. An Essay Quote? Good opportunity will be at one step if you do it right.:) Funny post. I love how straight to the point you were too. What I hate when reading resumes is that they all look the same. They start out with the same #8220;objective#8221; crap and they don#8217;t tell me their #8220;story#8221;.

What can you do for me and what did you do to impact the last business before me. If all I see is fluff I am already bored. I can actually careless about the education because these days, it#8217;s experience I want and homework, not the #8220;I graduated from Stanford resume#8221;. Short Essay About Your Hobbies? Congrats to anyone with those accolades, but if you have no experience in calculus the job you#8217;re applying for, it won#8217;t matter much to me. Different strokes for different folks, but I don#8217;t have time to hand-hold newbies. My advice: get to the point, tell me how you will solve my problem and essay you should, don#8217;t come in with a 3 page resume.

You#8217;ve said it all so well, all I can say is AMEN TO THAT! Thanks for homework calculus reading (and commenting) Sonia! Anytime, I enjoyed this post allot. Transition Analytical Essays? Recent generations engage in resume engineering: joining clubs, engaging in homework help calculus charity, seeking honors, polishing their medals. It#8217;s sad. Friendship Important Essay? They are told to do this, kept from calculus, harm at all times, ferried to after-school activities, warned to stay hydrated always, and don#8217;t have a clue how to solve problems.

Structured environment? Utterly. Yeah, I#8217;m gonna say that nothing about the environment you just described matches with a startup#8230;except maybe staying hydrated. All I can assume is that there once was a time when HR people and college counselors wanted some entertainment, so that started promoting the inclusion of this utterly useless stuff. Nice Avatar/name BTW.

A little targeting never hurt anyone like doing something radical like actually reading a job description? In my day job, I do pricing strategy and analytics. Number crunching mix of math, computers, and important, business. So#8230;when I post a pricing analyst job, there might just actually be a few things that potential applications should be able to do. Like maybe#8230;. Homework? write code? Have real computer programming experience in beginning with quote one of the half-dozen languages I listed? Maybe have that college degree with some math courses? I mean it#8217;s a pretty binary process people (pun intended) I#8217;ve got a small team and calculus, everybody does math and codes.

We all work for friendship important a living. Homework Calculus? No Tourists. Most of the people in my space have to in a reflective essay do this. So if you want a job in my space, why don#8217;t you invest a little time learning the homework, pre-requisites? Or at least show a little hustle, find me on linkedin, and cold call me to tell me why you want the job? Not sure if I#8217;d actually *hire* someone into in a my crew based on properly executing that strategy, but you would sure get a referral elsewhere in the company for something if you did it right! But if you can#8217;t code or meet the job requirements, your only pricing experience is at wal-mart (using the homework, plastic thing that goes ka-chunk and puts tags on cans), and you don#8217;t have the beginning with a block, hustle to seek me out and homework calculus, try to sell me#8230; Seriously, why are you wasting your time sending me a resume? Okay, so next time I#8217;m gonna let you write the post. Because basically, you got it going on. Thanks for giving the essay about hobbies, entrepreneur perspective. And thanks for help calculus including the part about essay, having hussle and contacting you directly.

I#8217;ve written about this, and homework help calculus, mention it in a lecture I give at universities, but lots of potential employees don#8217;t believe it. Glad to have a nod from an entrepreneur. So, let me know when you#8217;ve got my next post done. Okay? Thank you so much for the your information#8230; nice information. Short and sweet as far as I#8217;m concerned, something a bit originaland authentic that stands out for me amongst all the othe resumes, as far as I#8217;m concerned! I have read hundreds of reflective you should, resumes in my time and the one item on homework calculus a resume that really annoyed me was pictures. Friendship Important? People attached pictures of themselves on a resume!

I didn#8217;t care what they looked like. I just needed someone who could do the job. Homework Help Calculus? If you are not applying for a modeling job don#8217;t include a picture. Research Proposal? Instant turn off. Help? Shiva @ Blog Writing. I actually recently completed my graduation and your hobbies, I think I landed upon a perfect article. Homework Help Calculus? I am certainly going to follow the friendship important essay, tips mentioned in this article.

I mean you did mention the mistakes that most people do, but this comes up as a tip for me as to what I should not do. I think most people add too much of personal stuffs in homework help calculus the resume while I think a resume must be more of a show professional achievements. Beginning An Essay With A Block Quote? But then again I wonder how to help come up with a resume if you have not achieved much in the professional field..For example a fresher. Reply December 12, 2012. I totally agree especially with the first point. A candidate that lists all of their accolades and life accomplishments is not needed in a professional interview. I believe a candidate should list relevant and important accomplishments that might highlight he loyalty and hard work. Thanks for the great post and tips for my next resume. unik unik dunia. nice post, we#8217;re always try to improve ours.elves to be qualified for having nice job. In A Essay? Shared on help Fb too.

I love this article. Bullet points are exactly what I was taught in school. Tailor your resume for the job. With A Block Quote? Include what you did (Accomplishments) and not roles and responsibilities. Critical information should be up top. Less critical (note worthy) information should take second. Help? While in school, make sure you have extracurricular activities (Leadership roles)

Your 4.0 earned the same degree as my 3.5 but I have a job because experience. I have seen, since I have been employed, several professional resumes of those that have extensive backgrounds and in a essay you should, experience. However, they feel the need to homework help include chunks of text that tell us everything we need to know: You cannot summarize information effectively, and fail to highlight the important parts. Not something you want on beginning an essay a block your team working on multi million dollar software applications. My friend asked me to help write her resume. I looked blankly and honestly had no idea of what to do. I mean, I bounced my way through life from job, to business, to project, to kids, to project, to homework help business again. I threw in a little teaching here and there, and lots of caffeinated business brainstorming sessions. Now how do I put that in a resume? What is more, how do I put my friend on important essay a piece of paper?

I don#8217;t think I ever want to work for somebody else again, but I am dead keen to join a vision, create a community or style a life solution. You give me one of homework help, those balls and I#8217;ll hit them out of the park. Research Essay Proposal? Hi, Kathy. I read your article because I#8217;m a resume writer who doesn#8217;t want to piss off the hiring manager reader. I agree with most of what you said, except for the bullet points. I don#8217;t like resumes that die under a hail of bullet points anymore than chunky, dense text. If everything is help a bullet point, then nothing stands out. I think the focus should be on short essay your hobbies including relevant material in homework help the most readable way possible. Sometimes, that story may need a bullet point and sometimes, a key word can be bolded. Thanks for the tips and essay about your hobbies, I#8217;m paying attention.

Darlene Great feedback! I agree, straight bullets would be dull. A short summary highlighting primary responsibility, followed by bullets that showcase results is probably the best balance. (Yes?) Thanks for sharing your perspective. This might be a dead post at this point, but I#8217;ll give this a shot. I#8217;m still in undergrad and homework help, will be in law school come next year. An Essay A Block Quote? I#8217;m trying to get an entry-level job in my projected career field. I have some relevant experience from a professional standpoint, but my schooling is help still a huge aspect of my potential position. Can I bypass the advice about thesis papers, not including GPA or an extremely short mention of my academic honors? It seems relevant to most of the jobs I#8217;ll be applying to, but I don#8217;t want to come off as unprofessional before I even get in for homework help an interview. Jenna You can absolutely bypass that tip! In fact for your situation, I#8217;d absolutely bypass tip #1 and proposal, tip #3.

For that matter, forget you read the post. The advice is really meant for those looking for jobs in the startup, or small business, world. I#8217;m hoping that the advice hasn#8217;t been taken to heart by folks in your situation#8230;.In case it has, call me when you graduate. I may need a good lawyer. Good luck with your job search and with law school!

Thanks for the quick reply! I just want to say that I found this article on Pinterest, and it actually did help me a great deal! I have things like MS Office listed in my skills section, and I always wanted more room but was hesitant to take it out because I worried employers would think I didn#8217;t know basic skills. You were the first to homework mention that they would assume a young professional has a handle on Word and Excel. Reading this, and a couple of friendship, other things along the way, helped me to find better ways of expressing myself and showing off what I have to offer. Homework Help? Reply September 24, 2014. This was very helpful advice ! I#8217;m 22 and have worked ELEVEN -yes, eleven- jobs AND attended college. If these kids can only list penmanship as a skill, they need more life experience. [. ] across an interesting article, from last year, that was posted on social thesis papers workingforwonka.com.

The writer discusses three resume writing trends that are keeping candidates from winning [. ] Copyright 2017 · Done by Lunch · All Rights Reserved.

Essay On Indian Farmer Essays and Research Papers. An Open Letter to help the Government: A Young Indian's Reaction to Farmer Suicides in India There is general saying that India’s future depends . on the shoulder of youngsters. Social Papers. As a young and homework energetic citizen of India I would like to heed the attention of an essay a block government of India in following areas through this letter. As we all know that India’s population is now about 1.06 billion (as per 2004 survey). Out of this 1.06 billion 65% of people solely depend on homework help calculus, the agriculture for the livelihood amp; it. Debt , Government , India 967 Words | 3 Pages. Plight of Indian Farmers with Respect to current Credit Facilities Plight of the Indian Farmer . India is an agrarian country and around 60% of its people directly or indirectly depend upon agriculture. Agriculture in networking thesis papers India is homework, often attributed as gambling with monsoons because of its almost exclusive dependency on precipitation from monsoons. The failure of these monsoons can lead to in a reflective a series of droughts, lack of better prices, and exploitation of the farmers by middlemen, all of which have led.

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Rajendra Prasad was. Constitution , Constitution of India , Government of India 1152 Words | 4 Pages. ?1. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (1754–1763) The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was the last of a series of great colonial wars that . stretched for almost a hundred years and disrupted settlements throughout North America. It marked the end of the social networking thesis papers French empire in North America and the beginning of English domination of the continent.

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Agriculture , Dower , Dowry 1262 Words | 4 Pages. their best to become citizens of the country they might have gone to (Britain, America, Canada, Australia), Sen, a man whom Cambridge and Harvard are said to . have fought over for your hobbies, the privilege of offering an appointment, resolutely retains his blue Indian passport after half a century of homework calculus towering intellectual achievement across the world. Every year, the 1998 winner of the Nobel Prize for economics returns to Santiniketan, the tiny university town 100-odd miles from Calcutta. In Santiniketan, the. Amartya Sen , Bengali people , India 988 Words | 3 Pages. precipitation from essay proposal, monsoons. The failure of these monsoons can lead to a series of droughts, lack of better prices, and exploitation of the . farmers by homework help, middlemen, all of which have led to a series of suicides committed by farmers across India.[1] History[edit] Significant reporting on suicides among farmers in India began in the 1990s In the 1990s India woke up to a spate of farmers suicides. One of the major reporters of these suicides was the Rural Affairs Editor of The Hindu, P. Sainath. Proposal. The first state where.

Andhra Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , India 2033 Words | 6 Pages. Swot Analysis of Indian Agriculture. SWOT Analysis of homework calculus Indian Agriculture Prof. DR. Social Networking Thesis Papers. Sanjay B. Kadu, Vidya Bharti Mahavidyalaya, Camp, Amravati. . prof.dr.sanjay.b.kadu@gmail.com mr.skadu@rediffmail.com Mobile : 9420189295 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ India is an agricultural country; one third population depends on agriculture sector directly or indirectly.

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The Anasazi Indians were a very interesting tribe. The word Anasazi is a Navajo word meaning Ancient Ones. The Anasazis, also . known as Cliffdwellers, were a very artistic tribe. They were from the American Southwest and lived in caves in cliff walls. Beginning An Essay With. That's where they got their name Cliffdwellers.

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Delhi , Electronic engineering , Electronics 424 Words | 3 Pages. History Assignment – The Pawnee Indians . Adele Moore, Mr Tsomis’ class. 1. Provide a brief outline of your tribe’s way of homework help life before the essay proposal . arrival of the Europeans. 300 words. The Pawnee Indian tribe lived in help central Nebraska and northern Kansas; they were a semi sedentary tribe (only partly move around) they would move to follow the buffalo one half of the year and the other half of the year they would harvest corn and other foods.

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Adolf Hitler , Germany , Great Depression 1353 Words | 4 Pages. banks of the Indian river Ganges in the sixth millennium BC. So were species of winter cereals (barley, oats, and wheat) and legumes (lentil . and chickpea) grown in Northwest India before the sixth millennium BC. Other crops cultivated in India 3000 to 6000 years ago, include sesame, linseed, safflower, mustards, castor, mung bean, black gram, horse gram, pigeonpea, field pea, grass pea (khesari), fenugreek, cotton, jujube, grapes, dates, jackfruit, mango, mulberry, and black plum. Indian peasants had. Agriculture , Civilization , Economics 884 Words | 3 Pages. Mark Amariyakoune April 22, 2013 ENG 101 Essay 1 Paul Farmer : Man On A Mission How far will one man go to achieve the calculus . Reflective You Should. impossible? How far can one man go to reach his goal? The country of Haiti is one of the most under developed countries in the world, but one doctor, Paul Farmer , is determined to help cure this country. Help Calculus. No matter what the friendship important costs, Paul Farmer is willing to calculus do whatever it takes to help those in need. A doctor who has graduated from Harvard, is also the founder of Partners in.

Developed country , Haiti , Mountains Beyond Mountains 493 Words | 2 Pages. made in doing it. Primary sources, which are documents or other sources of information created at or near the time an transition analytical essays, event occurred, are an . essential part in understanding history. There are many primary sources in the essay “Assimilation Through Education: Indian Boarding Schools in help the Pacific Northwest” by Carolyn J. Marr including: photographs, transcripts, journal entries, and government documents. Transition Sentences Analytical Essays. The use of photographs has many advantages and disadvantages. Photographs are. Cultural assimilation , Culture , Federal government of the United States 713 Words | 3 Pages. thesis is never a question.

Readers of academic essays expect to have questions discussed, explored, or even answered. A question (“Why did . communism collapse in Eastern Europe?”) is not an argument, and without an homework calculus, argument, a thesis is dead in the water. 2. A thesis is social networking thesis papers, never a list. Help Calculus. “For political, economic, social and transition analytical essays cultural reasons, communism collapsed in Eastern Europe” does a good job of “telegraphing” the reader what to expect in calculus the essay —a section about political reasons, a section about. Argument , Frederick Douglass , Logic 1094 Words | 5 Pages. knows that the Native American Indians have been around for a long time, some more than others. The Native American Indians were . known to transition sentences essays have separated into different groups or tribes.

Eventually each tribe began to speak their own language and help calculus started doing things that differentiated them from the rest of the tribes. Two of the with most important tribes were the Iroquois and Pueblo tribes. The Iroquois Indians , believed to be the most influential of homework all the research proposal Indians , lived in help calculus the areas of beginning an essay quote Ontario. Indigenous peoples of the Americas , Iroquois , Native Americans in the United States 512 Words | 2 Pages. that there was no centralized empire until much later.

Many important social and cultural aspects of Indian society outlived the Gupta . rule in the classical era. Help Calculus. Hinduism was supported by the Gupta emperors over Buddhism because Buddhism gradually declined and spread beyond India to different places. So Hinduism remained as the highly dominate religion. This symbolizes that the Indian society remained together by its common Hindu religion traits. Math and Science was also signified by beginning an essay with, the.

Buddhism , Hindu , Hinduism 487 Words | 2 Pages. Felippe Wancelotti Mrs. Amelkin AP Lang 10/4/2012 “ Indian Education” Subject: Sherman Alexie delivers an essay portraying . his life from a yearly view-point encompassing the 1st to 12th grade. Occasion: Indian misconceptions, mistreatments, stereotypes, and discriminations all affected Alexie on homework calculus, his educational highway and served as a basis for the writing of friendship important essay “ Indian Education”. Audience: Alexie’s audience is primarily those interested in homework help the lifestyle of an essay with a block quote Native Americans. Purpose: Alexie. Caribbean , Discrimination , Educational years 769 Words | 3 Pages. 9/24/2010 Cahokia Essay As Indian groups started to homework calculus settle in the Mississippi floodplain, their cultures and political systems . began to intertwine, creating a complex sociopolitical structure (Page, 70). The largest polity to arise out of this area, known as the American Bottom, was Cahokia.

At its height, it resembled a city, extending over five square miles, mounds and structures that towered over smaller dwellings, and a population, that some believe to in a reflective essay have been the largest, north of homework calculus Mexico. Economics , Economy , Elite 843 Words | 3 Pages. tiny hamlets of thatched huts to larger settlements of tile-roofed stone and brick houses. Most Indian villages are small; nearly 80 percent . have fewer than 1,000 inhabitants, according to the 1991 census. Thesis Papers. Most are nucleated settlements, while others are more dispersed. Homework Help Calculus. It is in villages that India's most basic business--agriculture--takes place.

Here, in the face of vicissitudes of all kinds, farmers follow time-tested as well as innovative methods of growing wheat, rice, lentils, vegetables, fruits. Caste system in in a essay India , City , Dispersed settlement 961 Words | 3 Pages. Peasantry: Caribbean and homework calculus Small Farmers. What is Peasantry? Peasant farming is described as small-scale farming for subsistence as well as for cash sale in research proposal the market. Initially, small . farmers in the British West Indies produced crops for domestic use as well as for sale in the market. However, after 1860 these farmers began to export their crop. Homework Help Calculus. Reasons for the development of alternative crops 1. Social Papers. After 1834, small-scale agriculture grew out of the free-village movement as free blacks were determined to help calculus leave the sugar estate. Ex-slaves. Agriculture , Barbados , British Empire 861 Words | 3 Pages.

Impact of FDI In The Indian Retail Sector By: Aditi Mehta 12/PPRA/504 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) FDI is an essay a block, a mode of homework entry to essay proposal . international business. It refers to the investment made in a foreign country where the investor retains control over help, the investments. Short About Your Hobbies. This can be made by an individual, as well as by business entities. FDI is a venture with long term considerations, as it cannot be easily liquidated. FDI as defined in Dictionary of Economics ( by homework calculus, Graham Bannock) as investment. Business , Department store , Investment 772 Words | 3 Pages.

The Indian Economy: Exports and Imports of India. Essay on The Indian Economy India was a direct colony of the British and the impact of this colonial rule over the economy . and society of India has been immense. It must be stated at research proposal the outset that direct colonial rule leaves a total impact on the colonized society because every aspect of homework help calculus social life is influenced by colonial policies of the colonizers. A direct colony (as was the case with India) is under the complete control of the colonizers and colonial policies and analytical essays interests influence every. Colonialism , Dutch East India Company , Economics 1132 Words | 4 Pages.

The Use of American Indians as Mascots (Persuassive Essay) people think that using American Indians as mascots honors the homework Indian people, but the truth is they feel insulted and segregated. . Short About Your. There have been many requests to change this, not only by Indian people but by regular people from help calculus, other cultures too, and still these sports teams used them as mascots. High schools and colleges shouldn't keep their American Indian name or their symbols. Stereotyping is the main reason why many people don't agree with American Indians being used as mascots. Racism and. Education , High school , Indigenous peoples of the Americas 998 Words | 3 Pages. class, how did Indians respond to the government’s agenda to solve “the Indian Problem”? Where did they cooperate—and why—and . where did they resist—and why? The “ Indian Problem” was the short hobbies “burden” that the United States Government faced throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Government considered the Indians to be a “problem” due to homework calculus the fact that native tribes were halting the expansionist policy popular in the 1800’s. The main aspects targeted and defined as the “ Indian Problem” by.

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