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Analytical Essay: Introduction


This video explains how to write an introduction for an analytical essay. It discusses what components to include, the dos and don ts

How to Write a Critical Essay

Introduction to critical essay

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Subscribe here. To Critical Essay. Curious about what books will be released in the months ahead so you can pre-order or reserve them? Then click on essay, the months below. The following are lists of new paperback releases that we think will be of interest to you. October#39;s Books on Screen roundup includes the feature films The Mountain Between Us , Wonderstruck and The Snowman ; the season finales of Get Shorty and Chesapeake Shores, along with the season two premiere of The Shannara Chronicles and the continuation of the second season of Queen Sugar; and the DVD release of The Wizard of introduction to critical essay Lies . Each month we spotlight a selection of Young Adult (YA) titles that we believe are great reads for adult readers. Explore our picks here! Bookreporter.com#39;s Fall Preview Contests and Feature. Fall is known as the biggest season of the year for books. The titles that release during this latter part of the year often become holiday gifts, and many are blockbusters.

To celebrate the arrival of write the assignment fall, we are spotlighting a number of outstanding books that we know people will be talking about in essay, the days and months to come. We are hosting a series of 24-hour contests for these titles on select days in September and October, so you will have to cold, check the site each day to see the featured prize book and to critical essay, enter to win. Today#39;s prize book is ALL THE UGLY AND WONDERFUL THINGS by Bryn Greenwood. The deadline for entries is Friday, October 6th at essay, 11:59am ET. New Release Spotlight: HANNA WHO FELL FROM THE SKY by Christopher Meades. Hanna has never been outside her secluded community of Clearhaven. She has never questioned why her father has four wives or why she has 14 brothers and sisters. And in only one week, on her 18th birthday, Hanna will follow tradition and become the fifth wife of a man more than twice her age. But just days before the to critical, wedding, Hanna meets an enigmatic stranger who challenges her to question her fate and to follow her own will. And when her mother reveals a secret --- one that could grant her the freedom she#39;s known only in her dreams --- Hanna is forced to decide whether she was really meant for essay something greater than the to critical essay, claustrophobic world of Clearhaven. Bookreporter.com Bets On: BEST DAY EVER by Kaira Rouda.

In BEST DAY EVER by Kaira Rouda, Paul Strom, an advertising executive, has planned a wonderful day for his wife, Mia, keeping in mind all of the things that will make her happy. They head towards their lake home for essays of friendship a getaway where he has planned every romantic gesture. I found myself thinking how lovely it would be to have someone plan a day like this for me. But as they drive, readers see sparks of an idea that things may not be as harmonious as we thought. A prisoner in a secret cell. The guard who has watched over him a dozen years. An American waitress in Paris. A young Palestinian man in Berlin who strikes up an odd friendship with a wealthy Canadian businessman. And The General, Israel#39;s most controversial leader, who lies dying in to critical essay, a hospital, the only man who knows of the prisoner#39;s existence.

From these vastly different lives, Nathan Englander has woven a powerful portrait of a nation riven by around paper insoluble conflict, even as the lives of its citizens become fatefully and inextricably entwined. A Hungarian warehouse owner lies in the middle of his blood-sodden office, pierced through the chest with a bayonet and eerily surrounded by 17 candles, their wicks dipped in blood. Suspecting the murder may be rooted in introduction essay, ethnic prejudice, Commander William Monk turns to London’s Hungarian community in search of clues but finds his inquiries stymied by its wary citizens and persuasion collge tutition, a language he doesn’t speak. Only with the help of a local pharmacist acting as translator can Monk hope to penetrate this tightly knit enclave, even as more of its members fall victim to identical brutal murders. But whoever the killer --- or killers --- may be, they are well hidden among the city’s ever-growing populace. The stories in FIVE-CARAT SOUL --- none of them ever published before --- spring from the place where identity, humanity and history converge. To Critical Essay. James McBride explores the war historiography, ways we learn from the world and the people around us.

An antiques dealer discovers that a legendary toy commissioned by introduction to critical Civil War General Robert E. Lee now sits in the home of francis bacon essays of friendship a black minister in Queens. Five strangers find themselves thrown together and face unexpected judgment. An American president draws inspiration from a conversation he overhears in a stable. And members of essay The Five-Carat Soul Bottom Bone Band recount stories from their own messy and hilarious lives. Alex Blum had one goal in life: endure a brutally difficult selection program, become a U.S. Cold Essay. Army Ranger, and fight terrorists for his country. He poured everything into achieving his dream. In the first hours of his final leave before deployment to Iraq, Alex was supposed to introduction to critical essay, fly home to see his family and girlfriend. Instead, he got into his car with two fellow soldiers and two strangers, drove to flu vaccine, a local bank in introduction to critical, Tacoma, and committed armed robbery. Why would he ruin his life in such a spectacularly foolish way?

In the cold war historiography, midst of introduction essay his own personal crisis, and in the hopes of helping both Alex and his splintering family cope, Ben Blum, Alex’s first cousin, delved into these mysteries, growing closer to Alex in the process. Based on flu vaccine essay, true events in introduction to critical, 19th-century Ireland, Hannah Kent#39;s new novel tells the story of three women, drawn together to rescue a child from a superstitious community. Nora, bereft after the death of flu vaccine essay her husband, finds herself alone and caring for her grandson Micheál, who can neither speak nor walk. A handmaid, Mary, arrives to help Nóra just as rumors begin to spread that Micheál is a changeling child who is bringing bad luck to the valley. Determined to banish evil, Nora and Mary enlist the help of Nance, an elderly wanderer who understands the magic of the old ways.

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But with enemies and allies on both sides of francis this war, whom can he trust? Twenty years ago, college student Axel Prince Wolfe --- heir apparent to his Texas family#39;s esteemed law firm and its shade trade criminal enterprises --- teamed up with his best friend, Billy, and a Mexican stranger in a high-end robbery that went wrong. Essay. Abandoned by his partners, he was captured and imprisoned, his family disgraced, his wife absconded, his infant daughter Jessie left an orphan. Essays. Two decades later, with 11 years still to serve, all Axel wants is to see the introduction, woman his daughter has become. When the chance comes to escape in essay, the company of introduction essay Cacho, a young Mexican inmate with ties to bacon analysis, a major cartel, Axel takes it. But a startling discovery reignites an old passion and sends Axel headlong toward reckonings many years in introduction, the making. A whaler#39;s daughter, Flora Mackie first crossed the Arctic Circle at the age of 12, falling in love with the cold and unforgiving terrain and forging lifelong bonds with the Inuit people who have carved out an existence on its icy plains. She sets out to christmas around world research, become a scientist and introduction to critical essay, polar explorer, despite those who believe that a young woman has no place in this harsh world, and in 1892, her determination leads her back to northern Greenland at the head of a British expedition. Yearning for wider horizons, American geologist Jakob de Beyn joins a rival expedition led by persuasion onconvincing to reimburse collge tutition the furiously driven Lester Armitage.

When the path of Flora#39;s expedition crosses theirs, the three lives become intertwined. Hope is like a road in the country; there was never a road, but when many people walk on it, the road comes into introduction, existence. Copyright 2017 The Book Report, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Observing A Scene In A Park Essays and Research Papers. Professor Wager 02/11/2015 Mise-en- Scene When someone asks you what your favorite movie is, what goes through your mind? When . someone asks me that question, I instantly think of introduction, specific scenes from my favorite film that induce a strong emotional response. This seems to happen when thinking about any movie I particularly like. What makes these scenes so memorable that they still emit those same emotions when just thinking about them? The answer is mise-en- scene – the visual story that is being. Dinosaur , Dromaeosauridae , Emotion 959 Words | 4 Pages. Massachusetts, I could describe any place I gaze upon; all being a new sight. It is too bland of an experience to describe a park , a beach, or . a garden, because everyone has painted their own unique pictures of these familiar experiences. So I chose the campus dormitories, well my dorm. Flu Vaccine Essay! The sights, sounds, feelings and to critical essay, smells that occur are just as remarkable as sitting in a park observing the life around me.

Looking through my fifth floor window I can easily see two miles into the distance. The sun sets. Dormitory , Eye , Hostel 772 Words | 2 Pages. protecting our remaining natural wildlife are essentially the traditional park ranger’s daily duty. Over the analysis of friendship, years, citizens of our nation . neglect the duties performed by introduction these rangers. These men and women proudly work for the state and essay, are employed by the Department of Environmental Protection, otherwise known as ‘DEP’. Although the “DEP” rangers earn minimal wages while carrying out this difficult job, most claim to work in introduction to critical, the park to protect ‘Mother Nature’ and bacon essays analysis, simply experience the freedom of working. Nature , Park , Parks 1243 Words | 4 Pages.

Brian Dominguez Mr. Phillips Cinema Studies Period 5 April 18, 2013 Technology in Jurassic Park Technology is to critical essay one of write for me, our most beloved . pieces of ongoing history, but does it cause more harm than it does help? In the film Jurassic Park , Steven Spielberg portrays the theme technology as an essay evil force to be reckoned with. Spielberg shows this through the plot, characters, and flu vaccine, dialogue. Technology is introduction essay a major theme because other than the hidden context that viewers have to seek it is everywhere. Dinosaur , Film director , Ian Malcolm 820 Words | 3 Pages. Central Park Change from hunting-gathering lifestyle to justice essay, Agrarian society forced people to learn how to live in introduction, closer proximity with . Research Paper! others, this development gave birth to to critical, public and private space. This essay will be focusing on persuasion essay tutition, Manhattan’s Central Park , a well documented public space with more than 25 million visitors each year from world wide. New York City’s Central Park is the introduction to critical, first and most visited urban landscaped park in the United States and one of the most famous in the world (thanks. Calvert Vaux , Central Park , Central Park West 2032 Words | 6 Pages. In the park written by Gwen Harwood, was originally written under a male pseudonym.

The poem represents the idea of changing identity because . of the assignment, certain circumstances as well as challenging common ideas, paradigms and values beliefs which is commonly held amongst mothers in to critical, today’s society. Harwood wrote the essay, poem with relatively simple composition techniques but it provides a rather big impact which helps to give an insight into the life of a mother or nurturer which bares the burdens of children. Edna Purviance , Leo White , Love 948 Words | 3 Pages. By: Brooke McClain Mcclain 1 The Summary Rosa Parks , born in Tuskegee, Alabama on February 4, 1913 in was raised in an era during which . Introduction! segregation was normal and black suppression was a way of life. She lived with relatives in Montgomery, where she finished high school in 1933 and continued her education at Alabama State College. She married her husband, Raymond Parks , a barber, in 1932. Christmas Research! She worked as a clerk, an insurance salesperson, and a tailor's assistant at a department store. She was. African American , African-American Civil Rights Movement , Martin Luther King, Jr. 1700 Words | 4 Pages.

Abstract Rosa Parks was an African-American civil rights activist, whom the U.S congress recognized as “the first lady of civil rights” and . “the mother of the freedom movement”. Born in introduction to critical essay, 1913, Rosa grew up in an exceedingly ethnic segregated America where black people were being mistreated in christmas research paper, most of introduction to critical, society’s aspects. Her refusal to surrender her bus seat to a white male passenger on a Montgomery, Alabama bus, on December 1, 1955, led to her arrest which ultimately trigged a wave of involvement. African American , African-American Civil Rights Movement , Martin Luther King, Jr. 1453 Words | 4 Pages. Observation Performed at Atascadero Lake Park. Observation Performed at Atascadero Lake Park Robert Paul Johnson Columbia College Abstract This paper is a summary of an observation . that occurred at war historiography, Atascadero Lake Park in Atascadero, California. The observation occurred over introduction essay, a three hour period using a checklist that was developed prior to the observation. Although there were several children playing at the park on this particular day I focused primarily on persuasion onconvincing the manager to reimburse collge tutition, one child and his interactions with peers and introduction essay, the adult authority figure present. Childhood , Developmental psychology , Jean Piaget 1907 Words | 6 Pages.

Observing New York Essay Deadline: Monday, May 4th, in class. This writing assignment gives you the chance to act as the very anthropologists . that you already are. Throughout the semester, we have and will continue to talk about the various ways that humans interact with each other and their environment from a variety of perspectives—kinship relationships, gender roles, political-economy, the socially-mediated construct of race, ethnic distinctions, religious affiliation, sexuality, class, and eventually. Gender , Observation 1036 Words | 2 Pages. Final Paper Disney Theme Parks Amy Nance Nicole Williamson BSM606-MGT 432-A Indiana Wesleyan University I have read and understand the . plagiarism policy as outlined in the syllabus and the sections in flu vaccine essay, the Student Catalog relating to to critical essay, the IWU Honesty/Cheating Policy. By affixing this statement to the title page of my paper, I certify that I have not cheated or plagiarized in the process of cold war historiography, completing this assignment.

If it is found that cheating and/or plagiarism did take place in the writing. Disney Vacation Club , Disneyland Park , Epcot 1533 Words | 5 Pages. Q-1) What do you think motivated Disney to set up parks abroad, and what might be the introduction, pros and cons from the christmas around, standpoint of the Walt Disney . Company? Ans: The Walt Disney Company also known simply as Disney is the largest media and to critical essay, entertainment conglomerate in the world. Founded on October 16, 1923 by brothers Walt Disney and Roy Disney as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, the company was reincorporated as Walt Disney Productions in 1929.An early and well-known cartoon creation of the company. Amusement park , Disneyland Paris , Disneyland Resort 1125 Words | 4 Pages. Observing Bacteria Kelli Jo Simco Microbiology Due: 2/8/13 Abstract: Microscopes are fragile instruments that must be handle with . extreme caution as they can produce high quality results when observing the smallest specimens on earth. A microscope must be properly cleaned before use and flu vaccine essay, storage.

The different objectives allow for introduction, a range of observations. At the highest objectives, the resolution can easily be lost which is why the oil immersion lens is used to minimize refraction. While. Bacillus , Bacteria , Eyepiece 1135 Words | 6 Pages. of mitotic stage of onconvincing the manager collge tutition, cell cycle, to introduction, get skills for research, special technique( by using orcein ethanoic stain) designed for making slide enable to observe mitotic . stage of introduction, cell cycle. The tip of Garlic bulb’s root is suspected to be relevant for that, for observing the cell cycle. Aim To observe cell cycle in essay, definite stage-in this experiment mitosis.

To get knowledge of introduction, which phase is christmas paper predominate in cell cycle. Precautions During the procedure it is need to introduction to critical, wear eye protection cause hydrochloric acid. Cell cycle , Cell nucleus , Centrosome 1220 Words | 5 Pages. Kristin Waters Crime Scene Reconstruction ENC 1102-154 Reconstructing a crime scene takes a lot of effort from experienced . Persuasion Essay The Manager Collge! law enforcement, medical examiners, and criminalists. All of these professionals give unique perspectives to to critical essay, develop a crime- scene reconstruction. Of Friendship! Forensic scientists also play a vital role in introduction to critical, helping to reconstruct the crime scene . They use the crime- scene reconstruction to show events that occurred prior to, during, and war historiography essay, after a crime was committed. (Saferstein, 2009). 3D computer graphics , Crime scene , Deductive reasoning 1449 Words | 4 Pages. is an exciting and affordable way to get all of those things. For a relatively low price you can pitch a tent at a State Park and introduction, “get back to . Christmas Around Research Paper! nature”-- at least that’s how it used to introduction to critical essay, be. Unfortunately times are rapidly changing, and camping, as it was intended, seems to be a thing of the write the assignment, past. Introduction To Critical Essay! To illustrate my point, I would like to paint a picture of the cold war historiography essay, typical State Park camping experience.

Pretend you are a vacationing middle class businessman from introduction to critical essay down state wanting to take his family on. Camping , Frustration , Michigan 1375 Words | 4 Pages. ? Observing Harry Vygotsky: (social cultural theory) believes social interaction is important he stresses that the development of justice essay, children's . learning is essay a social process he also believe that children's development follows patterns. Holmes 1993: States parents are more relaxed and essays, less punitive with their second child than with their first borns. Introduction Essay! Harry had an easier time than his sister he was able to sleep when he wanted as well as eat when he wanted.

He was also very demanding in terms of. Child development , Developmental psychology , Intelligence 950 Words | 2 Pages. then you probably wouldn't know anything about the christmas research paper, dog eating your notes, homework . or computer. Introduction! An exercised dog is essay more behaved than the stove up in an . Introduction Essay! apartment dog because he has used all the energy that he should have been able to use. A dog park is an ideal place for this energy to be spent. This allows the student to study without as great a fear of the aforementioned, not that it will prevent it, but if the justice essay, dog is well exercised it is to critical essay more well behaved.

Dog ownership among students. Dog , Dog behavior , Dog health 2343 Words | 6 Pages. Disney Theme Parks Case 1. What do you think motivated Disney to set up parks abroad, and what might be the christmas around research, pros and cons . from the introduction, standpoint of the Walt Disney Company? The reason behind Disney's motivation to set up theme parks abroad were mostly because of business opportunities. Based on how successful the Disney Theme Park is in the United States and the attraction they are gaining from foreigners, the management probably realized that it is war historiography time to introduction, consider entering the global. Amusement park , Disneyland Paris , Disneyland Resort 862 Words | 3 Pages. ?1. Write The Assignment For Me! INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Theme parks attempt to create an atmosphere of introduction to critical essay, another place and time, and usually emphasize . one dominant theme around which architecture, landscape, rides, shows, food services, costumed personnel, retailing are orchestrated.

In this definition, the flu vaccine, concept of to critical essay, themes is francis crucial to to critical, the operation of the parks , with rides, entertainment, and the assignment, food all used to create several different environments. These themes are used to create and sustain a feeling. Amusement park , Cedar Point , Magic Kingdom 1336 Words | 5 Pages. Analysis of the cinematography of Jurassic Park. There are many different elements in the movie Jurassic Park that make the movie interesting. This film plays with the question What if . dinosaurs were alive today? The director, Steven Spielberg, uses sound, lighting, camera angles, comic relief, and even combines some of these different things to essay, make this film a spectacular one. Not only that, but it is a unique kind of christmas around world research paper, action/adventure movie because it is about dinosaurs, which makes it even more interesting.

The sound in the movie was used fantastically. Dinosaur , Film , Film director 1064 Words | 3 Pages. XXXXXXX English 1302.P10 XXXX Monday, February 4, 2013 South Park vs. Life Lessons This generation is quite familiar with foul language, . and violence due to the video games, and television shows that kids or teenagers watch. Popular video games that support such violence include: Call of Duty, Halo, Dead Space, and introduction to critical, Grand Theft Auto Franchise. Popular television shows that supports vulgar language, and/or sex include: Family Guy, Futurama, and Robot Chicken. After a period of time, these shows. Kyle Broflovski , Matt Stone , Obesity 1645 Words | 5 Pages. declared a national park in 1982 and now it is a World Heritage Site. Valley of Flowers National Park is an Indian national . Justice Essay! park , located in West Himalaya, in the state of introduction to critical, Uttarakhand and is known for its meadows of flu vaccine essay, endemic alpine flowers and to critical, the variety of flora. This richly diverse area is essay onconvincing also home to to critical essay, rare and endangered animals, including the Asiatic black bear,snow leopard,musk deer,brown bear, red fox,and blue sheep.

The gentle landscape of the Valley of Flowers National Park complements the paper, rugged. Assam , India , Karnataka 2079 Words | 4 Pages. The Faded Elegance of introduction essay, MacArthur Park MacArthur Park , once a gem of Los Angeles’ park system has tarnished over . Cold Essay! time yet many businesses and community groups have made attempts to restore and revitalize one of the essay, cities most notable parks . As a blighted area, criminal activities blatantly occurred in the park , which were not hidden from police, businessmen, community groups or residents. Built in bacon essays, the late 19th century and first named Westlake Park , the open space was known “because of the beauty. Arthur MacArthur, Jr. , Central America , Douglas MacArthur 1114 Words | 3 Pages. ?Rizal Park Rizal Park is to critical like an essay oasis for relaxation and fun in the midst of Manila and situated next to Intramuros.

Rizal . Park has gardens, historical markers, plazas, a grand stadium, an observatory, an introduction essay open-air concert hall, an artists' sanctuary, a light-and-sound theatre, restaurants, food kiosks and onconvincing to reimburse collge tutition, playgrounds, and to critical essay, dozens of fountains. Rizal Park is in the heart of Manila's thriving financial, commercial, industrial and institutional centers, overlooking the famous and picturesque Manila. Andres Bonifacio , Jose Rizal , Katipunan 873 Words | 3 Pages. Central Park Central Park , located in New York City is justice essay a public park designed for people to enjoy sightseeing, . tours, exercising, or just plain relaxing. It is an attraction sight for many tourists as well as New Yorkers.

According to the book “Central Park , An American Masterpiece” by Sara Cedar Miller, the to critical, eight hundred and forty three acres of land began construction in 1857 and justice system, won the title of being a National Historic Landmark since 1962. The park which is located in the center of introduction, Manhattan. Calvert Vaux , Central Park , Frederick Law Olmsted 1226 Words | 4 Pages. AUTHOR’S NOTE: CENTRAL PARK The general topic of this book falls under the category of the “Gilded Age”. This particular period of flu vaccine essay, . To Critical Essay! time took place between 1869 and 1896. The Gilded Age was a time in American history when rapid economic growth generated vast wealth, new products as well as new technologies, and improved middle-class quality of life. The specific topic of cold essay, this book is the architecture that was produced during the Gilded Age, particularly Central Park , which is located in. 110th Street , 59th Street , Central Park 1640 Words | 5 Pages. Thorpe Park The key activities of Thorpe Park are to provide a safe but very enjoyable theme park that will . attract people from all over the country. There is a retail department that consists of 8 shops and 3 barrows throughout the park as well as food outlets.

Another activity that Thorpe Park offers is the Human Resources department which is to critical essay responsible for providing an effective and proactive service in respect to the welfare, training, development, reward and recruitment of the Park’s. Chessington World of Adventures , Government , Madame Tussauds 1388 Words | 4 Pages. GORDON PARKS Gordon Parks was one of the to reimburse collge tutition, seminal figures of twentieth century photography. A humanitarian with a . deep commitment to social justice, he left behind a body of work that documents many of the most important aspects of American culture from the introduction to critical, early 1940s up until his death in 2006, with a focus on essays of friendship, race relations, poverty, Civil Rights, and urban life. In addition, Parks was also a celebrated composer, author, musician and filmmaker who interacted with many of the most.

Black people , Farm Security Administration , Gordon Parks 2149 Words | 6 Pages. ?Rosa Parks was one of significant people who fought for the African American Civil Rights. Throughout her whole life, she had lived in . segregation between the white and the black people in Alabama, USA. She was a determined woman to stop racism and it was more difficult for her at that time because she was an African American female. Through her life she went through different challenges and the experiences which one of to critical essay, them is the Montgomery Bus Boycott event where she refused to give up her seat. African American , Black people , Martin Luther King, Jr. 1246 Words | 3 Pages. ? Rosa Parks Rosa parks defense of her civil rights earned her a permanent place in American history. Essay! She did a small . To Critical! devotion, yet today it is essays analysis of friendship known to be the most courageous action from introduction to critical essay a humble person like Rosa Parks . Her quiet fight for equality and freedom for millions impacted generations upon generations of Americans and tore down the walls of francis analysis, segregation and discrimination.

Rosa Parks background, achievements, recognitions, honors, and death are contributions to essay, modern civil rights movement. African American , African-American Civil Rights Movement , Martin Luther King, Jr. 819 Words | 3 Pages. Ocean Park , situated on the southern side of Hong Kong Island, is flu vaccine Hong Kong's premier educational theme park . Introduction! The current . park covers more than 870,000 square metres of land and christmas around world, features a diverse selection of world-class marine attractions, thrill rides and introduction, shows divided between three areas: Lowland, Headland and Tai Shue Wan. Operated by the Ocean Park Corporation, a statutory board, it is write the assignment for me a not-for-profit organization that aims to provide elements of entertainment, education and conservation at. Bear , Carnivora , Conservation biology 1528 Words | 5 Pages. 21 September 2012 I'm doing my report on Rosa Parks . Introduction To Critical Essay! What Rosa Parks did changed people from the very moment she did it. It . sent a powerful message to people that she was tired of being second-guessed by people.

When the white man told Rosa Parks to get to the back; when she didn't. Write For Me! She basically changed history after that moment. Rosa Parks stood up for what she believed in and nothing more. Essay! Mrs. Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley Parks , Febuary 13 ,2012 in Tuskegee, Alabama.Parks, Rosa. Bus , Civil disobedience , Highlander Research and Education Center 806 Words | 3 Pages. Rosa Parks Debra Jander . Cold War Historiography! Composition I - 200 Instructor: Janet Smith August 31, 2013 Rosa Parks (1913-. Lying in state , Martin Luther King, Jr. , Montgomery Bus Boycott 1314 Words | 5 Pages. the funny modern version of Emma in the form of Clueless. In this paper I want to to critical, show how director Patricia Rozema has made Austen's novel Mansfield . Park much more modern, accessible, and, as some claim, radical, by skipping parts of the write for me, story that would make the film version drag, and importing events and dialogue that have significance into scenes , often created by Rozema, that are more appealing.

There is always controversy whether a Jane Austen masterpiece can be adequately conveyed through. Abolitionism , Atlantic slave trade , British Empire 1974 Words | 5 Pages. Rosa Parks Rosa Parks was born in Tuskegee, Alabama February 4, 1913. She was an African American Civil Rights activist. She . was also well known as “the first lady of to critical essay, Civil Rights,” and “mother of the essay collge, freedom movement” (Rosa parks biography, 2013). To Critical! She is a well-known and respected as a woman, because of her inspirational, yet defensive action. Essay! Parks is essay famous for her refusal to obey the christmas, bus driver who demanded that she relinquish her seat to a white man. Mrs. Parks was charged with violation. African American , African-American Civil Rights Movement , Black people 1085 Words | 3 Pages.

The issue of whether we should allow marine parks to introduction to critical essay, stay open has been widely debated in our community recently. It is an important issue . because it concerns fundamental moral and economic questions about the way we use our native wildlife. A variety of different arguments have been put forward about this issue. This essay will consider arguments for having marine parks and point to some of the problems with these views. Cold Essay! It will then put forward reasons for introduction to critical, the introduction of laws which prohibit. Argument , Dolphin , Mammal 750 Words | 3 Pages. inspirational women of all time was Rosa Parks . By one action she helped change the war historiography, lives of introduction essay, a majority ofAfrican Americans and more . importantly society as a whole. Rosa Parks sparked the attention of America when she refused to settle for the black (lower class)standards. Not only justice system essay did she help change the introduction to critical essay, lives for many African Americans but she helped equality for all men and essays analysis, women in the United States.

By one brave women our world will be forever thankful. Essay! Rosa Parks was raised in her Grandparents hosue. African American , Black people , Ku Klux Klan 1219 Words | 3 Pages. ? In 1943, although Raymond didn't approve of it, Parks started working for the National Association for the Advancement of write the assignment for me, Colored . People (NAACP). She worked as a secretary often worked long shifts.

Parks liked working for the NAACP a lot it ended up being an essay excellent job. World! Later in the year, Parks had her first incident with a bus driver. It had been a rainy day Rosa had been waiting for to critical, a bus to francis of friendship, take her home. When the bus finally arrived, she got on paid the fare, but in lieu. Clifford Durr , Edgar Nixon , Martin Luther King, Jr. 1117 Words | 3 Pages. Linkin Park History and essay, Development. World Music Tyler Remsen Music 109 April 25, 2004 Research Paper #2 - World Music Group LINKIN PARK : The Next Evolution in International . NU Metal/Alternative Rock INTRODUCTION Although music has always personified the francis essays analysis, culture from which it originated, it has also been the most freely shared mediums between cultures. As new instruments and techniques are embraced by to critical essay musicians; they are synthesized with the flu vaccine essay, artist’s own styles and introduction to critical, music genres then form or evolve with each generation.

Brad Delson , Chester Bennington , Hybrid Theory 1239 Words | 4 Pages. WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED FROM SOUTH PARK TODAY? South Park is an American animated sitcom intended for mature audiences. Write The Assignment For Me! The show . has become popular for its crude language and black, surreal humor that satirizes a wide range of topics. Introduction To Critical! This ongoing show revolves around four boys – Stan, Kyle, Eric and Kenny and the producers of justice, South Park portray the four boys in such a manner so that adults have fun and engage in laughter while simultaneously trying to provoke then towards insightful reflections about. African American , Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride , Homosexuality 981 Words | 3 Pages. Introduction In generally, theme park originated in netherlands, there is a couple of madura family in to critical essay, order to memorize the son who . sacrificed in the second world war, and the construction of one hundred and twenty small shrink landscapes in 1952. Flu Vaccine Essay! And then the to critical, birth of the morden theme park , however, is commonly recognized as occurring with the opening of Disneyland about forty years ago. In the past 40 years, theme park as one of tourist’s destination is rapid expansion all over the world. Essay The Manager To Reimburse Collge Tutition! Growth.

Amusement park , Florida , Recreation 1397 Words | 4 Pages. connected and new perspectives were formed through exploration. No other explorer in this period of time caught the attention of the to critical, public as much as Mungo . Park . Park’s travels represented not only exploration, but also imperialistic adventures, which he portrayed through his famed books and created a new perspective of the interior of Africa. Around World Paper! Park , after growing up to be a physician, made two voyages to the interior of Africa where his experiences and encounters are well documented within his journals. African Association , Joseph Banks , Mungo Park 1512 Words | 4 Pages. ?Internet information Highlighted Dot points Own words Why was the bus separated between blacks and whites? She was arrested and introduction to critical, convicted of violating . the laws of segregation, known as “Jim Crow laws.” Mrs. Persuasion Essay Onconvincing The Manager Collge Tutition! Parks appealed her conviction and thus formally challenged the legality of segregation.

At the same time, local civil rights activists initiated a boycott of the Montgomery bus system. In cities across the South, segregated bus companies were daily reminders of the inequities of American. African American , Black people , Martin Luther King, Jr. 1064 Words | 4 Pages. might not think Rosa Parks was a significant black women and introduction, that she was just another black lady, she did a lot for African Americans, by . helping blacks and whites unite. Through her courage of staying on that bus, she had proven a lot to the whites about blacks and what they are capable of doing. She not only essay changed history, but she also made a name for herself, because she stood up for to critical essay, herself and showed the whites we are all equal and essay, should be treated and one kind. Rosa Parks had a humongous influence. African American , Black people , Martin Luther King, Jr. 2278 Words | 6 Pages.

South Park as Parody of Society South Park began airing in introduction to critical essay, 1997. The commercials that preceded it gave the impression of essay the manager to reimburse collge tutition, it . beinganother stupid cartoon; however, when I began watching, I realized important issues were being covered through the repeated behaviors and actions of its characters, through the influences these actions could have on the viewers, through the reinforcement and essay, rejections of certain stereotypes, through the system, long-term effects that could result from watching the program. Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride , Isaac Hayes , Political correctness 1497 Words | 4 Pages. The Role of Urban Parks for introduction to critical, the Sustainable City. Article: The role of urban parks for the sustainable city Student name: Pham Duc Manh According to Anna Chiesura, some recent enquiries show . that although nowadays people pay more attention to protecting the natural environment, there are less scientists and politicians who care for small green places of cities and for its benefits to citizens.

Tyrvainen and Vaananen (1998) claimed that “low appreciation of green spaces is also reflected in write the assignment for me, the recent cuts in the maintenance of budget of many towns”. City , Natural environment , Park 1006 Words | 3 Pages. The world-class Hong Kong Disneyland theme park and resort is a must-visit on any trip to Hong Kong. Located on to critical essay, scenic Lantau Island, . Disneyland offers magical experiences for the whole family, ranging from Broadway-style shows such as Festival of the Lion King and The Golden Mickeys, to persuasion collge tutition, hilarious 3D movie and musical adventures at introduction essay, Mickey's Philharmagic. There are also the signature Disney attractions, photo-taking with your favourite Disney friends, spectacular fireworks and a parade that is sure. Giant Panda , Hong Kong , Hong Kong Disneyland Resort 2152 Words | 6 Pages. Barbara Laugen Business Leadership Final Exam Topic Paper Rosa Louise McCauley Parks by Barbara Laugen Business . Leadership Spring Term 2013 Rosa Louise McCauley Parks , many simply know of her as Rosa Parks , is one of the most amazing women in history. She achieved more things in her life than most people only dream about.

Many people today look at Rosa as one of the greatest leaders of her time and she is still read about and world paper, talked about in schools all over the. African American , African-American Civil Rights Movement , Jo Ann Robinson 895 Words | 3 Pages. was reading several articles about Rosa Parks I have noticed that in every article that I read have some sort of to critical essay, bias in them. Throughout the cold war historiography essay, . Introduction! articles, the authors show several points of bias within their background, point of view, and cold, purpose. The articles I have chosen to read are about Rosa Parks , who was known by introduction essay many people throughout the United States for her quiet act of essay onconvincing to reimburse tutition, defiance that set off a social revolution. Essay! Many people today remember Rosa Parks as the write the assignment, “Mother of the Civil Rights Movement”. African American , African-American Civil Rights Movement , Jim Crow laws 887 Words | 3 Pages.

1.The People Sunset Park may be one of Brooklyn's most diverse neighborhoods. Here you'll find charming brownstones, a thriving Latin . American culture, Brooklyn's largest Chinese community, and a recent influx of young New Yorkers in search of cheaper rents.Until the early 1980s, Sunset Park's main population was made up of Norwegian Americans, who began leaving the neighborhood during the white flight years of the 1970s and to critical, 1980s. Sunset Park's second age began with a wave of immigration from. BMT Fourth Avenue Line , BMT Sea Beach Line , BMT West End Line 1410 Words | 4 Pages. The Park Hotels By : Abda Khan Divya Rathaur Meenakshi Singh Ritu Gupta Introduction ?Located in Bangalore, Chennai, New Delhi, Navi Mumbai, . Kolkata, Visakhapatnam, Hyderabad, Kerala Backwaters Goa, The Park Hotels are a collection of luxury boutique hotels managed by Apeejay Surrendra Hotels. With over 45 years of industry experience, we are renowned for our global standards of product quality and service excellence. The location of the hotels makes them the preferred luxurious downtown spot. Boutique hotel , Hotel , Hotel chains 1351 Words | 12 Pages.

Mrs. Cold War Historiography! Rosa Louise Parks : The Spark that Lit the Fire The woman who earned the introduction, title Mother of the cold, Civil Rights Movement, Rosa Louise . Parks is a n enormous inspiration to the African American race (Girl Power Guests 1). Essay! Rosa was born in Tuskegee, Alabama on around world paper, February 4, 1913 to introduction essay, James and Leona McCauley (The Life of Rosa Parks 1). Both of Rosa's parents were born before slavery was banished from the cold, United States. They suffered a difficult childhood, and after emancipation the conditions. African American , African-American Civil Rights Movement , Black people 1439 Words | 4 Pages. ? Raveena Ravinthiran An Inspirational Character Rosa Parks was a famous American black woman who fought for equal human . rights during the 19th century.

She made a huge impact during her time period, which allows females to have a voice in essay, society today. Furthermore, Rosa Park also helps prevent racial discrimination, since blacks were at the bottom of the hierarchy when compared to Americans that were Caucasians. Cold War Historiography Essay! Without her ambition and to critical, determination we would. African American , Civil disobedience , Martin Luther King, Jr. 358 Words | 2 Pages. ? Rosa Parks Outline Rosa Parks affected history by contributing to world research paper, the NAACP, by helping begin the Montgomery Bus Boycott, . and by helping during the Civil Rights movements and fighting for introduction to critical essay, equality for the assignment for me, African Americans. Essay! I. Introduction A. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in.” 1. Rosa was the youth adviser in the NAACP group, and war historiography, taught her students to introduction to critical, resist segregation whenever they could. Persuasion Onconvincing The Manager To Reimburse Tutition! 2. She was admired in the black community as a dedicated volunteer who served as.

African American , Highlander Research and Education Center , Martin Luther King, Jr. To Critical! 629 Words | 3 Pages. Trailer Park Boys: Vulgar, Raunchy, and research paper, Canadian. and Canadian The Showcase Television Network series, Trailer Park Boys, is introduction essay a Canadian mockumentary created and directed by Mike Clattenburg. . The show covers the system, shenanigans and crimes of the fictional Sunnyvale Trailer Park residents. Ricky, Julian, and Bubbles, the three protagonists, are constantly on the hunt for ways to make money, find liquor, and to critical, stay out of jail. All the while, their sworn enemies - the drunken trailer park supervisor Jim Lahey, and the perpetually shirtless Randy Bobandy. Comedy , Fuck , Profanity 1871 Words | 5 Pages. Rosa Parks , Causes and christmas around paper, Consequences in introduction essay, her decision to cold war historiography, change Black Civil Rights. Rosa Louise McCauley Parks was a black . African American woman who was a civil rights activist. Rosa Parks was the “first lady of introduction to critical, civil rights” she made a name for herself in history on the first of December 1955 while riding on the Montgomery Alabama bus. Christmas Around Paper! Rosa refused to give up her seat to introduction, a white passenger who had no where to sit as the bus as it was full.

Even though Rosa was sitting in the right colour section. African American , Black people , Martin Luther King, Jr. 1697 Words | 5 Pages. Screw you guys, I’m going home Ever since 1997, South Park has revolutionized the cable TV scene as a profane and cold war historiography, obscene . program that isn’t afraid to introduction to critical essay, mock religious, political, and cultural topics and not get away with at least offending somebody. Christmas Around World! Throughout its twelve seasons, some of the introduction essay, most prominent events in pop culture have suffered the wrath of ridicule from the show’s creators, Matt Stone and Trey Parker, and succeeded in making millions of Americans laugh until they cry. Bacon! The creative. Comedy , Comedy Central , Politics 1135 Words | 3 Pages. Word Count: 1,002 Clybourne Park Essay The Broadway play “Clybourne Park ” is introduction based off the movie and play “The Raisin in the . Sun”.

It is written by Bruce Norris and was honored with many awards including the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for persuasion essay onconvincing collge tutition, drama and the Tony Award for best play. To Critical Essay! Bruce Norris wrote the the assignment, play by having it pick up right where “The Raisin in the Sun” left off. By doing this, Bruce Norris picks up where the drama was and shows the racial tensions in the 1950’s and 1960’s up until present. African American , Black people , Miscegenation 1002 Words | 3 Pages. ?Nick Lewis Theatre 110-01 10/4/13 Production Paper Clybourne Park What’s interesting about Clybourne Park is that it nearly . repeats itself in two different time eras.

Therefore it has two of to critical essay, every element within the around research paper, dramatic structure period. The play contains two beginnings, two climaxes, and two endings all tied together into one comical story with an important underlying theme of racism. Like most plays Clybourne Park opens up with exposition dialogue which helps portray the introduction to critical, time period and what. Audience , Periodization , Profanity 1113 Words | 4 Pages.

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Gorsuch#039;s writings borrow from other authors. The White House rejects any suggestion of impropriety. 04/04/2017 11:19 PM EDT. Updated 04/05/2017 05:24 PM EDT. The findings come as Republicans are on the brink of changing Senate rules to confirm Neil Gorsuch over the vehement objections of Democrats. | Getty. Supreme Court nominee Neil Gorsuch copied the structure and to critical language used by several authors and cold failed to cite source material in essay, his book and an academic article, according to write the assignment documents provided to POLITICO. The documents show that several passages from the tenth chapter of his 2006 book, “The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia,” read nearly verbatim to a 1984 article in the Indiana Law Journal. In several other instances in that book and an academic article published in 2000, Gorsuch borrowed from the ideas, quotes and structures of scholarly and legal works without citing them. Story Continued Below. The findings come as Republicans are on essay the brink of flu vaccine essay, changing Senate rules to confirm Gorsuch over introduction, the vehement objections of Democrats. The documents could raise questions about the rigor of Gorsuch’s scholarship, which Republicans have portrayed during the confirmation process as unimpeachable.

The White House on Tuesday pushed back against any suggestion of flu vaccine essay, impropriety. “This false attack has been strongly refuted by highly-regarded academic experts, including those who reviewed, professionally examined, and introduction to critical edited Judge Gorsuch’s scholarly writings, and even the author of the main piece cited in the false attack,” said White House spokesman Steven Cheung. “There is only one explanation for this baseless, last-second smear of Judge Gorsuch: those desperate to justify the essays analysis, unprecedented filibuster of a well-qualified and introduction to critical mainstream nominee to the Supreme Court.” However, six experts on academic integrity contacted independently by the assignment for me POLITICO differed in their assessment of what Gorsuch did, ranging from calling it a clear impropriety to mere sloppiness. “Each of the individual incidents constitutes a violation of academic ethics. I've never seen a college plagiarism code that this would not be in violation of,” said Rebecca Moore Howard, a Syracuse University professor who has written extensively on the issue. Susan Rice becomes the target of conservative attacks over Flynn unmasking. Elizabeth Berenguer, an introduction to critical, associate professor of law at Campbell Law School, said that under legal or academic standards Gorsuch’s similarities to the Indiana Law Journal would be investigated “as a potential violation of our plagiarism policy. It’s similar enough to the original work.” “I would apply an war historiography, academic writing standard,” said Berenguer, who teaches plagiarism and legal writing. “Even if it were a legal opinion, it would be plagiarism under either.” The White House provided statements from to critical, more than a half-dozen scholars who have worked with Gorsuch or helped oversee the dissertation he wrote at Oxford University that was later turned into his book. They included John Finnis, professor emeritus at write the assignment Oxford; John Keown of Georgetown University, one of the outside supervisors for Gorsuch’s dissertation; and Robert George of introduction essay, Princeton University, the general editor for Gorsuch’s book publisher.

The experts offered by collge the White House asserted that the criteria for citing work in dissertations on legal philosophy is different than for other types of academia or journalism: While Gorsuch may have borrowed language or facts from introduction, others without attribution, they said, he did not misappropriate ideas or arguments. Judge Gorsuch did not attempt to steal other people’s intellectual property or pass off ideas or arguments taken from christmas world, other writers as his own, said George. In no case did he seek credit for insights or analysis that had been purloined. Essay? In short, not only is there no fire, there isn’t even any smoke.” The examples at issue make up a small fraction of published works by Gorsuch, which include hundreds of legal opinions, academic articles, news articles and his book. POLITICO did not conduct a full examination of the federal judge’s writings. Yet a review of the documents provided to collge tutition POLITICO shows Gorsuch parroting other writers’ prose and sourcing without citing them. Instead, Gorsuch often acknowledges the to critical, primary sources cited by those writers. In the most striking example, Gorsuch, in war historiography, his book, appears to duplicate sentences from an Indiana Law Journal article written by Abigail Lawlis Kuzma without attributing her. Instead, he uses the same sources that Kuzma used: A 1982 Indiana court ruling that was later sealed, a well-known pediatrics textbook, “Rudolph’s Pediatrics,” and introduction essay a 1983 article in system, the Bloomington Sunday Herald. Gorsuch, “The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia,” p. 192.

“Baby Doe” (an appellation used to protect the family’s privacy) was born in Bloomington, Indiana, on April 9, 1982, with two congenital anomalies, Down’s syndrome and esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula. Introduction Essay? Down’s syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that involves both a certain amount of physical deformity and some degree of cold war historiography, mental retardation. Introduction Essay? 49 Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula means that the esophageal passage from the mouth to the stomach ends in a pouch, with an abnormal connection between the trachea and the esophagus. As a result, food and drink pass to justice essay the lungs instead of the introduction essay, stomach, eventually resulting in suffocation unless surgery is performed to correct the malformation. 50 Surgery to correct esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula is routinely performed with success, but the parents of Baby Doe refused to consent to the surgery. Shortly after Baby Doe was born, a hearing was held at Bloomington Hospital to determine whether the justice essay, parents had the essay, right to refuse the surgery on for me behalf of their child. An attorney was present at introduction essay the hearing to represent the parents, though no one was present to represent Baby Doe’s potentially adverse interests. Six physicians attended, three of whom had obstetric privileges and three of christmas world research, whom had pediatric privileges at Bloomington Hospital. The obstetricians “recommended that the child remain at introduction to critical essay Bloomington Hospital with full knowledge that surgery to correct tracheoesophageal fistula was not possible at essay onconvincing the manager to reimburse tutition Bloomington Hospital and essay that within a short period of time the persuasion onconvincing the manager collge tutition, child would succumb due to inability to introduction to critical essay receive nutriment and/or pneumonia.” 51 The pediatricians, meanwhile, stated that the appropriate treatment was to essay undertake corrective surgery immediately, and introduction to critical one of the pediatricians testified that the child might enjoy a reasonable quality of justice system, life.

52 The dispute wound up in a state court where the trial judge concluded that the parents had the right to refuse corrective surgery even though their child would die. The Indiana Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal, and the child died on the sixth day after he was born while a guardian ad litem was on his way to introduction to critical Washington, D.C., to write the assignment for me appeal the case to the United States Supreme Court. Kuzma, The Legislative Response to Infant Doe, Indiana Law Journal, p. To Critical Essay? 378. In its declaratory judgment, the court concluded that the parents of Infant Doe had the right to choose the course of treatment recommended by the obstetricians in the case, that of refusing corrective surgery and allowing the child to die. 26 The case was unsuccessfully brought before the write the assignment, Indiana Supreme Court on an Emergency Appeal, 27 and the child died on to critical essay the sixth day after he was born while the guardian ad litem was on his way to Washington, D.C., to appeal the write the assignment for me, case to essay the United States Supreme Court. 28. At one point, Gorsuch’s prose mimics Kuzma’s almost word for word in describing a child born with Down syndrome. Kuzma stated that “Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula indicates that the esophageal passage from the mouth to the stomach ends in a pouch, with an abnormal connection between the trachea and the esophagus.” Gorsuch wrote that “Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula means that the esophageal passage from the mouth to the stomach ends in justice essay, a pouch, with an introduction essay, abnormal connection between the trachea and persuasion essay onconvincing the manager tutition the esophagus.”

Gorsuch also uses similar language as Kuzma in describing “Baby Doe’s” first days. “Shortly after Baby Doe was born, a hearing was held at Bloomington Hospital to determine whether the parents had the to critical, right to refuse the surgery on behalf of their child. An attorney was present at the hearing to represent the parents, though no one was present to represent Baby Doe’s potentially adverse interests. Six physicians attended, three of whom had obstetric privileges and three of whom had pediatric privileges at Bloomington Hospital,” Gorsuch wrote. Wrote Kuzma: “Approximately twenty-six hours after Infant Doe was born, a hearing was held at justice system essay Bloomington Hospital to to critical determine whether the parents had the system essay, right to essay choose a course of treatment for their child that consisted of allowing the child to die. An attorney was present at the assignment for me the hearing to represent the child’s parents. No attorney was present to represent Infant Doe’s interests. Six physicians attended the hearing, three of whom had obstetric privileges and three of whom had pediatric privileges at Bloomington Hospital.” Kuzma, a one-time aide to former Sen.

Dick Lugar (R-Ind.), did not respond to an inquiry from POLITICO, but released a statement through Gorsuch’s team. Kuzma said she does “not see an issue here, even though the language is similar.” “These passages are factual, not analytical in nature,” Kuzma, a former assistant attorney general in Indiana, said. “It would have been awkward and difficult for Judge Gorsuch to have used different language.” Trump counts his wins after health care loss. But a 1983 Notre Dame Law Review article addressing the same case did, in fact, use different, plainer language to introduction essay describe the christmas research paper, issue than Kuzma or Gorsuch did. Author John M. Essay? Maciejczyk wrote that the “infant needed surgery to correct a blocked esophagus.” In several other examples provided to POLITICO, Gorsuch follows the fact patterns and sourcing of bacon essays analysis of friendship, other writers without acknowledging them. In describing euthanasia activist Derek Humphry, Gorsuch’s book tracks closely with a 2003 book titled, “A Merciful End: The Euthanasia Movement in introduction, Modern America,” by Ian Dowbiggin. “In 1989 Humphry left his second wife, Ann Wickett, soon after she had undergone surgery for breast cancer. During the war historiography, divorce, Wicket alleged that when Humphry purported to help her mother commit suicide, the introduction to critical essay, resulting death was not fully consensual,” Gorsuch wrote. Dowbiggin wrote: “In 1989 he left his second wife, Ann Wickett, shortly after she had undergone surgery for breast cancer.

Their subsequent divorce was made messier by Wickett’s allegations that her mother had not died willingly when Humphry had participated in the suicides of essay, her own parent,” Dowbiggin wrote. Gorsuch did not include an attribution to Dowbiggin in the passage at issue, though he did cite the author at numerous other points in the book. Dowbiggin listed his sources as “Deadly Compassion: The Death of Ann Humphry and The Truth About Euthenasia,” by Rita Marker, and “Last Rights: The Struggle over the Right to Die” by Sue Woodman. The same titles were cited as sources by Gorsuch. In the introduction, same chapter, Gorsuch appears to rely heavily on essay a 2002 article by Paul Lombardo of the University of Virginia about introduction to critical, sterilization techniques used in essay, that state in the early 20th century.

Lombardo writes that a woman named Carrie Buck was sterilized after having a child and her mother was institutionalized. “Even worse for her, officials at introduction to critical her mother’s asylum claimed that mother and daughter shared hereditary traits of feeblemindedness and sexual promiscuity,” Gorsuch wrote. Wrote Lombardo, “Officials at the Virginia Colony said that Carrie and her mother shared the hereditary traits of ‘feeblemindedness’ and sexual promiscuity.” Get breaking news when it happens — in your inbox. By signing up you agree to receive email newsletters or alerts from POLITICO. You can unsubscribe at any time. Gorsuch did not cite Lombardo despite mimicking his sentences and presenting them in virtually the essay, same order, according to an electronic search of Gorsuch’s book. Howard, the Syracuse University professor, said Gorsuch engaged in introduction to critical, a practice known as “patchwriting” — essentially patching together words, fact sequences and quotes from another source, but occasionally changing up phrasing and tenses. In addition to “heavy patchwriting,” Howard said, Gorsuch “hides his sources, which gives the appearance of a very deliberate method.

I would certainly call it plagiarism.” In a 2000 article in the Harvard Journal of persuasion the manager tutition, Law Public Policy titled “The Right to Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia,” Gorsuch’s writing aligns closely with a 1985 Duquesne Law Review article about euthanasia in to critical essay, colonial America. Gorsuch describes laws in colonial Virginia, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, South Carolina, North Carolina and Pennsylvania in the same order and around research paper with similar quotations as the Duquesne article. But Gorsuch never cites the article in that passage, instead only repeating the same sources that it relied on. Oxford's academic guidance for plagiarism states that “paraphrasing the work of introduction essay, others by altering a few words and changing their order, or by closely following the structure of their argument, is plagiarism if you do not give due acknowledgement to the author whose work you are using.” Christopher Sprigman, a New York University law professor involved in building an around world paper, online standard for citation in legal scholarship, said he did not believe the examples of Gorsuch’s questionable writings reflected “mendacious” acts on the judge’s part. Gorsuch’s manner in attributing sources is “a choice that you might agree with or disagree with,” Sprigman said. Introduction? “It’s a little bit risky, but I wouldn’t say it rises to the level of a bad act. I think some people would say it’s sloppy.” Josh Gerstein and Seung Min Kim contributed to this report. Correction: An earlier version of this story incorrectly stated Kuzma's employment status with the Indiana attorney general's office. Missing out on the latest scoops?

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How to Write a Critical Essay (with Sample Essays) - wikiHow

essay on to critical essay augustus An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers. Despite vanquishing his opponents in the long series of civil wars 49-45 BC, Caesar did little to address the justice, underlying ills of the introduction essay, Republic. His concerns were first and foremost the defeat in the field of his political opponents. Essays Analysis! During these years, and introduction, following his final victory, he was content to maintain control by a combination of the consulship and the revived, albeit reviled, dictatorship. Extensive and christmas around research paper, excessive honors of all sorts were also voted to Caesar by a sycophantic senate: he refused none, save attempts to crown him king.

Nevertheless, his broad disregard for tradition and precedent, and the general air of arrogance and high-handedness that marked Caesar's dealings with his peers, made him appear Rome's king in all but name. To be sure, he passed various items of introduction to critical, legislation dealing with immediate problems (for instance, debt relief or the calendar), but he made no serious effort to systematize his position or tackle the issues that had generated the Roman Revolution in the first place. In fact, in the last months of his life he was planning to leave Rome for several years to campaign against the Parthians in war historiography, the East. That the cabal of nobles who conspired to kill Caesar included disaffected members of his own party constitutes stark testimony as to the effects of Caesar's tactlessness. On 15 March, 44 BC C. Julius Caesar, dictator for life, was surrounded by the conspirators at a meeting of the introduction to critical, senate and cut down with twenty-three stab wounds. Persuasion Essay! He died at the foot of a statue of his great rival, Pompey. The senatorial Liberators, covered in blood and brandishing their daggers, rushed out to accept the gratitude of the liberated. To Critical! They met with a somewhat different reception.

The people had loved Caesar, even if his recent behavior had been disappointing [[3]] . The Liberators, who were led by world, L. Cassius Longinus and M. To Critical! Junius Brutus, held public meetings in the Forum, but the reaction of the people was equivocal at best. The senate, meeting on flu vaccine essay March 17, vacillated and declared an amnesty for the Liberators (inferring legitimacy for introduction essay, their act of tyrannicide) while ratifying all of Caesar's acts and decreeing him a public funeral in the Forum (inferring legitimacy for Caesar's power). It may have seemed a workable compromise, but when Caesar's mutilated body was displayed to the crowd and the contents of his will were made public--in which some gardens were bequeathed to the public and an individual stipend given to each member of the Roman people--the dam of emotion burst and rioting ensued. The Liberators fled the city. Power seemed firmly in the hands of the pro-Caesar camp and, in persuasion, particular, in those of M. Antonius (Mark Antony), Caesar's right-hand man. The dictator's will, however, had contained something of a political bombshell that was to shake this situation to its foundations. For Caesar named as his chief heir and adopted son one of his three great-nephews, C. Octavius. The nature of the relationship between Caesar and the young Octavius is not clear. Dio claims (45.1.2) that after Octavius reached maturity (in 48 BC), Caesar took him in and began training him to be his successor. This assertion is clearly more informed by later imperial behavior than by Late Republican practice, and to critical essay, is unlikely in any case, since Caesar was much occupied with the civil wars at war historiography essay, this time (49-45 BC). There is no evidence that the introduction to critical essay, two actually met before Octavius was in his mid-teens, but that the dictator noticed Octavius is hardly to be doubted.

Suetonius ( Aug . 8.1) presents a more likely series of events. In 48 BC the young Octavius was elected to the pontifical college. When Caesar celebrated his multiple triumphs in September 46 BC, Octavius took part in the procession and was accorded military honors. At some time in this period, Octavius was also adlected into the patrician order. He then followed Caesar to Spain when the latter went to francis bacon essays analysis of friendship, fight the Pompeians at Munda (45 BC). He earned the admiration of the to critical essay, dictator for the daring of his journey, which included a shipwreck; he was to show this same daring repeatedly in future months and years. In 44 BC Caesar nominated the magistrates several years in advance (another shunning of tradition on Caesar's part), and the young man was included as his Master of Horse for 43 or 42 BC. Despite these indications of favor, it is fair to say that in the broad scheme of things Octavius was a non-player and a political nobody in March 44 BC, when his great-uncle was killed. When he heard of Caesar's murder, Octavius was in Apollonia in Illyricum, preparing to join Caesar on his Parthian campaign. His friends and flu vaccine essay, some senior army officers urged him to essay, take refuge with the army in Macedonia; his family advised that he lie low and come to Rome unthreateningly as a private citizen.

He opted for the latter course of action and arrived in write the assignment, southern Italy, south of Brundisium. Here, he heard more details about Caesar's death and to critical essay, of his own adoption. His family, now fearful for his life, urged him to renounce the adoption and inheritance in order to christmas, secure his personal safety. In a tremendous act of daring, he instead made directly for Brundisium and the large concentration of troops there. [[5]] Entrance into Politics: April 44-November 43 BC [[6]] Antony paid no attention, at least officially. He sent no deputations to meet Octavian and inquire as to his intentions. Perhaps he dismissed the youth's actions as a sideshow bearing little relevance to the main thrust of politics. [[9]] At that time Antony was deeply occupied with several important matters, not the essay, least being to around world research, secure powerful provinces for himself while downgrading those of introduction to critical essay, Cassius and Brutus, the francis bacon essays of friendship, leaders of the to critical essay, Liberators. Thus, when Octavian finally entered Rome toward the end of April, Antony continued to ignore him. Octavian kept his cool and arranged a meeting. When he showed up--ironically, in the gardens of Pompey on the Oppian Hill--he was pointedly kept waiting.

The ensuing exchange did not go well. [[10]] In subsequent weeks, Antony blocked Octavian's moves to have his adoption officially recognized and also prevented him from standing for public office. Cold! But Octavian curried favor with the crowd, and tensions with Antony rose. Introduction! [[11]] Events around Mutina in northern Italy brought matters to a head, both between the Caesarian camp and persuasion essay onconvincing the manager to reimburse, the Liberators and between Antony and Octavian. Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus had been a supporter of Caesar's -- and one of introduction to critical essay, his assassins. Francis Bacon Essays Analysis! The dictator had appointed him to introduction, the governorship of Cisalpine Gaul (roughly the Po Valley region of around world research, modern Italy), an appointment confirmed by the senate. To Critical! The senate had also assigned Antony, consul in 44 BC, the province of Macedonia. Through tribunician legislation in June 44 BC, Antony had his command in Macedonia exchanged for that in proximate and powerful Cisalpine Gaul. Flu Vaccine! Decimus Brutus's term was up at introduction essay, the end of bacon of friendship, 44 BC, but Antony decided to assume command of Cisalpine Gaul in November. Decimus Brutus resisted and was supported by a senate largely well disposed toward the Liberators, whom it regarded as tyrannicides. [[12]] Against this backdrop of looming crisis between the Caesarians and the Liberators, the relationship between Antony and introduction essay, Octavian continued to deteriorate, despite occasional public reconciliations.

Antony accused Octavian of plotting against him, while Octavian attempted, through agents, to undermine the loyalty of the army that Antony was bringing to Italy from Macedonia. Francis Bacon Analysis Of Friendship! Antony went to introduction to critical, Brundisium to secure his army (things did not go well there for him), at which juncture Octavian showed his daring once more. Despite the risk of around world, being branded a public enemy, he toured the Caesarian colonies of Campania and, relying on to critical essay old loyalties, raised a private army from among Caesar's veterans, perhaps 10,000 strong. It was a vivid demonstration of the power of the name Caesar. Antony, meanwhile, returned to Rome and intended to denounce Octavian to the senate when he heard that two of his five legions from francis bacon analysis of friendship, Macedonia had defected to introduction to critical essay, Octavian. System! Fearing the worst, he took the remainder of to critical, his force and hastened to attack Decimus Brutus in Cisalpine Gaul. [[13]] The situation was now highly volatile.

Decimus Brutus, backed by the senate, was resisting Antony under arms, and retired to the fortified town of Mutina in Cisalpine Gaul. Antony had four legions, Octavian had five. All the armed parties were mutually antagonistic. The senate, led by Cicero in his last great political action, identified Antony as the greater threat. [[14]] Cicero and Antony were now on opposing sides, following an essay, acrimonious oratorical exchange in the senate that started in September 44 BC. Introduction To Critical! At this crucial juncture, then, Cicero deployed his considerable rhetorical skill to Octavian's benefit and began to christmas around research, champion his cause as a foil to Antony's power.

As a result, on 1 January, 43 BC Octavian's essentially illegal command of men under arms was legitimized with a grant of propraetorian power. As such, Octavian continued his preparations to attack Antony, now declared a public enemy, who had begun besieging Decimus Brutus at Mutina. Octavian, now an introduction to critical essay, official representative of the republic, led his force into the region and moved against Antony. [[15]] In two engagements in April, Antony was bested and fled over the Alps to around world, his political allies in Transalpine Gaul. Both consuls for introduction to critical, 43 BC, however, perished in the fighting around Mutina, and Octavian, as the senior commander on the spot, refused to cooperate any further with Decimus Brutus, a murderer of his father. The senators, it appears, hoped that Octavian would now go away. They appointed Decimus Brutus to write for me, the overall command against Antony, issued decrees of public thanks to him, and palmed Octavian off with an ovation. When a commission to distribute land to veterans was set up, Octavian was pointedly omitted.

Smarting at such insulting treatment, Octavian bided his time and put in requests for a consulship (with Cicero as his colleague) and a triumph. Meanwhile, Antony was preparing to return to Cisalpine Gaul with enormous forces gained from Caesarian commanders in Transalpine Gaul. Introduction! The situation remained unstable. [[16]] In the face of to reimburse collge tutition, all these developments, Octavian once more acted with courage and determination, even if with shocking directness. Having secured his army's loyalty, he marched on Rome and seized the city with eight legions. Three legions brought from introduction essay, outside Italy to counter him defected. Unsurprisingly, Octavian was elected consul to replace the deceased consuls of 43 BC. For Me! He now carried the long-delayed ratification of his adoption, paid out the remainder of Caesar's legacy, revoked the amnesty for the Liberators, and tried and convicted them en masse and in absentia on a single day.

Despite his control of to critical, Rome, Octavian's position was perilous. Antony was massing huge forces in essay, Cisalpine Gaul and, across the Adriatic, Cassius and introduction to critical, Brutus had taken the opportunity offered by the enmity between the Caesarian leaders to gain control of most of the eastern empire, it might be noted, with no great regard for either legality or scruple. [[17]] These complicated events have been treated here in of friendship, detail due to their immense importance in establishing Octavian in the mainstream of Roman politics. Dismissed by Antony and then by the senate as a bit player, he proved repeatedly capable of deft and resolute action in defence of to critical, his interests. On account of flu vaccine, his tender years, he lacked the nexus of influential support that most leading Roman politicians, including Antony, found essential to their success and therefore he had to rely more on direct appeals to the mob, his troops, and supporters of Caesar. His actions might not have been always scrupulous or admirable, but Late-Republican politics was a vicious and cutthroat business and few involved adhered solely to principle (the Liberators, for instance, went about the eastern empire seizing provinces and only had their acts ratified post factum by a compliant senate). Octavian had only two reliable tools available to him at this early stage in his career: his name, Caesar, and promises of bounty to the soldiers, and introduction to critical, he deployed both with daring and decisiveness when he had to.

In the autumn of war historiography, 43 BC, he was to make his most ambitious move yet. The Triumvirate I: Early Challenges, 43-36 BC. The rule of the three got off to an inauspicious start. Their first act was the implementation of proscriptions, unused since the horrible days of Sulla's dictatorship. Since the property of the proscribed was forfeited, the main motive of the triumvirs in instigating the terror appears to have been financial, as many of their most implacable enemies were not in Rome or Italy at all but with Brutus and Cassius in the East. A recent interpretation has questioned this view and argues that the proscriptions were a purely political act, designed to root out all opposition to the triumvirs in Italy.

Our sources preserve, in to critical, excruciating detail, dozens of tragic anecdotes about the proscribed as well as the text of the chilling proclamation announcing the proscriptions. Cicero, Antony's bitter enemy, was one of the essay onconvincing the manager collge tutition, first victims, with Octavian's compliance. The apparent financial reason for the triumvirs' need for money was soon to be made clear, when mass veteran settlements took place. Thousands perished in the chaos and to critical, mayhem that inevitably followed hard on around research the heels of the proscriptions. [[19]] Next, the Liberators had to be dealt with.

After a prelude in Africa early in 42 BC, in which a pro-senate governor was ousted by Octavian's appointee, Antony and Octavian moved on Cassius and Brutus in the summer and autumn of introduction to critical essay, that same year. The campaign took place in the Balkans and culminated in a double battle some weeks apart in October at Philippi in cold war historiography essay, Macedonia. The Liberators were decisively defeated, Cassius and Brutus committed suicide, and the Caesarians established their control over the whole Roman world. Octavian, who had not played a glorious part in to critical, the battles, showed complete implacability in justice system essay, executing any and all of those implicated in the murder of Caesar who fell into introduction to critical, his hands. A reshuffling of the provinces was required in light of the francis bacon essays of friendship, new situation: Antony got the East but retained Transalpine and Narbonese Gaul; Octavian got most of the introduction essay, West; Lepidus, fast being overshadowed by his more ambitious and persuasion essay to reimburse, ruthless partners, was effectively sidelined in Africa. Following Philippi, Antony moved east, Octavian returned to Italy, and a new polarization of the to critical, Roman world began to manifest itself. [[20]] In the world paper, West, Octavian faced an immediate problem: the essay, settlement of some 40,000 veterans in Italian communities. Veteran settlement was of paramount concern, since it spoke to Octavian's trustworthiness as a patron and so could influence the future loyalty of his armies.

The procedure entailed the forcible eviction of inhabitants from their land followed by its redistribution as individual plots among the ex-soldiers. Cold War Historiography! Prior to Philippi, eighteen rich towns in Italy had been promised to the soldiers--now it was time to pay up. Beginning in introduction to critical, 41 BC and continuing for perhaps a year or more afterward, life in the towns and regions selected for settlement underwent massive disruption. It seems that the dispossessed were not compensated for their loss, so that the whole process made Octavian enormously unpopular in Italy. [[21]] This unpopularity generated an opportunity for the opponents of the cold essay, triumvirate and led to the so-called Perusine War. Introduction To Critical Essay! One of the consuls of 41 BC was L. Antonius, brother of Mark Antony. Playing on Octavian's poor reputation among the christmas around paper, Italians, he stirred up as much trouble for the triumvir as he could. He began spreading rumors that Antony's veterans were being shabbily treated compared to Octavian's and, along with Antony's wife Fulvia, started lobbying for the dispossessed Italians.

His actions carried grave political dangers for Octavian, who could not allow army loyalties to be divided in Italy. The big question in all this remains how cognizant, even complicit, Mark Antony was in his brother's agitation. By late in 41 BC the situation had so deteriorated that war between Octavian and L. Introduction Essay! Antonius in Italy was inevitable. When hostilities broke out, operations focused on Perusia, where Octavian holed Lucius and Fulvia up in early 40 BC up. System! After several months of siege, Lucius surrendered and was magnanimously spared by Octavian, though the councilors and people of Perusia were not so fortunate: Octavian executed the local council and gave the town over to his soldiers to plunder. Introduction! He then adjourned to francis bacon of friendship, Gaul, there to supervise the transfer of the region to his own command, since the Antonian governor had died. [[22]] Mark Antony reacted to this situation by moving west in the spring of 40 BC and besieging Brundisium.

Octavian gathered his forces and marched south to introduction to critical essay, confront him. The triumvirate appeared to be over, its two chief members at war. However, neither army was keen for war and flu vaccine essay, negotiations produced an agreement instead, termed the Pact of Brundisium. By means of this agreement, Antony ceded Gaul to to critical essay, Octavian, relinquishing his last foothold in the West, but was confirmed in the East. Lepidus continued to languish in Africa. Further, Antony was married to Octavian's sister, Octavia. Essay! (Fulvia had unexpectedly, and conveniently, died in Greece in the interim.) The triumvirs then travelled to Rome amidst scenes of great public rejoicing. Introduction! [[23]] The attention of the triumvirs was then directed toward Sextus Pompeius in Sicily, who was posing a challenge to their authority in the West. Sextus, the youngest son of Pompey, is one of the write the assignment for me, more colorful characters of the Roman Revolution. Surviving the Pompeian defeat at Munda in 45 BC, he fought guerilla warfare in Spain and then took to introduction essay, the sea as a pirate leader.

When he was recalled to flu vaccine essay, Rome following Caesar's murder, he cautiously sailed to Massilia and awaited developments. During the to critical essay, war at Mutina, when the around paper, fortunes of the senate and introduction, the Liberators appeared to be in the ascendant, he found himself appointed prefect of Rome's fleets and Italy's coastal zones (on 20 March, 43 BC). With the establishment of the triumvirate six months later, he seized Sicily and, as a beacon of resistance against the triumvirs, was greatly reinforced by refugees from the proscriptions, survivors of Philippi, those dispossessed by the veteran settlements in Italy, and any remaining forces of republican sentiment. He beat off attempts by Octavian to oust him from Sicily. Antony formed a pact with him, in order to make his move against Octavian in 40 BC but, if Sextus had hoped for essays analysis of friendship, some concrete reward for this service, he got none: he benefited in no way from the Pact of Brundisium and was not officially recognized by the triumvirs. Now he exacted revenge by blockading Italy and placing a stranglehold on Rome's grain supply.

Antony and Octavian were forced to act. Incapable of introduction to critical essay, assailing Sextus militarily, they were forced to negotiate. At a meeting off the coast at Misenum or Puteoli, an agreement was reached (the Treaty of Misenum [or Puteoli]) in the summer of 39 BC. This agreement saw Sextus's control over Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily made official with a promise that he'd be given the Peloponnese and a consulship in due course. Sextus appeared well entrenched in triumviral politics, a fourth important player in the complex game. Write For Me! [[24]] The Treaty of Misenum was to have a short shelf life. Antony returned to the East, to Cleopatra and indecisive campaigns against introduction to critical, the Parthians. Octavian remained in Italy and worked at extending his circle of followers and francis bacon essays, his influence in general.

Toward that end, the introduction essay, presence of Sextus Pompeius was an obstacle. When the Peloponnese did not come his way as had been promised, Sextus blockaded Italy again in 38 BC. Octavian moved against world, him, but lost a naval engagement at Cumae and much of his fleet in a subsequent storm. He now appealed to Antony for help. Introduction To Critical! The two met at cold war historiography, Tarentum in the summer of 37 BC. Aside from Octavian's acquisition of some 120 ships from Antony for the effort against introduction to critical essay, Sextus (in return for a promise of 20,000 Italian troops for Antony's planned Parthian campaign), the meeting saw the triumvirate renewed for a further five years. The office had expired on 31 December, 38 BC, but none of the incumbents had paid any attention to that inconvenient detail and essay, continued to exercise its prerogatives (illegally) for the first months of 37 BC. Now their power was renewed. [[25]]

Since equilibrium had been restored with Antony, Octavian now turned his full attention to to critical essay, defeating Sextus. Elaborate preparations, mostly under the direction M. Vipsanius Agrippa, finally readied Octavian's fleet for action in 36 BC. While Agrippa held Sextus's fleet at bay, Lepidus was marshalled from persuasion onconvincing to reimburse collge, Africa, to assault Sicily from the south. To Critical! Another of Octavian's generals was to converge on Italy from the northeast, while Octavian himself would move from Campania. But ship-destroying storms and the manager tutition, another naval defeat for Octavian at the hands of Sextus seemed to signal the failure of the to critical, entire operation. Agrippa, however, saved the day and francis bacon essays analysis of friendship, took several of Sextus's ports before engaging and destroying the rebel's fleet at the battle of Naulochus on 3 September, 36 BC. Sextus fled east but was murdered not long afterward.

Despite reverses, then, Octavian had ultimately emerged victorious and, in Sextus, had eliminated one the rivals to his position of dominance in introduction, the West. Fate allowed him to neutralize the other. Lepidus, so long in the shadows, now decided to make a play for power. Finding himself in control of system essay, twenty-two legions in introduction to critical essay, Sicily, he defied Octavian and essay onconvincing collge tutition, made demands that he quit the island for good. Octavian marched in his direction, at which point Lepidus's men deserted him. At an embarrassing scene in to critical, Lepidus's camp, Octavian spared his former triumviral colleague but stripped him of his powers and francis analysis of friendship, confined him to house arrest at the pleasant seaside town of Circeii. There he lived out his life unmolested until he died, of natural causes, in to critical essay, 12 BC. [[26]] Octavian was now the unchallenged master of the Roman West. War Historiography! In one campaigning season he had rid himself of the introduction to critical, open challenge of Sextus Pompeius and the sleeping challenge of Lepidus. He set about consolidating his position for the inevitable clash with Antony. The Triumvirate II: Showdown with Antony, 36-30 BC.

In the East, Antony was not faring terribly well. He had, since 36 BC, been involved in sporadic and difficult contests with the Parthians and Armenians. There had been no decisive outcome and, in fact, there was a rather hasty retreat back to Syria. This was all the more regrettable (in Antony's eyes), since Octavian had been successful against Sextus and the assignment for me, then, in 35-33 BC, against the tribes of to critical essay, Illyricum. But Antony's behavior in the East raised problems for him in the political arena, fully exploited by Octavian. Francis Bacon Essays Of Friendship! His continuing link with Cleopatra, despite his marriage to to critical essay, Octavia, was among the most troublesome, and it had produced two children. Antony also appeared to have gone native, wearing eastern dress, with an eastern despot as a consort, and practising eastern customs. Analysis Of Friendship! Even more appalling, having seized Armenia in essay, 34 BC, Antony staged a spectacle in Alexandria's gymnasium known since as the Donations of Alexandria. In this spectacle, Antony declared Cleopatra Queen of Kings and war historiography, her son by Caesar, Caesarion, King of Kings; he then divided up the eastern Roman Empire among Cleopatra, Caesarion, and his own children. To Critical! It seemed, from an Italian perspective, that Antony was under the spell of Cleopatra, whose ultimate goal, it was rumored, was to become Queen of Rome.

Furthermore, Antony's recognition of Caesarion as Caesar's son undercut Octavian's most fundamental claim to political leadership. In an atmosphere such as this, tensions rose between Antony and Octavian. At Rome, meanwhile, Octavian further heralded his new image by having his righthand-man Agrippa appointed aedile in around world paper, 33 BC to see to the restoration of introduction, many long-neglected services in the city, especially the sewer system and water supply. The city was also beautified with new buildings and the restoration of dilapidated ones, often by Octavian's supporters acting at his instigation. The popular image of Octavian's caring, popular administration must have been greatly bolstered by for me, these actions. [[28]] The year 32 BC was a difficult one and saw Octavian and Antony finally embark openly on the road to war. In the introduction essay, first place, Octavian's second term of triumviral powers ran out on 31 December, 33 BC. This made his legal position somewhat delicate, but the niceties of legality were far less important than his demonstrable exercise of power and influence, especially among his troops. Who was going to challenge him? It is essay interesting to observe that Octavian immediately ceased using the introduction to critical, title triumvir; Antony did not.

In dropping the write the assignment for me, title, Octavian once more ostentatiously respected Roman tradition. Introduction To Critical Essay! As matters turned out, events at of friendship, Rome were to offer Octavian a new basis for claiming legitimate leadership of the Roman people, albeit a non-legal one. On 1 January, 32 BC, the Antonian consul, C. Essay! Sosius issued a speech denouncing Octavian and proposing something that required a tribunician veto to quash (the precise content of the justice essay, proposal is unknown). Octavian, not in the city at the time, soon entered with an armed escort, convened the senate, and denounced Antony. This action so effectively cowed the Antonians that Sosius and his fellow consul Ahenobarbus fled eastward followed by the other pro-Antony senators. News then reached Rome that Antony was forming his own senate in Alexandria from to critical, among the flu vaccine, exiled senators and that he had officially renounced Octavia as his wife.

Octavian, enraged, seized Antony's will from the Vestal Virgins (a completely illegal and unscrupulous act) and read it aloud in the senate. Introduction To Critical! Its contents shocked Roman sentiment: Antony wished to be buried in Alexandria, next to the assignment, Cleopatra. It seemed to many that, after all, he was indeed planning to establish a renegade eastern empire with a foreign queen at its helm. War was declared on Cleopatra, and traditional rituals revived to emphasize that the official enemy was a foreigner, not a fellow Roman. As preparations for war geared up in to critical essay, the summer of 32 BC, a remarkable thing happened. The Assignment For Me! First Italy and then the western provinces swore an oath of allegiance to Octavian personally. Whether the oath was voluntary, as Augustus later claimed in his Res Gestae , or a more carefully orchestrated piece of political theater, Octavian could now claim to be the people's choice for the war against Cleopatra. It was not a legal position, but it was an unassailable one. [[29]] In prospect, the to critical essay, war between Antony and Octavian promised to be the persuasion onconvincing to reimburse tutition, largest civil conflict ever conducted by the Romans. Arrayed against each other were the resources of the entire empire, East against West.

The not inconsiderable resources of to critical essay, Ptolemaic Egypt, the last surviving major Hellenistic kingdom, were also in the mix. In the end, however, the war ended not with a bang but with a fizzle. The massive forces moved against each other and converged in Greece, as had Caesar and Pompey at around world, the outset of an earlier great conflict. The two sides encamped on the north side of the Ambracian gulf, near the promontory of Actium . Cleopatra's presence proved problematic for Antony, and there were defections to Octavian. Meanwhile, Antony and Cleopatra managed to get their ships blockaded in the gulf by Octavian's fleet, under Agrippa's able command.

In an essay, attempt to break out on 2 September, 31 BC (almost five years to the day since Sextus' defeat at essay, Naulochus) Antony was decisively defeated. In ancient accounts, Cleopatra and then Antony fled the battle prematurely. The land forces never engaged, but Antony's men defected to Octavian en masse. Everything had been decided in a few hours of naval warfare. [[30]] The victory of Octavian was complete. Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt. Octavian made his way there via Syria, securing the loyalty of all as he went. Introduction Essay! Antony's forces and former supporters defected in droves. On reaching Egypt and christmas, Alexandria in the summer of 30 BC, Octavian faced Antony's forces on land and sea.

A great battle seemed imminent -- until Antony's navy and cavalry defected en masse before the very eyes of their general and his infantry were defeated (1 August, 30 BC). Antony and introduction to critical, Cleopatra committed suicide, and passed from historical reality into the realm of romantic legend. Write The Assignment! Octavian had Caesarion and Antony's eldest son (Antyllus) executed, and he annexed Egypt as a province of Rome, ending the Ptolemaic period of that country's history. He was now sole master of the entire Roman world. If, indeed, it had been his intention from the start to reach this position, it must have been a particularly rewarding day. For fourteen years he had played a careful, dangerous, and patient game. To Critical! Now it was time to secure the future, for himself and for Rome. [[31]] From Octavian to Augustus: A New Order Established. In the wake of Actium , however, there was work to be done.

After taking Egypt and settling affairs there, Octavian stayed away from Rome as he saw to the organization of the East. For the most part, Antony's arrangements were left in essay onconvincing the manager to reimburse collge, place, as long as old loyalties were suitably redirected. Octavian returned to Rome and Italy, amid tumultuous celebrations, in August of 29 BC. Large numbers of veterans were settled (perhaps 25 legions totalling 40,000 men or more) both in Italy and the provinces, this time without complaint, since the vast wealth of Egypt allowed for introduction to critical essay, ample compensation. When he entered Rome, he celebrated three triumphs over essay three days (over Dalmatia, Actium, and Egypt). Legally, his difficult position of 32 BC had been bypassed and Octavian held the consulship every year from 31 BC onwards (until 23 BC). Just as important, however, was the non-legal basis for introduction essay, his dominance, later expressed by Augustus as universal consent. The roots of this consent must lie in the oath of 32 BC, now extended in principle, if not in practice, to embrace the entire empire and all its armies. Octavian was, as he later put it, in complete control of affairs precisely because everyone wanted him to be and, just as significantly, because he was the last man standing. There is political posturing in persuasion to reimburse tutition, his claim to universal consent, to be sure, but possibly also some kernel of truth.

He had ended the civil wars, and all hopes for a peaceful future now rested with him and him alone. In light of this, the senate and people voted him numerous honors in 29 BC, some of which Octavian judiciously refused, consonant with his image as respecter of tradition. [[32]] Octavian's holding continuous consulships would be insufficient as a mode of administration in the long term, especially if, as he intended, the old order was to essay, be seen to essay, be restored. He needed, somehow, to introduction to critical, find a firm place simultaneously within and the manager to reimburse collge tutition, above established norms. Introduction Essay! His position at the head of affairs therefore needed careful consideration, and persuasion onconvincing the manager to reimburse tutition, this no doubt explains the eighteen-month gap between his return to Rome in August 29 BC and the so-called First Constitutional Settlement of 13 January, 27 BC which, with the broadest of brush strokes, began painting the portrait of the new order. Memories of Caesar's fate must have loomed large. Despite that dictator's huge popularity among the masses, his complete victory over his enemies in civil war, and the devotion of his troops, he had been laid low by a few dozen disillusioned aristrocrats. Among the uppermost considerations pressing on Octavian, therefore, must have been the need to appease the sensibilities of the introduction to critical, elite. In addition, the divided loyalties of highly politicized armies had been a plague on the Late Republic.

This situation too would require remedying. These two issues, in fact, were at the heart of the First Settlement, staged in flu vaccine essay, the senate on 13 January, 27 BC. [[33]] On that day, Octavian entered the senate and, to the shock of those not in the know, surrendered his position and introduction to critical essay, retired to private life. World Research! The senators, possibly confused, reacted with indignance and insisted that Octavian remain at the helm of the state. After a show of introduction to critical, reluctance, Octavian graciously accepted a share in the running of the state, gaining command of Spain (except Baetica), Gaul, Syria, Cyprus, and Egypt while the senate and people kept the rest. Within his extended provincia , granted for ten years, Octavian could appoint legates to administer regions on his behalf. Flu Vaccine! Modern scholars have failed to reach agreement on the exact legal status of Octavian's command over his provinces (was it by virtue of imperium consulare or proconsulare , imperium maius or aequum ?), but the case for imperium proconsulare is the introduction, stronger; it also had precedents, in the form of the extraordinary commands of Pompey or Caesar in the Late Republic. This situation would have appealed to Octavian's desire to appear to be maintaining traditions while also doing nothing alarmingly new or innovative. Cold! Other honors and introduction, privileges were also forthcoming, at a second meeting on 16 January. Here Octavian was named Augustus, a word ringing with religious (augur) and social ( auctoritas ) meaning but not suggestive of overt political dominance. C. Julius Caesar Octavianus now became Imperator Caesar Augustus.

Other honors carried more symbolic meaning (laurels placed on the door of his house; award of the corona civica for saving the lives of citizens; the Shield of Virtues erected in his honor) but they were no less significant for that: they helped establish Augustus's pre-eminent place in the state and craft the beginnings of an Augustan ideology. By means of flu vaccine, this settlement, Augustus was simultaneously commander, leader, savior. [[34]] In the summer following the settlement, Augustus left Rome to tour Gaul and Spain. The journey kept him away from Rome until 24 BC--probably a wise choice on his part, to be out to critical essay, of the public eye while the new arrangements took root. While he was away his aides Agrippa and Maecenas supervised matters in Rome. The summer after his return, probably in June or July, the Second Constitutional Settlement was staged. The Assignment For Me! At around this time a conspiracy was unearthed and two principals, Fannius Caepio and introduction essay, Varro Murena, were executed. In the francis bacon essays of friendship, absence of introduction essay, evidence, scholarly debate has raged about the timing, aims, methods, and members of the essays of friendship, conspiracy: was the Second Settlement a reaction to the conspiracy, or vice versa? Or were the events unrelated? In the end, the conclusion has to introduction essay, be left open, but the case for the conspiracy's occurring after the settlement seems the stronger, though any causative links between events remains little more than putative. Essay! The outline of the Second Settlement itself is clear enough, even if several details remain debatable.

Augustus relinquished the consulship (which he had been monopolizing since 31 BC) and was only to take it up on two further occasions in the rest of his life, for dynastic reasons. In return, he received an introduction to critical, empire-wide grant of proconsular power ( imperium proconsulare ) for five years. It is debated whether this imperium was greater ( maius ) than that of any other governor or equal ( aequum ) to it. Five decrees found in Cyrenaica, dated to the period 6-4 BC, show Augustus intervening in the internal affairs of justice essay, this province. The implication is that his imperium overrode that of the governor on the spot (and so was maius ), though the possibility that it was co-extensive with it must also be allowed (making the imperium aequum ). Whatever the legal details, by virtue of this grant of imperium in 23 BC, he could intervene in the affairs of any province in the empire. Unlike other governors, he was also given dispensation to retain his power within the city limits of Rome (the pomerium ), probably for essay, purely practical reasons: otherwise, every time he left the city, his proconsular power would need to be renewed. In relinquishing the consulship, Augustus lost certain powers and privileges within the city of Rome and its polity (his proconsular power notwithstanding).

These were now compensated for by a grant of tribunician power ( tribunicia potestas ), also for five years, that allowed him all the rights and flu vaccine essay, privileges of a tribune of the people, without actually holding that office: he could summon the people, propose legislation, veto meetings and proposals, and so on. With both his tribunician power and proconsular power, Augustus now had the ability to direct affairs in introduction essay, every wing of domestic and write, foreign administration. These two powers were long to remain the twin pillars of the to critical, Roman emperors' legal position. [[35]] While the major settlements of 27 and 23 BC established the bases of the manager collge tutition, Augustus's position, further refinements were necessary. As with the settlement of 27 BC, Augustus soon left Rome for the East (22-19 BC).

Before he left, he was forced to introduction essay, refuse offers of the dictatorship or perpetual consulship pressed on him by the people, who appear to have completely missed the subtleties of the Second Settlement the year before. Over the coming years, he received, piecemeal, some significant privileges and honors. In 23 BC, for instance, he was given the right to convene the senate whenever he saw fit ( ius primae relationis ). In 22 BC, he was appointed to oversee Rome's grain supply (for how long is unclear). In 19 , when he had returned from the East, he was given censorial powers for five years. When Lepidus finally died in 13 or 12 BC, Augustus became chief priest ( pontifex maximus ). Finally, in 2 BC, he was granted the cold war historiography essay, title Father of his Country ( pater patriae ), a title of which he was immensely proud. To Critical Essay! It is not hard to see why, since the title placed Augustus in a relationship with the Roman state analogous to war historiography, that of introduction essay, a paterfamilias over his charges: he was to be in complete control of everything. In addition, there was his membership of all the colleges of flu vaccine, priests, numerous symbolic privileges (e.g., immunity from taxes), and the matter of auctoritas . Introduction To Critical Essay! This personal quality, impossible to essay, translate into essay, English with a single word, was a combination of authority and influence derived from one's social and political position, family, abilities, and achievements. It was, most importantly, an informal virtue: it could not be voted to anyone by the senate or the people. In this way, the extent of Augustus's auctoritas reflected the extent and success of his life's work, and it helped him get a lot of justice essay, business done without constantly invoking his legally-conferred powers. Augustus simply had to introduction to critical, make known his preferences for justice system essay, matters to transpire accordingly, so that, for instance, candidates for office whom he favored invariably got elected.

No wonder he was proud to boast that he surpassed all in to critical essay, auctoritas . [[36]] The complex edifice of the Augustan Principate was, at heart, a sham. But, like any successful sham, it was one that people could believe in. Above all, there was political genius in Augustus's slow and careful acquisition of overarching authority in every area of public life. At every step of the way--from the oath of 32 BC through the constitutional settlements and the honors and privileges conferred upon him piecemeal--he could present himself as the passive partner. On all occasions, the cold war historiography, senate and people of Rome voluntarily conferred powers, privileges, and honors on him. He sought nothing for himself; he was no Caesar. Introduction! Indeed, he often expressed reluctance to accept offices and honors that struck him as excessive, and occasionally he refused them outright. In sharp contrast to cold war historiography essay, Caesar, Augustus constantly had one eye on aristocratic sensitivities. Furthermore, none of his cardinal powers were conferred for life but, rather, for fixed periods of five or (later) ten years. Introduction! That these powers were never rescinded when they came up for renewal is entirely beside the point: there was the illusion of choice.

That is what mattered. The vocabulary Augustus chose to express his power, too, was a model of tact: leading citizen ( princeps ) not dictator, authoritative influence ( auctoritas ) not command ( imperium ). Flu Vaccine! Throw into the equation his modest lifestyle, affable approachability, routine consultation of the senate, and genuinely impressive work ethic, and we have in Augustus one of the greatest and most skillfully manipulative politicians of any nation in any age. The Nature of the Principate and The Problem of the Succession. After Actium, Augustus moved on the succession problem quickly. He began to show signs of introduction essay, favor to his nephew, Marcellus. He himself only essay, had one natural child, Julia, his daughter by his second wife, Scribonia. The first sure sign of favor to Marcellus was his participation in Augustus's triple triumph of 29 BC. In 25 BC, Marcellus was married to Julia, forming a closer family link with Augustus.

The following year, Marcellus became aedile and, on Augustus's request, was granted the privilege of sitting as an ex-praetor in the senate and introduction to critical, of standing for the consulship ten years in advance of the legal age. The Manager To Reimburse Tutition! By 23 BC he was widely considered, in Velleius's words, Augustus's successor in power ( successor potentiae ). Then, a surprise. Augustus fell seriously ill in 23 BC. As he lay on what he thought was his deathbed, he handed an account of the state's resources to the consul Cn. Calpurnius Piso, and his signet ring to Agrippa. The symbolic message was clear: Marcellus was too young; experience was yet preferred at introduction, the top. Augustus recovered from his illness, but later that same year Marcellus fell ill and was not so fortunate.

He was nineteen when he died and was entombed with all due pomp and ceremony in Augustus's family mausoleum. Francis Essays Analysis! [[38]] The career of introduction, Marcellus, short though it was, already revealed the elements of Augustus's methods: he was to use family links (marriage or adoption) in conjunction with constitutional privileges (office-holding and the privilege of standing for office early) to indicate his successor. Essay! His inspiration appears to have been his personal experience: as Caesar had presented Octavius to the public at to critical, his triumphs of September 46 BC, so now did Augustus display Marcellus at his own triumphs in August 29 BC; as the senate had Octavius granted the right to stand for essay, the consulship ten years in advance of the to critical, legal age in 43 BC, so Augustus had the same right granted to Marcellus in 24 BC; and just as Caesar had bound Octavius to the assignment, him by a familial link, so now did Augustus with Marcellus's marriage to Julia (although such political alliances through family ties had long been a staple of the Roman nobility). Each event had its precedent; it was their combination that was significant. [[39]] Marcellus was soon replaced by Agrippa. Introduction To Critical! Shortly before Marcellus's death, Agrippa had left for the East. In the persuasion essay collge, face of introduction to critical essay, Marcellus's earlier preferment, the sources abound with rumors of Agrippa's voluntary departure in high dudgeon or of his forcible exile, but such speculations are demonstrably without merit. Agrippa had been favored when Augustus was ill in 23 BC and subsequently went East with a grant of imperium proconsulare , a share in Augustus's own powers. This is not what Augustus would have done with a man of christmas world research paper, whom he was suspicious or who had fallen in essay, any way from francis bacon analysis, favor. Augustus had business in the East, to which he was shortly to attend personally, and Agrippa was doubtless sent ahead to to critical essay, pave the way. Maecenas, Augustus's other chief advisor and no friend of Agrippa, is reported to have commented in 21 BC that Agrippa had now been raised so high that either Augustus must marry him to Julia or kill him.

Augustus chose the former route. Julia was married to Agrippa in that year. Until his death in 12 BC, Agrippa was clearly intended to be Augustus's successor. Aside from francis, his marriage to Julia, in 18 BC Agrippa's proconsular power was renewed and, more significantly, he received a share of to critical, tribunician power (renewed in 13 BC). [[40]] By virtue of these powers and onconvincing tutition, privileges, had anything happened to Augustus in the years 21-13 BC, Agrippa would have been ideally placed to take over the reins of government. Coins of the period 13-12 BC depict Agrippa as virtual co-emperor with Augustus, although the latter was always the senior partner. This straightforward interpretation of the introduction to critical essay, situation in these years has been complicated by Augustus's treatment of Agrippa and Julia's sons, Gaius (born in 20 BC) and war historiography essay, Lucius (born in 17 BC).

When Lucius was born, Augustus adopted them both as his own sons and they became Gaius and Lucius Caesar. A further complication is added when the ongoing careers of Augustus's stepsons, Tiberius and Drusus, who were also advanced over these years, are taken into consideration. The intent behind these labyrinthine machinations appears to have been to create a pool of eligible candidates, headed by a frontrunner. Any other princes as were advanced in the background are best considered as insurance against fate or as indicators of introduction, Augustus's preferences for the third generation of the Principate. In this way, Agrippa was to succeed Augustus, but the adoption of Gaius and Lucius signalled Augustus's desire that one of them succeed Agrippa (which one was to write the assignment, be preferred remains unclear, given subsequent events). Tiberius and Drusus, as imperial princes, can be expected to introduction to critical, have enjoyed high public profiles and earned various privileges, but they were very much on the backburner in for me, these years.

Notions of Regency (Agrippa over Gaius and introduction to critical essay, Lucius) or paired succession (Gaius and Lucius, Tiberius and Drusus) proposed by modern scholars seem remoter possibilities. [[41]] Augustus's vision for the succession can be seen in action again in 12 BC, when Agrippa died. Julia, now widowed a second time, was married to Tiberius the following year. Tiberius was Augustus's stepson and the most senior and experienced of the secondary princes in the imperial house. As such, he was a natural choice. Not long afterward, Tiberius left for justice system essay, campaigns in Germany and Pannonia, possibly with a grant of proconsular imperium . To Critical Essay! In 7 BC he entered his second consulship and the following year his position was made plain when he received a large commission in the East and a grant of write the assignment, tribunician power. In short, between 12 and 6 BC Tiberius was upgraded to take Agrippa's place in Augustus's scheme and was installed to be Augustus's successor. But it was to be a rocky road indeed that led to his eventual succession in AD 14. In 6 BC Tiberius unexpectedly retired to to critical essay, Rhodes, despite his prominent public position.

Augustus, apparently angered by Tiberius's action, had little choice (Drusus, Tiberius's brother had died in Germany in 9 BC). He appears to have relied on persuasion onconvincing to reimburse his increasingly robust health to see his adopted sons Gaius and introduction to critical, Lucius Caesar to their maturity. But fate intervened once more and both young men died, Lucius in AD 2 and Gaius two years after that. In a burst of dynastic activity in June of AD 4, Tiberius was rehabilitated and justice essay, adopted by Augustus, as was Agrippa Postumus (the youngest child of Julia and Agrippa); Tiberius was constrained to adopt his nephew Germanicus . Again, debate has swirled around these arrangements but, following the suggestions made above, it is probably best to avoid notions of regency or paired succcession and see here an attempt by essay, Augustus to re-establish a pool of princes from christmas around research, which to draw candidates, with Tiberius as the introduction to critical, favored successor and Germanicus to persuasion onconvincing the manager to reimburse collge, come behind him. Essay! The adoption of Agrippa Postumus remains puzzling, but he was still only flu vaccine essay, a teenager at the time and the move may have been intended only to secure his prominence in introduction, future succession plans. Germanicus , twenty years old at christmas research, the time of to critical, his adoption by Tiberius , was clearly the frontrunner for the third generation of the Principate. Cold War Historiography Essay! Through him, also, Augustus could hope for introduction essay, a Julian heir to the throne, but it is far from clear whether this remote consideration played any decisive role in Augustus's thinking. [[42]] The succession issue was not a happy one for the imperial house and carried in its train some domestic tragedies. Aside from the deaths of the various princes, Augustus banished his own daughter Julia in write for me, 2 BC and her daughter, also named Julia, in AD 8. In AD 6-7 Agrippa Postumus was disinherited and banished to the small island of Planasia, only to be murdered shortly after Augustus's death. The banishment of Julia the Elder is emblematic of this group of events. Julia's marriage to Tiberius had not been successful and introduction, she appears to have sought solace in flu vaccine essay, the arms of various noblemen and equestrians.

In 2 BC her indiscretions were brought to introduction essay, Augustus's attention and, enraged, he banished her to the island of Pandateria. She never returned to Rome. The sources unanimously ascribe Julia's fate to her licentiousness and immorality, but modern scholars have rightly questioned this presentation and seen instead dynastic scheming behind Julia's actions and subsequent banishment. Whatever the actual degree of Julia's political acumen, the christmas research paper, informal and allusive nature of the succession system itself was the introduction essay, root cause of her demise. For, in the Augustan system, an imperial princess who had been married to no less than three indicated favorites (Marcellus, Agrippa, and Tiberius ) and who then brought outsiders into her bed was also bringing them into the heart of the dynasty.

That could not be tolerated. That Augustus interpreted his daughter's misdeeds in political terms, at least in part, is suggested by the trial for around world research paper, treason of one of Julia's lovers, Iullus Antonius, and his subsequent execution or suicide; others of her lovers were banished. The same can be said for the fall of Agrippa Postumus and then of introduction to critical essay, Julia the Younger. However murky the details in each case, they can all be seen as victims of the Augustan succession system. Persuasion The Manager To Reimburse Collge Tutition! [[43]] In all, then, the succession problem was a difficult one for Augustus, and his solutions only perpetuated it for all future emperors.

Despite the internal difficulties engendered by the issue, Augustus was keen to present a united image of the introduction essay, imperial house to the populace. This is best illustrated by the Altar of the write, Augustan Peace ( Ara Pacis Augustae ), dedicated in January, 9 BC, and laden with symbolic significance largely outside the purview of this biography. For our current purposes, most important is the to critical essay, presentation to essay, the people, on the south frieze, of the imperial family--women and children included--as a corporate entity. The message of introduction to critical, dynastic harmony and persuasion the manager, the promise of future stability emanating from the imperial house is palpable. The reality, as we have just seen, was rather different. Augustus and the Empire I: the to critical, Army.

Augustus completed the essay onconvincing to reimburse tutition, ongoing professionalization of the Roman military by establishing a force of 28 standing legions (three were to be lost in Germany in introduction, AD 9), made up of volunteer recruits. For the christmas, citizen soldiers of the legions, service was for a prescribed period (first 16, then 20 years), on a regular wage, and to critical, with fixed rewards upon discharge. After 14 BC, land grants were discontinued in favor of around world paper, cash pension payments; such payments were funded, after AD 6, by a new public treasury (the aerarium militare ). For the first time, military service became a career choice in and of itself. Augustus also created a non-citizen wing of the army (corresponding to the Republican era's allies and extraordinarii ). To Critical Essay! These auxiliary troops were formed into cohorts of infantry and wings ( alae ) of cavalry, usually 500 or 1000 strong, sometimes under their own commanders, sometimes under a Roman officer (an ex-centurion or tribune). Bacon! Under Augustus, auxiliary units were mostly raised as needed and disbanded when the campaign(s) ended; some units were incorporated into the new permanent force, on terms of to critical essay, service similar to those for the legionaries. Augustus also regularized the organization and terms of service in the Roman navy and created the praetorian guard, a personal force which he discreetly and tactfully billeted in townships around Rome. [[44]] Augustus was careful to channel the loyalties of this new professional army solely in his direction. The troops' loyalty to Augustus was assured by their taking a personal oath of loyalty to him and by his role as their sole paymaster and flu vaccine essay, guarantor of their rewards on discharge. In short, he was their patron. The army's commanders on-the-ground were handpicked legates of Augustus; its campaign commanders were often the likes of Agrippa, Tiberius , or Gaius Caesar, that is, members of Augustus's own family or immediate circle. He also kept the army busy in major campaigns in Spain, the Alpine regions, along the essay, Danube and Rhine rivers, across the Rhine in Germany, and in numerous small-scale actions all along the empire's frontiers.

Where active campaigns were not prosecuted, as in Gaul or in the East, the army was used as a means of aiding political settlements (as in the return of the Parthian eagles in 20 BC or the meeting of C. Caesar and the Parthians on an island in the Euphrates in AD 2) or as a garrison over justice essay local populations (as in Gaul). Essay! While Augustus did not go so far as to christmas around paper, station the legions along the introduction, frontier as a defensive garrison force (as was to happen in later ages), he at least removed them from the center of paper, power and began the process of keeping them in the vicinity of the frontiers. Introduction To Critical Essay! Although Augustus appears to some scholars to have been aiming at establishing scientific frontiers along the flu vaccine, Rhine/Elbe and Danube lines, the to critical essay, whole issue of world research, his foreign policy--indeed, whether even such a policy existed--remains most unclear. For the scientific frontiers view to be true, certain problematic assumptions are requisite, not the least concerning the Romans' cartographic capabilities and their appreciation of to critical essay, geographic realities well beyond their immediate purview; it is also questionable to flu vaccine, what degree the administration of the to critical essay, empire in justice essay, general adhered to clearly conceived policy on anything, rather than reacting ad hoc as circumstances and local conditions dictated. To Critical Essay! On the whole, then, we should probably avoid notions of Roman imperial policy on the model of modern national policies. One of the chief political values of Augustus's campaigns was that it kept his new professional army busy--idle trained killers can be a somewhat destabilizing element in society--and afforded him considerable personal military glory, which further reinforced his claim to the loyalty of the troops. [[45]] The importance to Augustus, as well as to the state, of his monopolization of war historiography, army loyalties is introduction essay revealed in two suggestive incidents in 27 BC, when the Augustan order was still in its infancy. At this delicate time, M. Licinius Crassus, grandson of the write the assignment, great Late Republican magnate, raised a serious problem for Augustus. As governor of Macedonia he had undertaken successful campaigns south of the Danube in 29-28 BC and had personally killed the enemy leader in battle. In 27 BC, then, he was awarded a triumph but he went further: he claimed the ancient honor of spolia opima (the most honorable spoils), awarded to a Roman commander who had slain his counterpart with his own hand. These honors, involving the dedication of the enemy commander's captured panoply to Jupiter Feretrius, had only been earned on three prior occasions in all of to critical essay, Roman history.

Since Crassus's claim to the spolia opima would have raised Crassus into the uppermost echelons of military glory, it had the potential to confuse the soldiers' loyalty toward Augustus. So Augustus blocked the claim on a technicality. Crassus held his triumph and promptly disappears from our records. (It is write unlikely that he was killed but, rather, that his public profile died a death in the face of Augustus's displeasure, a good example, if true, of the workings of essay, auctoritas .) Not long afterward, another governor proved problematic. C. Justice! Cornelius Gallus had been appointed the first prefect of Egypt on its annexation in 30 BC. To Critical! Like Crassus, he had embarked on campaigns to surpress revolts and to attack neighboring people. He then celebrated his successes with statues of himself and bragging inscriptions, one of francis, which has survived.

Enraged, Augustus let it be known that he no longer considered Gallus his friend. Charges were immediately brought and proposals laid that Gallus be convicted in absentia , exiled, and introduction to critical, his property given to persuasion essay the manager to reimburse collge tutition, Augustus. His social status and political career in ruins, his very life perhaps in introduction to critical essay, danger, Gallus committed suicide (possibly in 26 BC). Both of these men had behaved fully within the boundaries of republican precedent but had failed utterly to appreciate a fundamental rule of the new order: there was to be no military glory but Augustus's. In contrast, Agrippa, for so long Augustus's right-hand man, repeatedly refused honors and triumphs granted to him; all his victories were celebrated by Augustus. [[46]] Augustus and the Empire II: Administration. In the sphere of external affairs, many of the army's conquests were formed into new provinces, especially along the south shore of the Danube (Moesia, Pannonia, Noricum, and Raetia) and the Alps (Alpes Cottiae and Maritimae). Francis Of Friendship! In the introduction essay, East and in Mauretania in North Africa, client kingdoms and principalities were allowed to exist, sometimes in very complex arrangements, as with the Tetrarchs in Palestine or the flu vaccine, numerous lesser kingdoms that dotted the interior and eastern reaches of Asia Minor. From 27 BC onward these provinces were divided into introduction to critical, those that fell into the vast provincia of Augustus (the imperial provinces) and those that were retained by around research, the senate and people (the senatorial or public provinces; see above, From Octavian to Augutus: A New Order Established). When the disposition of the provinces is examined (as it stood on introduction to critical essay Augustus's death in AD 14), it shows that the imperial territories outnumber the public ones by a factor of almost two, and persuasion onconvincing the manager to reimburse collge tutition, that all but one of the empire's twenty-five legions then in service fell under the emperor's command. Further, the introduction to critical, Cyrenaica decrees reveal the emperor making decisions about the internal operation of this, a public province.

Such interference on Augustus's part was legitimated by the improved imperium proconsulare granted him in the settlement of 23 BC and brings into question any notions of joint rule by senate and francis of friendship, princeps (so-called dyarchy). Ultimately, all the provinces were Augustus's concern. [[48]] Overall, it is fair to to critical essay, say that the provinces, whether public or imperial, benefited enormously from Augustus's reign. Not only had he brought them peace, he also brought them good government. Essay! Legates in imperial provinces were appointed by Augustus for periods of to critical, three years or more depending on local conditions, whereas proconsuls in the public provinces continued to rotate annually. The men varied in the assignment for me, rank from senators (proconsuls, usually of praetorian rank, in public provinces; legates of praetorian or consular rank in imperial ones) to introduction, equites (governing as prefects, as in Egypt and war historiography essay, some of the smaller, unarmed provinces). Whatever their status, under the new order governors had no reason to introduction, extort from their provinces the huge sums of money that Republican-era proconsuls and propraetors had used to bankroll their domestic political careers, since the essay, success of those careers now depended less on victory at the polls and more on the emperor's favor. Indeed, extortion in the provinces could be positively dangerous, as it raised suspicions about the nature of one's ultimate ambitions. These strictures applied no less in introduction essay, the public than in the imperial provinces, since all governors were now answerable to a single source of justice, authority in a way they had not been under the Republic.

This does not mean that rapacious governors entirely disappeared as a breed but that, for the most part--the disappointments of Gallus and Crassus aside--Augustus's gubernatorial appointments were sound. We hear of introduction, no major failings in the management of the provinces during his reign and cold war historiography, certainly nothing on a par with the rapacious activities of the likes of Caesar or Sulla under the introduction essay, Republic. Augustus, by virtue of write the assignment for me, proconsular power, could also intervene directly in any provincial dispute, as he did famously in Cyrenaica. Hardly surprising, then, is the fact that of all the emperors, Augustus's image is the most commonly found in to critical, the provinces, even long after his death. The remarkable period of peace and prosperity ushered in by Augustus's reign is essay known not only as the Pax Romana but also as the Pax Augusta . [[49]] Augustus, as the protector and guardian of Roman tradition, also sought to inculcate a return to introduction to critical, that tradition by means of legislation: by new laws passed at my instigation, I brought back those practices of our ancestors that were passing away in essay, our age ( RG 8.5). Thus, for instance, he passed laws limiting public displays of extravagance (so-called sumptuary legislation) in the manner of the old Republican senate, and he attempted through marriage regulations to put a cap on divorces and punish childlessness and essay, adultery among the elite. He also reinforced the traditional social hierarchy, making sure that everyone knew their place in it. Francis Bacon Analysis! Minimum property qualifications for membership of the upper orders were reinforced, and status symbols for all the classes, especially the amorphous equestrians, clearly established. The convergence of this sort of legislation is illustrated by the series of laws pertaining to introduction essay, freed slaves, passed between 17 BC and AD 4. Cold Essay! In the first place, the numbers of slaves that could be informally manumitted or freed in wills was restricted in proportion to the total number of slaves owned. This is a piece of sumptuary regulation, limiting overly extravagant displays of wealth and generosity in public.

Second, informally freed slaves were placed into a special class of quasi-citizenship termed Junian Latinity that was capable of being upgraded to full citizenship only to critical essay, after the Junians had proved themselves worthy; one way of achieving worthiness was to have children. Such regulations, then, encapsulated the flu vaccine essay, Augustan attitudes toward public extravagance, maintenance of the introduction to critical essay, social hierarchy, and marriage and reproduction. In his private life, Augustus fell short of his own ideals (witness the turmoil engendered in justice system, his family by adultery and infidelities of all sorts), but the thrust of his social legislation was less to regulate individuals' private behavior than to maintain the proper outward appearance of dignitas and essay, decency that Augustus felt had been lost during the Late Republic. Essay Collge Tutition! As such, it pertained to the ruling classes of the state and hardly at all affected the commoner on the street. [[50]] Finally, there is the issue of the worship of Augustus. The imperial cult evolved gradually over many centuries, and it has been long recognized that ruler worship extended back well before Roman times in the eastern Mediterranean. In the East, then, the worship of Augustus as a god commenced not long after Actium.

Augustus, reticent in this regard, often rejected divine honors outright or insisted that his worship be coupled with that of Rome. He probably had an eye on to critical Caesar's fate in so acting. The situation in research, the West, however, was more difficult. In Rome itself there could be no question of Augustus being worshipped as a living god, which would go against the grain of the Principate. In any case, he was already the son of introduction to critical essay, a god and the revered one (Augustus). A compromise solution appears to have been to have his will ( numen ) or essence ( genius ) recognized as divine. In Italy and out in the western provinces Augustus did not actively block direct worship, and two major cult centers were established at Lugdunum in Gaul and Cologne on the Rhine with altars at each place to Rome and Augustus, maintained by officials drawn from the local elite. In communities all across the West, in flu vaccine, fact, altars and temples to introduction to critical essay, Rome and Augustus and to Augustus himself are attested, all staffed by locals.

Such cult centers therefore acted not only to promote unity in the previously barbarous western provinces and to direct loyalties accordingly, but they also facilitated the for me, assimilation of local populations into a Roman way of life. Introduction! [[51]] The Augustan literary scene was also exceptionally vibrant. This is the era of some of Rome's most famous and influential writers, including Vergil, Horace, Ovid, Propertius, and Tibullus in poetry, and Livy in prose. Cold Essay! Vergil, in particular, crafted a new national epic for the Romans in the Aeneid , which quickly came to replace Ennius's Annales as the poem every schoolchild learned by heart. This great flowering of essay, literary activity was generated by the development of literary circles of patronage, which had been mostly in abeyance since the second century BC. The most famous literary, indeed artistic, patron of his day was C. Maecenas, a close associate of Augustus from the very beginning but one who never played an active role in politics (in contrast to Agrippa). Something of a bon vivant , he actively supported the careers of Vergil and flu vaccine essay, Horace, for instance, until his death in 8 BC. Another circle formed around M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus, who promoted the introduction to critical, careers of Tibullus and Ovid. For the the assignment for me, historian the most intriguing question such literary circles prompt is the degree to which the political and cultural sentiments expressed by these writers were officially directed, and so in effect provided propaganda for the Augustan regime. When all the evidence is weighed, there can be no question of a state-controlled literature (on the introduction, model of media in modern totalitarian states) but there may have been encouragement from the essay, top to express the correct view coupled, no doubt, with genuine gratitude and relief on the part of the patrons and writers alike that Augustus had restored peace and introduction to critical essay, stability to public affairs. In this way, Vergil's Eclogues and Georgics can reflect the hope Augustus brought for a restoration of peace to the Italian countryside, while the Republican sentiments of bacon essays, Livy's history could be so pronounced that Augustus jokingly termed him my Pompeian.

The point is that both authors flourished under the regime. [[53]] The inscription entitled The Achievements of the Divine Augustus ( Res Gestae Divi Augustae ; usually abbreviated RG ) remains a remarkable piece of introduction, evidence deriving from Augustus's reign. The fullest copy of it is the bilingual Greek and Latin version carved into write, the walls of the Temple of Rome and Augustus at Ancyra in Galatia (for this reason the RG used to be commonly referred to introduction, as the write the assignment, Monumentum Ancyranum ). Other evidence, however, demonstrates that the original was inscribed on two bronze pillars that flanked the entrance to the Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome. The inscription remains the introduction to critical, only first-person summary of any Roman emperor's political career and, as such, offers invaluable insights into the Augustan regime's public presentation of itself. [[55]] In looking back on the reign of Augustus and its legacy to the Roman world, its longevity ought not to be overlooked as a key factor in its success. People had been born and essay the manager collge, reached middle age without knowing any form of government other than the Principate. Had Augustus died earlier (in 23 BC, for introduction essay, instance), matters may have turned out very differently. The attrition of the civil wars on the old Republican aristocracy and the longevity of Augustus, therefore, must be seen as major contributing factors in the transformation of the justice system, Roman state into a monarchy in introduction to critical, these years. Augustus's own experience, his patience, his tact, and his great political acumen also played their part. All of these factors allowed him to flu vaccine, put an end to the chaos of the Late Republic and re-establish the Roman state on a firm footing.

He directed the future of the empire down many lasting paths, from the existence of a standing professional army stationed at or near the frontiers, to to critical, the dynastic principle so often employed in the imperial succession, to the embellishment of the capital at the emperor's expense. Augustus's ultimate legacy, however, was the peace and flu vaccine essay, prosperity the empire was to enjoy for the next two centuries under the introduction to critical essay, system he initiated. His memory was enshrined in justice, the political ethos of the Imperial age as a paradigm of the introduction to critical essay, good emperor; although every emperor adopted his name, Caesar Augustus, only write for me, a handful earned genuine comparison with him. Benario, H.W., Octavian's Status in introduction to critical, 32 BC, Chiron 5 (1975): 301-9. Birch, R.A., The Settlement of 26 June, AD 4 and its Aftermath, CQ 31 (1981): 443-56. Bleicken, J., Zwischen Republik und Prinzipat: Zum Charakter des Zweiten Triumvirats (Göttingen, 1990).

________. Cold Essay! Augustus (Berlin, 1998). Bradley, K.R., Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire (Oxford, 1987). Braund, D., Augustus to Nero: A Sourcebook on Roman History 31 BC - AD 68 (London, 1985). Carter, J. M., The Battle of Actium: The Rise and Triumph of Augustus Caesar (New York, 1970). Conlin, D.A., The Artists of the introduction to critical essay, Ara Pacis (Chapel Hill, 1997).

Corbett, J.H., The Succession Policy of Augustus, Latomus 33 (1974): 87-97. Crook, J., Consilium Principis: Imperial Councils and Counsellors from Augustus to Diocletian (Cambridge, 1955). Demougin, S., L'Ordre equestre sous les Julio-Claudiens (Rome, 1988). Durry, M., Les Cohortes Prétoriennes (Paris, 1938). Eck, W., Die Verwaltung des römischen Reiches in der hohen Kaiserzeit , 2 volumes (Basel, 1995). W. Eck, The Age of Augustus (Oxford: Blackwell's, 2003)

Eder, W., Augustus and essay the manager tutition, the Power of Tradition: The Augustan Principate as Binding Link between Republic and Empire, in to critical essay, Raaflaub and Toher, 71-122. Fishwick, D., The Imperial Cult in the Latin West (Leiden, 1987). Galinsky, K., Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction (Princeton, 1996). Gowing, A.M. The Triumviral Narratives of Appian and Cassius Dio (Ann Arbor, 1992). Gray, E.W., The Imperium of M. Agrippa, ZPE 6 (1970): 227-38. Gruen, E. S., The Imperial Policy of Augustus, in Raaflaub and Toher, 395-416 (expanded on in his entry in CAH vol. Cold! 10) Gurval, R.A., Actium and introduction essay, Augustus: The Politics and Emotions of Civil War (Ann Arbor, 1995).

Hadas, M., Sextus Pompey (New York, 1930; reprint, 1966). Issac, B., The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East , revised edition (Oxford, 1992). Jameson, S., Augustus and Agrippa Postumus, Historia 24 (1975): 287-314. Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik, eine Ausstellung im Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin, 7. Juni-14. August 1988 . (Mainz, 1988) . Keppie, L., Colonisation and Veteran Settlement in Italy, 47-14 BC (London, 1983). ________. The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to flu vaccine, Empire , updated edition (Norman, 1998). Kienast, D., Augustus: Prinzeps und Monarch (Darmstadt, 1982).

________. Römische Kaisertabelle , 2nd edition (Darmstadt, 1996). Kolb, F., Zur Statussymbolik im antiken Rom, Chiron 7 (1977): 239-59. Lacey, W.K., Augustus and the Principate: The Evolution of the System (Liverpool, 1996). Lanza, C., Auctoritas Principis (Milan, 1996). Levick, B., Drusus Caesar and essay, the Adoptions of AD 4, Latomus 25 (1966): 227-44. ________. Abdication and Agrippa Postumus, Historia 21 (1972): 674-97. ________.

Julians and around world, Claudians, Greece and Rome 22 (1975): 29-38. Lintott, A., Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration (London, 1993). Jones, A.H.M. Introduction Essay! Augustus (London, 1970) Magdelain, A., Auctoritas Principis (Paris, 1947). Mette-Dittman, A., Die Ehegesetze des Augustus: Eine Untersuchung im Rahmen der Gesellshaftspolitik des Prinzeps (Stuttgart, 1991). Millar, F., The Emperor, the Senate and the Roman Provinces, JRS 56 (1966): 156-66. ________. War Historiography Essay! Triumvirate and Principate, JRS 63 (1973): 50-67. ________.

The Emperor in the Roman World (London, 1977). ________. The Roman Empire and introduction essay, its Neighbours , 2nd edition (London, 1981). Millar, F. and E. Segal, Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects (Oxford, 1984). Ostrow, S.E., The Augustales in the Augustan Scheme, in Raaflaub and Toher, 364-78. Pollini, J., Man or God: Divine Assimilation and Imitation in the Late Republic and Early Empire, in Raaflaub and Toher, 334-63. Prince, S.R.F., Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor (Cambridge, 1984) Raaflaub, K., and L. J. Samons II, Opposition to Augustus, in Raaflaub and Toher, 417-54.

________. and essay, M. Toher (eds.), Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and his Principate (Berkeley, 1990). Ramage, E.S., The Nature and Purpose of Augustus's Res Gestae (Stuttgart, 1987). Rawson, E., Discrimina Ordinum: The Lex Julia Theatralis, PBSR 55 (1987): 83-114 (reprinted in introduction essay, her Roman Culture and Society: Collected Papers [Oxford, 1991], 508-45). Rich, J.W., Cassius Dio and the Augustan Settlement (Warminster, 1990). Reinhold, M., Marcus Agrippa: A Biography (Rome, 1965). Roddaz, J.-M., Marcus Agrippa (Rome, 1984).

Salmon, E.T., The Evolution of flu vaccine essay, Augustus's Principate, Historia 5 (1956): 456-78. Schlüter, W. Introduction Essay! The Battle of the flu vaccine, Teutoburg Forest: Archaeological Research at Kalkreise near Osnabrück, in J.D. Essay! Creighton and R.J.A. Wilson (eds), Roman Germany: Studies in Cultural Interaction (Portsmouth, RI, 1999), 125-59. Shotter, D.C., Augustus Caesar (London, 1991) Simon, E., Augustus: Kunst und Leben in Rom um die Zeitenwende (Munich 1986). Southern, P., Augustus (London, 1998). Syme, R., The Roman Revolution , rev. ed. (Oxford, 1952).

________. History in Ovid (Oxford, 1978). ________. The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford, 1986). Talbert, R.J.A., The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton, 1984). Taylor, L. R., The Divinity of the Roman Emperor (Middletown, 1931; reprint, New York, 1979). Von Premerstein, A. Vom Werden und Wesen des Prinzipate. (Munich, 1937). Ward-Perkins, J.B., Roman Imperial Architecture , 2nd edition (Hammondsworth, 1981). Weigel, R.D., Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir (London, 1992). Whittaker, C.R., Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A Social and francis bacon analysis of friendship, Economic Study (Baltimore, 1994).

Williams, G., Did Maecenas 'Fall from Favor'? Augustan Literary Patronage, in Raaflaub and Toher, 258-75. Zanker, P., The Power of introduction to critical essay, Images in persuasion to reimburse collge, the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor, 1988). NOTES (throughout the notes, items in the bibliography are referred to in abbreviated form) [[1]] The chief ancient sources for the life of Augustus (mostly available as Penguin Classics or in the Loeb Classical Library) are: Appian B. Civ . books 3-5; Dio, books 45-56; Cicero, Philippics and some letters; Nicolaus of Damascus, Augustus ; Plutarch, Mark Antony ; Suetonius, Augustus ; the Res Gestae Divi Augusti (see the edition by P.A. Brunt and J.M. Moore [Oxford, 1967]). Fragments of the biography of Augustus by introduction essay, Nicolaus of Damascus (fl. ca. 20 BC) are especially valuable, since this work is widely accepted as preserving elements of Augustus's lost De Vita Sua (covering the years down to 25 BC; Suet. Aug . 1-18 appears also to be based on war historiography essay this autobiography). The surviving text of Nicolaus, however, only treats Octavian's life down to the raising of his private legions in 44 BC (for editions with English translations and notes, see J. Bellemore, Nicolaus of Damascus: Life of Augustus [Bristol, 1984]; C.M. Introduction To Critical Essay! Hall, Nicolaus of Damascus: Life of the assignment, Augustus [Baltimore, 1923]).

There are also innumerable references to him in other ancient literary works and inscriptions, and large quantities of iconographic evidence (statues, busts, reliefs, gems, etc). The number of modern accounts is also formidable, with useful and concise introductions to to critical, be found in Shotter, Augustus Caesar and Jones, Augustus . More thorough and specific treatments include Bleicken, Augustus ; Kienast, Augustus ; Millar and Segal, Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects ; Raaflaub and Toher, Between Republic and Empire ; Southern, Augustus ; Syme, Roman Revolution ; id. History in Ovid . In the interests of conciseness, the notes emphasize the francis bacon essays analysis of friendship, ancient evidence; most of the secondary studies just cited tackle the issues addressed in this article. [[2]] The fall of the Roman Republic has also generated vast quantities of introduction, bibliography; see, esp., P.A. Brunt, The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays (Oxford, 1988); M. Crawford and M. Beard, Rome in christmas around research paper, the Late Republic (Ithaca, 1985); F. Introduction! Millar, The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic (Ann Arbor, 1998); E. Gruen, The Last Generation of the Roman Republic (Berkeley, 1974); Syme, Rom. Rev . [[3]] The lack of popular enthusiasm for Caesar's naked autocracy is reflected in a famous incident during the persuasion onconvincing the manager collge, Lupercalia (15 February) in 44 BC.

Caesar had twice been offered a royal diadem in front of the crowd. Introduction To Critical! The crowd, we hear, reacted badly to this spectacle, remaining largely silent, despite the presence of a pro-Caesar claque in their midst. Persuasion Collge! Only when Caesar refused the introduction essay, crown did the christmas around world research paper, crowd cheer wildly. See Dio 44.11-12; App. B. Introduction! Civ . 2.109; Plut.

Caes . Essay! 61-62. Suet. Caes . 79.2 only alludes to the incident. [[4]] Ancient accounts of Augustus's birth and early life are seriously marred by fantastical prophesies of future greatness, so that the historical reality is hard to weed out. He seems, however, to have lived a largely uneventful first nineteen years.

See Dio 45.1-2; Suet. Aug . 1-8; Nic. To Critical Essay! Aug . 2-5; Tac. Dial . 28.5 Cicero's letters provide the only contemporary evidence for Augustus's early career, and are indispensable for that, but provide little information on his early life. A note on names: Augustus was born C. Octavius, became C. Julius Caesar Octavianus (usually abbreviated Octavian in the assignment for me, modern sources) in to critical essay, 44 BC, and was renamed yet again as Imperator Augustus Caesar in 27 BC. Following standard practice, I shall refer to christmas world paper, him by his appropriate name in each period. [[5]] Association with Caesar: Nic.

Aug . 7-12. Aftermath of murder: App. B. Civ . To Critical Essay! 3.9-11. Octavian seems to have arrived in Italy in early April or late March: Cicero, in a letter from Astura dated 11 April, inquired of Atticus how it went ( Att . 14.5.3 = SB 359). Note that the influential Caesarian L. Munatius Plancus had taken note of the young Octavius prior to Caesar's murder, so the the assignment for me, young man had not gone entirely unnoticed by the elite; see Cic. Fam . 10.24.5. [[6]] For ancient narratives of the events here described, see App. B. Civ . 3.11-98; Dio 45.5.1-46.52.4; Nic. Introduction To Critical! Aug . War Historiography! 16-31; Suetonius ( Aug . 8.3-12) presents a conflated and to critical, rather confused account.

Augustus's own summary of this phase of his career ( RG 1.1) is restricted to the simple and tendentious assertion he successfully championed the liberty of the republic when it was oppressed by the tyranny of justice system essay, a faction. [[7]] Technically, however, the adoption was not made official until October/November 43 BC. That is why, it seems, Cicero comments that, when he met Octavian at Puteoli on 22 April, 44 BC, his followers call him Caesar, but Philippus [Octavian's stepfather] does not, so neither do I ( Att . 14.12.2 = SB 366); the Liberator M. Junius Brutus also refers to introduction, Octavian as Octavius (Cic. Ad Brut . 17.5-6, 25.1, 2, 7, 8, 11; dated June and July 43 BC). Christmas Around! In contrast, L. Munatius Plancus, a Caesarian, calls Octavian Caesar in letters roughly contemporary with Brutus's (e.g., Cic. Fam . 10.23.6, 10.24.4-8). The political importance of the introduction, name was beyond doubt to contemporaries. [[8]] Cicero first met Octavian in Naples on 19 April, 44 BC, one day after Octavian had arrived in the city ( Att . 14.10.3 = SB 364). A few days later, on 22 April, he had decided that Octavian's influence on events could not be good, since his supporters were threatening death to to reimburse tutition, the Liberators ( Att . 14.12.2 = SB 366).

[[9]] For his part, Cicero paid little attention to introduction essay, Octavius, at least initially: on 12 April, 44 BC he wrote to Atticus ( Att . 14.6.1 = SB 360), As for Octavius -- it's neither here not there. [[10]] Appian ( B. Civ . 3.14-21) puts windy speeches into both their mouths: Octavian asks for his inheritance, Antony refuses by claiming the money is tied up in litigation, largely spent already, or not yet counted. In contrast, Dio (45.5.3) merely comments that Antony insulted Octavian, despite the latter's deference and failure to demand his inheritance. Regardless of the details, in both accounts the meeting was not successful. [[11]] Cicero, in letters to Atticus dated 11 and 18 May, 44 BC ( Att . 14.20.5 = SB 374, 14.21.4 = SB 375, and justice system, 15.2.3 = SB 379), makes reference to introduction, Octavian addressing a contio in Rome and essay, preparing to give games (see Dio 45.6.4). C. Matius, an obscure but affluent Caesarian, saw to the games at Octavian's request (Cic. Introduction To Critical Essay! Fam . 11.28.6). [[12]] See App. B. Civ . 3.27, 30; Dio 45.9.3. [[13]] All of this took place in October and November 44 BC, as Cicero's letters make plain ( Att . 16.8.1-2 = SB 418; Fam . 12.23.2).

See also App. B. Civ . 3.40-48; Dio 45.12. [[14]] Cicero, however, had been from the outset doubtful about Octavian's nature and intentions; see Att . 14.12.2 = SB 366 (April 44 BC) and 16.9 = SB 419 (November 44 BC). Needless to say, it was also to system essay, the political benefit of the Liberators and their supporters (Cicero among them) to keep the Caesarian leadership quarrelling. [[15]] Cicero's speeches against essay, Antony, called the Philippics , have survived. In Philippics 3-5 (dated 20 December, 44 BC - 1 January, 43 BC), Cicero secured Octavian's appointment as propraetor from the senate. See also Cic. Fam . 10.28.3 (dated 2 February, 43 BC) [[16]] App. B. Civ . 3.49-73; Cic. Fam . 11.8.2 (Cicero to justice system, Decimus Brutus, dated late January, 43 BC), 10.30.4 (letter from Ser. Sulpicius Galba serving with consuls at Mutina, dated 15 April, 43 BC), 10.33.3-4 (letter from introduction to critical, C. Asinius Pollio, dated late May, 43 BC); Cic.

Phil . 14; Dio 45.12-46.38. Cicero's quip, reported back to him by Decimus Brutus in a letter dated 24 May, 43 BC ( Fam . 11.20.1) was that the youth [Octavian] should be praised, decorated, immortalized (the Latin-- laudandum, ornandum, tollendum --is deliberately ambiguous: tollere can mean both raise up and destroy). [[17]] App. B. Civ . 3.74-95; Cic. Flu Vaccine! Fam . 11.10.2, 11.13.1, 11.14.2 (correspondence to and from introduction, Decimus Brutus, dated May, 43 BC), 10.23.6 (letter from Plancus, dated 6 June, 43 BC).

Octavian's election to the consulship took place on 19 August (as attested in the Feriale Cumanum , InscIt 13.2.278ff.), though his demand for the consulship appears to have begun in June (Cic. Ad Brut . Essay! 18.3); Dio 46.39-49. On Cassius and Brutus in the East, see App. B. Civ . 3.26, 63, 77-79, 96; Dio 47.20-36. [[18]] Overtures to to critical essay, Antony: App. B. Civ . 3.80-81. Cold War Historiography Essay! Meeting and formation of the triumvirate: App.

B. Civ . 3.96-4.3 (Appian places the meeting at introduction, Mutina); Dio 46.54.3-55.5. Passage of the lex Titia : App. B. Civ . 4.7; Dio 47.2.2. The terminal date of the triumvirate is essay unequivocally established by the Fasti Colotiani . On the legalities of the introduction, Second Triumvirate, see Bleicken, Zwischen Republik und Prinzipat ; see also Millar, Triumvirate. [[19]] See App. B. Civ . 4.8-9 (text of around world, proclamation) and to critical, 4.10-51 (anecdotes of the proscribed); see also Dio 47.9-13. Death of Cicero: App.

B. Civ . 4.19; Dio 47.8.3-4; Plut. Cic. 46-49. Plutarch ( Cic . 49.5) preserves the write for me, moving anecdote of Augustus, years later, unexpectedly confronted by his compliance in Cicero's murder. When visiting one of his grandsons, the fearful child attempted to to critical essay, conceal the book of Cicero he was reading. Augustus took the book, read it for some time, and gave it back to the boy saying, A learned man, my boy, learned and a true patriot. Dio (47.8.1), Pliny ( HN 7.147), Plutarch ( Ant . 21), Suetonius ( Aug . 27.1), and flu vaccine, Velleius (2.66.1-3) unite in blaming the proscriptions mainly on Antony (and Lepidus), the former public enemies out for revenge; there has to introduction essay, be a suspicion of pro-Augustan retroactive finger-pointing here. (Perhaps the later tradition of Octavian's reluctance stems from apologia in Augustus's own Memoirs , now lost.) The final count of the dead is given by Appian ( B. Civ . 4.5) as 300 senators and system essay, 2,000 Knights. Introduction To Critical Essay! Southern (57-59) joins Kienast (35) in arguing forcefully that the proscriptions were motivated by cold war historiography essay, the mentality of the introduction, political purge, not financial need. [[20]] Africa: App. B. Civ . 4.53-56. Campaign of Philippi: App.

B. Civ . 4.86-139; Dio 47.37-49. Octavian's limited role in the fighting: Dio 47.41.1-4; Pliny HN 7.148. Cold War Historiography Essay! Re-alignment of the triumviral provinces: App. B. Civ . 5.3, 12; Dio 48.1.2-3. (Cisalpine Gaul now ceased to be a province and was finally integrated into Italia.) [[21]] On the introduction to critical, depradations of the persuasion essay, soldiers in Italy, see Dio 47.14.4-5. On this settlement, see Keppie, Colonisation , 58-69. On the methods and impact of veteran settlement, see ibid., 87-133. The eighteen towns: App. B. Civ . Introduction Essay! 4.3 (Appian says the francis bacon, towns were remarkable for essay, their wealth and fine lands and war historiography, houses). Introduction! It should be noted that where the territory of a designated veteran colony proved insufficient for the requirements of cold essay, settlement, the territory of introduction to critical, neighboring towns would be encroached upon, occasionally to the point of essay, total subsumption (e.g., Caudium, entirely absorbed by introduction to critical essay, the settlement at Beneventum).

Thus, many more than the eighteen towns mentioned by around world, Appian were affected by the settlement process. [[22]] On the Perusine War, see App. B. To Critical! Civ . 5.14, 30-51; Dio 48.13-14 . Antony's complicity: App. B. Civ . 5.21-22; Dio 48.28. Execution of councilors: App. B. Civ . 5.48; Dio 48.14.3. Bacon Essays Analysis! Acquisition of Gaul: App.

B. Civ . 5.51, 53; Dio 48.20.1, 3. [[23]] Threatened war and Pact of Brundisium: App. B. Civ. 5.52-65; Dio 48.28-30. [[24]] Career of essay, Sextus: App. B. Civ . 2.105, 122, 3.4, 4.25, 36-54 (passim), 83-85, bk. The Manager To Reimburse Tutition! 5 (passim); Dio 47.36.4, 47.49.4, 48.16-20. Date of appointment of introduction to critical essay, Sextus to the prefecture of the fleet: Cic. Phil . 13.13.

Sextus's pact with Antony: App. B. Civ . 5.56. Treaty of Misenum/Puteoli: App. Write! B. Civ . 5.67-74 (Appian places the meeting at Puteoli); Dio 48.36-38. The scene at the latter was almost comical (as described by Appian): Antony and Octavian sat on a platform built over the sea close to the land; Sextus had his own, more seaward platform with his ships behind. A narrow strip of water separated the two platforms.

Negotiations were then shouted across the sea until agreement was reached. On Sextus Pompeius, see also Hadas, Sextus Pompey . In Syme's view ( Rom. Rev ., 221), the Peace of Puteoli enlarged the Triumvirate to include a fourth partner, which is something of an overstatement, given its evidently expedient nature. [[25]] Collapse of Misenum/Puteoli agreement and war: App. B. To Critical Essay! Civ . 5.77-92; Dio 48.45.4-49 . Treaty of Tarentum and renewal of triumvirate: App. B. Civ . Christmas Research Paper! 5.93-95; Dio 48.54.1-6. The issue of the duration of the second period of the triumvirate has proven difficult: was it renewed at Tarentum (September?, 37 BC) retroactively from 1 January, 37 BC (to end on 31 December, 33 BC) or did it run directly from introduction essay, September(?), 37 BC (to end sometime toward the end of 32 BC)? The more convincing case is on the side of the retroactive view: see the excellent summary in Benario, Octavian's Status. See also Bleicken, Zwischen Republik und Prinzipat , 65-82; id., Augustus , 269-70; W. Eder, Augustus and the Power of Tradition: The Augustan Principate as Binding Link Between Republic and Empire, in Raaflaub and Toher, 97-98; Jones, 31; Kienast, 55; Southern, 94. World Research! In all likelihood, Republican legalities played a lesser part in introduction to critical essay, the considerations of the flu vaccine essay, time than the observable reality of the triumvirate's dominance and, therefore, in the actual operation of its power; see below, n. 29. On the growth of Octavian's party at this time, see Syme, Rom.

Rev ., 227-42. [[26]] Final campaign against Sextus: App. B. Introduction! Civ . 5.96-144; Dio 49.1-18. Lepidus: App. B. Civ . 5.123; Dio 49.11.2-12.4; see also Weigel, Lepidus . Lepidus's rash actions were, in Syme's words, sparked by a strange delusion ( Rom.

Rev ., 232). These events in Sicily were capped by unrest among the legions there, with the soldiers demanding rewards for service. Octavian discharged 20,000 of them on the spot and promised the rest bounties after campaigns in Illyricum; see Appian and Dio locc. citt.; Keppie, Colonisation , 69-73. [[27]] One of the honors allegedly given to Octavian after Naulochus, late in 36 BC, was the tribunician power (App. B. Civ . 5.132). However, Augustus later reckoned his tribunician power from the manager collge tutition, 23 BC, which settles the argument decisively: he did not get it in introduction, 36 BC. Dio is probably correct (49.15.6) in flu vaccine, saying that he was given a tribune-like protection from insult or injury ( sacrosanctitas ). Refusal of the pontificate: App.

B. Civ . 5.131; Dio 49.15.3; Suet. To Critical Essay! Aug . Write! 31.1. Burning of the records: App. B. Civ . Introduction To Critical! 3.132. [[28]] Antony's wars in the East: Dio 49.19-30; Plut. Ant . 37-52. Octavian in Illyricum: App. Ill . 12-28. Antony's behavior and write the assignment, the Donations of Alexandria (much of it no doubt drawn from pro-Augustus propaganda): Dio 49.41, Plut. Ant . 54.3-6 (Donations); Dio 50.4-5 (behavior). Cleopatra's ambitions: Dio 50.4.1, 5.4.

Rising tensions: Plut. Ant . 54-55. Agrippa's aedileship and munificence instigated by to critical, Octavian: Dio 49.43.1-4; Pliny HN 36.121; Roddaz, 145-57 (aedileship); Suet. Aug . 29.4-5; Vell. Pat. 2.89.4 (munificence). [[29]] On the francis of friendship, date of the introduction to critical essay, expiration of the triumviral powers, see above n. 25.

It is my opinion that many modern scholars, wedded to bacon essays of friendship, contemporary paradigms of introduction to critical, legally-sanctioned government, have overstated the importance of around, legalities in establishing the powers of Roman Republican officials; precedent, ritual, and appearance were just as important, if not more so. Introduction To Critical! Certainly traditional procedures and practices were used during the Republic to justice system essay, legitimate magisterial authority, but many of these niceties had fallen by the wayside in the years since Pompey and Caesar. Time and again in the period after Sulla extraordinary powers and privileges had been voted to generals in recognition of their de facto supremacy. So too now, with Octavian. Technically, his triumviral powers had lapsed. Introduction To Critical Essay! No one, however, not even the Antonian consuls for 32 BC, C. Sosius and Cn. Around Research Paper! Domitius Ahenobarbus, were going to point that out introduction, publicly; although the content of Sosius's anti-Octavian speech of 1 January, 32 BC has not survived, that he focused on the expiration of the triumviral powers is unlikely, since the lapse applied to Antony as well. The reality of Octavian's pre-eminence in justice system essay, the West overshadowed the strict legalities of his position.

On ritual, ceremony, and appearance in Republican magistracy, see D.J. Gargola, Lands, Laws and Gods: Magistrates and Ceremony in the Regulation of Public Lands in Republican Rome (Chapel Hill, 1995), esp. 16-24; R. Stewart, Public Office in Early Rome: Ritual Procedure and Political Practice (Ann Arbor, 1998). The 1 January meeting of the to critical, senate and aftermath: Dio 50.2.3-7. Christmas World Research! Reading Antony's will: Dio 50.3.1-4.1, Plut. Ant . 58.3-4. Oath: RG 25.2; Dio 50.6.3-4 (where the essay, oath is cold war historiography unmentioned but implicit); Suet. Aug . 17.2.

Augustus himself ( RG , loc. cit.) states that the oath was voluntary ( sponte sua ), but it may not have been (see Dio and Suetonius, locc. Introduction! citt.). Syme ( Rom. War Historiography! Rev ., 284) was convinced the introduction to critical, oath came before the denunciation of Antony in the senate and the declaration of war and, in a rousing phrase, believed the oath riveted the shackles of [Italy's] servitude. [[30]] Campaign at Actium: Dio 50.10-35; Plut. Ant . 61-68.3; Vell. Francis Analysis Of Friendship! Pat. 2.84-85; Carter, Battle of Actium . The forces on each side were monumental: about 30 legions apiece, and Antony had 500 warships to Octavian's 250 (Plut. Introduction To Critical Essay! Ant . 61).

For the later reception of the Actian campaign, see Gurval, Actium and Augustus . [[31]] Aftermath of Actium: Dio 51.1-17; Plut. Ant . 68.4-86. Date of the fall of Alexandria: Fasti Praenestini and Amiterini ( InscrIt . 13.2.107 and 13.2.185). Cleopatra, according to Plutarch ( Ant . 78-86.3), was taken alive by Octavian, who planned to persuasion essay onconvincing to reimburse tutition, display her at his triumph. But she had an asp smuggled into a banquet she was holding, hidden among a plate of figs. (The asp bit her on the arm, not the breast, according to Plutarch [ Ant . 86.1-3] and Dio [51.14.1-2].) The revolt or plot of Lepidus is a shadowy affair: Vell.

Pat. 2.88; Dio 54.15.4; Suet. Aug . 19.1. [[32]] Settling affairs in the East: Dio 51.18. Veteran settlements: Keppie, Colonisation , 73-82. Wealth of Egypt used for essay, settlements: Dio 51.17.6-8. Three triumphs: Dio 51.21.6-9.

By universal consent I was in complete control of affairs: RG 34.1. On 11 January, 29 BC the doors of the Temple of Janus in Rome were closed, symbolizing that the entire Roman world was at peace (though Dio is analysis quick to point out the various wars still in introduction, progress in diverse locales): it had only happened twice before in all of Roman history (Dio 51.20.4-5). Such a symbolic gesture must have had a powerful effect on cold war historiography those who witnessed or heard about it and introduction, reinforced the notion of Octavian as the bringer of peace. Honors: Dio 51.19-21. [[33]] None of this is meant to suggest that the system later called the Principate was, in its entirety, planned out and effected according to a pre-ordained blueprint, but rather that Octavian, in the run up to the First Settlement, must have given careful thought to his position and acted accordingly. That attitude, in fact, had marked his behavior from the very outset of his career and was encapsulated in his favorite aphorisms, Rush slowly ( festina lente ) and the assignment, Whatever is done well enough is done quickly enough ( sat celeriter fieri quidquid fiat satis bene ; see, for both, Suet. Aug . 25.4).

These are the mottoes of a patient and careful planner. Nevertheless, that the Principate emerged piecemeal over almost three decades was demonstrated long ago by E.T. Introduction Essay! Salmon in his seminal article, The Evolution of Augustus's Principate; see also Lacey, Augustus and the Principate . Need for a rector : Cic. Rep . 2.51; 5.5, 6; 6.13. As consul in 28 BC, Octavian had annulled all the illegal acts of the triumvirate, effectively wiping the slate clean in that department (Dio 53.2.6); his behavior in this year, with Agrippa as his colleague, was generally traditional, generous, and exemplary (Dio 53.1-2). A new beginning was being heralded, support for it organized, and its nature indicated: later, Augustus himself considered the events of 28 and 27 BC as part of write, a single process of transferring the republic from my power to the dominion of the senate and people of Rome ( RG 34.1).

[[34]] First Settlement: Dio 53.3-17.1; RG 34.1-2; Suet. Aug . 28.1; Vell. 2.89. Settlement staged: Dio 53.2.7. Division of provinces: Dio 53.12; see also Millar, The Emperor, the Senate and to critical essay, the Roman Provinces. Debate over legal status of Octavian: Southern, 111-13. Imperium proconsulare is more likely to have been granted for flu vaccine essay, ten years than imperium consulare , which Octavian already held by virtue of introduction to critical essay, his consulship: or was it expected he would be consul every year for the following ten years? On the settlement, see, e.g., Bleicken, 315-42; Rich, Cassius Dio ; Southern, 111-17; Syme, Rom.

Rev . Around Research! 313-30. [[35]] Travels of to critical, Augustus: Dio 53.22.5. Illness and recovery: Dio 53.30.3; Hor. Epist . 1.15; Pliny HN 25.77; Suet. Justice System Essay! Aug. 81.1. Introduction Essay! Conspiracy: Dio 54.3.2-3 (who dates the event to 22 BC, so breaking the direct link between it and the Settlement of 23); Vell. Christmas Around Research! Pat. 2.91.2; the details are perceptively discussed by Raaflaub and Samons, Opposition to Augustus, 425-27; see also Rich, Dio Cassius , 168-69.

Second Settlement: Dio 53.32; RG 10.1; Suet. Aug . 28.1. For the Cyrenaica decrees, see below n. 48. [[36]] Refusal of dictatorship et al.: Dio 54.1.3-4; RG 5.1-2; Vell. Pat. 2.89.5; Suet. Aug . 52. Introduction To Critical! Cura annonae : Dio 54.1.3. Ius primae relationis : Dio 54.3.3. Privileges of francis bacon analysis of friendship, 19 BC: Dio 54.10.3-7; RG 6.1; Suet.

Aug . 27.5. To Critical! Father of the Country: Dio 55.10.10; RG 35.1; Suet. Aug . 58. Priesthoods: RG 7.3. Essay! Auctoritas : RG 34.3; see also Cic. Off . Introduction To Critical! 2.2; Magdelain, Auctoritas Principis ; Lanza, Auctoritas Principis ; a useful overview is now Galinsky, 10-41.

Dio (55.34.2) reports that in persuasion to reimburse collge, AD 8, when he had become too infirm to attend elections in person, Augustus would post the names of the candidates for office he favored; it's hard to imagine such candidates failing. Galinsky (42-79) surveys the establishment of the Principate with emphasis on the terminology of power Augustus uses to describe it. [[37]] Continuity of Principate: Suet. Introduction To Critical! Aug . Research! 28.1-2. [[38]] Before marrying Livia Drusilla in essay, 39 BC, he had been married to Clodia, stepdaughter of cold war historiography essay, Antonius ( PIR 2 C 1057), from 43-41 BC; and introduction, then to Scribonia ( PIR S 220), from 40-39 BC. Appearance at write the assignment for me, triumph: Suet. Tib . 6.4.

Marriage: Dio 53.27.5. Aedile/legal age: Dio 53.28.3. Introduction Essay! Successor in power: Vell. Pat. 2.93.1. Deathbed scene: Dio 53.30.1-2; Suet. Aug . Essay! 28.1. Death and burial of Marcellus: Dio 53.30.4.

Livia 's rumored hand in his demise (Dio 53.33.4.) is entirely unproven; that summer in introduction to critical, Rome was considered particularly unhealthy and death by illness was widespread (Dio loc. cit.). Marcellus was not adopted by Augustus: the RG (21.1) refers to him as my son-in-law as does Marcellus's epitaph (Braund, 27). [[39]] Octavius in Caesar's triumph: see n. 5. Octavius granted right of standing early: App. B. Civ . Research! 3.51. [[40]] Agrippa goes East: Dio 53.31.2-4; Pliny HN 7.149; Tac. Ann . 14.53.3; Suet.

Aug . 66.3, Tib . 10.3. Agrippa's power in the east: Gray, Imperium of M. Agrippa. Maecenas's quip: Dio, 54.6.5. Introduction To Critical Essay! Marriage: Dio 54.6.5; Suet. Aug . 63.1. Agrippa's powers: Dio 54.12.4-5 (18 BC), 54.28.1 (13 BC). [[41]] Coins: RIC nos. Flu Vaccine! 407, 408, 414.

Gaius and Lucius Caesar: Dio 54.18.1, Tac. Ann . 1.3. Tiberius and essay, Drusus' advancement: see DIR's Tiberius . As to the Regency or paired-succession propositions (for which, see, respectively, R. Seager, Tiberius [London, 1972], 18-22, 24-26, 29-38, recently restated in Southern, 162, 168; and B. Levick, Tiberius the Politician (London, 1976), 19-67; ead., Drusus Caesar), what ensured that Agrippa the regent would step down when required to do so? What mechanisms realistically existed for depriving an incumbent regent or princeps of his powers? Indeed, if Agrippa did not step down but died in office, what makes him a regent and not an emperor? The paired accession idea is no more convincing, since Augustus was under no illusions as to the extreme inadvisability, if not impossibility, of attempting to share supreme power (see Suet. Aug . 28.1): his own career as triumvir was illustration enough of that. As it was, joint accessions were not seriously entertained until the second century and beyond, when the essays analysis of friendship, Principate was well established, and most were unsuccessful. That Augustus was blind to the danger of presenting two equally qualified and favored candidates to introduction to critical essay, the armed forces is all but inconceivable. [[42]] Death of write the assignment, Agrippa: Dio 54.28.2-3, 29. Marriage of Tiberius and Julia: Dio 54.31.2.

For more detailed discussion of these events with reference to the ancient material involved, see the DIR's Tiberius , C. and L. Caesar, Germanicus , Agrippa Postumus. See also, Birch, Settlement; Levick, Drusus Caesar; Seager, Tiberius , 35-38. Germanicus, the son of Tiberius' brother Drusus, was himself a Claudian but his marriage to introduction essay, Agrippina (Augustus's granddaughter) offered hope of a Julian heir in the fourth generation. [[43]] Fall of Julia the for me, Elder: Dio 55.10.12-16; Suet. Aug . Introduction To Critical Essay! 65.1, Tib . 11.4; Tac. Ann . 1.53.1; Vell. Pat. 2.100.2-5. For the political scheming view, see Levick, Julians and Claudians. Fall of Agrippa Postumus: Dio 55.32.1-2; Suet.

Aug . 65.1, 65.4; Levick, Abdication; Jameson, Augustus and flu vaccine essay, Agrippa Postumus. Fall of Julia the Younger: Suet. Aug . 19.1, 65.1. [[44]] For a concise account of the Roman army under Augustus, see Keppie, Making of the introduction to critical, Roman Army , 145-71; also Bleicken, 541-63, Jones, 110-16. On the praetorians, see Durry, Cohortes Prétoriennes , esp. 65-89. [[45]] On Augustus's campaigns, see RG 26-27; Keppie, loc. cit. in n. 44.

On the the assignment for me, Varan disaster, see Schlüter, The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. For an overview of Augustus's foreign policy, see Gruen, Imperial Policy. On the bigger question of frontiers and imperial growth, see Isaac, Limits of introduction to critical, Empire , esp. 372-418; Whittaker, Frontiers of the Roman Empire , esp. 10-98 (who includes discussion of cold essay, ancient concepts of space and cartography). On the reactive nature of ancient government, see Millar, Roman Empire and its Neighbours , esp.

52-80. For the stations of the legions on Augustus's death, see n. 48. [[46]] On the Crassus affair, see Dio 52.23.2-27.3; Livy 4.19-20 (the previous awards of to critical, spolia opima were to A. Cornelius Cossus in cold war historiography, the late fifth century BC and M. Claudius Marcellus in introduction to critical essay, 222 BC). On Gallus, see Dio 53.23.5-24.1. The inscription ( ILS 8995) is worth quoting: C. Cornelius Gallus, son of flu vaccine, Cnaeus, Roman knight, appointed the first Prefect of Alexandria and of Egypt after its kings had been defeated by Caesar, son of a god; he [Gallus] was twice victor in pitched battles during the Theban revolt, within 15 days, in introduction, which he defeated the enemy; he took by assault five cities (Boresos, Coptus, Ceramice, Diospolis Magna, and Opheium) and captured the leaders of their revolts; he led an army beyond the cataphract of the persuasion onconvincing to reimburse tutition, Nile, into which region arms had not previously been borne either by introduction to critical, the Roman people or by the kings of Egypt; he took Thebes, the shared fear of all the kings (of Egypt); he received ambassadors of the francis essays, Ethiopian king at Philae and received that king into his protection; he appointed a ruler over the Ethiopian region of Triacontaschoenus. Introduction! He [Gallus] gave and francis essays analysis, dedicated this monument to the ancestral gods and the Nile, his helper. A useful overview of both incidents is introduction provided by justice system, Southern (115-17).

Augustus arrogated for himself victories won by his generals: the successes of introduction essay, Tiberius and Drusus on the Rhine and cold essay, Danube in 12 and introduction essay, 11 BC caused him to add two imperatorial acclamations to his titles; Tiberius and Drusus got none (Dio 54.33.5). Agrippa refusing triumphs: Dio 53.23.4 (general modesty of Agrippa), 54.11.6 (over the Cantabri), 54.24.7 (over the system, Bosporus). [[47]] For a useful overview of this subject, see Lintott, Imperium Romanum , 111-28. On the consilium , instituted between 27 and 18 BC, see Dio 53.21.3-5 (quote at 53.21.6); Suet. Introduction Essay! Aug . 35.4; Crook, Consilium Principis . On the bacon essays of friendship, role of the imperial senate, see Talbert, Senate of Imperial Rome , esp. Part Three: Functions.

On suffect consuls, see ibid., 202-7. Newly-created positions: Suet. Aug . 37. On the introduction, equestrians, see Demougin, Ordre Equestre . Write The Assignment For Me! The rosy picture of imperial rule painted by Velleius Paterculus (of equestrian status) reflects, perhaps, not only to critical, Velleius's sycophantic personality but also a genuine sense of write, gratitude toward the imperial regime on introduction the part of the assignment for me, his class as a whole. Note also Syme, Augustan Aristocracy . [[48]] Cyrenaica decrees: SEG 9 (1944) 8 = FIRA 1.68. The disposition of the introduction essay, empire's territories on Augustus's death was as follows: Territory Status Type of Governor Legions. Baetica Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Lusitania Imperial legat.

Aug. (ex-praetor) - Tarrocensis Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-consul) 3. Narbonensis Public (23 BC) proconsul (ex-praetor) - Aquitania Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-praetor) - Belgica Imperial legat. Aug. World Research! (ex-praetor) - Lugdunensis Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-praetor) - Germany (after AD 9, the area west of the introduction to critical, Rhine) Military zone n/a 2 legat.

Aug. (ex-consuls) 8 (4 and 4) (Upper and Lower) Cottian Imperial equest. pref. Persuasion Onconvincing The Manager To Reimburse Collge Tutition! - Maritime Imperial equest. Essay! pref. - Upper Danube region. Raetia Imperial equest. pref. - Noricum Imperial equest. pref. - Lower Danube region/northern Balkans. Illyricum Imperial (11 BC) legat. Aug. (ex-consul) 2.

Pannonia Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-consul) 3. Moesia Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-consul) 2. Macedonia Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Achaea Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Thrace Client kingdom - - Asia Public proconsul (ex-consul) - Bythinia-Pontus Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Galatia Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-praetor) - Lycia Free federation - - Pontus Client kingdom - - Cappadocia Client kingdom - - Several client principalities - - Syria Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-consul) 4.

Judaea Imperial equest. pref. Write The Assignment For Me! - Several client principalities - - Egypt Imperial equest. pref. 2. Cyrenaeca Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Africa Public proconsul (ex-consul) 1. Mauretania Client Kingdom - - Sicily Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Sardinia Imperial (AD 6) equest. pref pro legato - Corsica Imperial (AD 6) equest. pref pro legato - Cyprus Public (23 BC) proconsul (ex-praetor) - Crete was part of Cyrenaeca. [[49]] For a concise overview of Augustus's arrangement and administration of the provinces, see Jones, 94-109. See also Bleicken, 391-438; Eck, Verwaltung , 1.83-158. To Critical Essay! In the regions of Augustus's military activity, of course, matters were not so pleasant; see Dio 56.16.3 on flu vaccine essay the comment of Bato, leader of the Pannonian revolt of AD 6-9, that the Romans were responsible for the war, since you send as guardians of your flocks not dogs or shepherds, but wolves. Introduction! Sulla in the East: Plut. Sulla 12.3-9 (pilfering of Greece), 22.5 (indemnity from Mithridates), 25.2 (vast fine extorted from Asian communities). Caesar in Spain and Gaul: Plut.

Caes . 12.4 (Spain), 29.3-4. On Augustus's image, see Zanker's seminal work, The Power of cold, Images . [[50]] There remains to be written a comprehensive account of Augustus's legislation and social programmes; most of the standard biographies contain pertinent chapters or sections of chapters (e.g., Jones, 131-43; Southern, 146-52). On the marriage laws, see Mette-Dittman, Ehegesetze . On the status symbols of the introduction to critical, equestrians, see Kolb, Status-symbolik. System! A good example of his stiffening of the social hierarchy was the regulation of seating arrangements at spectacles by social class, enforced empire-wide: see Suet. Aug . 44.1; Rawson, Discrimina Ordinum. Legislation on manumission and freedmen: Bradley, Slaves and Masters , 84-95. Augustus's private foibles: Suet. Aug . 68-71. [[51]] On the imperial cult, see the still classic study of Taylor, Divinity . For regional studies, see Fishwick, Imperial Cult (on the West) and Price, Rituals and Power (on the East).

On the introduction, growth of the christmas around world research, cult in Augustus's lifetime, see Galinsky, 312-31; Ostrow, Augustales ; Pollini, Man or God. On the to critical essay, contemporary worship of Augustus's numen , see, e.g., Hor. Epist . 2.1.15; Ovid Trist . 3.8.13. [[52]] Quote: Dio 56.30.3; Suet. Aug . 28.3. Analysis Of Friendship! Building projects: RG 19-21, 24. Augustus's building activity and his encouragement of others to munificence: Suet.

Aug . 28.2-29.5; Vell. Pat. 2.89.4. A succinct survey of the Augustan building programme in Rome remains Ward-Perkins, Roman Imperial Architecture , 21-44. On the much-studied Ara Pacis, see RG 12.2; Dio 54.25.1-4; recent analyses include Conlin, Artists of the Ara Pacis ; Galinsky, 141-55.

For a survey of the varied artistic achievements of the period, see Galinsky, 141-224; Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik . [[53]] On the to critical essay, literature of the period, consult any standard history of Latin literature (e.g., the Cambridge History of Classical Literature , vol. 2, ed. Christmas Around World Research! E.J. Kenney, [1982]); for a concise overview, see Galinsky, 225-87. On Maecenas, see Williams, Did Maecenas 'Fall from Favor'? (note also the individual chapters in Raaflaub and Toher treating Livy, Vergil, Horace, and Ovid). For the definitive presentation of the state-controlled model of Augustan literature, see Syme, Rom. Rev ., 459-75.

For more moderated views, see., e.g., Galinsky, passim (esp. To Critical! 229-34). My Pompeian: Tac. Ann . 4.34.4 (the anecdote, ironically, appears in the context of the the manager to reimburse, trial of a later historian, A. Cremutius Cordus, charged with maiestas under Tiberius in AD 25 for praising Brutus and Cassius in his history). [[54]] Withdrawal: Dio 55.33.5, 55.34.2, 56.26.2-3, 56.28.1-2; see also Southern, 181-90. Tiberius's position: Suet.

Tib . 21.1; Vell. Pat. 2.121.1. Livia 's alleged involvement: Dio 56.30. Introduction To Critical! Death and burial: Dio 56.29-42; Suet. Paper! Aug . 98-101. Will: Dio 56.32; Suet. Aug . 101.4. [[55]] Original position of the RG : RG pr.; Suet.

Aug . 101.4. ). For a recent analysis, see Ramage, Nature and Purpose . Copyright 1999, Garrett G. Fagan. This file may be copied on the condition that the entire contents, including the header and this copyright notice, remain intact. Updated: 5 July 2004. For more detailed geographical information, please use the DIR / ORB Antique and Medieval Atlas below. Click on introduction to critical essay the appropriate part of the map below to access large area maps.

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