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Essay short story about friendship

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boob essays I used to essay about want to lead a life that would live outside the #8220;normal#8221; aspects that society wanted for methis was before I even thought about what it meant to be a part of college. College meant getting away from all that I had managed to avoid during high school, it meant getting out of the uiuc essay world where me being antisocial was the only thing that would inspire me to write some decent lines upon processed bark. College was freedom, freedom from essay short story about friendship constraints: freedom to on enterprise resource read and discuss Nietzsche with other intellects, freedom to live a life lacking any #8220;adult#8221; responsibilities, freedom to branch out and meet people I actually wanted to essay short about meet and be friends with. That was the definition of essay rubric ap, college I believed in, until it was time to decide where I wanted to essay about friendship go. As I read more about college life, and as I discussed the reasons as to uiuc essay why even bother spending such a long time in an institution, I realized that college was the essay short about path that led to living the essay apology life of a #8220;normal#8221; person who contributes money and time to society and who believes in the altruistic, humanistic approach to life. College was the death of my dream to be a writer slash bum.

College was the institution feeding me lines about community and spirit and how happy one can be in the Claremont bubble where my college resides. Essay Short Story? I stepped into the grounds where I would spend one very interesting but not at all what I had expected college year. Using? Everyone was chipper to see the freshman incoming class, everyone was nice, everyone was here for essay short story many things, but the things that are most cliched or rather popular for on enterprise planning everyone wanting to experience are: figuring out what to do with life and about, while figuring that out finding out which career will give you the money to essay on enterprise planning buy a better car than what has already been given to you, and to experiment with substances, and/or to ponder upon life and essay short friendship, its meaning; studying falls somewhere along one of the crevices between these experiences. You ask why college students no longer lead the culture, why they no longer place much input upon politics as it once was. Well, it is using preterite, because the life of essay short about friendship, a college student is one of a clueless wandering pond fisha college student can be selfish and altruistic at essay using preterite, the same time. We attend college to #8220;better#8221; ourselves. We want to #8220;better#8221; ourselves so that we can compete in essay short about friendship the economic world and magnetic thin, make a name for ourselves. We want money.

We want to share our money with underprivileged people after we have established our wealth. We live in a pondour pond is our campuswhere we strive to make campus life better so that we can feel proud of the place where we live and where we spend over forty thousand dollars a school year (if you go to a private school and if you also live there). Essay Short Friendship? We live in this academic bubble. It is often when politicians enter our minds and preterite, our discussions, mainly when we want to sound and/or be intellectuals, or when a politician is giving a speech in our auditoriumthis does not refer to politically savvy peers#8217; discussions. Another reason why the essay short about political side of college students is kept to a minimum is because we are not as affected by the issues of the #8220;outside#8221; world as that of our pond. Plus, politics and activism do not mingle well inside this pond, unless the thin thesis politics deal with political correctness and how to treat diversity within its shorelines. The activism that my fellow peers tackle are altruistic deeds toward countries that are not as wealthy as the good U.S. of story about friendship, A. Apology? I know peers who spend countless hours volunteering for causes that help people in need, but the help#8217;s effect is transitory; it does not lend a lengthy effect to the people#8217;s circumstances but rather only essay short aids the current plight#8217;s surface.

Peers strive to help others rather than to seem selfish by addressing the causes that affect their lives outside campus life. The closest to activism that lends itself to the outside world (in reference to my college peers) was when our dormitories were set against each other in a competition to see which dorm would keep energy usage to a minimum. The dorm that spent the less energy won money; this cause died after a weekbeaten by the fundraising aimed at essay rubric ap, aiding the Sudan#8217;s conflicts. College students are now more attracted to the politics of campus life, and of countries that are underprivileged. It is essay short story friendship, logical, why bother to rectify aspects of your country when you can strive to help the outside world? Then again, who am I to rationalize this? Why is college important?

Why is college life not as important as it was forty years ago? College is consortium, important because it breeds conformist people who will eventually join the work force and help the economy by using their money. College life is not as important as it was decades ago because it is not important to analyze the aspect of college life that revolves around underage drinking (about half the story friendship population of college students in a college where the essay planning range of ages is from 18-22) and illegal usage of drugsas long as no one is dying, and no one is caught (it is rare to catch underage drinking in college or the usage of drugs) there lies no importance in these actions which are illegal. It is a hobby that one sees most peers acting upon; it is not as important to have the short about media cover such minimal details like a student who has overdosed on heroin as it is for the media to cover when a campus is under attack by one of its students. All college is doing is breeding a new generation of people that will be the future leaders. Essay Rubric Ap? It no longer sees rallies of essay story friendship, students walking around screaming about the injustices in the system, our system. It does see individuals experimenting their freedom of magnetic thin film thesis, speech, and fighting the injustices in the systems of people who do not contribute to our American capitalistic mode of life. Some odd glasses for wine or brandy, from an ignorant, passionate timewe were in story about our twenties [#8230;] afternoons listening to records, reading Karl Shapiro#8217;s Poems of essay using, a Jew and Auden#8217;s #8220;In Sickness and in Health#8221; aloud, using the poems to talk to story each other Adrienne Rich, from #8220;Atlas of the Difficult World#8221;

I went to high school in fairyland. That#8217;s what my friends at Smith call it, anyway. It offered classes like Zen #038; Emerson, Poetry Seminar, Modern Literature #038; Art. Advanced Jewelry-Making. I took most of them. I examined Antonioni#8217;s films for their themes and spanish essay using preterite, their camera work, translated photography assignments into explorations of short story about, my beliefs and essay on the, tried day by day to see the Buddha in everything. Essay Story About Friendship? The school hosted poetry slams and on the apology, a lot of the poets were actually good. My friends and I drove to nearby college campuses to essay short story see speeches and performances by Noam Chomsky, Ravi Shankar, Chuck Palahniuk. Essay Rubric Ap? Our lives were otherwise unremarkable: slow, sheltered, suburban. Our curfews nonnegotiable.

But in many ways those four years were as full, stimulating and short story about, inspiring as I could hope for any stretch of any four years to be. See, I want a lot out of my education. Marketable skills. Personal fulfillment. A basic understanding of the world I#8217;m growing into. In no particular order.

The problem with a liberal arts education is it#8217;s not really geared towards supplying any of those things. Smith College#8217;s goal as I understand itas I have experienced itis to create and manicure students like Perlstein#8217;s Caroline: Organization Kids, young urban professionals in training. Even at argumentative apology, Smith, known far and wide for its radical feminism (among other things), the radicals are more subdued than I expected. Essay Short About Friendship? The dialogue a little muffled. There are plenty of radical opinions on essay preterite and imperfect campus. There are plenty of intelligent women (and more than a few men) who want to innovate, to bring radical voices to campus, to spark a revolution, conversation, anything. Story? Get people off their laptops and out of their labs for long enough to look around and see the potential for action and conversation inherent in a campus of 2,500-odd intelligent, driven women (and men) and stop wasting it, start doing something or saying something.

Anything. But the administration doesn#8217;t like our innovation. I don#8217;t think that#8217;s all of it, though. I think Smith#8217;s failure to live up to my hopes and dreams is bigger than just tension between students and essay on enterprise resource, administration. I mean, really, what else is new?

It started, all the essay story about sanitizing and mass-marketing of college, in high school. My high school education was fulfilling, inspiring and argumentative essay on the, challenging because I made it that way. Among my friends, I was in a minority. I ran with the gifted kids in elementary and middle schools, so when I got to high school all my friends suddenly went into overdrive. They became Organization Kids.

Freshman year they were already studying for the SATs. They pored over top colleges#8217; recommendations and used them to schedule not only their classes but their extracurriculars and free time as well. Story Friendship? How many AP classes can I fit into one year? How many community service hours can I complete and still finish my homework? How many times can I retake the SATs before it starts to look bad? True, some of them enjoyed it. But many didn#8217;t. They#8217;d look over essay apology my schedule enviously, groan about how they wished they had time to take photography or ask me to explain the basic premise of essay about, Zen Buddhism. Thing is, they had time.

They just used it differently. They took all the uiuc essay AP courses our school offered and joined National Honors Society and jumped through all the essay about hoops they could find hoping for prestigious acceptance letters. And now they#8217;re doing the same thing all over againin college, only this time it#8217;s to impress grad schools or future employers or professors who offer classy summer jobs. College isn#8217;t about radicalism, activism, escape. Nor is it really about marketable skills, personal fulfillment or gaining a better understanding of the world. It should be, but it isn#8217;t. Essay Rubric Ap? Instead, it#8217;s about becoming a contributing, undisruptive member of the market. A cog in the bureaucracy. We don#8217;t use poems to talk to each other anymore. Essay About Friendship? Now, I am not yet in my twenties so it#8217;s possible that this will change, that the four months between today and my twentieth birthday will see a renaissance of language and passion and activism for me and my peers.

But I doubt it. It#8217;s not that I don#8217;t hang around with literary types. Spanish And Imperfect? It#8217;s not that the circles I move in are inherently more concerned with internships and careers than poetry and ideas. It#8217;s that we#8217;re in college, so we don#8217;t have time. Of course we try: we sneak theater courses into our schedules, read Rimbaud instead of studying, write prose in place of essays whenever we think our professors will take it. But intellectual exploration and personal growth eventually submit to the demands of short friendship, classes and uiuc essay, clubs: our scheduled moments to demonstrate our passion and intellect. All for essay about the benefit of future employers, of course. It isn#8217;t that college is no longer important; it is. It#8217;s that the importance has shifted. Not a venue of liberation and growth, but an exercise in resume-building. Not a breeding ground for revolution, but another hurdle to uiuc essay jump on story about the way to essay adulthood.

In today#8217;s society there is constant pressure from every conceivable angle to short achieve. So much of that emphasis is focused on the individual#8217;s ability to compete in an increasingly competitive marketplace; tragically, because of this the individual#8217;s ability to understand their position in essay on enterprise life has become obsolete. Essay About? However, there is a beacon of essay on enterprise, hope for the youth of today, and that guiding light is called college. Story About? Higher education is the argumentative on the last bastion for the future leaders of America, a place where a person can gain a true awareness of their place in life, both politically, and personally. About Friendship? A great deal of emphasis is given to the vast degree of intellect, and essay rubric ap, ability to #8220;keep up#8221;, that college can provide; the true developmental importance that an individual can glean from post-high school education comes in the form of learning the intangible skills of independence, social acuity, and self-worth. A student who, after a lifetime of reliance on a paternal figure, finally is able to take charge of their own life is essay short friendship, gaining a life-skill that no classroom can teach. However, in college this process is thoughtfully guided, and independence is meted out in increments, as the opencourseware consortium (ocwc) student becomes more fully able to control their life more fully. Take for example the residential living program: Sammy Student has finally moved away from the parental figures that have been in control for a lifetime. Upon arrival at college, there is a wonderful dorm room waiting for him. He meets his new roommate, he socializes with his fellow students, and is made to essay short story about friendship feel at film, home in essay short story about friendship a community of on enterprise resource, peers that are all going through the essay same experience that he is. With the support of the using preterite residential community at his school Sammy learns priceless skills related to his ability to essay short about co-exist with many different individuals in a closely monitored living situation.

As his time at school continues the essay restrictions that were present in his first year begin to fade, and he begins to have to essay short story about start to take care of himself more. Essay Rubric Ap? By the essay short story end of his time in college he is ready to live independently and uiuc essay, comfortably in any number of myriad living situations. The student in this example is a common story in successful College graduates. The skills of living independently and social tact that are built throughout the essay short about years will serve any student immeasurably as they begin to interview for jobs, or if they are forced to essay rubric ap relocate to follow a lucrative job offer they will be much more prepared than an individual that has not had that life experience. Not only does College offer an short story friendship ideal place to foster independent living skills, it is an institution that inculcates a sense of magnetic thin film thesis, self-worth in the students that complete it. Most students complete a minimum of two years of schooling. In those two-plus years that student is short story friendship, subjected to varying degrees of mental challenges (some would say mental tortures), and strict deadlines.

At the end of their time, when the using and imperfect degree hits their clammy palm, the sensation that is bubbling out at that moment will be with them for essay short friendship a lifetime they completed college, and noone can take that away. The benefits of College are not exclusively relegated to the personal development of a students life skills, the impact of the classroom is much more than fostering intellect; the essay rubric ap student is gaining an increased awareness of the world. Essay Short? Nearly every University across the United States has as a requirement a certain amount of required courses, these courses rarely have anything to do with the advancement of the essay rubric ap chosen major, but with the short about advancement of the essay rubric ap students understanding of the intangible aspects of life. Humanities, Philosophy, and History provide the eager young minds with so much more than basic information. A successful Humanities course will foster a sense of wonder for the finer cultural aspects of the world, and give the student the tools to appreciate them for friendship what they are and not simply who made them.

Philosophy will give the student a forum to express their indignation at the darker part of the world, and give them the on enterprise planning drive to begin to change it, beginning with themselves. History is absolutely imperative for the simple fact that in order avoid the past mistakes of civilization, one must first understand them. Story About Friendship? Granted there is a huge degree of on enterprise resource, pure information that is absorbed in the classroom, but more importantly, there is a great potential for leadership in an eager young learner. Finally, the essay short about friendship true potential of a college graduate, is their ability to collect all these skills, intellect, and understanding, and apply it to make the necessary changes that are so vital to this modern crossroads between a bright future, and a modern dark age. The world is truly at a crossroads. College Grows Up: The Changing Face of the American University. Essay Using? I suspect that to the incoming college student, there are few phrases more ominous than the thought that #8220;college as America used to understand it is essay short story about friendship, coming to an end.#8221; College, after all, is the end to which we have devoted our thoughts and directed our studies toward over the last four years. More importantly, it represents to us the next four years to come. For the essay rubric ap class of 2007, the pipe dream of college has not yet dissolved into the quotidian banality of small dorms and stressful classes.

For us and essay about, perhaps, only thin film thesis us the story about friendship undergraduate experience remains nebulous and glimmering. Unburdened by reality, it still seems fraught with the possibilities tangibly encapsulated in hastily-purchased school sweatshirts and an acceptance letter, heavily creased from being read too many times. Spanish Essay? What can I say? We#8217;re excited. How sad to think that we might be the essay story about friendship only ones. The truth is that if you#8217;re looking for the college hype, it isn#8217;t hard to find. Essay Rubric Ap? It#8217;s simply skipped four years back.

Even as a master#8217;s degree has become the new bachelor#8217;s degree in terms of earning power and expectations, high school has become the new college as the formative period for young lives. Time was, or so I#8217;ve been led to believe, that college was the time to essay story explore careers, seek out internships, and take the first tentative steps toward the scary future of the #8220;real world#8221; and jobs. (ocwc)? And this schedule, such as it is, theoretically devoted high school to more idyllic pursuits football games, first loves, the prom or, for essay story the Baby Boomers, the boycott of it, whichever the case might be. For our generation whatever you might call us? No such luck. High school today, for at least those on the ever-expanding #8220;college track,#8221; is a world dominated by initials. Meet the SAT, the ACT, the AP, and the GPA. Our ambitions and goals can reach only as high as they do.

The days of the undecided major are on their last leg, if not long gone. Our guidance counselors have unceasingly drilled us on the message: Colleges are only looking for a well-rounded freshman class. In students, they want depth. We#8217;re expected to find a focus by the 10th grade. If we#8217;re without a resume by senior year, we#8217;re sunk. It#8217;s hard to fault the cause of these changes more students are graduating high school, and using and imperfect, more attending college. But this influx of essay short story, applicants has brought with it a curious form of myopia.

The college degree has replaced the high school diploma as the base academic achievement. And this downgrading of the value of college in its entirety has caused a mad rush to film the particular the small percentage of institutions who reject more students than they accept, and the even more minute fraction where acceptances dip below one in five. The question of college is no longer true or false but multiple choice. And so, unsurprisingly, the essay short public and the media have turned their scrutiny from the campus quad and consortium (ocwc), classrooms to its gates. College is still in focus, after all, except that the burning question now is how to get in. A surplus of books have been printed to cover every step of the process, from picking schools to crafting essays to acing standardized tests. The Gatekeepers, a book chronicling the admissions system at prestigious Wesleyan University caused a buzz and was named one of the New York Times Book Review#8217;s #8216;Notable Books of 2002#8217;. The College Board#8217;s guide to the SAT is essay short story, one of the top 100 sellers on amazon.com.

More recently, the editorial pages of magazines and newspapers have been flooded with the thesis self-reproachful columns of story, countless admissions officers. You#8217;re all fantastic, they say, and you#8217;ve accomplished so much. We#8217;d like to take you all. But we can#8217;t. Of course they can#8217;t; and opencourseware, here, it becomes evident that the market forces that have invaded colleges have overtaken high schools too. The supply of short, students far outstrips the demand, and essay resource, so the best colleges have the luxury of short story about, selecting only the best students. #8220;Best#8221; is, naturally, a subjective word, but in the intricate patois of college admittances, it is planning, better-defined.

Lots of students get straight A#8217;s. The #8220;best#8221; students, then, will have demonstrated not only academic excellence but a devotion to about extra-curricular activities and an ability to lead. Serious applicants to a top-ranked school are routinely expected to have made their way into the higher echelons of at least one of their chosen activities, positions which often must be jockeyed for from the beginning of freshman year. Long hours of spanish essay using and imperfect, volunteer service are a given. With the traditional college tasks of finding a passion and entering the community relegated to the high school years, is it any wonder that incoming freshmen might feel a bit burnt out? The current admissions race pulls a tiring bait-and-switch, forcing teenagers to commit themselves to essay story about friendship a purpose and affirm their life#8217;s goals before turning them free to an exploration that has already been necessarily undertaken. None of this is the fault of the colleges, which face the other, equally damaging consequence of market values. Colleges seen as selective attract more students, making them yet more selective, in an infinitely distressing, yet essential, feedback loop. After all, colleges want to be the best, too, and this superlative, for them, is far more easily quantified, by the means of resource planning, a notorious annual US News list of rankings. And many schools are determined to claw their way to the top of a heap determined by suspicious standards levels of alumni contribution, graduation rates, SAT scores.

The ideal college has been defined, and story friendship, it#8217;s a definition that leaves little room for spanish using preterite and imperfect the freedom or creativity that the old paragon of college once treasured. Yet none of this is to say that college is doomed. In fact, despite the grim prognostics suggested of a formulaic, irrelevant college experience, most signs are hopeful. Essay Short Story About Friendship? That more students are attending college is good. That they are more prepared than ever is essay rubric ap, promising. And that colleges are striving to improve even if by faulty methods is encouraging.

Perhaps college much like the essay short students attending it is essay resource, simply passing through the short about painful, rewarding stage of growing pains. Whether this is true will be for future generations to determine. But college awaits me. And I#8217;m still excited. For Those Who Embrace It, College Still Matters. Let#8217;s not allow 21st century fashion to inhibit our perception of spanish essay using, college. Just because this era#8217;s raging radicals have shifted their baseball caps to the side and chosen tapered jeans or spandex (otherwise known as leggings) to substitute long bohemian skirts and bandanas decorated with peace signs doesn#8217;t mean college has lost it#8217;s life. College students today may look different than they did in the 1960s, but believe me, their attitudes are the same.

We still thrive on rebellions be it against our parents, institutions, or the rest of the story world. We have simply discovered more constructive, more successful methods of protest. I cannot speak officially for the lifestyle at other universities because I only experience one first hand the University of Michigan but I#8217;d venture to assume (though you may feel assumptions are silly) that most other university students witness similar experiences as mine. At least once a day, I walk through our central campus a place my fellow Wolverines like to call #8220;the Diag#8221; and I have yet to see one minute of silence last there. I#8217;m not referring to the everyday bustle of argumentative on the apology, students rushing to get to about friendship class. I#8217;m talking about the students that spend hours, or any free moment, in the Diag vocalizing their opinions about politics, charities, student organizations, religion, and just life.

And their inspiration stems from a momentum that has been building up their entire lives, which is harnessed constructively when they are finally able to on the apology interact with their contemporaries in the liberated environment that college has always provided and continues to provide. To make the statement that college as we#8217;ve always known it is coming to an end, and essay short about friendship, endorse it with a few extreme exceptions to the average college student is not only ludicrous, but simply inadequate research. Essay Rubric Ap? It#8217;s comparable to story the very juvenile cliche #8220;everybody#8217;s doing it#8221;, which is seldom (if not never) the case. If these select students truly feel that their college experience is lacking a flow of creativity, well then maybe they are so elitist that nothing will ever be creative or great enough to satisfy their already enlightened souls. Thus, they are a poor example of the pool of college students today. Uiuc Essay? The best class I#8217;ve ever taken is a prime example of all that college offers. I enrolled in an essay writing class to fulfill a requirement for short story friendship my major.

Naturally, my pessimistic self was dreading the assignments that lie ahead likely some regimented essay topics for some novels that I will probably loathe. To my surprise, my professor, Dr. Lillian Back (the most eccentric, brilliant woman I#8217;ve ever met), tells us that each one of essay rubric ap, us will be working on a single piece throughout the short story about entire semester and it is to be about essay rubric ap anything that is important to us in life. I was so excited, I could barely sit still. Finally, I had a chance to share my opinions with no restrictions a chance to share my story. That#8217;s what college is all about a chance for every teenager who was forced to color inside the essay story about friendship lines to finally just let it flow. It#8217;s the uiuc essay first time we are encouraged to do anything and everything that is unconventional and short, risky.

But it#8217;s where we grow where we become important to the rest of the world because we realize our value. We finally matter because of uiuc essay, college, not in spite of it. And that#8217;s why college matters. The college students of Rick Perlstein#8217;s piece were born into essay story a decade often associated with conformity and orthodoxy. (ocwc)? Their parents hadn#8217;t been granted the usual adolescent rebellion. A world war had cut short their phase of self-discovery, forcing adult responsibilities and maturity in the place of college and exploration. As he describes it, his generation went to college to escape this perceived tedium. Essay Story About Friendship? They saw college as an thesis intellectual playground for forbidden ideas. A friend of Perlstein attributes his own college admission to an inclusion of Henry Miller#8217;s banned #8220;Tropic of Capricorn#8221; on his reading list. Colleges were volcanic hotspots in a country of erupting social movements.

This is not the world into which my generation was born. On the essay story about friendship surface, there were definite similarities. The 1980s saw a return to stability and a degree of resulting uniformity. Reagan#8217;s presidency, in part, represented the right wing#8217;s reactionary response to the left#8217;s societal revolution in apology the 1960s and 70s. Conservative family values replaced the push for social freedoms. One profound difference characterized this scene. The radicals who led the charge against story friendship the establishment were now lining up to take jobs on Wall Street. Jerry Rubin, the archetypal Yippie-turned-Yuppie, symbolized this transition.

For many, this sort of example showed the ultimate futility of the putatively revolutionary youth movement, and served as a cautionary tale for those of us that followed. Planning? It was the short about friendship resolution of spanish using and imperfect, a full Hegelian dialectic with one generation providing both the thesis and its own antithesis. My generation is the synthesis, or the alloy formed by that generation#8217;s spontaneous combustion, and having seen their outcome, we hope to essay story friendship choose a more effective way to affect the world. Magnetic Thin? Social radicalism, which quickly descended into story about a justification for violence and essay and imperfect, than generated a natural revulsion at its excesses, has been replaced by social responsibility. Volunteer work has replaced protests because many of today#8217;s youth sees the apparent power of the previous generation as having won only a pyrrhic victory. About? We prefer the more durable changes we hope to win through civic engagement to the panic inspired by consortium, those who felt outside the law because of their cultural alienation. Perlstein is very accurate in his assessment that there is story about, less of a generation gap, that we feel less estranged from thin thesis society, with correspondingly less ammunition for a full scale rebellion. Many of our parents learned something from their experience of exceptionalism that informs their parenting and makes an abrupt dismissal of essay short story about friendship, their world view less attractive to us than they found the rejection of their own progenitors.

This may make the move to essay planning college less of an escape for us; it doesn#8217;t erode the opportunity it provides to expand and explode our horizons. It#8217;s simply not the case that our attitude somehow diminishes the college experience, or the essay about friendship importance of the university within the American culture. Pearlstein nostalgically cobbles together a number of planning, his own personal reminiscences and some biting anecdotes from current students he#8217;s interviewed to paint a portrait of campus life as intellectually uninspiring. My friends and I have an experience that is quite the essay opposite. I can remember rousing political debates in thin film thesis my freshmen year hallway that lasted until the story about sun came up, calculating how fast we#8217;d fall if we jumped out our windows during finals, laying on College Green and discussing everything from Iraq to investment banking. Magnetic Thin Film Thesis? I am a senior at the University of Pennsylvania. Penn has never been considered a radical university, and the campus climate is probably a bit more Republican than the essay friendship national average, owing in large part to the presence of money as both an academic discipline, at the Wharton School, and in the pockets of most of spanish preterite, its students. Still, there are more than enough people here who want to essay short about change the world, and plenty who move beyond the desire and into a state of action. Take my friend, Caroline, who majored in Classical Studies and minored in Theatre Arts. She transformed our yearly production of #8220;The Vagina Monologues#8221; into a yearlong V-Day movement, helping to create a university-wide awareness of essay on the, sexual violence both on campus and around the world.

Her future plans range from starting a subway revolution where everyone starts hugging each other in the mornings, to launching a brochure campaign promoting the end of eating disorders. They include a weekly Shabbat service followed by a community wide jam session and drum circle in her basement and having a brick wall on the back of the her house on which local kids and artists can share their graffiti art. Essay Short Story Friendship? In her blog, she writes, #8220;I believe that world peace is possible and I want to commit my life to sharing that confidence with others and planning, finding others that inherently have that same confidence.#8221; She lists her political orientation as #8220;Non-Violence, Freedom of Speech, True Democracy.#8221; If anyone I know will save the world, it#8217;s Caroline. She graduated in 2006. After a year spent saving up money, traveling Route 66 alone and finding herself, she headed to New York to begin her master plan. That meant taking a job, not at a nonprofit as we all might have assumed, but at an executive search firm, recruiting administrators for nonprofits. After this, she plans to go to short business school for nonprofit management.

It#8217;s not a plan she had when she arrived at Penn, intending to become an actress. Somewhere along the way, she took another route, one that could be attributed to any number of things. It could have been the methodical pre-professional sensibility that pervades our campus due to Wharton, the cross-cultural awareness class she took at Penn, her spoken word poetry group, or stimulating discussions in her kitchen, in coffee houses, in classrooms, wherever she could find someone willing to engage. The college students of the essay on the apology 1960s and 1970s dreamed of essay friendship, making the world a better place. But were they successful? If she were born into Perlstein#8217;s generation, Caroline would probably have joined Students for a Democratic Society or another New Left movement, most of which were completely defunct by 1980. Instead, Caroline, who dreams of founding her own organization to bring about the changes she believes will make the world a better place, is working within the system to learn what makes a strong organization, so that hers will be as effective as possible.

She is a true example of the magnetic film synthesis resulting from Perlstein#8217;s generation. Rather than feeling the need to choose between Peace Corps, Weather Underground or Wall Street, she has created a path that truly reflects her own dreams. And if you ask her how she chose it, she#8217;ll tell you that she figured it out all during college. College: As It Fundamentally Was and Always Will Be. About? On a sweltering and essay and imperfect, daze-inducing summer day, the essay short about friendship words #8220;STOP BITCHING START A REVOLUTION#8221; from the T-shirt of a college-aged punk rocker were the only words with the punching power to draw me to reality. Within seconds, images of the1960s raced across my mind with such swiftness characteristic of the essay rubric ap rushing summer heat wave. I couldn#8217;t help but think that this was yet another romanticization of an era emblematic of liberal thinking and heightened student activism an era, which according to Rick Perlstein, defined an experience that most college students today may never experience. The fervor that the canvas of the late #8217;60s and early #8217;70s illustrated, concludes Perlstein, was a byproduct of college students leading a culture as part of an institution that served a central role in society and in their lives.

But no longer is essay short story about friendship, that the on enterprise resource planning case, argues Perlstein. Yet in crystallizing what those years meant for the college student, Perlstein gives insights that not only serve to reinforce the critical point that the distinction between the college experience then and now that some draw is false but also that college students today are the fruits of what the about friendship era established as an eternal force in society. Of course, the basis for Perlstein#8217;s assertion relies heavily on a metric of uiuc essay, student activism. College is essay story about friendship, no longer a topic of national sensation because student activism no longer leads culture. Thankfully, the sober perspective is only mired by a myopic analysis of what today#8217;s college students are aiming to get out of their education. Essay Rubric Ap? Simply stated, they are a context in which to view the world and a holding post of accountability that serves their practical idealism. Students of the #8217;60s and early #8217;70s looked for a haven to give them meaning of the world just as students today have. About? Tactics of student activists in the #8217;60s and using, early #8217;70a of forced building takeovers, scuffles with police officers, and street demonstrations were strategies that belied their more subdued quest for a contextual understanding of the world. An unobstructed glimpse into the average student#8217;s mind will reveal that college today as it was back then is a place of essay story about, self-discovery a place to unlock the introspective promise that a myriad of external forces hold the power to imprison. But in the midst of an exploding information age and a shrinking global landscape, it seems as if today#8217;s students don#8217;t have much to discover for themselves.

On the contrary, an overwhelming majority of students choose to attend college to learn more about what interests them, reports the Chronicle of Higher Education. Essay Rubric Ap? And interestingly enough, increased college attendance in the 1960s was contemporaneous with a draft for essay short about the Vietnam War, a UC Berkeley study reported. What did an uiuc essay 18 year-old American then know about essay short story war? Where does youth today look to for him to make sense of the world? The institution, as it does now, served as a progressive environment where students drew some context for why the world is. Students of the time used tactics to influence that world.

And students today, even when living in a culture of argumentative essay apology, ambiguity aversion, are using creative tactics to effect social change. Surrounded by essay short story about, more than ten security guards and students near his hospital bed, Javier Castro, an unassuming and reserved student, described the events that landed him there as #8220;a radical response undertaken in argumentative essay on the apology solidarity with a long struggle against an abusive system.#8221; He was not a victim of retaliatory police brutality; he was the martyr for a hunger strike held by the Student Labor Action Movement (SLAM), an advocacy group which had lobbied on essay about behalf of the consortium (ocwc) university#8217;s security guards. The nine-day hunger strike led to the university acceding to two of their key demands. The group had tried many tactics in the past such as flyering and short story about friendship, postering, public demonstrations and rallies. As Castro put it, #8220;Aside from a building takeover which we didn#8217;t think was practical, we tried everything else.#8221; In the days leading to spanish using preterite and imperfect the hunger strike, sitting with a very affable yet headstrong undergraduate council representative, I was rapt to essay short story friendship my seat hearing him speak of potential tactics against the administration. #8220;How cool would it be if we lay on the steps of the administrative building before a meeting of the faculty and administration?#8221; Imagine the next morning#8217;s headlines, he says: #8220;Administrators step on students#8217; backs.#8221; I couldn#8217;t help but notice his romanticization of the #8217;60s mediagenic tactics or perhaps I couldn#8217;t help but be surprised by his understanding that college as a national obsession in that era was borne out of the media#8217;s need to sensationalize a youth culture, whose one dimensionless appeal as it saw, was style intertwined in a rebellion by all ages against opencourseware (ocwc) the politics of the time. In contrast, today#8217;s administrators are more responsive and there is no widespread material revolution in essay short story about the teen culture. Castro realized this and uiuc essay, he seemed to be fighting a direct struggle that was transcendental which to him #8220;would lead to essay story about friendship a different world if he were to magnetic stop fighting.#8221; Like him, others find a college education not only essay story friendship as a context to study that world, but as a holding post of accountability to practice their idealism. #8220;I#8217;m an idealist without illusions,#8221; were the words of essay using preterite, John F. Kennedy.

And students today ground their idealism in short story an institution which encourages them to essay rubric ap solve the short story friendship world#8217;s greatest problems. However, to uiuc essay some, students today seem as if they#8217;re not doing enough; more significantly, they seem to be doing too much for themselves. But as the following excerpt from story friendship a letter to the editor of The Collegiate Times written by a Virginia Tech student in the early #8217;70s would suggest, things have not radically changed: #8220;I cannot believe that the uiuc essay situation is story, as bad as the television film of the student arrests would seem to essay rubric ap imply. There was no mention of the nine-thousand plus students who did go to class as usual. Ask any Tech student about activism on campus and they will tell you that the overwhelming majority of students are apathetic#8230;#8221; The majority of students have always been apathetic but the concreteness of the changes that a minority of students has made in an environment when issues are weightier should not go unnoticed. Much of our drive is essay story about friendship, fostered by colleges who want to see us change the world for the better. We have colleges that provide hundreds of extracurricular activities that extend beyond the borders of the campus; activities that find their ways into low-income high schools, deteriorating communities, and other places that only an idealistic corps would dare frequent; activities that account for an increase of 20 percent in college volunteers in the span of three years, according to the Corporation for opencourseware consortium (ocwc) National #038; Community Service. The #8217;60s and early #8217;70s embodied an era of heightened activism among college students.

Today#8217;s students embody an era that#8217;s yet to be defined. But when the mirror of history faces this generation of college students, it will display a luminous reflection of what their ancestors looked to in a college education; a reflection whose luster can never be dimmed. Confessions of an Organization Kid. My name is Zach Swiss and I am an organization kid. (The crowdall fellow organization kids coping with their own tightly scheduled livesquietly whispers its welcomes. It#8217;s a miracle we all managed to find time in our jam-packed schedules to fit in about friendship this meeting of Organization Kids Anonymous.) I suppose the first step on the road to essay rubric ap recovery is admitting I have a problem. Well, if being organizedor, as Richard Perlstein prefers to think of it, part of the #8220;bureaucracy that schedules students#8217; self-exploration#8221;is a problem, then I guess I have it. (And, for the record, I#8217;ve allotted a healthy amount of time in my schedule for #8220;self-exploration#8221; after lunch tomorrow, thank you very much.) The days where you could get into a top college like Dartmouth or The University of Chicago simply by mentioning #8220;Tropic of about friendship, Capricorn#8221; on a college essay are long gone. To gain admittance to argumentative the top-tier universities, you need much more: the SAT scores and short friendship, GPA#8217;s, the extra-curriculars and science projects, the community service drives and after-school jobs. In short, you need to be an organization kid. Because before we students can debate the merits of college now versus college 30 years ago, we first have to gain admission. In this environment, where, Perlstein wonders, have all the uiuc essay beatniks gone?

Well, they graduated and many of essay story about, them became the parents that today obsess over getting their children into the nation#8217;s top universities. To be fair, I think that Perlstein is right when he says that, #8220;as a discrete experience, #8216;college#8217; has begun to disappear.#8221; With competition for magnetic entry to top-tier universities at short friendship, a truly ridiculous level, students begin to work in high school like college students, taking the hardest classes, joining new organizations, participating in community service projects, and, perhaps most to on enterprise resource Perlstein#8217;s dismay, planning their futures. Perlstein#8217;s believes that students need to friendship use college to become creative, to embrace the inner beatnik, to spend time arguing with other fledgling intellectuals in dorm lounges and on the, dissecting Lenny Bruce stand-up routines (Lenny who?) and, you know, just grooving, man. College is about self-discovery and maybe in story friendship the 60#8217;s it was most important for students to essay and imperfect discover the counter-culture, to experience the world residing outside of the short pristine suburbs that many college-bound students grew up in, to magnetic thesis embrace their creativity and rebel against conformity. Maybe that#8217;s most important for essay friendship some students today, too. Thin Film? But for many, it isn#8217;t.

For many, self-discovery means finding out short about what you want to do with your life, which clubs and organizations offer the most fulfillment, discovering how to function in adult society, how to contribute to the world. This doesn#8217;t make college obsolete; to the contrary it makes it more important than ever. Doug Mitchell described the freedom that college offered students in the 1960#8217;s. #8220;The adventure of going to college consisted of a kind of freedom that you couldn#8217;t imagine until you turned 18, you were no longer under adult control, and you made your own schedule,#8221; Mitchell said. And I agree that, in many ways, this is no longer the case. Today, college is more a place for students to become adults themselves, rather than a place to relish freedom from adult control. (It#8217;s that toogo to any college party and essay rubric ap, you#8217;ll see a perfect example of short story about, youth unfettered by grown-up constraints. But the emphasis is different and, in between the parties, students spend their time planning for their futures.) We rebel and test limits, break rules and push boundaries, we question, and consider, and enjoy freedoms and new experiences, but we also plan and prepare and opencourseware consortium (ocwc), schedule and organize and plot our futures.

And after four years, most of us have a good idea of where we#8217;re going. Mitchell seems to want college to be a four-year vacation, where students spend their time philosophizing and creativizing (making up a new word fulfills my #8220;creativity#8221; requirement for the daysomething else that I can cross off on my daily schedule!). Essay Short Story? But at upwards of $50,000 a year, that#8217;s an awfully expensive vacation, and not a very fulfilling one, at essay, that. Back when I was looking at colleges, I heard the same line at least once on every tour: #8220;It [Greek life, dorm life, studying, club involvment, community service, college] is essay, what you make of it.#8221; I#8217;ve resolved to never utter this vague, innocuous, and ultimately unhelpful phrase on any tours, now that I#8217;m a tour guide. Of course college is what you make of it and if Hamilton Morris wants to spend his time being creative, he should, and if Caroline Ouwerkerk (I#8217;m a little worried about her; is that much gushing healthy?) wants to over-schedule her days with meaningful activities, she should, and if Jonathan Hersh wants to spend his time involved in uiuc essay campus political groups, he should, and none of these three scenarios means that #8220;college as America used to understand it is coming to an end.#8221; Then and now, college is about liberation and essay short story about, growth, in whatever form that may be for uiuc essay each individual student. And with that, I#8217;ll conclude and send, a mere three minutes before the deadline. (Today#8217;s schedule was particularly hectic.) As a first generation college student I cannot identify with Mr. Perlstein#8217;s idea of short story friendship, what college used to be like; neither my parents nor my grandparents have stories to tell me about their college years. However, I feel obligated to shed some light as to why Mr. Perlstein#8217;s romanticized idea of what college should be like is essay rubric ap, not possible for every student. The period of self expression and experimentation of ideas during four years between the ages of 18 and 22 is a fairytale scenario for the masses. This blissful journey through college where students have time to essay story read books like Measure for Measure in dorm common rooms and have intellectual discussions of what Shakespeare#8217;s true message was, is uiuc essay, not for everyone.

Yes, college today is connected with real world issues and essay about, students study boring topics (to some) like business. College being practical should not be a novel concept. With the price of higher education today, parents only hope that their children are learning up to date education and not skipping class to discuss classic works of spanish preterite, fiction. Immigrant parents, at least mine, are forever advising their children to work hard and obtain a degree that will secure a job after college. I could never dream of essay short about friendship, studying music, dance or theatre because to my parents, those careers are merely hobbies. Uiuc Essay? I was meant to #8220;be a lawyer, a doctor or a diplomat!#8221; my mother always said. College has evolved. It is becoming an essay about friendship integrated learning experience and argumentative, not the intellectual safe-haven it used to be. It is students like me who miss this ecstasy of college because we must work three jobs to pay for tuition and books. We miss the guest speakers during common hour or the soccer games on the green with the rest of campus because we have other responsibilities which most do not. Not everyone has the about luxury to be exposed to Mr.

Perlstein#8217;s idea of what college should be like. The experience of college, as he describes it, is rooted in upper middle class privilege. Today there is essay on enterprise resource planning, a new generation of college students, those who choose to go to class because they understand how much a college education is worth. Story Friendship? College today is essay rubric ap, a stepping stone to our future, one our parents only dreamed of. First generation college students are lead to view college entirely in terms of social mobility. We take every opportunity, participate in extra curricular activities and about, double major because we were brought up to thin thesis live the #8220;American dream#8221;. This does not make us an #8220;organization kid#8221;.

Today is a different generation of higher education and it is time to start accepting the importance of college as it is today. College still represents a freedom which you could not imagine. Essay Short Story Friendship? Before it was getting your hands on on the a forbidden book or staying up all night to discuss literature or music; today the freedoms are of essay short about friendship, a different sort. How many students studied abroad in the 60#8217;s, 70#8217;s or 80#8217;s? Today, many colleges have to prepare to send about magnetic thin 40% of the junior class abroad. This is true freedom and dynamic intellectual stimulation. To study abroad provides a kind of experience that will shape a student#8217;s future career path. If students are escaping colleges today, it is only to study for a semester or two in another country. Students are exploring other cultures, languages and lifestyles. This hands-on learning approach takes place outside the classroom in essay short story about complete immersion.

Internships are another great freedom. Spanish Essay And Imperfect? Are internships too progressive into the real world? Is it not this experience that gives us the practice and allows us to figure out what we do and do not want out of life? No, it is precisely this. We can spend the story about summers being creative, reading scholarly masterpieces or listening to some jazz but today in order to promote ourselves we must be able to essay do it all. We need the experience and the intelligence, the books smarts and the reasoning. Colleges are providing these opportunities to all students, not just those who can afford them. For instance, I am able to work an unpaid internship and receive a stipend from essay my school. For once institutions are working at closing the economic gap, giving the same fighting chance to those who could not otherwise work an essay on the unpaid internship or afford to study abroad.

These are the freedoms that really matter the most, those that will shape one#8217;s life. Colleges need to be connected to the real world because students have to gradually be integrated into society. Essay Story About Friendship? Students should not be trapped in opencourseware a safe bubble for four years then shoved on their way with diploma in hand. It is the friendship journey and growing that takes place in college that helps shape individuals into model citizens. We must accept college as it is today, change is not always bad. Calm down, college is still college. Essay Resource? Actually, it#8217;s better than it#8217;s ever been. Logging Onto College.

In his essay #8220;What#8217;s the Matter With College?#8221; Rick Perlstein wonders if colleges have lost the cultural status he believes they had in the 1960#8217;s and early 70#8217;s. These were times of rampant student activism in response to an era where a questionable war was being fought on the backs of our nation#8217;s youth. This was a time where every day, the outcome overseas served as a continual reality check for essay short friendship those lucky enough to be able to debate Vietnam#8217;s merits back home. With the ever impending possibly of uiuc essay, you or those you loved being drafted, there was always something worth fighting for. Short Story Friendship? It is essay resource planning, no wonder that student movements played out at the center of story, national debate.

These days the draft, while still a technical possibility, sits dormant. It is a third rail issue whose very mention rallies the anger of a nation worried about once again being at the mercy of a lottery. But students lives shouldn#8217;t need to be at stake for us rally for a cause. After all, a new war is being fought on uiuc essay the backs a different group of youth. So why haven#8217;t we stood up and made ourselves heard? I think it#8217;s because we logged on. Rupert Murdock owns Myspace, Google#8217;s got Youtube and friendship, Aim is just another product of AOL Time Warner. The internet is big business and college students are a large part of the reason why. Our generation#8217;s use of the web is spanish preterite and imperfect, redefining the way young people socialize. Perlstein points out that in the 60#8217;s and 70#8217;s going to college was culture shock.

Not for us. About Friendship? While entering college is still, for most, the first time they have lived away from home it is thesis, not the same kind of social baptism by fire that it used to be. With the emergence of Facebook, Myspace, Aim, and the convenience of essay short about friendship, email and film, cellphones, all the social comforts of home are just a few clicks away. 85% of story about, college students have profiles on Facebook, a social networking site. Essay Rubric Ap? Each day students spend hours chatting with their new friends at school and their old friends from back home on the same discussion boards. People wish each other happy birthdays when prompted by the site#8217;s #8220;birthdays#8221; section. They #8220;poke#8221; each other (something which until recently required an actual finger), send each other vitual beers (that used to require a mouth) and give each other virtual gifts (it#8217;s the thought that counts). This isn#8217;t surprising seeing as my generation has been fed a steady diet of virtual reality for more then a decade. When I was ten, handheld Tamagachi#8217;s were the pets of choice.

Matriculating students were once forced to socialize in their new surroundings, and to separate no matter how painfully from the home life they had become accustomed to. Story? Not so in the internet age. Argumentative On The? This means that the stages of our lives are becoming increasingly blended, the lines between high school and college, and college and the real world, are blurring on route to short story friendship complete disappearance. Hell, these days you can even attend school online. What used to be our past has become so accessible it is now our present. Why lose touch with your friends from home when you could just as easily bring them with you to college? What we#8217;ve got these days is an ever expanding and increasingly diluted social network. I can truthfully say I am better friends now with many casual acquaintances from high school then I ever was when I actually had to see to them everyday.

This new way of essay resource planning, socializing might seem harmless, not influential enough to shred the fabric of interaction as we know it, but wait there#8217;s more. Short? What began as a way to strengthen the way students connect is beginning to evolve into something deeper. Argumentative On The Apology? We are beginning to love, protest, and short about, even grieve online. This is consortium, a approach to essay aspects of life vital to society as we know it. While adults might utilize some of the same networking tools that we students do, for them they remain novelties and magnetic, tools. For my generation, who have grown up playing out much of essay short story friendship, our teenage lives online this isn#8217;t a sidebar to daily life, this is life. Last year, when a popular professor was on the verge of being let go by my school, students rose to his defense.

I covered the story for my school paper. Interviewing a student leader who spearheaded the effort to save the argumentative essay apology teachers job I asked how big the movement was. She told me she had formed a face book group whose numbers had swelled to around three-hundred students in three days. That#8217;s near 10% of my schools undergraduate population. When I asked the dean of students what he though of the protest, which I had characterized as large he took issue.

Three-hundred people wasn#8217;t particularly big to him, not after the crowds he had witnessed protest in his college days. Essay Short Friendship? Three-hundred? Pshaw! However had those same three-hundred people crowded on our quad and essay preterite and imperfect, made themselves heard they would have merited a response. When the short protest was inn Facebook form he could choose to ignore them, evidence of the significant difference between an online a group and a real movement. When the shooting occurred at Virginia Tech. It became the center of all media coverage from TV and radio to blogs and newspapers.

But what struck me were the countless groups that formed online expressing grief over the tragedy. Plans were made for essay rubric ap vigils and victims were remembered on my computer screen. To me this is more proof that we are entering a very different age. Elsewhere on Facebook 395,000 students have joined a group whose creator promises to donate one dollar to Darfur for every 1000 members who join. Take those 395,000 people offline and they#8217;re a movement. Online they are little more than a number leading to $395.

There is essay short story, a lack of understanding among my generation as to the impact of cafe activism. That is getting together and doing things in magnetic film person. 100 people picketing on a street corner might garner local news coverage and thus larger influence. 400,000 people yelling online completely misses the short story about friendship radar screen. Don#8217;t get me wrong, college students still have the potential to affect the world dramatically. Essay Rubric Ap? However at short friendship, this moment we are channeling this potential towards a dead end. The new mediums in which we place so much time, effort and faith are just that: new. As my generation ages and brings our online society into uiuc essay the real world it is possible we will find ways to convert our potential energy into kinetic energy. While our social interaction may be permanently altered, and college might be less of a culture shock then it used to be, we can still grab center stage. In the mean time I#8217;ll have another virtual beer.

The price of marketing yourself (and your education) #8220;Education seems to be in essay about friendship America the only commodity of uiuc essay, which the customer tries to get as little he can for his money.#8221; #8220;Where we have gone astray culturally is that we have focused almost exclusively on starting salary as an indicator of life earnings and also of the value of the particular major.#8221; Richard W. Lariviere University of Kansas Provost and Executive Vice Chancellor, New York Times, July 29, 2007. During the middle of my senior year, only a few months ago, I was in my University#8217;s library#8217;s caf?, trying to read for my next class when a nice girl approached me stating, #8220;do you want a free shirt?#8221; The shirt was simple in form with one word in essay short story all caps emblazoned on its front, COLLEGE. I had seen that shirt before; it was an Animal House poster that most of my male dorm mates had on spanish essay their wall: John Belushi chugging a jack Daniels with that same shirt on. I asked her how much the shirt cost. She smiled sweetly and essay short about, said, #8220;oh no, all you have to do is apply for a credit card with Bank of magnetic thin, America. The shirt is free.#8221; I looked at essay, the ridiculousness of the situation. I was in essay on the my college#8217;s library being solicited to essay story apply for a Bank of America credit card, in exchange for a t-shirt that states what I was: a college student. Uiuc Essay? The simulacra of the situation did more than amused me it amazed me.

The stark difference between the Class of essay friendship, 2007 with the Class of 1967 is the film thesis commercialization of education. The protests, rallies, and parades of the yesteryear are gone, with a new wave of loan scandals, limited work- study options, and the decreasing of state aid for private and public institutions. The commercialization of education, which Rick Perlstein alludes to essay short friendship in his article, #8220;What#8217;s a matter with College?#8221; occurs in every aspect of these universities#8217; decision-makings. In reference to my story in the beginning of the magnetic thin film essay, I remembered that Bank of America has ATMs in at about, least one of my dinning halls, which meant that Bank of America had brokered a deal with the University to offer #8220;incentives,#8221; or in laments terms, credit cards to students in the University#8217;s libraries among other places. However the marketplace has not only been the place, where the dollars and cents of profits matter, the Universities have become educational businesses in their own right. In #8220;What#8217;s the matter with College,#8221; Rick Perlstein writes, #8220;#8221;I ask whether incentivizing science according to its marketability might distort the uiuc essay university#8217;s mission to nurture ideas on the basis of intellectual merit, regardless of commercial potential,#8221; suggesting that the corporations will influence and affect the findings of the research students. On the other hand, corporations have already begun to short about friendship influence the Universities#8217; campuses in other ways.

Not only have the corporations lined up booths in thin film thesis many of the Universities#8217; quads enticing students with pre-approved credit cards, but these corporations are on the televisions in the dining halls, and during the essay Universities#8217; athletic games blare their logos on the sides of the Universities#8217; score boards. Opencourseware Consortium? The merger between outside corporate interests and story about, ivy towers of the universities has already occurred. The importance of college is not lost on my generation. (ocwc)? We are the generation of the about Caroline Ouwerkerks the using preterite smart, passionate, overworked, over scheduled students determined to be the best. However, College is not a place where we go to find ourselves, while the outside world waits for us to emerge four years later. Essay About? Rather, College is uiuc essay, a place where we use the education we have received to market ourselves.

We attain the highest G.P.As, and like the corporations, show each company how we are the best person for story about friendship the job. Last semester, amid the essay rubric ap student loan scandals, which my very own school was involved in, most of the members of my graduating class were elated to be leaving my University#8217;s hallowed halls. Most of story friendship, my friends were not surprised how these universities became allegedly involved in this scandal. On Enterprise? The student loans companies, like the companies before them, were able to essay about friendship profit along with the Universities#8217; administrations off the student body. Now after leaving the University, I looked on my Facebook account and searched for the term financial aid, there were close to five hundred groups dedicated to dissatisfaction with the Universities financial aid offices. Essay On Enterprise Resource Planning? The students of my university were not surprised about the essay story about scandal; we understood how easy it was to market to spanish and imperfect students. How education has become such as a quid pro quo for better economic futures. Like any business transaction, we paid the university for their services rendered to secure a better economic future.

My mother was appalled when she heard about the scandal, she said, #8220;but how could they make money off education?#8221; I didn#8217;t want to break it to her that these companies and educational institutions have already made millions off education; so I just responded, #8220;college just isn#8217;t what it used to be.#8221; College Really Is Not What It Once Was. Why does college matter? It matters because whether we like it our not it helps to define our place in society. Short Story About Friendship? As a student I do not believe that college today is any less significant then it was a generation ago. Essay Preterite And Imperfect? I do however believe that the role college plays in essay friendship our lives is much different than it was in magnetic thin thesis years prior. Essay Short About Friendship? A college degree is now becoming a necessity, just as a high school diploma is in today s society.

In order to even be considered for what society may consider to be a good job, a college degree is required. Students are no longer attending college for enlightenment, they are attending because they have no other choice. College is no longer an on enterprise planning option, as a result many students are not happy. Essay Short Story About Friendship? Instead of finding themselves many students are simply trying to make it through. It is my belief that students are not motivated to opencourseware consortium make changes in today#8217;s culture and politics. This is not speaking for all students, I am sure that there are students out there who are making positive changes in today#8217;s society. It also does not mean that students do not want to make changes. A good question to ask is about friendship, when would students have the time to make these changes?

Two important factors that exist in today#8217;s society and that may not have been relevant a generation ago are; the costs of college and the increasing work load students bear. The cost of college is increasing steadily, a great number of students owe a substantial amount in loans by on the apology, the time they graduate. Students are also put in the position in which they have to work at essay short story, least one job just to essay rubric ap stay financially afloat. This gives students no great love for the institution we call college, in fact it breeds resentment. Students have no choice but to sign away their future earnings (college loans) in the hopes of short story about, being able to have potential earnings a degree provides. So changing the world for the better while finding themselves is not a major concern. Magnetic Thin Film? The increased work load students are expected to bear is also a factor in why college students may not be as active as they were in previous generations. I believe that all students understand that you have to earn your degree, but a lot of essay short story, students still find themselves overwhelmed by the amount of spanish and imperfect, assignments they are given.

As a result the increased work load causes students to stress and worry about keeping their scholarships which are contingent on them doing well in school. All of essay about, this effects why college matters in uiuc essay the eyes of story, students. Spanish Essay And Imperfect? College has ceased to short story be the tool in essay on enterprise resource which students use to help identify who they are as a person in story friendship society and what they stand for. Uiuc Essay? College is now defining how people are perceived in society. Story About? College is no longer a way to breakaway from institutions. In fact it supports the systems of class we as society have established. Unlike previous generations, jobs that pay well are not often associated with those who do not have degrees. Those who do not have any education are associated with unskilled and low paying jobs.

While those who have degrees are usually associated with the middle class or as professionals. So if college has become an institution onto itself that students can not rebel against, how can they be expected to have an impact on today#8217;s politics and culture. Especially if they don#8217;t even have an impact on what happens directly to them. Tuition increases, being a major part of essay rubric ap, what affects most students lives. Story About? So why aren#8217;t students rebelling and fighting against the things that they do not believe in like their parents in opencourseware (ocwc) the late 60#8217;s and essay short story friendship, early 70#8217;s. Its not like there are not issues out there, the war in Iraq being a major one. Maybe this new generation just hasn#8217;t found their motivation yet. Perhaps the war might become a major issue to students.

Many students that I know have definite opinions on the issue, so maybe the war might create a spark amongst students to stand for something. Or even in the upcoming election, students might step away from traditional beliefs and vote for the first woman president or the first minority president. Apology? I do agree that students need to take a more active role in society. However I also believe that colleges should be held responsible to a certain extent for story about the lack of thesis, activity amongst students. So what#8217;s the matter with college? I don#8217;t think that students are what#8217;s the matter with college, I believe that it#8217;s the institution itself that is the problem. The whole purpose of college is to provide a solid educational background for students. College is also supposed to enrich students lives as well.

The emphasis on education is now no longer a priority, colleges are money making institutions. College does matter, just not the way it once did a generation ago. In the United States, those with the power to make the decisions most critical to about friendship our nation have college degrees. Essay Rubric Ap? With that said, what goes on at college has a direct impact on our nation#8217;s leaders and is therefore critical to the nation. Rick Perlstein laments, #8220;College as America understands it is coming to an end.#8221; Who constitutes the America he is referring to?

Perlstein is nostalgic for college as #8220;an alienated suburban kid#8217;s paradise#8221;. From 1970 to 1994 the short story friendship percent of the African American population with bachelor#8217;s or advanced degrees rose from essay rubric ap 4.5 to 12.9%. In 1960, there were 1.6 males for every female graduating from college in the United States. In 2003, this figure changed to 1.35 females for every male. Essay Friendship? More schools have adopted need-blind admission policies and increased financial aid.

Today, it is the admission of a student body that more closely reflects the #8220;Real World#8221; that has made college change. Rather than lament the #8220;paradise#8221; lost, we celebrate the change. Opencourseware (ocwc)? We do not wish to go back in time. But let#8217;s take a look at what Perlstein defines as #8220;college back when it was college#8221;. #8220;The adventure of going to college consisted of a kind of freedom that you couldn#8217;t imagine until you turned 18, were no longer under adult control#8230;and you made your own schedule#8230;this is the most liberating moment Americans have in life.#8221; He mourns the shrinking gap between #8220;the campus and the market#8230;between childhood and college, and between college and the #8216;Real World#8217; that follows.#8221; His criticisms of the contemporary college experience become clear through his descriptions of essay story friendship, several current college students attending the University of Chicago. Essay Resource Planning? Jonathon Hersh is an illustration of how college has become more about the marketability of skills and less about learning for learning#8217;s sake. Caroline Ouwerkerk exemplifies the hyper-organized and overly involved student. And Hamilton Morris is bored and disillusioned, disappointed with his peers who he deems uncreative. Hersh is working hard to story about build his resume to work for a venture capital firm. What happened to learning for the sake of learning? He has a point.

But it is important to question why college has changed in essay rubric ap this way. Essay Short About? Perhaps it is because we live in a culture of consumption, where we are taught to magnetic thin film capitalize on what we do and where we often direct our actions toward getting somewhere else while ignoring the present. Yet it is not simply our culture of consumption that has led to short story about the goal-oriented and competitive nature of college. It is also the burdensome legacy of magnetic, inequality in our national education system. Because college admission is not and has never been a given for every student, and because a college degree is a prerequisite for social mobility in our society, more college students view their educations as a tool rather than an #8220;adventure#8221;. We move on essay story about to Ouwerkerk, whom Perlstein dismisses for her involvement in the community service #8220;bureaucracy#8221;. Perlstein misses his #8220;delightfully noisy and dissident#8221; college days and opencourseware consortium, claims there is no anti-war movement today. We can point to many possible reasons students today are apathetic. There#8217;s no draft. College students today grew up on numbing video and computer games. In the 60s backlash, many dorm buildings were redesigned to prevent congregation and protest.

We receive most of essay short story friendship, our information from a corporate controlled media and our morale is broken from coming to age in consortium (ocwc) the height of government corruption. Essay Short About Friendship? We#8217;ve seen social injustice persist, despite the noise and dissidence of previous generations. Our colleges and universities are increasingly influenced by the interests of its corporate investors and therefore are less nurturing of noise and dissidence. Perlstein is wrong, however, in saying that there is no student activism or anti-war movement today. Opencourseware Consortium? The Indiana University Coalition to Oppose the essay story about War in Iraq and Mount Holyoke College People Opposing War are just two of the many student anti-war organizations and campaigns across the country. Further, many student activists are working locally to decrease our nations#8217; dependency on petroleum through organizations such as Campus Climate Challenge and Carbon Conscious Consumer (C3) Campaign. Student led organic farms and community supported agriculture programs, after school-tutoring programs, and prison workshops are just a few examples of ways students have mobilized to make a difference. College students are critical of the nation. We just aren#8217;t as noisy.

Or, maybe we are noisy but our voices are not given attention by uiuc essay, the media. How does Ouwerkerk#8217;s community service, or any student activism today differ from that of the past? Yes, we are more organized and our activism is more institutionalized. We recognize that effective activism requires more than protesting with fellow college students especially if no one is listening. We are more aware of the fact that we ourselves are never entirely separate from that which we admonish in the nation at large.

We must learn to essay short about think critically about the ways we, in our own relationships and communities, might perpetuate the same inequalities and injustices which we can more easily condemn when seen on a national scale. This brings us to Hamilton Morris. Morris#8217; life pre-college was #8220;exceptionally fulfilling#8221;. He feels bored and under-stimulated in a college community where his peers have not all had the same resources and opportunities as he has. Magnetic Thin Film Thesis? While he was making films and doing professional stand-up comedy in high school, his peers, as he puts it, #8220;had to spend their entire high school experience studying for essay friendship the SATs or something.#8221; College is no longer only the argumentative on the isolated, elite community that it once was. Essay Short Story? While Perlstein commends the college campus of the 60s for its active role in national politics, he simultaneously supports its isolation by adhering to the #8220;presumption that the essay resource campus should be a place radically apart from the rest of society- its own #8216;city state#8217;.#8221; If college students are to go on to be leaders in our society, why should they be so out of essay short story about friendship, touch with it? Not only does the argumentative essay on the apology idea of college as a #8220;city-state#8221; perpetuate exclusive privilege and friendship, poorly prepare its students for understanding the #8220;Real World#8221;, it is also a false notion that has never truly existed.

Groundskeepers, dining hall staff and everyone else that does the magnetic film thesis necessary work to make the campus function, go home at the end of the day to essay short story nearby communities that are not included in the idea of the resource planning college #8220;city -state#8221;. Anyone who has been given the gift of education can attest to essay short story its value. It is the increased belief that this privilege should not be limited to a select demographic that has made college change. Opencourseware? Those who will be in about friendship power in the future will still mostly be those who have gone through college, but maybe this group will be a slightly more diverse group than before. Maybe there will be a greater chance for new voices to be heard and opencourseware consortium, different faces of America to be seen and acknowledged. Rather than being nostalgic for the past, let#8217;s applaud the steps we have taken since the sixties to open the essay story friendship doors of uiuc essay, education to more people. Let#8217;s also recognize where we are at and how much further we have to go. Is College To Practical to Be Powerful? The change of American colleges and essay friendship, universities from a place of intellectual curiosity and cultural transformation is the result of college going from a unique and individually rewarding experience to a common commodity. The college experience, from applications and essays, research, learning and recreation, has been turned from a loosely planned journey through of a jungle of opportunity, curiosity and a little danger, into a pre-planned, standardized and rather dull walk down a suburban subdivision sidewalk. This dull stroll is essay rubric ap, beginning earlier than ever.

High school has turned from the purpose of educational preparation and essay about friendship, mental stimulation into two very different goals: Getting children to fill in the right bubbles and get them off to college. Just as questions and knowledge aren#8217;t as important as the essay apology test bubbles, the benefits of college and the opportunities available aren#8217;t as important as children simply getting in. Short Friendship? In eighth grade the administrators at my school deemed us ready to prepare for essay the rest of our lives. Short About? Shortly after my first kiss and before I#8217;d even gotten the reckless courage to reach up a girl#8217;s shirt (and before many girls had developed something to thin film reach for), we were being given #8220;life maps#8221; to essay about get us ready for our future careers. The questions for uiuc essay setting up the life road were vague inquiries into short story about friendship our interests that would lead us to six, somewhat less vague, general career categories. Opencourseware (ocwc)? From the essay short six vague descriptions were given a strongly suggested and narrow set of high school courses to magnetic film thesis choose from. The scheduled academic activities don#8217;t end with high school.

The first thing I heard from my advisors and profs my freshman year was that most learning occurs outside the classroom. Essay? True as this statement may be, it was parroted without much thought behind it. The extra curricular activities weren#8217;t things such as the all night bull sessions and road trips of Dean Moriarty and Sal Paradise in resource planning Jack Kerouac#8217;s On the Road, neither was it the social movements of Norman Mailer#8217;s Armies of the Night. No, indeed, because the one extracurricular activity that will define you, professionally, socially and individually, the essay short friendship hope of your entire future, is the all-holy, all ruling, immaculate INTERNSHIP ! For without one of these you#8217;ll be thrust into the cold cruel world of essay resource planning, employment behind your peers, who will have attained a marginally better entry level job than you. Essay Story? If running the gauntlet of the admission process and getting an internship hasn#8217;t worn out your creative impulses or passion for on enterprise planning learning, surely the essay short story about newly focused course work will help you out. On Enterprise Planning? Second only to our annual budget crisis, the political event in my state of Michigan that people could set their watches to is the essay short story friendship politicians declaring the importance of education to the future of Michigan#8217;s economy. With this one knows its election season, or they just cut appropriations to public universities. Research universities as economic engines to revive the troubled economy of the opencourseware consortium state is the new mantra , and with thousands of manufacturing jobs lost any research related project that could potentially yield at essay short story, least a dozen jobs receives praise from the government and many articles from the apology news media. This includes everything from medical research, bio-fuels, to cow manure based construction materials. I really wish I were making that last one up.

There was a short time their was a proposal to give college appropriations based on story about majors the uiuc essay state considered important to the new knowledge based economy, thus giving engineering and science degrees more consideration than other degrees, such as arts and foreign language. Commercialization of science isn#8217;t entirely new. Sinclair Lewis#8217;s book Arrowsmith details titular character Martin Arrowsmith#8217;s being at odds with society that promotes commercial medicine over short his passion for basic scientific research with no immediate economic value. Very few politicians would promote this book, as it might convince medical students and science majors to pursue research that only produces knowledge of how the essay rubric ap world works, instead of jobs within the next election cycle. Both the early emphasis on planning out essay story about a career and spanish essay using preterite, the commercialization of intellectual thought and curiosity have helped degrade college#8217;s place in culture.

For all the short about friendship emphasis on argumentative essay on the a diverse and multicultural student body, if the whole institution is geared only toward the goal of producing bankers, engineers, and real estate agents, then the result will be a graduating class of about friendship, men and women in argumentative essay grey flannel suits. Even college recreation has suffered. Along with the internship, being involved in the career related students groups is a must, if you want to #8216;network#8221; with the essay short about right people. While such groups can be useful, they usually come at the cost of being involved in activities where one might learn something. In the caste of overachievers the heavy focus on career shuts out any activities done for fun. Such a student has an average day that involves a couple of classes, some time spent at essay rubric ap, the internship, and a meeting of the career related club, then a night of studying for the classes, doing some overtime for the internship, and fulfilling their duties for planning the career related club#8217;s #8220;Networking Day#8221; activities, which means, as said career related club#8217;s vice president of essay short, networking affairs, making sure the (ocwc) refreshment table is well stocked.

The most determined and competitive of these students would wrinkle their noses at less #8220;motivated#8221; students. If a less competitive students told an overachiever of their day, starting with an early class, skipping a second class to essay short about have coffee with a cutie from the preterite and imperfect first class, an hour long lunch with friends that comes with some philosophical or political debate, some time spent on Facebook reviewing their latest event invitations and writing a few notes to friendship friends, playing in a broomball tournament against the rival dorm, finished off with a few round of magnetic thin film thesis, beer pong with friends, the overachiever would declare #8220;Yes, but what have you DONE with your day?#8221; What#8217;s the matter with college and why it#8217;s falling in importance for the nation is that creativity and learning cannot occur in essay story friendship a vacuum devoid of necessary chaos. Commodified, sterilized, and argumentative essay on the apology, organized from an early age, the story about college experience is losing its edge that drove it as the center of thought. Practical concerns and narrow goals of producing ready made workers for society have sapped the benefits that the and imperfect college education was supposed to provide. Society can skate along for essay about a little while on the homogenized students that come out, but with a lack of renewal or critical engagement, college will grow stale and thesis, atrophy as an institution of innovative thought. Then it will have to be decided whether it goes the short about way of K-12 education, stale and over tested, or if a renewal will occur. If the former results, then a new institute for will replace what college has lost.

It#8217;s the magnetic thin film thesis nature of curiosity and creativity perpetuate in new circumstances when old ones wear away. If we do not want college to be left behind then steps need to be taken to return the college experience to one that fosters intellectual curiosity and creativity. Why College Matters#8230;Because We Can#8217;t All Be Astronauts. The problem with college is that we expected it to be as revolutionary a time as our parents#8217; movies and songs promised it would be and, sadly, it isn#8217;t. We arrived on campus, ready to grow our hair out, desperate for anything to sit-in against, but quickly discovered that there#8217;s no single abhorrent thing worth the sit-in. We quickly found that the professors aren#8217;t reactionary at all quite the short story opposite, honestly. We looked for something local we could fix, but found nothing new. There is no pressing Civil Rights battle on our campuses, there is no obvious sexual segregation.

Really, the only quantifiable difference between college now and college then is that the essay on the apology marijuana is 17% stronger and now the Republicans smoke it too. Short Story About Friendship? But instead of feeling liberated in this comfortable world that our parents fought for, my classmates and consortium (ocwc), I fall victim to a strange generational angst, wherein tangible changes to essay short story about our world feel impossible and magnetic thin thesis, revolutionary efforts are tiring chores. We feel left behind where#8217;s our battle? Where#8217;s our Selma? Of course we know there#8217;s plenty on the Global scale to short story about friendship be furious about (Iraq, Sudan, ozone, etc.), but, unfortunately, no one wants to be that cliched, granola hipster with a clipboard and film, a hemp satchel of #8220;Free Love#8221; buttons who sticks his head out first. It so happens that the most prickly insult you can dish out to someone my age is to show them how unoriginal they are.

This angst, though it#8217;s terrifying! We feel useless. We are so cosmically unimportant. We examine ourselves, and pitifully admit that the Boomerang Generation might be the short story about friendship first generation of Americans who actually fails and thin, never leaves mom#8217;s nest. Story About? The ennui that follows this realization is so painful that we forget everything we#8217;ve ever learned and revert to our high-school selves, desperately seeking a world where Money is the holiest of grails and fame can opiate the pain of being obsolete. We bury our heads in the polluted sand. Then, as an obsolete, televised, deodorized, de-humanized mass, we go to medical school or law school or into investment banking, not because we want to, but beacuse we feel guilty being poor. I personally can#8217;t see myself doing any of these three things, and this realization, that I#8217;m leaving the spanish using preterite herd, is also terrifying. I#8217;m in blue skies. I#8217;m terrified because at essay, the moment I don#8217;t have a clear picture of what I want to essay on the apology do with my life, and for short story about friendship someone in the Boomerang generation, not having some plan is a cardinal sin.

I don#8217;t see myself negotiating important contracts; I don#8217;t see myself defending famous celebrities when they kill their spouses. I don#8217;t see myself performing titrations, and I certainly can#8217;t see myself elbows deep in an emergency surgery. I#8217;m terrified because everyone else at opencourseware consortium, college knows what they#8217;ll be doing. I#8217;d prefer to know who I will be. Fortunately, college still allows me to find this answer. I#8217;m so grateful to have chosen two unemployable majors.

If I had learned a trade engineering, chemistry, physics, botany I wouldn#8217;t have this incredible opportunity that now sits in story about friendship my lap; this chance to jump into the real world without a parachute; this chance to use my kaleidoscopic, impractical knowledge to find a job that allows me to develop as a person, not a cog. For this reason, college and a humanities education within it is of the most critical importance. College still has the ability to shape who we will be, even as it instructs most of argumentative essay on the, us in what we will be doing. It#8217;s important that college students continue to story look for atrocities to confront, even if immediate results seem impossible. It#8217;s even more important that college remains a haven of little responsibility a warm buffer zone between home and the real world where we may develop as people, learn a thing or two along the way, enjoy some bad mistakes, earn a gentlemanly C-, and and imperfect, pick our battles wisely.

In July, The Magazine published What's the Matter With College, an essay by the historian Rick Perlstein, online and short story friendship, invited college students across the United States to respond. Some 600 undergraduates did -- many agreeing with Perlstein's assertion that college as America used to understand it is coming to an end, many dismissing his argument as so much nostalgic pap, still others taking the occasion to critique higher education from an insider's perch. To continue the conversation, we're featuring the winning student essay and argumentative, four runners-up, and posting another 450 of the entries in a searchable format. (The other entries were withdrawn by story about friendship, their authors or did not follow the essay rubric ap contest's rules.)

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Short Stories, Essays, Poetry-ish, ect - Friendship essay (with a twist

How to Write an story about, Evidence-Based Clinical Review Article. JAY SIWEK, M.D., and MARGARET L. GOURLAY, M.D., Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington D.C. DAVID C. SLAWSON, M.D., University of essay Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia. ALLEN F. Essay Short Friendship? SHAUGHNESSY, PHARM.D., Harrisburg Family Practice Residency, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Am Fam Physician. 2002 Jan 15;65(2):251-258.

Traditional clinical review articles, also known as updates, differ from systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Updates selectively review the medical literature while discussing a topic broadly. Nonquantitative systematic reviews comprehensively examine the medical literature, seeking to identify and uiuc essay synthesize all relevant information to formulate the best approach to diagnosis or treatment. Meta-analyses (quantitative systematic reviews) seek to short story friendship, answer a focused clinical question, using rigorous statistical analysis of pooled research studies. This article presents guidelines for writing an evidence-based clinical review article for American Family Physician . First, the topic should be of common interest and spanish essay preterite and imperfect relevance to family practice. Include a table of the short story friendship, continuing medical education objectives of the essay rubric ap, review. Short Story About Friendship? State how the literature search was done and consortium include several sources of evidence-based reviews, such as the story about friendship, Cochrane Collaboration, BMJ's Clinical Evidence , or the InfoRetriever Web site. Where possible, use evidence based on clinical outcomes relating to morbidity, mortality, or quality of preterite life, and studies of primary care populations. Story? In articles submitted to American Family Physician , rate the level of evidence for key recommendations according to the following scale: level A (randomized controlled trial [RCT], meta-analysis); level B (other evidence); level C (consensus/expert opinion). Finally, provide a table of key summary points.

American Family Physician is particularly interested in receiving clinical review articles that follow an evidence-based format. Clinical review articles, also known as updates, differ from systematic reviews and meta-analyses in important ways.1 Updates selectively review the essay rubric ap, medical literature while discussing a topic broadly. An example of such a topic is, #x201c;The diagnosis and essay friendship treatment of spanish myocardial ischemia.#x201d; Systematic reviews comprehensively examine the medical literature, seeking to identify and synthesize all relevant information to formulate the best approach to short, diagnosis or treatment. Examples are many of the uiuc essay, systematic reviews of the Cochrane Collaboration or BMJ's Clinical Evidence compendium. Meta-analyses are a special type of essay story friendship systematic review. They use quantitative methods to analyze the literature and seek to answer a focused clinical question, using rigorous statistical analysis of pooled research studies. An example is, #x201c;Do beta blockers reduce mortality following myocardial infarction?#x201d; The best clinical review articles base the discussion on existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and incorporate all relevant research findings about the uiuc essay, management of about friendship a given disorder. Such evidence-based updates provide readers with powerful summaries and sound clinical guidance. In this article, we present guidelines for writing an evidence-based clinical review article, especially one designed for consortium (ocwc), continuing medical education (CME) and incorporating CME objectives into its format. Short Story Friendship? This article may be read as a companion piece to a previous article and accompanying editorial about reading and essay on enterprise resource planning evaluating clinical review articles.1 , 2 Some articles may not be appropriate for an evidence-based format because of the nature of the topic, the slant of the short about friendship, article, a lack of sufficient supporting evidence, or other factors.

We encourage authors to review the literature and, wherever possible, rate key points of evidence. This process will help emphasize the summary points of the article and strengthen its teaching value. Choose a common clinical problem and avoid topics that are rarities or unusual manifestations of thin film thesis disease or that have curiosity value only. Whenever possible, choose common problems for which there is essay about friendship new information about opencourseware, diagnosis or treatment. Story About? Emphasize new information that, if valid, should prompt a change in clinical practice, such as the argumentative on the apology, recent evidence that spironolactone therapy improves survival in patients who have severe congestive heart failure.3 Similarly, new evidence showing that a standard treatment is no longer helpful, but may be harmful, would also be important to report. For example, patching most traumatic corneal abrasions may actually cause more symptoms and delay healing compared with no patching.4. When searching the literature on your topic, please consult several sources of evidence-based reviews (Table 1) . Essay Story? Look for pertinent guidelines on the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of the disorder being discussed. Incorporate all high-quality recommendations that are relevant to the topic. When reviewing the first draft, look for opencourseware (ocwc), all key recommendations about diagnosis and, especially, treatment.

Try to ensure that all recommendations are based on the highest level of evidence available. If you are not sure about the source or strength of the recommendation, return to the literature, seeking out the basis for the recommendation. Some Sources of Evidence-Based Medicine. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), formerly known as the essay story friendship, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR): Clinical Guidelines and Evidence Reports* The AHRQ Web site includes links to the National Guideline Clearinghouse, Evidence Reports from the AHRQ's 12 Evidence-based Practice Centers (EPC), and magnetic thin thesis Preventive Services. The AHCPR released 19 Clinical Practice Guidelines between 1992 and1996 that were not subsequently updated. American College of Physicians Journal Club (ACPJC) ACP Journal Club evaluates evidence in short friendship, individual articles.

Commentary by ACP author offers clinical recommendations. Uiuc Essay? Access to the online version of ACPJC is a benefit for members of the ACP-ASIM, but will be open to all until at least the short story about, end of 2001. Features short evaluations/discussions of individual articles dealing with evidence-based clinical practice. Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (CEBM) The University of Oxford/Oxford Radcliffe Hospital Clinical School Web site includes links to CEBM within the Faculty of Medicine, a CATbank (Critically Appraised Topics), links to evidence-based journals, and EBM-related teaching materials. Center for Research Support, TRIP Database. The AHRQ began the Translating Research into Practice (TRIP) initiative in 1990 to implement evidence-based tools and information. The TRIP Database features hyperlinks to opencourseware consortium (ocwc), the largest collection of EBM materials on the internet, including NGC, POEM, DARE, Cochrane Library, CATbank, and individual articles. A good starting place for essay short story about, an EBM literature search. Clinical Evidence , BMJ Publishing Group*

Searches BMJ's Clinical Evidence compendium for up-to-date evidence regarding effective health care. Lists available topics and uiuc essay describes the short story about, supporting body of evidence to date (e.g., number of relevant randomized controlled trials published to date). Concludes with interventions #x201c;likely to be beneficial#x201d; versus those with #x201c;unknown effectiveness.#x201d; Individuals who have received a free copy of Clinical Evidence Issue 5 from the United Health Foundation are also entitled to free access to the full online content. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews* Systematic evidence reviews that are updated periodically by the Cochrane Group. Argumentative Essay? Reviewers discuss whether adequate data are available for essay short about, the development of EBM guidelines for diagnosis or management.

Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE)* Structured abstracts written by University of York CRD reviewers (see NHS CRD). Uiuc Essay? Abstract summaries review articles on diagnostic or treatment interventions and discuss clinical implications. Effective Health Care* Bi-monthly, peer-reviewed bulletin for short friendship, medical decision-makers. Based on systematic reviews and synthesis of magnetic thesis research on the clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of health service interventions. Bimonthly publication launched in 1995 by the BMJ Publishing Group. Article summaries include commentaries by clinical experts. Subscription is required. Evidence-Based Practice Newsletter (including JFP Patient-Oriented Evidence that Matters [POEM])*

This JFP newsletter features up-to-date POEM, Disease-Oriented Evidence (DOE), and tests approved for essay short, Category 1 CME credit. Subscription required. Includes the InfoRetriever search system for the complete POEMs database and six additional evidence-based databases. Subscription is required. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI)* ICSI is an independent, nonprofit collaboration of health care organizations, including the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Argumentative? Web site includes the story friendship, ICSI guidelines for film, preventive services and essay short about disease management. National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) Comprehensive database of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines from opencourseware consortium (ocwc), government agencies and health care organizations.

Describes and compares guideline statements with respect to objectives, methods, outcomes, evidence rating scheme, and about friendship major recommendations. National Health Service (NHS) Centre for Reviews and opencourseware Dissemination (CRD) Searches CRD Databases (includes DARE, NHS Economic Evaluation Database, Health Technology Assessment Database) for EBM reviews. More limited than TRIP Database. Primary Care Clinical Practice Guidelines.

University of California, San Francisco, Web site that includes links to NGC, CEBM, AHRQ, individual articles, and organizations. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)* This Web site features updated recommendations for essay short about, clinical preventive services based on systematic evidence reviews by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. EBM = evidence-based medicine . *#x2014; These Web sites are AAFP-approved sources of film thesis systematic evidence reviews. When these sources are used to prepare continuing medical education clinical content according to guidelines issued by the AAFP Commission of Continuing Medical Education, the content will qualify for the special designation of evidence-based CME. See the AAFP Web site for additional information about preparing evidence-based CME . Some Sources of Evidence-Based Medicine.

Agency for essay short story about, Healthcare Research and spanish essay using Quality (AHRQ), formerly known as the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR): Clinical Guidelines and Evidence Reports* The AHRQ Web site includes links to short about friendship, the National Guideline Clearinghouse, Evidence Reports from the AHRQ's 12 Evidence-based Practice Centers (EPC), and Preventive Services. The AHCPR released 19 Clinical Practice Guidelines between 1992 and1996 that were not subsequently updated. American College of Physicians Journal Club (ACPJC) ACP Journal Club evaluates evidence in opencourseware consortium (ocwc), individual articles. Commentary by ACP author offers clinical recommendations. Access to the online version of ACPJC is essay story about a benefit for spanish essay and imperfect, members of the ACP-ASIM, but will be open to all until at least the end of 2001. Features short evaluations/discussions of individual articles dealing with evidence-based clinical practice.

Centre for about friendship, Evidence Based Medicine (CEBM) The University of Oxford/Oxford Radcliffe Hospital Clinical School Web site includes links to CEBM within the Faculty of Medicine, a CATbank (Critically Appraised Topics), links to evidence-based journals, and EBM-related teaching materials. Center for Research Support, TRIP Database. The AHRQ began the Translating Research into Practice (TRIP) initiative in argumentative essay on the, 1990 to implement evidence-based tools and information. The TRIP Database features hyperlinks to the largest collection of EBM materials on the internet, including NGC, POEM, DARE, Cochrane Library, CATbank, and story about friendship individual articles. A good starting place for an EBM literature search.

Clinical Evidence , BMJ Publishing Group* Searches BMJ's Clinical Evidence compendium for preterite and imperfect, up-to-date evidence regarding effective health care. Lists available topics and describes the short about friendship, supporting body of evidence to date (e.g., number of relevant randomized controlled trials published to uiuc essay, date). Concludes with interventions #x201c;likely to be beneficial#x201d; versus those with #x201c;unknown effectiveness.#x201d; Individuals who have received a free copy of Clinical Evidence Issue 5 from the essay about, United Health Foundation are also entitled to free access to the full online content. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews* Systematic evidence reviews that are updated periodically by the Cochrane Group. Reviewers discuss whether adequate data are available for the development of EBM guidelines for diagnosis or management. Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE)* Structured abstracts written by University of York CRD reviewers (see NHS CRD). Abstract summaries review articles on argumentative essay apology, diagnostic or treatment interventions and discuss clinical implications. Effective Health Care*

Bi-monthly, peer-reviewed bulletin for short story friendship, medical decision-makers. Spanish Essay And Imperfect? Based on essay about, systematic reviews and synthesis of research on the clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of health service interventions. Bimonthly publication launched in 1995 by uiuc essay the BMJ Publishing Group. Article summaries include commentaries by clinical experts. Subscription is essay short story about required. Evidence-Based Practice Newsletter (including JFP Patient-Oriented Evidence that Matters [POEM])* This JFP newsletter features up-to-date POEM, Disease-Oriented Evidence (DOE), and tests approved for Category 1 CME credit. Subscription required. Includes the InfoRetriever search system for the complete POEMs database and six additional evidence-based databases. Subscription is magnetic thesis required.

Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI)* ICSI is an independent, nonprofit collaboration of health care organizations, including the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Web site includes the ICSI guidelines for preventive services and disease management. National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) Comprehensive database of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines from government agencies and about friendship health care organizations. Describes and compares guideline statements with respect to objectives, methods, outcomes, evidence rating scheme, and major recommendations. National Health Service (NHS) Centre for Reviews and essay using preterite and imperfect Dissemination (CRD) Searches CRD Databases (includes DARE, NHS Economic Evaluation Database, Health Technology Assessment Database) for EBM reviews. Essay Story About? More limited than TRIP Database. Primary Care Clinical Practice Guidelines. University of California, San Francisco, Web site that includes links to NGC, CEBM, AHRQ, individual articles, and organizations.

U.S. Argumentative Essay Apology? Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)* This Web site features updated recommendations for clinical preventive services based on systematic evidence reviews by essay the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. EBM = evidence-based medicine . *#x2014; These Web sites are AAFP-approved sources of systematic evidence reviews.

When these sources are used to planning, prepare continuing medical education clinical content according to story about, guidelines issued by the AAFP Commission of Continuing Medical Education, the content will qualify for the special designation of essay using evidence-based CME. Essay Friendship? See the AAFP Web site for additional information about preparing evidence-based CME . In particular, try to find the answer in an authoritative compendium of evidence-based reviews, or at least try to find a meta-analysis or well-designed randomized controlled trial (RCT) to support it. Opencourseware Consortium? If none appears to be available, try to essay short friendship, cite an film thesis, authoritative consensus statement or clinical guideline, such as a National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference statement or a clinical guideline published by a major medical organization. If no strong evidence exists to support the conventional approach to managing a given clinical situation, point this out in about friendship, the text, especially for key recommendations. Essay Preterite And Imperfect? Keep in essay short about, mind that much of traditional medical practice has not yet undergone rigorous scientific study, and high-quality evidence may not exist to using, support conventional knowledge or practice.

Patient-Oriented vs. Disease-Oriented Evidence. With regard to short friendship, types of evidence, Shaughnessy and Slawson5 #x2013; 7 developed the concept of opencourseware (ocwc) Patient-Oriented Evidence that Matters (POEM), in distinction to Disease-Oriented Evidence (DOE). POEM deals with outcomes of importance to patients, such as changes in morbidity, mortality, or quality of life. About? DOE deals with surrogate end points, such as changes in laboratory values or other measures of response. Essay Rubric Ap? Although the results of DOE sometimes parallel the results of POEM, they do not always correspond (Table 2) .2 When possible, use POEM-type evidence rather than DOE. When DOE is the only guidance available, indicate that key clinical recommendations lack the support of outcomes evidence. Here is an essay short friendship, example of essay how the latter situation might appear in short, the text: #x201c;Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing identifies prostate cancer at an early stage, it has not yet been proved that PSA screening improves patient survival.#x201d; (Note: PSA testing is an example of essay rubric ap DOE, a surrogate marker for the true outcomes of importance#x2014;improved survival, decreased morbidity, and improved quality of life.) Antiarrhythmic drug X decreases the incidence of PVCs on ECGs.

Antiarrhythmic drug X is associated with an increase in essay short about, mortality. POEM results are contrary to DOE implications. Antihypertensive drug treatment lowers blood pressure. Antihypertensive drug treatment is associated with a decrease in mortality. POEM results are in concordance with DOE implications.

Screening for prostate cancer. PSA screening detects prostate cancer at magnetic thin film thesis, an early stage. Whether PSA screening reduces mortality from prostate cancer is currently unknown. Although DOE exists, the important POEM is currently unknown. DOE = disease-oriented evidence; POEM = patient-oriented evidence that matters; PVCs = premature ventricular contractions; ECGs = electrocardiograms; PSA = prostate-specific antigen . Adapted with permission from Shaughnessy AF, Slawson DC. Getting the most from review articles: a guide for readers and writers. Am Fam Physician 1997;55:2155#x2013;60 . Antiarrhythmic drug X decreases the incidence of PVCs on ECGs. Antiarrhythmic drug X is associated with an increase in mortality.

POEM results are contrary to DOE implications. Antihypertensive drug treatment lowers blood pressure. Antihypertensive drug treatment is associated with a decrease in mortality. POEM results are in concordance with DOE implications. Screening for prostate cancer. PSA screening detects prostate cancer at an early stage. Whether PSA screening reduces mortality from prostate cancer is currently unknown. Although DOE exists, the important POEM is essay short story about currently unknown.

DOE = disease-oriented evidence; POEM = patient-oriented evidence that matters; PVCs = premature ventricular contractions; ECGs = electrocardiograms; PSA = prostate-specific antigen . Adapted with permission from essay planning, Shaughnessy AF, Slawson DC. Getting the story about, most from review articles: a guide for readers and writers. Am Fam Physician 1997;55:2155#x2013;60 . Evaluate the strength and validity of the literature that supports the discussion (see the following section, Levels of Evidence). Look for meta-analyses, high-quality, randomized clinical trials with important outcomes (POEM), or well-designed, nonrandomized clinical trials, clinical cohort studies, or case-controlled studies with consistent findings. In some cases, high-quality, historical, uncontrolled studies are appropriate (e.g., the evidence supporting the efficacy of Papanicolaou smear screening). Avoid anecdotal reports or repeating the hearsay of conventional wisdom, which may not stand up to the scrutiny of scientific study (e.g., prescribing prolonged bed rest for low back pain). Look for studies that describe patient populations that are likely to be seen in primary care rather than subspecialty referral populations.

Shaughnessy and Slawson's guide for writers of clinical review articles includes a section on information and validity traps to avoid.2. Readers need to know the strength of the evidence supporting the key clinical recommendations on diagnosis and uiuc essay treatment. Many different rating systems of varying complexity and clinical relevance are described in the medical literature. Recently, the essay short story about friendship, third U.S. Uiuc Essay? Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) emphasized the importance of rating not only the study type (RCT, cohort study, case-control study, etc.), but also the study quality as measured by internal validity and the quality of the entire body of story about evidence on a topic.8.

While it is important to appreciate these evolving concepts, we find that a simplified grading system is magnetic thin film thesis more useful in AFP . We have adopted the following convention, using an essay short story about friendship, ABC rating scale. Criteria for argumentative essay on the apology, high-quality studies are discussed in several sources.8 , 9 See the short story friendship, AFP Web site (www.aafp.org/afp/authors) for argumentative apology, additional information about levels of evidence and see the accompanying editorial in story friendship, this issue discussing the potential pitfalls and limitations of any rating system. Level A (randomized controlled trial/meta-analysis): High-quality randomized controlled trial (RCT) that considers all important outcomes. Uiuc Essay? High-quality meta-analysis (quantitative systematic review) using comprehensive search strategies. Level B (other evidence): A well-designed, nonrandomized clinical trial.

A nonquantitative systematic review with appropriate search strategies and well-substantiated conclusions. Includes lower quality RCTs, clinical cohort studies, and case-controlled studies with non-biased selection of short about study participants and consistent findings. Other evidence, such as high-quality, historical, uncontrolled studies, or well-designed epidemiologic studies with compelling findings, is thin thesis also included. Level C (consensus/expert opinion): Consensus viewpoint or expert opinion. Each rating is essay short story friendship applied to a single reference in the article, not to the entire body of essay preterite evidence that exists on a topic. Each label should include the letter rating (A, B, C), followed by the specific type of study for that reference. For example, following a level B rating, include one of these descriptors: (1) nonrandomized clinical trial; (2) nonquantitative systematic review; (3) lower quality RCT; (4) clinical cohort study; (5) case-controlled study; (6) historical uncontrolled study; (7) epidemiologic study. Here are some examples of the way evidence ratings should appear in the text: #x201c;To improve morbidity and mortality, most patients in congestive heart failure should be treated with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. [Evidence level A, RCT]#x201d; #x201c;The USPSTF recommends that clinicians routinely screen asymptomatic pregnant women 25 years and younger for chlamydial infection. Essay Short Story Friendship? [Evidence level B, non-randomized clinical trial]#x201d; #x201c;The American Diabetes Association recommends screening for diabetes every three years in all patients at on the apology, high risk of the disease, including all adults 45 years and older. [Evidence level C, expert opinion]#x201d; When scientifically strong evidence does not exist to support a given clinical recommendation, you can point this out in the following way: #x201c;Physical therapy is traditionally prescribed for the treatment of adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder), although there are no randomized outcomes studies of this approach.#x201d; The introduction should define the topic and purpose of the review and describe its relevance to family practice.

The traditional way of doing this is to discuss the epidemiology of the condition, stating how many people have it at essay friendship, one point in time (prevalence) or what percentage of the population is expected to develop it over a given period of time (incidence). A more engaging way of doing this is to indicate how often a typical family physician is likely to encounter this problem during a week, month, year, or career. Emphasize the key CME objectives of the on enterprise resource, review and summarize them in a separate table entitled #x201c;CME Objectives.#x201d; The methods section should briefly indicate how the story, literature search was conducted and what major sources of evidence were used. Ideally, indicate what predetermined criteria were used to include or exclude studies (e.g., studies had to be independently rated as being high quality by magnetic an established evaluation process, such as the Cochrane Collaboration). Be comprehensive in short about, trying to identify all major relevant research. Critically evaluate the argumentative, quality of research reviewed. Avoid selective referencing of only information that supports your conclusions.

If there is essay short story friendship controversy on a topic, address the full scope of the controversy. The discussion can then follow the typical format of a clinical review article. It should touch on one or more of the following subtopics: etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation (signs and symptoms), diagnostic evaluation (history, physical examination, laboratory evaluation, and diagnostic imaging), differential diagnosis, treatment (goals, medical/surgical therapy, laboratory testing, patient education, and follow-up), prognosis, prevention, and future directions. The review will be comprehensive and balanced if it acknowledges controversies, unresolved questions, recent developments, other viewpoints, and any apparent conflicts of interest or instances of bias that might affect the argumentative, strength of the evidence presented. Emphasize an story, evidence-supported approach or, where little evidence exists, a consensus viewpoint. In the uiuc essay, absence of a consensus viewpoint, you may describe generally accepted practices or discuss one or more reasoned approaches, but acknowledge that solid support for these recommendations is short story about friendship lacking. In some cases, cost-effectiveness analyses may be important in deciding how to implement health care services, especially preventive services.10 When relevant, mention high-quality cost-effectiveness analyses to help clarify the costs and health benefits associated with alternative interventions to achieve a given health outcome. Highlight key points about diagnosis and treatment in uiuc essay, the discussion and include a summary table of the key take-home points. These points are not necessarily the same as the key recommendations, whose level of evidence is rated, although some of them will be.

Use tables, figures, and illustrations to highlight key points, and present a step-wise, algorithmic approach to diagnosis or treatment when possible. Rate the evidence for key statements, especially treatment recommendations. We expect that most articles will have at most two to four key statements; some will have none. Rate only those statements that have corresponding references and base the rating on essay, the quality and level of evidence presented in the supporting citations. Use primary sources (original research, RCTs, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews) as the basis for determining the level of evidence. In other words, the supporting citation should be a primary research source of the information, not a secondary source (such as a nonsystematic review article or a textbook) that simply cites the original source. Argumentative Apology? Systematic reviews that analyze multiple RCTs are good sources for determining ratings of evidence. The references should include the most current and important sources of support for key statements (i.e., studies referred to, new information, controversial material, specific quantitative data, and information that would not usually be found in most general reference textbooks).

Generally, these references will be key evidence-based recommendations, meta-analyses, or landmark articles. Although some journals publish exhaustive lists of reference citations, AFP prefers to about, include a succinct list of key references. Preterite And Imperfect? (We will make more extensive reference lists available on essay short story, our Web site or provide links to your personal reference list.) You may use the magnetic thin film thesis, following checklist to ensure the completeness of your evidence-based review article; use the source list of reviews to identify important sources of evidence-based medicine materials. Checklist for an Evidence-Based Clinical Review Article. The topic is essay story about common in family practice, especially topics in which there is new, important information about diagnosis or treatment. The introduction defines the essay rubric ap, topic and the purpose of the review, and describes its relevance to family practice. A table of CME objectives for the review is friendship included. The review states how you did your literature search and indicates what sources you checked to ensure a comprehensive assessment of relevant studies (e.g., MEDLINE, the essay rubric ap, Cochrane Collaboration Database, the short story friendship, Center for Research Support, TRIP Database). Several sources of evidence-based reviews on the topic are evaluated (Table 1) . Where possible, POEM (dealing with changes in morbidity, mortality, or quality of life) rather than DOE (dealing with mechanistic explanations or surrogate end points, such as changes in essay rubric ap, laboratory tests) is used to support key clinical recommendations (Table 2) . Studies of patients likely to be representative of those in primary care practices, rather than subspecialty referral centers, are emphasized. Studies that are not only statistically significant but also clinically significant are emphasized; e.g., interventions with meaningful changes in absolute risk reduction and low numbers needed to treat. Essay Story Friendship? (Seehttp://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=1116.)11. The level of evidence for key clinical recommendations is labeled using the consortium (ocwc), following rating scale: level A (RCT/meta-analysis), level B (other evidence), and friendship level C (consensus/expert opinion).

Acknowledge controversies, recent developments, other viewpoints, and any apparent conflicts of interest or instances of bias that might affect the strength of the evidence presented. Highlight key points about diagnosis and treatment in essay rubric ap, the discussion and short story about friendship include a summary table of essay on enterprise resource key take-home points. Use tables, figures, and illustrations to highlight key points and present a step-wise, algorithmic approach to diagnosis or treatment when possible. Emphasize evidence-based guidelines and essay short about primary research studies, rather than other review articles, unless they are systematic reviews. The essential elements of this checklist are summarized in Table 3 . Essential Steps in resource planning, Writing an Evidence-Based Clinical Review Article.

Choose a common, important topic in family practice. Provide a table with a list of continuing medical education (CME) objectives for the review. State how the literature search and reference selection were done. Use several sources of essay story evidence-based reviews on the topic. Rate the level of evidence for key recommendations in the text. Provide a table of key summary points (not necessarily the same as key recommendations that are rated). Essential Steps in Writing an Evidence-Based Clinical Review Article. Choose a common, important topic in family practice. Provide a table with a list of continuing medical education (CME) objectives for magnetic, the review. State how the literature search and reference selection were done. Use several sources of evidence-based reviews on the topic.

Rate the short story, level of evidence for key recommendations in the text. Provide a table of key summary points (not necessarily the thesis, same as key recommendations that are rated). Read the full article. Get immediate access, anytime, anywhere. Essay Short Story About Friendship? Choose a single article, issue, or full-access subscription. Earn up to 6 CME credits per issue. Already a member or subscriber? Log in.

Get Full Access. Includes: Immediate, unlimited access to all AFP content More than 130 CME credits per year Access to the AFP app Print delivery option. Access This Issue. Includes: Immediate access to this issue CME credits in this issue. Access This Article. JAY SIWEK, M.D., is professor and chair of the Department of uiuc essay Family Medicine at Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.

He is essay short friendship also editor of American Family Physician. A graduate of Georgetown University School of Medicine, Dr. Siwek completed his family practice residency at essay rubric ap, Middlesex Hospital in Middletown, Conn. . MARGARET L. Story? GOURLAY, M.D., is currently the essay and imperfect, American Family Physician Medical Editing Fellow at friendship, Georgetown University Medical Center. A graduate of Rush Medical College, Chicago, she completed a residency in family medicine at the University of argumentative on the California, San Diego, Medical Center. DAVID C. SLAWSON, M.D., is the B. Lewis Barnett, Jr. professor of family medicine at the University of Virginia Health System in Charlottesville, Va. He is director and founder of the Center for Information Mastery and serves as section editor for short friendship, The Journal of Family Practice POEMs. Dr. Slawson is a graduate of the University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich., and consortium (ocwc) he completed postdoctoral training in family medicine at the University of Virginia. ALLEN F. SHAUGHNESSY, PHARM.D., is essay about friendship director of research and associate director of the thin thesis, Harrisburg Family Practice Residency, Harrisburg, Pa.

He completed his doctorate and fellowship training at essay story about friendship, the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston. Address correspondence to Jay Siwek, M.D., Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, 215 Kober-Cogan Hall, 3750 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington DC 20007 (e-mail:afp@family.georgetown.edu). Reprints are not available from the authors . The authors thank Ted Ganiats, M.D. for a helpful review and conceptual contributions to essay rubric ap, the manuscript . The authors indicate that they do not have any conflicts of interest. Sources of essay story about friendship funding: none reported . 1. Siwek J. Reading and evaluating clinical review articles. Am Fam Physician . Essay Resource Planning? 1997;55:2064,2069#x2013;70,2072. . 2. Shaughnessy AF, Slawson DC. Getting the short story about friendship, most from review articles: a guide for readers and writers. Am Fam Physician . 1997;55:2155#x2013;60. 3. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, et al. for the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators.

The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Magnetic Film? N Engl J Med . 1999;341:709#x2013;17. 4. Flynn CA, D'Amico F, Smith G. Should we patch corneal abrasions? A meta-analysis. J Fam Pract . 1998;47:264#x2013;70.

5. Slawson DC, Shaughnessy AF, Bennett JH. Becoming a medical information master: feeling good about not knowing everything. Essay Story Friendship? J Fam Pract . 1994;38:505#x2013;13. 6. Shaughnessy AF, Slawson DC, Bennett JH. Becoming an information master: a guidebook to the medical information jungle. J Fam Pract . Essay On Enterprise Resource Planning? 1994;39:489#x2013;99. 7. Slawson DC, Shaughnessy AF.

Becoming an information master: using POEMs to change practice with confidence. Patient-oriented evidence that matters. J Fam Pract . 2000;49:63#x2013;7. 8. Harris RP, Helfand M, Woolf SH, Lohr KN, Mulrow CD, Teutsch SM, et al. Methods Work Group, Third U.S. Essay Story? Preventive Services Task Force.

Current methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. A review of the process. Am J Prev Med . 2001;20(3 suppl):21#x2013;35. 9. CATbank topics: levels of evidence and apology grades of recommendations. Retrieved November 2001, from: http://www.cebm.net/. 10. Saha S, Hoerger TJ, Pignone MP, Teutsch SM, Helfand M, Mandelblatt JS. for the Cost Work Group of the Third U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

The art and essay friendship science of incorporating cost effectiveness into evidence-based recommendations for clinical preventive services. Am J Prev Med . 2001;20(3 suppl):36#x2013;43. 11. Evidence-based medicine glossary. Retrieved November 2001, from: http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=1116. Copyright © 2002 by the American Academy of Family Physicians. This content is uiuc essay owned by short story friendship the AAFP. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for essay on enterprise planning, his or her personal, non-commercial reference.

This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. Contact afpserv@aafp.org for copyright questions and/or permission requests. This page will be removed from your Favorites Links. Are you sure? Want to use this article elsewhere? Get Permissions.

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A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE SYMPHONIES OF BEETHOVEN. Translated by Michel Austin. Some thirty six or seven years ago, Beethoven’s works, which at the time were completely unknown in essay short France, were tried out at the Opera’s concerts spirituels . Today it would be hard to believe the storm of criticism from the uiuc essay, majority of short story about friendship musicians that greeted this wonderful music. It was described as bizarre, incoherent, diffuse, bristling with harsh modulations and wild harmonies, bereft of essay preterite melody, over the top, too noisy, and horribly difficult to play. To satisfy the demands of the men of good taste who at the time held sway at the Academie royale de musique , M. Story Friendship! Habeneck, who later organised and directed with such care the performance of the uiuc essay, symphonies at essay about, the Conservatoire, found himself obliged to make monstrous cuts in magnetic thin film them, of a kind that would only be tolerated in essay a ballet by Gallemberg or an opera by Gaveaux. Without such corrections Beethoven would not have been granted the honour of appearing on the programme of the concerts spirituels between a solo for bassoon and a flute concerto. At the first hearing of those passages that had been marked with a red pencil, Kreutzer took to flight blocking his ears, and uiuc essay, he had to summon all his courage to steel himself to listen at essay story friendship, the other rehearsals to what was left of the symphony in D major (no.

2). Let us not forget that M. Kreutzer’s opinion on Beethoven was shared by ninety nine per cent of musicians in Paris at the time, and spanish essay using, that without the persistent efforts of the tiny fraction who took the opposite view, the essay short story about friendship, greatest composer of modern times would probably still be largely unknown today. The mere fact that fragments of Beethoven were performed at the Opera was therefore of considerable significance, and we can state this with good reason, since without this the Societe des concerts du Conservatoire would probably not have been founded. The credit for this noble institution belongs to this small group of intelligent men and to the public. The public – I mean the true public, which does not belong to any particular clique – is guided by spanish essay using its own feelings and not by essay narrow ideas or any ridiculous theories it may have conceived on art. That public, which is often mistaken in its judgments, since it frequently changes its mind, was struck at the outset by uiuc essay some of short story about friendship Beethoven’s salient qualities. It did not ask whether this particular modulation was related to argumentative on the apology another, whether certain harmonies were acceptable to short story friendship pundits , nor whether it was admissible to use certain rhythms which were as yet unknown. All it noticed was that these rhythms, harmonies and modulations, adorned with noble and essay on enterprise resource, passionate melodies, and enhanced by powerful orchestral writing, exerted on it a strong impression of a completely novel kind. Nothing more was needed to stimulate its applause.

Only at rare intervals does our French public experience the keen and incandescent emotion that the art of music can generate; but when its emotions are truly stirred, nothing can equal its gratitude for the artist who caused this, whoever he may be. Thus from its first appearance, the famous allegretto in A minor of the seventh symphony, which had been inserted in the second to make the rest palatable , was judged at its true worth by the audience at the concerts spirituels . A loud clamour arose for the piece to be repeated, and at essay short friendship, the second performance the first movement and scherzo of the symphony in essay rubric ap D (no. Essay Short Story! 2), which at first hearing had made little impression, scored an almost comparable success. The obvious interest in Beethoven that the public began to show from then on doubled the energy of his defenders and reduced to inaction, if not to essay rubric ap silence, the majority of his detractors. Essay Story About! Little by little, thanks to essay preterite these glimmerings of dawn which tell the clear-sighted on essay story friendship, which side the sun is about to magnetic thin film rise, the core of supporters increased in size and the result was the foundation, almost entirely for Beethoven’s sake, of the magnificent Societe du Conservatoire , which nowadays has scarcely a rival in the world. We will attempt to essay about analyse the symphonies of this great master, starting with the first symphony which the Conservatoire performs so rarely. Through its form, melodic style, and on enterprise resource, the spareness of its harmonic and orchestral writing, this work is quite different from the other compositions of Beethoven which followed. In writing this symphony the composer was evidently under the influence of Mozart’s ideas, which he has throughout imitated ingeniously and at times magnified. But in the first and second movements one can notice from time to time certain rhythmic patterns which the author of story about friendship Don Giovanni has admittedly used, but very rarely and in a much less striking way. The first allegro has a six bar theme, which though not very distinctive in itself, acquires interest subsequently through the skilful way in which it is treated. It is followed by a transitional melody of a rather undistinguished style.

A half-cadence which is repeated three or four times leads to a passage for wind instruments with imitations at uiuc essay, the fourth above. It is all the more surprising to find this here, as it was often used before in several overtures to French operas. Short About! The andante includes a soft accompaniment for timpani which nowadays seems rather commonplace, but which can nevertheless be seen as the forerunner of the striking effects which Beethoven was to produce later with this instrument, which his predecessors had in general used to little or no purpose. Consortium! This piece is full of charm; the theme is about, graceful and lends itself well to thin film thesis fugal developments, through which the composer has been able to exploit it in essay short ingenious and witty ways. The scherzo is the first born in this family of magnetic film delightful musical jests (scherzi), a form invented by Beethoven who established its tempo. In almost all his instrumental works it takes the place of the minuet of Mozart and Haydn, which is short story friendship, only half the speed of the scherzo and resource, very different in character. This one is essay about, delightful in its freshness, nimbleness, and charm. It is the only really novel piece in essay this work, in which the poetic idea, which plays such a large and rich part in the majority of works which followed, is completely absent.

This is admirably crafted music, clear, alert, but lacking in essay about strong personality, cold and sometimes rather small-minded, as for example in uiuc essay the final rondo, which has the character of a musical amusement. In a word, this is not Beethoven. We are about to meet him. Everything in this symphony is noble, energetic and proud; the introduction ( largo ) is a masterpiece. The most beautiful effects follow in quick succession, always in unexpected ways but without causing any confusion.

The melody has a touching solemnity; from the very first bars it commands respect and sets the emotional tone. Rhythms are now more adventurous, the orchestral writing richer, more sonorous and varied. This wonderful adagio leads to an allegro con brio which has a sweeping vitality. The grupetto in the first bar of the theme played by violas and cellos in short about unison is subsequently developed it its own right, either to generate surging crescendo passages or to bring about using, imitations between wind and strings, all of them at once novel and lively in character. In the middle comes a melody, played by clarinets, horns and bassoons for the first half, and rounded off as a tutti by the rest of the short story friendship, orchestra; it has a masculine energy which is further enhanced by essay resource planning the felicitous choice of accompanying chords. The andante is not treated in the same way as that of the first symphony; instead of essay short story a theme developed in canonical imitation it consists of a pure and innocent theme, presented at first plainly by the strings, then exquisitely embellished with delicate strokes; they faithfully reproduce the tender character of the film thesis, main theme. This is the essay story friendship, enchanting depiction of innocent joy, scarcely troubled by passing touches of essay rubric ap melancholy. Short Friendship! The scherzo is as openly joyful in its capricious fantasy as the on enterprise, andante was completely happy and calm.

Everything in this symphony smiles, and even the martial surges of the first allegro are free from any hint of violence; they only speak of the youthful ardour of essay short story about a noble heart which has preserved intact the most beautiful illusions of opencourseware consortium life. The author still believes in immortal glory, in love, in devotion… What abandonment in his joy, what wit, what exuberance! The various instruments fight over particles of a theme which none of essay short about friendship them plays in full, yet each fragment is coloured in a thousand different ways by being tossed from one instrument to the other. To hear this is like witnessing the magnetic film thesis, enchanted sport of essay Oberon’s graceful spirits. The finale is essay rubric ap, of the same character: it is a scherzo in double time, perhaps even more delicate and witty in its playfulness. It is a serious mistake to truncate the title which the composer provided for the symphony. It reads: Heroic symphony to commemorate the memory of short friendship a great man . As will be seen, the subject here is not battles or triumphal marches, as many, misled by the abbreviated title, might expect, but rather deep and serious thoughts, melancholy memories, ceremonies of imposing grandeur and sadness, in short a funeral oration for a hero. Uiuc Essay! I know few examples in music of a style where sorrow has been so unfailingly conveyed in forms of such purity and such nobility of expression. The first movement is in essay short story about friendship triple time and in a tempo which is almost that of a waltz, yet nothing could be more serious and more dramatic than this allegro . The energetic theme on which it is built is not at first presented in its complete form. Contrary to essay on the apology normal practice, the composer has initially provided only a glimpse of his melodic idea, which is short about friendship, only revealed in resource its full power after a few bars’ introduction.

The rhythmic writing is extremely striking in short story about the frequent use of syncopation and, through the stress on the weak beat, the insertion of bars in duple time into bars in triple time. When to this irregular rhythm some harsh dissonances are added, as we find towards the middle of the development section, where the first violins play a high F natural against an E natural, the essay planning, fifth of the chord of A minor, it is difficult not to shudder at this depiction of indomitable fury. This is the voice of essay about friendship despair and almost of rage. Yet one wonders, Why this despair, Why this rage? The reason for it is not obvious. Then in the next bar the orchestra suddenly calms down, as though, exhausted by its own outburst, its strength was abruptly deserting it.

A gentler passage follows, which evokes all the most painful feelings that memory can stir in the mind. It is impossible to describe or merely to uiuc essay indicate the multiplicity of melodic and harmonic guises in which Beethoven presents his theme. We will only mention an extremely odd case, which has caused a great deal of argument. The French publisher corrected it in his edition of the score, in the belief it was an short story engraving error, but after further enquiry the passage was reinstated. The first and second violins on their own are playing tremolando a major second (B flat, A flat), part of the chord of the seventh on the dominant of uiuc essay E flat, when a horn gives the impression of having made a mistake by coming in four bars too soon, and essay story friendship, rudely intrudes with the beginning of the main theme which consists only of the essay on enterprise planning, notes E flat, G, E flat, B flat. The strange effect produced by this melody built on the three notes of the short story about friendship, tonic chord against the two discordant notes of the dominant chord can easily be imagined, even though the distance between the parts greatly softens the clash. Opencourseware Consortium (ocwc)! But just as the ear is about to protest against this anomaly, an energetic tutti cuts off the horn, ends piano on the tonic chord and essay short, gives way to the entry of the cellos which then play the complete theme with the essay resource planning, appropriate harmony. Taking a detached view it is difficult to find a serious justification for essay story about this musical caprice*. Essay Rubric Ap! But it is said that the about, author attached much importance to it. It is opencourseware consortium, even related that at the first rehearsal of the symphony, M. Ries who was present stopped the orchestra and exclaimed: Too early, too early, the horn is wrong!. As a reward for essay his indiscretion, he was roundly taken to task by a furious Beethoven. *However you look at it, if that was really what Beethoven wanted, and if there is any truth in the anecdotes which circulate on the subject, it must be admitted that this whim is an absurdity.

There is no comparable oddity in the rest of the score. The funeral march is a drama in its own right. It is like a translation of Virgil’s beautiful lines on the funeral procession of the argumentative apology, young Pallas: Multaque praeterea Laurentis praemia pugnae. Adgerat, et longo praedam jubet ordine duci. Post bellator equus, positis insignibus, Aethon. Essay Short! It lacrymans, guttisque humectat grandibus ora. The ending in essay rubric ap particular is deeply moving. The theme of the essay short, march returns, but now in a fragmented form, interspersed with silences, and essay rubric ap, only accompanied by three pizzicato notes in the double basses.

When these tatters of the essay short friendship, sad melody, left on their own, bare, broken and lifeless, have collapsed one after the other onto the tonic, the wind instruments utter a final cry, the argumentative essay, last farewell of the warriors to their companion in arms, and the whole orchestra fades away on essay, a pianissimo pause. Following normal practice the third movement is on the, entitled scherzo . In Italian the word means play, or jest. At first sight it is hard to see how this kind of music can find a place in this epic composition. It has to essay story about friendship be heard to be understood. The piece does indeed have the rhythm and tempo of a scherzo ; these are games, but real funeral games, constantly darkened by film thoughts of death, games of the kind that the warriors of the Iliad would celebrate around the tombs of their leaders. Even in essay his most imaginative orchestral developments Beethoven has been able to preserve the serious and sombre colouring, the deep sadness which of essay planning course had to predominate in such a subject.

The finale is essay about, just a continuation of the same poetical idea. There is a very striking example of orchestral writing at the beginning, which illustrates the kind of effect that can be produced by juxtaposing different instrumental timbres. The violins play a B flat, which is immediately taken up by flutes and oboes as a kind of echo. Although the sound is played at the same dynamic level, at the same speed and uiuc essay, with the same force, the dialogue produces such a great difference between the notes that the nuance between them might be likened to the contrast between blue and purple . Such tonal refinements were completely unknown before Beethoven, and it is to him that we owe them. For all its great variety this finale is nevertheless built on a simple fugal theme.

Besides a profusion of ingenious details the composer develops on top of it two other themes, one of which is exceptionally beautiful. The melody is as it were derived from a different one, but its shape conceals this. On the contrary it is story, much more touching and expressive, far more graceful than the original theme, which has rather the character of a bass line and serves this function very well. This melody returns shortly before the end, in a slower tempo and with different harmonies which further enhance its sad character. The hero costs many a tear. After these final regrets devoted to consortium (ocwc) his memory the poet abandons the elegiac tone and essay, intones with rapture a hymn of glory. Though rather brief this conclusion is very brilliant and provides a fitting crown to the musical monument. Beethoven may have written more striking works than this symphony, and several of his other compositions make a greater impact on the public. But it has to uiuc essay be admitted that the Eroica symphony is essay short friendship, so powerful in its musical thought and execution, its style so energetic and so constantly elevated, and its form so poetic, that it is the equal of the composer’s very greatest works. Whenever this symphony is performed I am overcome with feelings of deep and as it were antique sadness; yet the public seems hardly moved. One must feel sorry for magnetic thin film thesis the predicament of the artist: though fired with such enthusiasm he has not managed to make himself intelligible even to an elite audience and make it rise it to the level of his own inspiration.

This is all the more regrettable as in other circumstances this same audience warms up to the composer and shares his emotion and tears. It is fired with an essay short about ardent and genuine passion for some of his compositions, which may be equally worthy of admiration but are nevertheless no more beautiful than this work. It appreciates at its true worth the allegretto in A minor of the seventh symphony, the essay on the apology, allegretto scherzando of the eighth, the finale of the fifth, the scherzo of the ninth. It even appears to be deeply moved by the funeral march of this symphony – the essay short, Eroica . But as far as the first movement is concerned, there is no escaping the truth, and uiuc essay, I have observed this for more than twenty years: the public listens to it with composure, regards it as a well crafted and quite powerful piece, but beyond that … nothing. Short Story Friendship! There is no point in uiuc essay philosophising. It is no good saying to oneself that the same has always been true everywhere for all artistic creations of an elevated kind, that the springs of poetic emotion are hidden and difficult to fathom, that the feeling for story about friendship beauty which some individuals possess is completely absent from the masses, even that it cannot possibly be otherwise… None of argumentative this provides any consolation or can appease the anger – call it instinctive, involuntary, even absurd if you like – which fills one’s heart at the sight of a misunderstood masterpiece, of a composition of such nobility which the crowd observes but does not see, listens to but does not hear, and allows to pass by with hardly a sideways glance, as though dealing with something mediocre or ordinary. It is essay story about friendship, dreadful to have to essay and imperfect say to oneself with total certainty: what I find beautiful is beauty itself for story friendship me, but may not be so for my best friend. Someone who normally feels the same way as I do will be affected in quite a different way. It may be that the work which sends me into raptures, makes me shiver, and essay rubric ap, moves me to tears, leaves him cold, or even annoys and irritates him… The majority of great poets have no feeling for music and essay friendship, only enjoy melodies of a trivial or childish character. Many intelligent people, who think they like music, have no idea of the emotions it can stir.

These are painful truths, but they are tangible and obvious, and only a peculiar kind of obstinacy prevents one from recognising them. I have seen a bitch howling with pleasure on hearing a major third played in opencourseware consortium (ocwc) double stopping on a violin, yet her pups have never reacted in a similar way, whether you play them a third, a fifth, a sixth, an octave, or any other consonant or discordant chord. Whatever the composition of the public, it always reacts to great musical conceptions in essay about friendship the same way as that bitch and her pups. There are nerves that react to uiuc essay certain vibrations, but this ability to respond, incomplete as it is, is not equally disseminated and essay short about friendship, is subject to spanish essay using and imperfect innumerable variations. It follows that it is virtual lunacy to rely on some artistic means rather than others to affect it and that the best a composer can do is to remain blindly true to his own feelings and resign himself in advance to all the whims of fortune. Short Story Friendship! One day I was walking out of the Conservatoire with three or four dilettanti after a performance of the Choral symphony. – How do you find this work? one of them asked me. – Immense! magnificent! overwhelming! – That is strange, I was bored stiff. Spanish Essay Using Preterite And Imperfect! And what about you? he added, turning to an Italian… – Well, I find this unintelligible, or rather intolerable, there is essay story, no melody… But here are some papers talking about it, and let us see what they say: – Beethoven’s Choral symphony is the essay rubric ap, pinnacle of modern music; art has yet to produce anything comparable for the nobility of its style, the essay short story about friendship, grandeur of the design and the finish of the details. (Another paper) – Beethoven’s Choral symphony is a monstrosity. (Another paper) – This work is magnetic thin film thesis, not completely barren of ideas, but they are poorly presented and the sum total is incoherent and devoid of charm. (Another paper) – Beethoven’s Choral symphony has some wonderful passages, but the short about friendship, composer was obviously short of uiuc essay inspiration. Short About! As his exhausted imagination let him down he had to devote his energies, sometimes to good effect, to making up through craftsmanship what he was lacking in essay rubric ap inspiration. About Friendship! The few themes found in the work are superbly treated and set out in a perfectly clear and logical sequence.

In short, it is a very interesting work by a tired genius . Where is the truth, and where is the error? Everywhere and nowhere. Everybody is (ocwc), right. What to someone seems beautiful is essay short about friendship, not so for someone else, simply because one person was moved and the other remained indifferent, and spanish essay using, the former experienced profound delight while the latter acute boredom. What can be done about this?… nothing… but it is dreadful; I would rather be mad and believe in absolute beauty. Beethoven forsakes here completely the tones of epic and elegy to story return to the less elevated, less sombre, though perhaps no less difficult style of the second symphony. The tone of this score is generally lively, alert, and joyful, or of a heavenly gentleness. Leaving aside the brooding adagio which serves as an introduction the first movement is almost wholly dedicated to joy. The theme in detached notes with which the allegro begins is no more than a canvas on magnetic, which the composer lays out subsequently other more substantial melodies, and what looked at the start of the movement like the principal theme is essay about, made to appear of planning secondary importance. Though it leads to unusual and short story about friendship, interesting results, this device had already been used by Mozart and Haydn with comparable success. But in the second part of the same allegro a really new melody is introduced, the first bars of which arrest the essay rubric ap, listener’s attention, draw him into its mysterious developments then surprise him with its unexpected conclusion.

This is what happens. Essay! After a fairly vigorous tutti, the first violins break the thin film, opening theme into fragments which they turn into a dialogue pianissimo with the essay short story about friendship, second violins. Uiuc Essay! This leads to held notes on the dominant seventh of the key of B natural, each of which is separated by two bars of silence, filled only by a soft tremolo on the timpani on the note B flat, the essay friendship, enharmonic major third of the fundamental F sharp. The passage is repeated, then the timpani fall silent and essay using preterite and imperfect, leave the strings murmuring gently other fragments of the theme, and a new enharmonic modulation leads to a six-four chord of essay story about friendship B flat. The timpani re-enter on the same note, now the genuine tonic and not as before the leading note, and uiuc essay, continue with the tremolo for some twenty bars.

The tonal force of this B flat hardly registers initially, but gradually increases as the tremolo is prolonged. Then the other instruments intersperse their forward momentum with short and incomplete fragments under the continuous rumble of the timpani, and essay story friendship, this leads to a general forte where the perfect chord of B flat is finally established in all its majesty in the full orchestra. Essay On Enterprise Resource! This astonishing crescendo is one of the happiest inspirations we know in music. The only passage that could be compared is the conclusion of the famous scherzo of the symphony in C minor, though despite its overwhelming impact it is not conceived on such a vast scale, as it starts from short piano to reach the final explosion but without departing from the home key, whereas the crescendo we have just described starts mezzo forte , disappears for a while in uiuc essay a pianissimo under harmonies of constantly vague and indeterminate colour, then reappears with chords in a more defined tonality, and only bursts out when the cloud obscuring this modulation has completely dissipated. Essay Story Friendship! It is like a river whose peaceful flow vanishes suddenly from sight and essay rubric ap, only re-emerges from its underground course to come crashing down in a foaming waterfall. As for the adagio , it defies analysis… So pure are the forms, so angelic the expression of the melody and essay, so irresistibly tender, that the prodigious skill of the craftsmanship is completely hidden from view. From the very first bars one is gripped by emotion which by the end has reached an preterite unbearable pitch of intensity. It is only among one of the about, giants of poetry that it is possible to find something to compare to this sublime movement from the giant of music. Essay Rubric Ap! Nothing resembles more the impression made by this adagio than the feelings one experiences when reading the touching episode of Francesca di Rimini in short story the Divina Commedia , the narrative of which Virgil cannot hear without bursting into tears, and which at the last verse causes Dante to fall, just as a dead body collapses . This movement seems to have been breathed by the archangel Michael when, seized with a fit of melancholy, he contemplated the consortium, universe, standing on the threshold of the essay short story about, empyrean. The scherzo consists almost entirely of phrases in two beats that are forced to fit into the framework of bars in uiuc essay triple time. Short Friendship! Beethoven has used this device frequently and it imparts considerable vitality to the music.

Melodic endings become as a result more incisive and unexpected; in any case, these cross-rhythms have in opencourseware consortium (ocwc) themselves real charm, though it is difficult to explain why. There is special pleasure in seeing the beat dislocated in this way yet coming together again at the end of each period, and the musical logic though temporarily suspended eventually reaching a satisfactory conclusion and a complete solution. The melody of the trio , played by the wind section, has exquisite freshness. The tempo is slower than that of the rest of the scherzo , and its simplicity gains extra elegance from the friendship, teasing little phrases delightfully tossed by the violins over the harmonic texture. The finale is joyful and alert and essay rubric ap, restricts itself to normal rhythmic forms. It consists of essay short story about friendship a jingle of scintillating notes in a continuous chatter, sometimes interrupted by a few raucous and wild chords, another example of those angry outbursts to which we have already drawn attention with this composer. This, without doubt the most famous of the symphonies, is also in uiuc essay our opinion the first in which Beethoven gave wings to his vast imagination without being guided by or relying on short story about friendship, any external source of inspiration.

In the first, second and essay rubric ap, fourth symphonies, he has more or less enlarged already existing forms, suffusing them with all the poetry his youthful vigour was capable of adding in terms of brilliant and passionate inspiration. In the third (the Eroica ) the forms are admittedly broadened and the musical thought rises to great heights, yet there is no mistaking the influence of one of those divine poets whom the great artist had long worshipped in his heart. Beethoven, faithful to the precept of Horace: «Nocturna versate manu, versate diurna», regularly read Homer, and in his magnificent musical epic, inspired, it is essay story about, said rightly or wrongly, by a contemporary hero, the memories of the ancient Iliad self-evidently play a wonderfully beautiful part. By contrast the C minor symphony seems to arise directly and solely from Beethoven’s own genius. In it he develops his own intimate thoughts, it is about his secret suffering, his concentrated anger, his dreams full of such sad despair, his nocturnal visions, his outbursts of enthusiasm. The forms taken by melody, harmony, rhythm and the orchestral writing are as substantially individual and novel as they are powerful and noble. The first movement depicts those turbulent feelings which move a great soul seized with despair – not the film, calm and concentrated despair which has an air of resignation, nor the sombre and silent despair of story friendship Romeo learning of the death of Juliet, but rather the magnetic film thesis, terrifying fury of Othello when he hears from the mouth of Iago the poisonous calumnies which convince him of Desdemona’s crime. At times the mood is one of frenzied delirium which breaks out in essay story friendship terrifying cries, at others one of exaggerated despair which can express nothing but regret and self-pity. Listen to those orchestral hiccoughs, the chords exchanged between wind and spanish preterite and imperfect, strings which grow fainter as they come and go, like the painful breathing of a dying man, then give way to a violent gesture, where the orchestra seems to rise again revived by a flash of anger. See how this quivering orchestral mass hesitates for a moment before plunging headlong, divided into two fiery unisons like two streams of lava. Short Story About! Can you deny that this passionate style of writing is beyond and above everything that had been written before in orchestral music?

There is a striking example in this movement of the effect produced by the occasionally excessive doubling of parts and of the raw character of the chord of a fourth on the supertonic, in other words the second inversion of the dominant. It occurs frequently without preparation or resolution, and once even without the leading note and on a pause: the low D is in all the string voices, while there is a bare and dissonant G on top in some wind parts. The character of the adagio is rather reminiscent of the allegretto in preterite and imperfect A minor of the seventh symphony and of the slow movement in E flat of the fourth. It has the solemn melancholy of the former, and the touching grace of the latter. The theme played first by the cellos and violas in unison, with a simple pizzicato accompaniment in the double basses, is followed by a passage for friendship wind instruments which keeps returning in identical form and in the same key from beginning to end of the movement, whatever the successive changes undergone by the first theme. This persistent repetition of the opencourseware, identical phrase, constantly repeated with the short about friendship, same simple and deep sadness, gradually stirs in the mind of the listener an indescribable feeling, without doubt the most intense of its kind that we have experienced. Among the opencourseware consortium (ocwc), most daring harmonic effects in this sublime elegy we may mention: 1 0 the high note held by flutes and short about friendship, clarinets on the dominant E flat while the strings are active lower down and progress through the chord of the sixth, D flat, F, B flat, which has no connection with the high pedal note; 2 0 the episodic passage played by thin film thesis a flute, an oboe and two clarinets in contrary motion, which occasionally results in unprepared dissonances of the second, between the leading note G and F, the story friendship, major sixth of A flat.

This third inversion of the chord of the leading seventh is forbidden by the majority of theorists, as is the high pedal we have just mentioned, yet the result is altogether delightful. There is also at uiuc essay, the last entry of the first theme a canon in unison at short, an interval of one bar , between the violins and flutes, the clarinets and bassoons, which would give added interest to the melody treated in this way if the imitation by the wind instruments could be heard; unfortunately the whole orchestra is playing loud at the same moment and makes it almost inaudible. The scherzo is a strange composition. The first bars, which in themselves have nothing that should alarm, provoke that inexplicable emotion experienced under the magnetic gaze of some individuals. Uiuc Essay! Everything here is mysterious and sombre; the essay short story friendship, orchestral effects, all more or less sinister in on enterprise character, seem to belong to the world of thought of the famous scene of Blacksberg in Goethe’s Faust . The prevailing dynamics are piano and mezzo forte . Essay Story About Friendship! The central section (the trio) is taken up by preterite a passage for the basses, bowed with full vigour, the ponderous roughness of essay friendship which rattles the feet of the uiuc essay, music stands and sounds rather like the antics of an exhilarated elephant… But the monster moves away, and the sound of essay short story friendship its wild frolics gradually fades. The theme of the scherzo reappears pizzicato ; gradually silence is established, and only a few lightly plucked notes are heard from the violins together with the strange clicking sounds produced by the high A flat of the bassoons clashing with G, the octave of the tonic of the dominant minor ninth. On Enterprise Planning! The strings then break the sequence and settle gently on a bowed chord of A flat on which they doze off. The timpani using sponge-headed sticks keep the rhythm going on their own with light strokes which stand out faintly against the general somnolence of the rest of the orchestra. These timpani notes are Cs; the piece is in C minor, but the essay short story friendship, chord of uiuc essay A flat, long held by the other instruments, seems to be introducing a different key; for its part the solitary pulsing of the about friendship, timpani on C tends to preserve the feeling of the original key. The ear hesitates… where will this harmonic mystery end?… and then the soft throbbing of the timpani gradually increase in volume, joined by the violins which have started to move again, changing the on enterprise resource planning, harmony.

This leads to the dominant seventh chord of G, B, D and F while the timpani continue to play obstinately the short story, tonic C. The whole orchestra, reinforced by the trombones which have not yet appeared, explodes now in the major in a triumphal march and the finale begins. The electrifying effect of this passage is well known, and there is no need to elaborate for the reader. Critics have nevertheless sought to diminish the composer’s merit by asserting that he had merely resorted to a commonplace device in making the brilliance of the major mode follow the spanish preterite and imperfect, darkness of a pianissimo in a minor key, that the triumphal theme was lacking in originality, and that interest flagged as the movement progressed instead of increasing. Story About Friendship! We would answer: is essay rubric ap, it because the transition from piano to essay short story forte , and from minor to major , are known devices that there is less genius in magnetic thin creating such a work?… How many other composers have not tried to achieve this same effect? And how can their efforts compare with the gigantic hymn of victory, in which the soul of the poet musician, liberated from earthly shackles and short friendship, suffering, seems to soar radiantly to heaven?… It is true that the first four bars of the march are not of uiuc essay striking originality; but there is a limit to essay short friendship what can be done with the genre of the fanfare, and on enterprise resource planning, we do not believe it possible to invent new types of fanfare without giving up completely its simple, grandiose and festive character.

Beethoven wanted for the start of about friendship his finale a fanfare-like entry; in the rest of the movement, in fact even in the continuation of the spanish essay, principal theme, he quickly reverts to the lofty and original style that is his hallmark. As for the criticism that he failed to sustain interest through the end of the movement, one might answer that in the present state of the art of essay music it is impossible to using preterite and imperfect produce a more shattering effect than the transition from the scherzo to the triumphal march, and it was therefore not possible to intensify that effect any further. To remain at such a height is already a prodigious feat; despite the breadth with which Beethoven develops his material, he nevertheless brings it off. But this consistency of level from the beginning to the end is essay story about, enough to give the impression of a fall-off; so great has been the initial impact on essay on enterprise resource planning, the listener, whose emotional response has been raised to the highest pitch, that it is all the more difficult to sustain it subsequently at the same level. In a long row of columns of the same height perspective suggests that the more distant ones are actually smaller. It could be that our inadequate constitutions would adapt better to a more laconic ending such as Gluck’s Our general is calling you back : the audience would thus not have the time to cool down, and essay short story about, the symphony would be over before fatigue prevented the audience from following in the composer’s footsteps. But this remark only applies so to speak to the way the work is presented; it does not disqualify this finale from being in itself of a magnificence and richness next to which very few pieces could stand comparison without being obliterated. This astonishing landscape could have been designed by essay rubric ap Poussin and drawn by Michelangelo. The author of Fidelio and essay short, of the Eroica symphony sets out to depict the tranquillity of the essay rubric ap, countryside and the shepherds’ gentle way of story friendship life. Uiuc Essay! But let us be clear: we are not dealing here with the picture-postcard and prettified shepherds of M. de Florian, still less those of M. Lebrun, who wrote the short story about friendship, Rossignol [The Nightingale], or those of J.-J. Rousseau, the composer of the Devin du Village [The Village Soothsayer].

We are dealing here with real nature. The title given by the composer to argumentative essay on the apology his first movement is Gentle feelings stirred by the sight of a beautiful landscape . The shepherds begin to move about essay short story about friendship, nonchalantly in film the fields; their pipes can be heard from a distance and close-by. Exquisite sounds caress you like the scented morning breeze. A flight or rather swarms of twittering birds pass overhead, and the atmosphere occasionally feels laden with mists. Heavy clouds come to hide the sun, then suddenly they scatter and let floods of dazzling light fall straight down on the fields and the woods. These are the images that come to mind when I hear this piece, and despite the vagueness of instrumental language I suppose that many listeners have probably reacted in the same way. Further on there is a Scene by story the brook . Contemplation… The composer probably created this wonderful adagio lying on uiuc essay, his back in the grass, his eyes turned to essay short friendship heaven, his ear listening to the wind, fascinated by countless reflections of sound and light, observing and listening at essay resource, once to the white ripples of the river as they break gently on the stones of the bank. Short Story About! This is on enterprise, delightful. There are some who vehemently criticise Beethoven for wanting to reproduce at the end of the adagio the song of three birds, at essay friendship, first in succession and essay, then together. In my view the short about, normal test of the appropriateness or absurdity of essay such attempts is whether they come off or not.

On this point I would therefore say to Beethoven’s critics that they are right as far as the nightingale is concerned: the imitation of its song is no more successful here than in M. Lebrun’s well-known flute solo, for essay story friendship the very simple reason that since the nightingale only emits indistinct sounds of using preterite indeterminate pitch it cannot be imitated by instruments with a fixed and essay story, precise pitch. But it seems to me that the case is different with the quail and the cuckoo, whose cry involves either one or two real notes of fixed pitch, and can therefore be fully imitated in a realistic way. Now if the composer is criticised for introducing a childishly literal imitation of bird-song in a scene where all the quiet voices of thin film heaven, earth and water must naturally find their place, I would say in reply that the same objection could be made when in the storm he also imitates faithfully the gusts of wind, the flashes of lightning and the bellowing of animals. Short Story About Friendship! And heaven knows that no one has ever dreamed of criticising the storm of the argumentative, pastoral symphony! But let us proceed. The poet now brings us in the midst of a Joyful gathering of short story about peasants.

The dancing and laughter are restrained at first; the oboe plays a cheerful refrain accompanied by opencourseware (ocwc) a bassoon that can only manage to produce two notes. Beethoven’s intention was probably to suggest in essay short story this way an old German peasant, sitting on a cask with a decrepit old instrument, from which all he can draw are the two principal notes of the key of F, the dominant and the tonic. Every time the oboe plays its naive and jolly tune like a girl in her Sunday clothes, the old bassoon blows his two notes. When the melody modulates to a different key the bassoon falls silent and quietly counts his rests, until the original key returns and he is able to interject again unruffled his F, C and argumentative essay apology, F. This burlesque effect is wonderfully apt but the public seems to story about friendship miss it almost completely. The dance gets more animated and becomes wild and noisy.

A rough theme in duple time signals the arrival of mountaineers with their heavy clogs. The first section in triple time is repeated, but even more animated. Essay Using Preterite! The dancers mingle excitedly, the women’s hair flies loose over their shoulders, the mountaineers add their noise and intoxication, there is clapping, shouting and running, and story, the scene goes wild and furious… Then suddenly a distant clap of thunder strikes terror in the midst of this rustic ball and scatters the dancers. Storm, lightning . I despair of being able to convey an idea of this prodigious piece. It has to be heard to understand how realistic and sublime imitative music can become in essay rubric ap the hands of essay about someone like Beethoven. Listen to the gusts of wind gorged with rain, the dull growl of the basses, the on enterprise, shrill hissing of piccolos announcing the fearful storm that is about the essay about friendship, break out. Uiuc Essay! The hurricane approaches and increases in intensity. A huge chromatic scale, starting in the upper instruments, plunges to the depths of the orchestra, picks up the basses on the way, drags them upwards, like a surging whirlwind that sweeps everything in its way.

The trombones then burst out, the thunder of the timpani intensifies in violence; this is no longer rain and wind but a terrifying cataclysm, a universal deluge and the end of the world. In truth the piece induces dizziness, and there are many who on hearing this storm are not sure whether the emotion they experience is one of pleasure or of pain. The symphony concludes with the Thanksgiving of the peasants after the return of fine weather . Everything smiles again, the shepherds come back and answer each other on the mountain as they call their scattered flocks. The sky is clear, the torrents gradually dry out, calm returns and short about friendship, with it the rustic songs with their gentle tones. They soothe the mind, shattered as it was by the awesome splendour of the preceding tableau. Is it really necessary after this to write of the stylistic oddities to be found in this mighty work – the groups of five notes on the cellos clashing with passages of four notes in the double-basses, which grind together without being able to blend into a genuine unison? Must one mention the horn call which plays an arpeggio on the chord of C while the strings hold that of F?… In truth I cannot. To do this one has to think rationally, and how can you avoid being intoxicated when in the grip of such a subject! Far from uiuc essay it – if only one could sleep and go on sleeping for months on end, and inhabit in story friendship one’s dreams the unknown sphere which for a moment genius has allowed us to glimpse. After such a concert should one have the misfortune to have to spanish and imperfect see some comic opera, attend a soiree of fashionable songs and a flute concerto, one would have a look of essay story friendship stupefaction.

Should someone ask you: – How do you find this Italian duet? You would reply in all seriousness. – And these variations for clarinet? – And the finale of the new opera? And some distinguished artist who has heard your answers but does not know why you are so preoccupied, will point at you and say: Who is this idiot? How the ancient poems, for all their beauty and the admiration they evoke, pale before this marvel of thin thesis modern music! Theocritus and Virgil were great landscape artists; lines like the following are music to the ears: «Te quoque, magna Pales, et te, memorande, canemus. Pastor ab Amphryso; vos Sylvae amnesque Lycaei.» especially when they are not recited by barbarians like us French, who pronounce Latin in such a way that it could be mistaken for a peasant dialect… But Beethoven’s poem!… these long periods so full of colour!… these speaking images!… these scents!… this light!… this eloquent silence!… these vast horizons!… these magic hideouts in short friendship the woods!… these golden harvests!… these pink clouds like wandering specks in the sky!… this vast plain dozing under the essay rubric ap, midday sun!… Man is absent!… nature alone reveals herself glorying in her splendour… And the deep rest of everything that lives! And the wonderful life of everything that rests!… The little stream that pursues its murmuring course towards the river!… the about, river, the source of all water, which descends towards the ocean in majestic silence!… Then man appears, the man from the countryside, robust and full of religious feeling… his joyful play interrupted by the storm… his fears… his hymn of film thesis thanksgiving… Hide your faces, poor great poets of antiquity, poor immortals. Your conventional language, so pure and harmonious, cannot compete with the art of sound. You are vanquished, no doubt with glory, but vanquished all the same!

You have not experienced what nowadays we call melody, harmony, the combination of different timbres, instrumental colour, modulations, the skilful clashes of conflicting sounds which fight and then embrace, the sounds that surprise the ear, the short, strange tones which stir the innermost recesses of the soul. The stammering of the childish art which you referred to as music could not give you any idea of this. Magnetic! For cultured minds you alone were the great melodists, the story friendship, masters of harmony, rhythm, and expression. But these words had a very different meaning in your vocabulary from what we give them now. The art of uiuc essay sound in its true meaning, independent of anything else, was only born yesterday. It has scarcely reached manhood, and is barely twenty years old. It is beautiful and short story about friendship, all-powerful: it is the essay on enterprise planning, Pythian Apollo of modern times. Story! We owe to it a world of emotion and feeling which was closed to you. Yes, great venerated poets, you are vanquished: Inclyti sed victi . The seventh symphony is famous for its allegretto *. It is not that the three other movements are less worthy of uiuc essay admiration – far from it.

But the public usually judges a work on essay friendship, the effect it produces, and essay rubric ap, only measures that effect by the volume of the applause. Story Friendship! Consequently the movement that always receives the loudest applause is invariably thought to be the argumentative apology, most beautiful (even though there is a certain kind of priceless beauty that is not liable to excite noisy approval). And then, to enhance even further the object of such partiality everything else is sacrificed to it. In France at least that is invariably the custom. That is about friendship, why when talking of Beethoven one refers to the Storm of the pastoral symphony, the finale of the symphony in C minor, the andante of the symphony in A, etc., etc. *Which is always referred to as the adagio or andante . Essay! It has apparently not been established whether this work was composed after the Pastoral and the Eroica , and essay about friendship, a number of people believe on magnetic thin film, the contrary that it preceded them by some time. If this opinion is well founded, then the number which identifies it as the seventh would only be that of its sequence in the order of publication. The first movement opens with a broad and majestic introduction where melody, modulations and the orchestral writing successively hold the listener’s attention. It begins with one of those instrumental effects of which Beethoven is indisputably the short friendship, creator.

The whole orchestra plays a loud and sharp chord, and the ensuing silence reveals the slender voice of an essay rubric ap exposed oboe, whose entry was disguised by the orchestral tutti and now develops the melody on about, its own. There could hardly be a more original way of starting. At the end of the introduction the note E, the dominant of A, returns after a series of excursions into neighbouring keys and essay on the, forms the essay short story friendship, subject of a series of exchanges between violins and flutes, similar to the effect found in the opening bars of the essay rubric ap, finale of the essay short story about, Eroica symphony . The E comes and goes for six bars without accompaniment, changing its appearance every time it passes from strings to essay rubric ap wind. Finally it is taken over by flute and oboe and serves as bridge between the introduction and the allegro : it becomes the first note of the main theme, whose rhythmic outline it gradually sketches. I have heard this theme ridiculed for its rustic simplicity. Had the composer written in large letters at the head of this allegro the words Dance of peasants , as he has done for the Pastoral symphony, the charge that it lacks nobility would probably not have been made. This shows that while some listeners do not like to be forewarned of the subject treated by the composer, there are others on the contrary who are inclined to react unfavourably to any theme that comes in an unfamiliar guise, if the explanation for the anomaly is not provided in essay short friendship advance. Given the impossibility of deciding between such conflicting views the best course for a composer in such circumstances is to follow his own instinct instead of pursuing the vain delusion of universal approval. This theme has a strongly characterised rhythm, which permeates the harmony and argumentative on the apology, shows up in a multitude of forms without ever interrupting the forward momentum of the story about, music up to the end of the uiuc essay, movement. Essay Short Story Friendship! The use of an ostinato rhythmic pattern has never been attempted so successfully. The ample developments of the allegro constantly revolve around the same idea, and so incredible is the skill with which it is written, so frequent and ingenious the variations in tonality, so novel the chordal progressions and their grouping, that the movement is over thin film thesis, before the attention and warm response generated in the listener can lose any of their keenness.

The harmonic effect which champions of academic rigour criticise most vehemently is also the happiest: the resolution of the dissonance in the six-five chord on the subdominant of the essay short about friendship, key of E natural. This dissonance of a second on a very loud tremolo in the upper parts between the first and second violins is resolved in a completely novel way. Opencourseware Consortium (ocwc)! One might have sustained the E and raised the F sharp to G, or sustained the F and essay short about, brought the E down to D: but Beethoven did neither, and without changing the bass he merged the two dissonant parts into an octave on F natural, by moving the F sharp a semitone lower and the E down by a major seventh. The chord of a fifth and major sixth thus becomes a minor sixth without the fifth which has dissolved into F natural. The sudden transition from forte to argumentative apology piano at the exact point in this unusual harmonic transformation gives it an essay short story about even stronger character and enhances its charm. Before passing on on enterprise, to the following movement let us not omit to mention the striking crescendo through which Beethoven brings back his favourite rhythm which he had momentarily left aside. This is short story friendship, done by uiuc essay means of a two bar phrase (D, C sharp, B sharp, B sharp, C sharp) in the key of essay short story A major, which is repeated eleven times in the lower register by the basses and violas, while the wind instruments sustain an E at the top, bottom and middle of the range in quadruple octaves, and the violins sound a bell-like phrase, the three notes E, A, E, C, repeated in increasingly fast figuration and combined in opencourseware consortium such a way as to present always the dominant when the short, basses play D or B sharp, and the tonic or its third when they play C. This is completely novel, and fortunately no imitator has tried, I believe, to squander this beautiful invention.

As in the first movement though in a different form, a simple rhythm is again the principal cause of the extraordinary effect produced by the allegretto . The rhythmic pattern consists merely of a dactyl followed by a spondee played relentlessly, either in three parts, or in only one, then in all parts together. Sometimes it serves as an accompaniment, but frequently it focuses attention on itself, and also provides the starting point for a small fugal episode with two subjects played by the strings. Uiuc Essay! It appears first in the lower strings – violas, cellos, double-basses – played piano , then is repeated soon after in essay story about friendship a pianissimo full of melancholy and mystery. From there it passes to the second violins while the uiuc essay, cellos sing a kind of lament in the minor mode. Short About! The rhythmic pattern rises from octave to octave, reaches the first violins who then pass it in a crescendo to the wind instruments at the top of the orchestra, where it bursts out in its full force. Sounded with even greater vehemence the melody now assumes the character of an anguished lament.

Conflicting rhythms clash painfully with each other; these are tears, sobs and supplications, this is the expression of essay using limitless grief and all-consuming suffering… But a ray of hope appears: these heartbreaking sounds are followed by a transparent melody, pure, simple, gentle, sad and resigned like patience smiling to suffering . The basses continue on their own with their inexorable rhythm under this melodic rainbow; to borrow yet another quotation from short friendship English poetry, « One fatal remembrance, one sorrow, that throws. Thesis! Its black shade alike o'er our joys and our woes. Friendship! » After a similar alternation of anguish and uiuc essay, resignation, the orchestra, as though drained by such a painful struggle, plays only fragments of the main theme and collapses in exhaustion. Flutes and oboes pick up the theme in a dying voice, but do not have the strength to finish it, which the violins do with a few barely audible pizzicato notes. At this point the about friendship, wind instruments, reviving like the essay, flame of a candle on essay story, the point of extinction, utter a deep sigh on thesis, an unresolved harmony and… the rest is silence . This mournful cry, which begins and ends the andante , is produced by short story a six-four chord, which always tends to resolve itself onto another one. Ending on an unresolved harmony is the only way to conclude, by leaving the listener in suspense and thereby increasing the impression of dreamy sadness into which everything that came before must have plunged him.

The theme of the scherzo modulates in a very novel way. Argumentative On The Apology! It is in F major, and instead of concluding at the end of the first phrase in C, B flat, D minor, A minor, A flat, or D flat, like the majority of pieces of this kind, the modulation reaches the key of A major, a major third above the tonic. Short Story! The scherzo of the Pastoral symphony , also in using and imperfect F, modulates to D major, a third below. There is some similarity of essay short about friendship colour in these key sequences; but other resemblances can also be observed between the uiuc essay, two works. The trio of the seventh symphony ( presto meno assai ), in which the violins hold the dominant almost continuously, while oboes and essay, clarinets play underneath a bright rustic melody, is argumentative essay, very much in the spirit of landscape painting and the idyll. Yet another new type of essay short crescendo can be found there, played in opencourseware (ocwc) the lower register by the second horn, who repeats softly the notes A and G sharp in duple time, though the main beat is in triple time, with emphasis on the G sharp though A is the real note.

The public always seems taken by friendship surprise on hearing this passage. The finale is at least as rich as the preceding movements in new combinations, incisive modulations and delightful flights of fantasy. The theme has some similarities with that from opencourseware consortium Gluck's overture to Armide , though only in the disposition of the opening notes, and these are more obvious to the eye than to the ear: in performance the essay short friendship, two themes could hardly be more different. The freshness and elegance of Beethoven’s theme, very different from the chivalrous dash of that of Gluck, would make a greater impression if the chords played in the high register by the wind instruments did not cover so much the first violins playing in using the middle range, while second violins and violas underneath accompany the melody with a tremolo in double-stopping. Throughout this finale Beethoven has achieved effects as graceful as they are unexpected with the sudden transition from the key of C sharp minor to that of essay friendship D major. Among his most daring and felicitous harmonic inventions is without doubt the long pedal on the dominant E, decorated with a D sharp of equal value as the main note.

The chord of the seventh is sometimes brought about in argumentative essay the upper part, with the essay, result that the D natural of the upper parts coincides precisely with the D sharp of the basses. One might imagine that the result would be a dreadful dissonance, or at least a lack of harmonic clarity; yet this is not the case, and the tonal thrust of this dominant is such that the D sharp does not disfigure it in film thesis any way, and that only the buzzing E registers. Beethoven did not write music for the eyes . The coda, launched by this threatening pedal, has extraordinary brilliance, and is fully worthy of bringing this work to its conclusion – a masterpiece of technical skill, taste, imagination, craftsmanship and inspiration. This symphony is also in F, like the Pastoral , though it is designed on a more modest scale than the preceding symphonies. Yet though it hardly exceeds the first symphony (in C major) in the breadth of its forms, it is at short, least far superior to it in three respects – instrumental writing, rhythm and melodic style. The first movement has two themes, both of spanish using and imperfect them gentle and peaceful in character. The second and in our view the more striking of the two always seems to story about friendship avoid the perfect cadence, by modulating first in a completely unexpected way (the phrase begins in D major and ends in C major), and then dissipating itself inconclusively on the diminished seventh chord of the subdominant. This capricious turn in the melody gives the listener the feeling that the composer, inclined at first towards gentle feelings, has suddenly been distracted by essay on enterprise resource a sad thought which interrupts his joyful song. The andante scherzando is one of those creations for short story about friendship which there is neither model nor counterpart: it drops from heaven complete into the composer’s imagination; he writes it at uiuc essay, a single stretch and we are amazed to hear it.

The role of the wind instruments is here the opposite essay short friendship, of their normal one: they accompany with repeated chords, played pianissimo eight times in every bar, the airy dialogue a punta d’arco between violins and basses. This has a gentle innocence which is delightful in its nonchalant manner, like the song of two children picking flowers in essay rubric ap a field on a fine spring morning. The main theme consists of two sections of essay story friendship three bars each, the symmetry of which is broken by the silence which follows the basses’ reply; as a result the first section ends on the weak beat and the second on the strong. The harmonic ticking of the oboes, clarinets, horns and bassoons so captivates the listener that he does not notice the lack of symmetry in the strings’ melody which results from the additional silent bar. The function of this bar is evidently to leave exposed for longer the delightful chord over which the lively melody flutters. Essay On Enterprise Planning! This example shows once more that the essay, law of symmetry can sometimes be broken to good effect. Essay Rubric Ap! But it is hard to believe that this exquisite idyll should end with the commonplace which Beethoven disliked most, namely the Italian cadence. At the moment when the instrumental dialogue of the two small orchestras of wind and strings is at its most enchanting, the composer, as though suddenly obliged to stop, makes the violins play tremolo the essay short about friendship, four notes G, F, A, B flat (sixth, dominant, leading note, tonic), repeat them several times in a hurry, exactly as when the Italians sing Felicita , and then come to an abrupt halt.

I have never been able to make sense of this musical joke. At this point a minuet, similar in magnetic thesis design and tempo to those of Haydn, takes the place of the scherzo in triple time which Beethoven invented and which he has used in all his other symphonic works in such an ingenious and striking way. In truth this is a rather ordinary piece, and the old-fashioned form seems to have stifled musical thought. The finale by contrast sparkles with wit; the musical material is brilliantly original and richly developed. It has diatonic progressions in two parts and in about friendship contrary motion, through which the composer achieves a crescendo of huge dimension which brings the work to a most effective conclusion. The harmonic writing does however contain a few rough edges caused by passing notes which are not resolved quickly enough on the right notes and magnetic thesis, which sometimes even pause on essay friendship, a silence.

At the cost of some violence to the letter of musical theory it is easy to explain away these passing dissonances, but in performance they always grate on the ear to a greater or lesser degree. But consider the high pedal held by the flutes and oboes on F, while the timpani underneath repeat the same note in octaves at the return of the theme, and the violins play the notes C, G and B flat from the dominant seventh chord, preceded by the third F, A from the tonic chord. This sustained high note may not be allowed by theory, since it does not always fit into the harmony, but it does not cause any offence. On the argumentative essay apology, contrary, thanks to the skilful layout of the instruments and the character of the musical phrase, the result of this bunching of sounds is excellent and about, remarkably smooth. Before concluding we cannot omit mentioning an orchestral effect which perhaps more than any other takes the listener by surprise when this finale is performed: the note C sharp played very loud by argumentative essay on the apology the mass of the orchestra in unison and in octaves after a diminuendo which has faded out in the key of C major. The first two times this rasp is immediately followed by the return of the theme in F, and it becomes clear that the C sharp was simply an enharmonic D flat, the flattened sixth of the main key.

But the third appearance of this strange entry has a very different character. The orchestra, after modulating to essay short story about friendship C as before now plays a real D flat followed by a fragment of the theme in D flat, then a real C sharp, followed by another fragment of the theme in C sharp minor, and opencourseware consortium (ocwc), finally repeats this C sharp three times over with increased force, and the whole theme now returns in F sharp minor . The note which initially played the role of a minor sixth becomes on its last appearance successively the flattened major third , the sharpened minor third , and finally the dominant . This is very striking. To analyse such a work is difficult and essay story, daunting task which we have long hesitated to undertake. The excuse for such a foolhardy venture can only lie in our persistent efforts to see the work through the composer’s eyes, to penetrate its intimate meaning, to experience its impact, and to study the impressions it has made so far on a few who are gifted with exceptional sensitivity, as well as on the general public. Among the many diverse views that have been expressed on this score there can hardly be two that are in agreement. Some critics regard it as a monstrous insanity ; others can only see in essay rubric ap it the fading glimmers of a dying genius ; more cautiously a few declare they find it at story about friendship, the moment completely unintelligible, but do not despair of achieving at least an approximate understanding of it later; the essay rubric ap, majority of essay short story artistically minded people regard it as an extraordinary conception, though some of its parts nevertheless remain unexplained or without apparent purpose. A small number of musicians who are temperamentally inclined to examine carefully anything that might enlarge the realm of art, and essay on enterprise, who have thought deeply about the general layout of the Choral symphony after studying the score and listening to it attentively on several occasions, assert that this work seems to them the most magnificent expression of Beethoven’s genius: we believe we have said at some earlier point that this is the opinion we share. Without enquiring what purely personal ideas the composer might have wanted to express in this vast musical poem – a subject wide open to individual conjecture – let us see whether the essay short story friendship, novelty of the form is not justified in uiuc essay this case by an intention that is quite independent of any philosophical or religious thought, which might seem equally reasonable and beautiful to anyone, be he a fervent Christian, a pantheist or an atheist, in short by an intention of a purely musical and poetic kind.

Beethoven had already written eight symphonies before this one. To progress beyond the point he had already reached solely with the resources of orchestral instruments, what further means were available? The answer is the addition of voices to instruments. But in order to observe the law of crescendo , and enhance in essay short about friendship the work itself the power of the additional resource he wanted to provide to the orchestra, it was surely necessary to allow the instruments to opencourseware figure on essay story, their own in spanish using the first section of the musical canvas he intended to display… Granted this premise, it is easy to see that he must have been led to search for a mixed musical genre to serve as link between the two major articulations of the essay story friendship, symphony. The instrumental recitative was the bridge he had the audacity to throw between the (ocwc), chorus and the orchestra, over which the instruments crossed to go and join the essay story, voices.

The transition once established the composer must have wanted to announce and motivate the fusion that was about to take place. That is the point where speaking through the chorus leader, he exclaimed, to the sound of the instrumental recitative he had just introduced: Friends! No more sounds like these, but let us intone more pleasant songs, more filled with joy! That is, so to speak, the (ocwc), treaty of alliance concluded between chorus and essay about friendship, orchestra; the spanish essay preterite and imperfect, same theme of the recitative, used by both orchestra and chorus, seems to story about friendship constitute the oath formula. Thereafter it was up to the composer to select the text for his choral composition: for this Beethoven turned to Schiller and took over the Ode to spanish essay using preterite and imperfect Joy . He coloured it with countless nuances which poetry on its own could never have conveyed, and it progresses to the end acquiring ever more splendour, grandeur and brilliance. Such is the rationale, it may be suggested more or less plausibly, for the general scheme of this immense work; let us now study its individual parts in detail. The first movement has a sombre majesty and is like no other piece written by Beethoven before. The harmony is at times excessively daring: the most original patterns, the most expressive gestures crowd in and criss-cross in every direction, but without causing any obscurity or congestion. On the contrary the result has perfect clarity, and essay about, the numerous orchestral voices that plead or threaten, each in its own way and its own special style, seem to essay on the apology form a single voice, such is the essay, emotional charge that drives them. This allegro maestoso , written in D minor, begins nevertheless on the chord of A without the third, in other words on the notes A and E sustained as a fifth, and essay rubric ap, played as an short story about arpeggio above and below by the first violins, violas and double-basses. The listener is therefore not sure whether he is hearing the chord of A minor, or of A major, or that of the dominant of D. This prolonged tonal ambiguity gives great power and consortium (ocwc), character to the entry of the full orchestra on the chord of short story D minor.

At the end of the movement there are moments that move the soul to its depths. It would be hard to hear anything more profoundly tragic than the song of the wind instruments beneath which a chromatic phrase played tremolo by the strings swells and uiuc essay, rises gradually, like the roar of the sea before an approaching storm. This is a passage of magnificent inspiration. On several occasions in this work we will be drawing attention to clusters of notes which cannot possibly be described as chords, and we will be forced to admit that the reason for these anomalies escapes us completely. For example on page 17 of the wonderful movement we have been describing there is a melodic passage for clarinets and bassoons, which is accompanied as follows in story about the key of C minor: the bass plays first an F sharp supporting a diminished seventh, then an A flat supporting a third, fourth and augmented sixth, and finally G over which flutes and oboes play the notes E flat, G, C which gives a six-four chord. This would be an excellent resolution of the previous chord if the second violins and essay rubric ap, violas did not add to the harmony the two notes F natural and essay story about friendship, A flat which disfigure it and cause a most unpleasant confusion which fortunately is of short duration. This passage is lightly scored and essay using and imperfect, completely free from any roughness; I cannot therefore understand this quadruple dissonance which is so strangely introduced and completely unmotivated. One might suppose there is an engraving error, but a careful inspection of these two bars and those that precede dispels all doubts and one remains convinced that this is really what the composer intended. The scherzo vivace which follows contains nothing of the same kind. Admittedly there are a number of pedal notes on the tonic in the upper and middle voices which are sustained through the dominant chord.

But I have already stated my position on these pedal notes that are foreign to the harmony, and this new example is not needed to demonstrate the excellent use they can be put to when they arise naturally from the musical logic. It is particularly through the use of rhythm that Beethoven has managed to make this delightful banter so interesting. The theme with its fugal response four bars later is full of vitality, and short about friendship, sparkles with wit when the response then comes a bar earlier and follows a ternary instead of the initial binary rhythm. The central part of the scherzo is taken up with a presto in duple time full of on enterprise resource planning rustic joy. The theme is deployed over an intermediary pedal note which is either the tonic or the dominant, accompanied by a counter-subject which harmonises equally well with either of the held notes, the short story about, dominant and the tonic . The melody is finally brought back by a phrase of delightful freshness in the oboe; after staying poised for essay rubric ap a moment over the dominant major chord of D it finally blossoms in the key of F natural in story about friendship a way that is as graceful as it is unexpected. This is another echo of the gentle impressions that Beethoven loved so much, impressions that are aroused by the sight of a radiant and peaceful landscape, pure air and magnetic, the first rays of dawn in spring. In the adagio cantabile the principle of essay short story friendship unity is planning, so little observed that one might think of it as two separate movements rather than one.

The first melody in B flat in quadruple time is followed by a completely different melody in D major in triple time. The first theme, slightly altered and varied by the first violins, appears for the second time in the original key and leads to the return of the melody in triple time, unchanged and without embellishments but in short the key of G major. After this the first theme finally establishes itself and no longer allows the rival theme to compete for the listener’s attention. Repeated hearings of this wonderful adagio are needed to get completely used to such a peculiar design. As for the beauty of all these melodies, the infinite grace of the thin film, ornaments which decorate them, the feelings of sad tenderness, passionate despair and story about friendship, religious reverie they express, if only my words could give even an approximate idea of them, then music would have found in the written word a rival which even the greatest of using and imperfect poets will never be able to oppose to it.

It is an immense movement, and once the listener has succumbed to its powerful charm, the only answer to the criticism that the composer has violated here the essay story about, law of unity has to essay rubric ap be: so much the worse for the law! We are now close to the moment when the voices are about to join the short about friendship, orchestra. Cellos and double-basses intone the recitative we mentioned above, after a passage for the wind instruments as harsh and violent as a cry of anger. The chord of the major sixth, F, A and on the apology, D, with which this presto begins, is altered by an appogiatura on B flat, played simultaneously by flutes, oboes and clarinets; the sixth of the key of D minor grinds dreadfully against the dominant and produces an excessively harsh effect. This does indeed express fury and rage, but here again I cannot see what motivates such feelings, unless the composer, before making the chorus leader sing the words: Let us intone more pleasant songs , had wanted in a strangely capricious way to vilify the orchestral harmony. Yet he seems to regret it, since in between each phrase of the recitative of the basses, he repeats, like so many memories that are dear to his heart, fragments of the three preceding movements. What is more, after this first recitative, he puts in the orchestra, in the midst of exquisitely chosen chords, the beautiful theme which is about to be sung by all the voices on Schiller’s ode. This theme, gentle and calm in character, becomes increasingly animated and essay short about friendship, brilliant as it moves from the basses which play it first to the violins and the wind instruments. Opencourseware Consortium! After a sudden interruption, the whole orchestra plays again the furious ritornello mentioned above which now introduces the vocal recitative.

The first chord is again built on an F which is supposed to carry the third and the sixth and short story about, does indeed do so, but this time the uiuc essay, composer not content with the essay story about friendship, appogiatura of B flat adds those of G, E and C sharp, with the result that ALL THE NOTES OF THE MINOR DIATONIC SCALE are played at once and produce the hideous assembly of notes: F, A, C sharp, E, G, B flat, D. Uiuc Essay! Forty years ago, the French composer Martin, known as Martini, wanted to produce in his opera Sapho a similar howl for the orchestra, and did so by using at once all the diatonic, chromatic and enharmonic intervals of the scale at the moment when Phaon’s mistress hurls herself into the sea – but he did not ask himself whether his attempt was appropriate and whether it enhanced or assaulted the dignity of art, though admittedly there could be no mistaking his intentions. But in short story friendship this case my efforts at discovering Beethoven’s purpose are completely in vain. I can see a formal intention, a deliberate and calculated attempt to produce a double discordance, both at the point which precede the on enterprise, appearance of the recitative, instrumental at first and story, later vocal. I have searched hard for the reason for this idea, and I have to admit that it is essay on enterprise resource planning, unknown to me. The chorus leader, after singing his recitative on friendship, words by Beethoven himself, as we have mentioned, introduces on his own the theme of the Ode to thin thesis Joy , with a light accompaniment of two wind instruments and the strings playing pizzicato . This theme recurs to the end of the symphony and essay short about, is always recognisable, though its appearance keeps changing. A study of these diverse transformations is all the more absorbing as each of them brings out a new and distinctive nuance in the expression of a single feeling, that of joy. At first this joy is consortium, full of gentleness and peace; it becomes somewhat livelier when the voice of women is heard. The beat changes; the theme, sung initially in quadruple time, returns in 6/8 time in syncopated style and now takes on a more robust and agile character that has a martial quality. This is the song of a departing hero who is confident of victory; you can almost imagine his shining armour and hear the rhythmic tread of essay short about friendship his step. A fugal theme in essay which the original melody can be recognised, serves for short friendship a while as subject for a lively orchestral development, which recalls the bustling activity of a crowd full of magnetic thesis ardour… But the chorus soon re-enters and essay story about, sings energetically the essay, joyful hymn in its original simplicity, supported by chords of the short story about friendship, wind instruments which shadow the melody, and criss-crossed by a diatonic passage played by the whole mass of strings in unison and octaves.

The andante maestoso which follows is a kind of uiuc essay chorale intoned first by the tenors and basses of the chorus, in unison with a trombone, the cellos and double-basses. Joy here assumes a religious dimension and becomes solemn and immense. Essay Short Friendship! The chorus falls briefly silent then resumes less emphatically its spacious chords, after a passage of great beauty for orchestra alone which has an organ-like quality. The imitation of the majestic instrument of Christian churches is produced by flutes in the lower register, clarinets in the chalumeau register, the lower notes of the bassoons, the essay resource, violas divided into essay short story friendship, two parts, upper and lower, and the cellos playing on their open strings G and D, or the low C (open string) and the C in the middle range, always in double-stopping. This piece starts in G, moves to C, then to F, and ends on essay planning, a pause on the dominant seventh of D. There follows a great allegro in 6/4 where from the start are combined the story friendship, beginning of the first theme, already used frequently with such variety, and the chorale of the opencourseware consortium, preceding andante . The contrast between these two ideas is made even more striking by a fast variation of the joyful theme, on essay short story friendship, top of the long notes of the essay rubric ap, chorale, played not only by the first violins but also by the double-basses. Now it is impossible for story friendship double-basses to perform a succession of notes at (ocwc), that speed, and once again it is hard to understand how a composer as familiar as Beethoven with the art of orchestration could have committed such a lapse in writing a passage like this for this unwieldy instrument. There is short story, less fire and grandeur, and greater lightness in the style of the following piece: its keynote is that of consortium (ocwc) innocent joy, expressed first by four solo voices and then given greater warmth through the essay, addition of the chorus. Essay Rubric Ap! Moments of tenderness and religious feeling alternate twice with the joyful melody, then the tempo becomes increasingly precipitate. The whole orchestra bursts out, the percussion instruments – timpani, cymbals, triangle, bass drum – strike emphatically the strong beats of the bar. Joy resumes her sway, a popular and tumultuous joy which might look like an orgy if at the end the voices did not pause once more on a solemn rhythm to send, in an ecstatic cry, their final greeting of essay short story love and respect for religious joy.

The orchestra ends on its own, but not without interspersing its headlong rush with fragments of the first theme which the listener cannot get tired of. A translation as accurate as possible of the German poem set by on the Beethoven will convey to the reader the stimulus for this profusion of musical combinations, masterly supports of short story unceasing inspiration and obedient tools of a powerful and tireless genius * . « Joy! Fair spark of the gods, daughter of Elysium, we enter your sanctuary intoxicated with your fire! Your magic power unites again those whom earthly customs have forcibly separated. All men will be brothers again under your gentle wing. « Who has had the good fortune to essay on the apology be the essay story about, friend of a friend, who has won a noble wife, let him mingle his joy with ours!

Yes, any who can call even one soul on earth his own. But who cannot, let him steal away in tears from this gathering. « All beings drink joy on the breast of nature; all good and spanish essay and imperfect, all evil men follow a path strewn with roses. She gave us kisses and vintage, a friend who is true unto death. Story Friendship! The worm receives the joy of life and the cherub stands before God! « Glad like the suns that fly through the glorious fields of heaven, hurry, brothers, on your way, joyful like a hero hastening to victory. « Millions, be embraced! This kiss to the whole world! Brothers, above the starry heaven, a dear father must have his dwelling. « You fall prostrate, o you millions? World, do you sense the creator? Seek him above the starry heaven! He must dwell over the stars! « Joy! Fair spark of the gods, daughter of Elysium, we enter your sanctuary intoxicated with your fire! « Daughter of Elysium, joy, fair spark of the gods!! » Of all the composer’s symphonies this is the most difficult to perform; it requires patient and repeated study, and in particular a good conductor.

It also requires a body of singers all the larger since evidently the chorus must cover the orchestra in many places. In addition, the way the music is written for the words and essay rubric ap, the excessive height of some of the choral parts make voice production very difficult and reduce considerably the essay, volume and power of the sound. Be that as it may, when Beethoven had finished his work and could contemplate the majestic dimensions of the monument he had just built, he must have said to himself: «Death may come now, but my task is accomplished.» * Note: the following is uiuc essay, our own translation of story Schiller's German text. Uiuc Essay! The Hector Berlioz Website was created by about friendship Michel Austin and Monir Tayeb on 18 July 1997;

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A True Friend essays

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West Side Story vs. Romeo and Juliet. The two books , Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story, are similar in many ways and essay short friendship different in many others. Uiuc Essay! The most obvious differences are the facts that Romeo and Tony die in different ways and that Juliet dies while Maria lives. Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story are both powerful, tragic stories.

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Dia de los Muertos The Day of the Dead Jackie Norsworthy Dr. Richardson Death and Dying Los Dia de los Muertos, or the Day of the Dead , is a Mexican holiday spanning two days and three nights. During this holiday, families gather to welcome the souls of the people that have died. They.

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