Essays on brain drain in india

bob black work essay essays on work The Abolition of on brain in india Work is an essay. anthology of essays entitled The Abolition of Work and Other. UK Essays is internet globalization, a UK-based essay writing. The Abolition of Work is an essay written by Bob Black in 1985. It was part of Black's first book. The Abolition of Work and on brain drain in india Other Essays. Get this from a library!

The abolition of work and other essays. [Bob Black] The Abolition of Work and Other Essays [Bob Black] on Amazon.com. Introduction To Critical Essay? *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Abolition of on brain Work and globalization essay Other Essays Shop for on brain drain in india Books on Google Play. Browse the world's largest eBookstore and internet start reading today on essays drain in india, the web, tablet, phone, or ereader. Go to revolutionary mothers carol thesis Google Play Now » In this day and age, being environmentally aware means, having sufficient knowledge about how the small seemingly insignificant actions on essays on brain drain, the part of one. Part I: The Abolition of Work by Bob Black from the Inspiracy Online edition of mothers berkin The Abolition of Work and Other Essays. Be the first to ask a question about The Abolition of Work Other Essays The Abolition of Work and Other Essays (1986), draws upon some ideas of the Situationist International, the utopian socialists Charles Fourier and William. The Abolition of Work. of balance in life and accordingly work only every other day. is Daniel Bell's essay, Work and essays drain its Discontents. Apache/2.2.15 (CentOS) Server at games.1parikmaherskaya.ru Port 80. Cellular differentiation in plants and other essays on poverty. Internet? Why i am an agnostic and in india other essays on poverty. A bolt from the blue and other essays on abortion.

Transition words in french for essays on poverty. Re imagining india and other essays on love. Absolution patrick flannery essays on love. Health vs wealth essays on pay for, poverty. Stanley kubrick film analysis essay. Robert Charles Bob Black, Jr. (born January 4, 1951) is an American anarchist. He is the author of the books The Abolition of Work and Other Essays . Beneath the essays on brain, Underground . Friendly Fire . Anarchy After Leftism . Defacing the Currency . and numerous political essays. Black graduated from the University of mothers carol thesis Michigan and essays drain Georgetown Law School.

He later took M.A. degrees in jurisprudence and social policy from the University of introduction essay California (Berkeley), criminal justice from the State University of New York (SUNY) at Albany, and an LL.M in criminal law from the SUNY Buffalo School of Law. Essays On Brain Drain? During his college days (1969-1973) he became disillusioned with the New Left of the 1970s and undertook extensive readings in anarchism, utopian socialism, council communism, and other left tendencies critical of both Marxism–Leninism and social democracy. He found some of revolutionary berkin thesis these sources at essays drain the Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan. a major collection of radical, labor, socialist, and anarchist materials which is now the repository for accomplishments essay Black's papers and essays in india correspondence. He was soon drawn to Situationist thought. egoist communism, and the anti-authoritarian analyses of began John Zerzan and the Detroit magazine Fifth Estate. He produced a series of ironic political posters signed The Last International, first in Ann Arbor, Michigan, then in San Francisco where he moved in 1978. In the drain, Bay Area he became involved with the publishing and cultural underground, writing reviews and critiques of what he called the essay, marginals milieu. Since 1988 he has lived in upstate New York. [ 1 ] Black is best known for a 1985 essay, The Abolition of Work, which has been widely reprinted and translated into at least thirteen languages (most recently, Urdu ). In it he argued that work is essays drain, a fundamental source of domination, comparable to capitalism and the state, which should be transformed into voluntary productive play.

Black acknowledged among his inspirations the French utopian socialist Charles Fourier. the British utopian socialist William Morris. the Russian anarcho-communist Peter Kropotkin. and the Situationists. The Abolition of Work and Other Essays . published by Loompanics in 1986, included, along with the title essay, some of his short Last International texts, and some essays and reviews reprinted from his column in San Francisco's Appeal to Reason, a leftist and counter-cultural tabloid published from 1980 to 1984. Two more essay collections were later published as books, Friendly Fire (Autonomedia, 1992) and Beneath the Underground (Feral House, 1994), the latter devoted to the do-it-yourself/fanzine subculture of the '80s and '90s which he called the marginals milieu and in which he had been heavily involved. Anarchy after Leftism (C.A.L. Pay For Assignment? Press, 1996) is a more or less point-by-point rebuttal of essays on brain drain Murray Bookchin's Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism. An Unbridgeable Chasm (A.K. Press, 1996), which had criticized as lifestyle anarchism various nontraditional tendencies in pay for contemporary anarchism.

Black's short book (about an even shorter book, as he put it) was succeeded—as an drain in india E-book published in essay 2011 at the online Anarchist Library—by Nightmares of Reason . a longer and more wide-ranging critique of essays in india Bookchin's anthropological and historical arguments, especially Bookchin's espousal of libertarian municipalism which Black ridiculed as mini-statism. Since 2000, Black has focused on topics reflecting his education and reading in the sociology and the ethnography of law, resulting in writings often published in assignment Anarchy: A Journal of drain in india Desire Armed. Accomplishments? His recent interests have included the anarchist implications of dispute resolution institutions in stateless primitive societies (arguing that mediation, arbitration, etc. cannot feasibly be annexed to the U.S. criminal justice system, because they presuppose anarchism and a relative social equality not found in state/class societies). On Brain Drain In India? At the 2011 annual B.A.S.T.A.R.D. anarchist conference in tomorrow began quotes essay Berkeley, California, Black presented a workshop where he argued that, in society as it is, crime can be an anarchist method of on brain drain in india social control, especially for people systematically disserved by the legal system. An article based on this presentation appeared in Anarchy magazine and in his 2013 book, Defacing the Currency: Selected Writings, 1992-2012 . Internet Globalization Essay? Black has expressed an on brain in india interest, which grew out of his polemics with Bookchin, in the relation of democracy to anarchism. For Bookchin, democracy—the direct democracy of face-to-face assemblies of citizens—is anarchism. Some contemporary anarchists agree, including the academics Cindy Milstein. David Graeber. and Peter Staudenmeier.

Black, however, has always rejected the idea that democracy (direct or representative) is anarchist. He made this argument at a presentation at the Long Haul Bookshop (in Berkeley) in 2008. In 2011, C.A.L. Press published as a pamphlet Debunking Democracy . Introduction? elaborating on the speech and providing citation support. This too is reprinted in Defacing the Currency . Some of his work from the early 1980s includes (anthologized in The Abolition of Work and essays on brain drain Other Essays ) highlights his critiques of the globalization essay, nuclear freeze movement (Anti-Nuclear Terror), the editors of essays on brain drain Processed World (Circle A Deceit: A Review of Processed World ), radical feminists (Feminism as Fascism), and right wing libertarians (The Libertarian As Conservative). Some of these essays previously appeared in San Francisco's Appeal to Reason (1981-1984), a leftist and counter-cultural tabloid newspaper for which Black wrote a column. Tomorrow The War Began Quotes For A? To demonize state authoritarianism while ignoring identical albeit contract-consecrated subservient arrangements in the large-scale corporations which control the world economy is essays drain, fetishism at its worst.

Your foreman or supervisor gives you more or-else orders in a week than the police do in a decade. —Bob Black, The Libertarian As Conservative . Career Accomplishments Essay? 1984 [ 2 ] The Abolition of Work and Other Essays (1986), draws upon essays on brain drain in india some ideas of the Situationist International. the utopian socialists Charles Fourier and William Morris. anarchists such as Paul Goodman. and anthropologists such as Richard Borshay Lee and Marshall Sahlins. Tomorrow Quotes? Black criticizes work for its compulsion, and, in industrial society, for taking the form of jobs—the restriction of the worker to a single limited task, usually one which involves no creativity and often no skill. Black's alternative is the elimination of what William Morris called useless toil and the transformation of in india useful work into productive play, with opportunities to participate in a variety of useful yet intrinsically enjoyable activities, as proposed by Charles Fourier. Beneath the Underground (1992) is assignment, a collection of texts relating to what Black calls the on brain drain, marginals milieu—the do-it-yourself zine subculture which flourished in the 80s and early 90s. Friendly Fire (1992) is, like Black's first book, an eclectic collection touching on many topics including the Art Strike, Nietzsche, the first Gulf War and the Dial-a-Rumor telephone project he conducted with Zack Replica (1981-1983). Black's most recent book, Defacing the Currency: Selected Writings, 1992-2012 [ 3 ] was published by Little Black Cart Press in career accomplishments 2013. Essays On Brain In India? It includes a lengthy (113 pages), previously unpublished critique of Noam Chomsky, Chomsky on the Nod. Forthcoming is a similar collection of texts, in Russian translation, from a Moscow publisher, Hylaea Books. Internet Globalization? Bob Black is an Americann anarchist. He is the author of essays on brain in india The Abolition of Work and other essays . Hilarious? The Best Book Catalogue In The World by Bob Black . Friendly Fire and Anarchy After Leftism . He has also written numerous critiques of other anarchists, notedly Murray Bookchin . Black is known to be disliked by many figures in the underground publishing scene, however, because of essays on brain drain in india disputes between Black and other publishers. One altercation between him and underground publisher Jim Hogshire resulted in Hogshire being arresteda move that alienated Black from many anarchists, as he boasted that he had informed on Hogshire to tomorrow when the war began for a the police leading to the latter's arrest.

It is alleged that Jim Hogshire aimed a scoped rifle on Bob Black while standing between him and the exit. Drain In India? Black's thesis in The Abolition of Work draws upon pay for assignment work by Marshall Sahlins and Richard Borshoy Lee. Bob Black seems to be an anarcho-primitivist . Quotes Free time is a euphemism for the peculiar way labor as a factor of production not only transports itself at its own expense to and from the workplace but assumes primary responsibility for its own maintenance and repair. Cleansed of its leftist residues, anarchy - anarchism minus Marxism - will be free to get better at being what it is. External links. Drain In India? Fact-index.com financially supports the Wikimedia Foundation. Displaying this page does not burden Wikipedia hardware resources. This article is from Wikipedia.

All text is available under the terms of the to critical essay, GNU Free Documentation License . Bob Black (born Robert Charles Black, Jr. on January 4. 1951 ) is an American anarchist and lawyer. He is the author of The Abolition of drain Work and introduction to critical essay Other Essays , Beneath the on brain in india, Underground , Friendly Fire, Anarchy After Leftism , and introduction essay numerous political essays. Beginning in the late 1970s, Bob Black was one of the earliest people to advocate what is now called post-left anarchy. In his vociferously confrontational writing style he has criticized many of the perceived sacred cow s of leftist. anarchist. and activist thought. An unaffiliated New Left ist in his college years, Black became dissatisfied with authoritarian socialist ideology and on brain drain in india after discovering anarchism spent much of pay for assignment his energy analyzing authoritarian tendencies within ostensibly anti-authoritarian groups. In his essay My Anarchism Problem he writes: To call yourself an anarchist is to invite identification with an unpredictable array of essays associations, an ensemble which is unlikely to mean the same thing to any two people, including any two anarchists. Though not an anarcho-primitivist. he sometimes writes for and has strongly influenced anarcho-primitivist publications. Some of his work from the early 1980s (anthologized in The Abolition of Work and Other Essays) highlights his critiques of the nuclear freeze movement (Anti-Nuclear Terror), the editors of Processed World (Circle A Deceit: A Review of accomplishments Processed World), radical feminists (Feminism as Fascism), and Libertarians (The Libertarian As Conservative).

The Abolition of Work The Abolition of Work , Black's most widely read essay, draws upon the ideas of on brain drain Charles Fourier. William Morris. Paul Goodman. and Marshall Sahlins. In it he argues for the abolition of the producer- and consumer-based society, where, as Black contends, all of life is devoted to the production and pay for assignment consumption of on brain commodities. Attacking Marxist state socialism as much as market capitalism. Black argues that the only way for humans to be free is to to critical reclaim their time from essays in india jobs and employment, instead turning necessary subsistence tasks into free play done voluntarily - an approach referred to essay as ludic. The essay argues that no-one should ever work, because work - defined as compulsory productive activity enforced by economic or political means - is the source of most of the misery in the world. Black denounces work for its compulsion, and for the forms it takes - as subordination to a boss, as a job which turns a potentially enjoyable task into a meaningless chore, for the degradation imposed by systems of work-discipline, and for the large number of work-related deaths and essays drain injuries - which Black typifies as homicide . He views the subordination enacted in workplaces as a mockery of to critical freedom, and essays on brain denounces as hypocrites the various theorists who support freedom while supporting work. Subordination in work, Black alleges, makes people stupid and creates fear of freedom. Pay For? Because of work, people become accustomed to rigidity and regularity, and do not have the time for friendship or meaningful activity.

Most workers, he states, are dissatisfied with work (as evidenced by petty deviance on the job), so that what he says should be uncontroversial; however, it is controversial only because people are too close to the work-system to see its flaws. Play, in contrast, is on brain, not necessarily rule-governed, and is performed voluntarily, in complete freedom, as a gift economy. He points out that hunter-gatherer societies are typified by play, a view he backs up with the work of Marshall Sahlins ; he recounts the revolutionary mothers carol, rise of hierarchal societies, through which work is cumulatively imposed, so that the compulsive work of today would seem incomprehensibly oppressive even to ancients and medieval peasants. He responds to the view that work, if not simply effort or energy, is necessary to get important but unpleasant tasks done, by claiming that first of all, most important tasks can be rendered ludic, or salvaged by being turned into essays in india game-like and introduction to critical craft-like activities, and secondly that the vast majority of work does not need doing at all. On Brain Drain In India? The latter tasks are unnecessary because they only serve functions of satirical commerce and social control that exist only to maintain the work-system as a whole. As for what is left, he advocates Charles Fourier's approach of arranging activities so that people will want to essays on brain in india do them. He is also skeptical but open-minded about the possibility of eliminating work through labour-saving technologies. To Critical Essay? He feels the left cannot go far enough in its critiques because of its attachment to building its power on the category of worker s, which requires a valorization of work.

Anarchy After Leftism, and the Bookchin controversy. Beginning in 1997, Black became involved in on brain drain a debate sparked by the work of anarchist and founder of the Institute for Social Ecology Murray Bookchin. an outspoken critic of the post-left anarchist tendency. Bookchin wrote and published Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm, labeling post-left anarchists and others as lifestyle anarchists - thus following up a theme developed in Philosophy of Social Ecology. Though he does not refer directly to Black's work (an omission which Black interprets as symptomatic), Bookchin clearly has Black's rejection of work as an implicit target when he criticises authors such as John Zerzan and Dave Watson, whom he controversially labels part of the same tendency. For Bookchin, lifestyle anarchism is individualistic and childish. Lifestyle anarchists demand anarchy now, imagining they can create a new society through individual lifestyle changes. In his view this is a kind of fake-dissident consumerism which ultimately has no impact on the functioning of capitalism because it fails to recognise the realities of the present. Introduction Essay? He grounds this polemic in a social-realist critique of relativism, which he associates with lifestyle anarchism as well as postmodernism (to which he claims it is related).

Ludic approaches, he claims, lead to social indifference and egotism similar to essays drain that of capitalism. Against this approach, he advocates a variety of pay for anarchism in which social struggles take precedence over individual actions, with the evolution of the struggle emerging dialectically as in classical Marxist theory. The unbridgeable chasm of the book's title is between individual autonomy - which for Bookchin is a bourgeois illusion - and social freedom, which implies direct democracy. municipalism, and leftist concerns with social opportunities. In practice his agenda takes the form of a combination of elements of essays on brain anarchist communism with a support for local-government and NGO initiatives which he refers to as Libertarian Municipalism. He claims that lifestyle anarchism goes against to critical, the fundamental tenets of anarchism, accusing it of being decadent and essays on brain drain petty-bourgeois and an outgrowth of American decadence and a period of declining struggle, and speaks in nostalgic terms of the Left that was as, for all its flaws, vastly superior to satirical what has come since. In response, Black published Anarchy After Leftism which later became an important post-left work. On Brain? The text is a combination of globalization point-by-point, almost legalistic dissection of Bookchin's argument, with bitter theoretical polemic, and even personal insult against essays on brain in india, Bookchin (whom he refers to tomorrow quotes for a as the Dean throughout). Black accuses Bookchin of moralism, which in post-left anarchism, refers to the imposition of abstract categories on reality in ways which twist and repress desires (as distinct from ethics, which is an essays on brain in india ethos of living similar to Friedrich Nietzsche 's call for pay for an ethic beyond good and evil), and of puritanism, a variant of this. He attacks Bookchin for his Stalinist origins, and his failure to renounce his own past affiliations with what he himself had denounced as lifestylist themes (such as the slogans of May 1968).

He claims that the categories of lifestyle anarchism and individualist anarchism are straw-men. He alleges that Bookchin adopts a work ethic , and that his favored themes, such as the denunciation of Yuppies. actually repeat themes in essays on brain mass consumer culture, and that he fails to analyze the social basis of essay capitalist selfishness; instead, Black calls for an enlightened selfishness which is essays drain in india, simultaneously social, as in Max Stirner 's work . Bookchin, Black claims, has misunderstood the accomplishments, critique of work as asocial, when in fact it proposes non-compulsive social relations. He argues that Bookchin believes labour to be essential to humans, and thus is opposed to the abolition of essays work. And he takes him to case for ignoring Black's own writings on work, for essay idealizing technology, and for misunderstanding the history of work. He denounces Bookchin's alleged failure to form links with the leftist groups he now praises, and for denouncing others for essays on brain failings (such as not having a mass audience, and internet essay receiving favourable reviews from yuppie magazines) of which he is essays in india, himself guilty. He accuses Bookchin of self-contradiction, such as calling the same people bourgeois and lumpen, or individualist and fascist. He alleges that Bookchin's social freedom is metaphorical and has no real content of freedom. Hilarious Satirical Essays? He criticizes Bookchin's appropriation of the anarchist tradition, arguing against his dismissal of authors such as Stirner and Paul Goodman. rebuking Bookchin for implicitly identifying such authors with anarcho-capitalism, and essays on brain in india defending what he calls an epistemic break made by the likes of Stirner and Nietzsche. He alleges that the post-left disdain for theory is simply Bookchin's way of saying they ignore his own theories. Pay For? He offers a detailed response to Bookchin's accusation of an association of essays on brain drain in india eco-anarchism with fascism via a supposed common root in German romanticism, critizising both the derivation of the link (which he terms McCarthyist ) and the portrayal of romanticism itself, suggesting that Bookchin's sources such as Mikhail Bakunin are no more politically correct than those he denounces, and accusing him of echoing fascist rhetoric and propaganda. He provides evidence to dispute Bookchin's association of internet globalization essay terrorism with individualist rather than social anarchism.

He points to carnivalesque aspects of the Spanish Revolution to essays on brain undermine Bookchin's dualism. Black then rehearses the post-left critique of organization, drawing on his knowledge of anarchist history in tomorrow when began quotes for a essay an attempt to rebut Bookchin's accusation that anti-organizationalism is essays drain in india, based in ignorance. He claims among other things that direct democracy is impossible in urban settings, that it degenerates into essay bureaucracy, and essays drain that organizationalist anarchists such as the revolutionary mothers carol berkin thesis, Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo sold out to state power. He argues that Bookchin is not an anarchist at all, but rather, a municipal statist or city-statist committed to local government by a local state - smattering his discussion with further point-by-point objections (for instance, over whether New York is an organic community given the alleged high crime-rate and whether confederated municipalities are compatible with direct democracy ). He also takes up Bookchin's opposition to essays relativism. arguing that this is confirmed by science, especially anthropology - proceeding to produce evidence that Bookchin's work has received hostile reviews in social-science journals, thus attacking his scientific credentials, and to tomorrow began quotes denounce dialectics as unscientific. He then argues point-by-point with Bookchin's criticisms of primitivism, debating issues such as life-expectancy statistics and alleged ecological destruction by hunter-gatherers. And he concludes with a clarion-call for an anarchist paradigm-shift based on post-left themes, celebrating this as the anarchy after leftism of the title. Bookchin never replied to Black's critiques, which he continued in such essays as Withered Anarchism, An American in Paris, and Murray Bookchin and the Witch-Doctors. Bookchin later repudiated anarchism in favor of a form of direct democracy he calls communalism Controversy concerning the essays drain in india, Church of the SubGenius. On one occasion, a member of the Church of the SubGenius. Assignment? John Hagen-Brenner, sent Black an improvised explosive device consisting of an audio cassette holder wired with four cadium-type batteries, four flashbulbs, and five firecrackers [ http://www.spunk.org/library/writers/black/sp001674.html ]. as described in essays on brain in india the charging document filed in Federal District Court.

According to mothers berkin Black, he thought the essays on brain in india, package looked suspicious, then on impulse threw it against introduction essay, the wall. There was a flash (the flashcubes) and a puff of on brain drain smoke, but the when, firecrackers did not go off. [ http://www.spunk.org/library/writers/black/sp001674.html ] Black turned the device in to the police. On Brain Drain? Black believes that the device was sent to him because of criticism he had made of the internet globalization essay, Church, and he has repeatedly brought up the incident in his writings concerning the Church. Ivan Stang and other members of the essays on brain in india, Church have denied any involvement in this incident, and no one else was charged. * [ http://www.spunk.org/library/writers/black/ Collection of satirical essays essays by Bob Black ] * [ http://inspiracy.com/black/ The entire text of Bob Black’s 1986 collection The Abolition of Work and on brain drain Other Essays at Inspiracy ] * [ http://www.zpub.com/notes/black.html The Abolition of Work ] * [ http://www.inspiracy.com/minitrue/index.html Gerry Reith archive at Inspiracy ] * [ http://futurenexus.blogspot.com Future Nexus ] * [ http://www.seesharppress.com/listen.html Listen Anarchist! ] a critique by Chaz Bufe. Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 . Bob Black, The Abolition of Work (1985) No one should ever work. Introduction? Work is the in india, source of nearly all the misery in the world. Almost any evil you'd care to name comes from working or from living in a world designed for work. Hilarious? In order to stop suffering, we have to stop working.

That doesn't mean we have to stop doing things. It does mean creating a new way of on brain drain life based on play; in other words, a ludic conviviality, commensality, and maybe even art. There is more to play than child's play, as worthy as that is. I call for a collective adventure in generalized joy and freely interdependent exuberance. Play isn't passive.

Doubtless we all need a lot more time for sheer sloth and slack than we ever enjoy now, regardless of income or occupation, but once recovered from when quotes employment-induced exhaustion nearly all of us want to act. Oblomovism [1 ] and Stakhanovism [2 ] are two sides of the same debased coin. The ludic life is totally incompatible with existing reality. So much the worse for reality, the essays on brain drain in india, gravity hole that sucks the vitality from the little in tomorrow when began quotes essay life that still distinguishes it from mere survival. Curiously or maybe not – all the on brain in india, old ideologies are conservative because they believe in work. Some of revolutionary mothers carol berkin thesis them, like Marxism and most brands of anarchism, believe in work all the essays in india, more fiercely because they believe in so little else. Revolutionary Berkin? Liberals say we should end employment discrimination. I say we should end employment. Conservatives support right-to-work laws. Following Karl Marx's wayward son-in-law Paul Lafargue [3 ] I support the right to be lazy. Leftists favor full employment.

Like the surrealists – except that I'm not kidding – I favor full un employment. Trotskyists agitate for permanent revolution. I agitate for permanent revelry. But if all the ideologues (as they do) advocate work – and not only on brain, because they plan to make other people do theirs – they are strangely reluctant to say so. They will carry on endlessly about wages, hours, working conditions, exploitation, productivity, profitability. They'll gladly talk about anything but work itself. These experts who offer to do our thinking for us rarely share their conclusions about essay, work, for all its saliency in the lives of all of us.

Among themselves they quibble over essays on brain drain in india, the details. Unions and management agree that we ought to sell the time of our lives in exchange for survival, although they haggle over the price. Essay? Marxists think we should be bossed by bureaucrats. Libertarians think we should be bossed by businessmen. Feminists don't care which form bossing takes so long as the bosses are women. Clearly these ideology-mongers have serious differences over how to drain divvy up the spoils of power. Just as clearly, none of them have any objection to essays power as such and all of them want to keep us working. You may be wondering if I'm joking or serious. On Brain? I'm joking and serious. Mothers? To be ludic is not to essays on brain drain in india be ludicrous. Play doesn't have to be frivolous, although frivolity isn't triviality: very often we ought to take frivolity seriously.

I'd like life to be a game – but a game with high stakes. I want to play for keeps . The alternative to work isn't just idleness. To be ludic is not to be quaaludic [4 ]. As much as I treasure the pleasure of torpor, it's never more rewarding than when it punctuates other pleasures and accomplishments essay pastimes. Nor am I promoting the managed time-disciplined safety-valve called leisure; far from it. Leisure is nonwork for the sake of work. Leisure is the time spent recovering from work and in the frenzied but hopeless attempt to forget about work. Many people return from vacation so beat that they look forward to returning to work so they can rest up. The main difference between work and essays on brain drain leisure is that work at least you get paid for your alienation and enervation.

I am not playing definitional games with anybody. Revolutionary Mothers Thesis? When I say I want to abolish work, I mean just what I say, but I want to say what I mean by defining my terms in non-idiosyncratic ways. My minimum definition of work is forced labor . that is, compulsory production. Both elements are essential. Work is production enforced by economic or political means, by the carrot or the stick. (The carrot is just the stick by other means.) But not all creation is work. Work is on brain drain, never done for its own sake, it's done on account of some product or output that the worker (or, more often, somebody else) gets out of it. This is what work necessarily is. To define it is to despise it. But work is revolutionary carol, usually even worse than its definition decrees.

The dynamic of domination intrinsic to work tends over time toward elaboration. In advanced work-riddled societies, including all industrial societies whether capitalist of Communist, work invariably acquires other attributes which accentuate its obnoxiousness. Usually – and essays this is even more true in Communist than capitalist countries, where the state is almost the only employer and everyone is an employee – work is employment, i.e. wage-labor, which means selling yourself on the installment plan. Thus 95% of Americans who work, work for somebody (or something) else. In the assignment, USSR or Cuba or Yugoslavia or any other alternative model which might be adduced, the corresponding figure approaches 100%.

Only the embattled Third World peasant bastions – Mexico, India, Brazil, Turkey – temporarily shelter significant concentrations of agriculturists who perpetuate the traditional arrangement of most laborers in the last several millenia, the payment of taxes (= ransom) to the state or rent to parasitic landlords in return for being otherwise left alone. Even this raw deal is beginning to look good. All industrial (and office) workers are employees and under the sort of surveillance which ensures servility. But modern work has worse implications. People don't just work, they have jobs.

One person does one productive task all the on brain, time on revolutionary carol berkin, an or-else basis. Even if the task has a quantum of intrinsic interest (as increasingly many jobs don't) the monotony of essays on brain its obligatory exclusivity drains its ludic potential. A job that might engage the tomorrow when essay, energies of some people, for a reasonably limited time, for the fun of it, is just a burden on those who have to do it for forty hours a week with no say in how it should be done, for the profit of owners who contribute nothing to the project, and with no opportunity for sharing tasks or spreading the in india, work among those who actually have to do it. This is the real world of work: a world of bureaucratic blundering, of sexual harassment and discrimination, of bonehead bosses exploiting and scapegoating their subordinates who – by any rational-technical criteria – should be calling the shots. But capitalism in the real world subordinates the pay for, rational maximization of productivity and profit to the exigencies of organizational control. The degradation which most workers experience on the job is the sum of assorted indignities which can be denominated as discipline. Foucault has complexified this phenomenon but it is simple enough. Discipline consists of the totality of totalitarian controls at the workplace – surveillance, rotework, imposed work tempos, production quotas, punching -in and -out, etc. Discipline is on brain drain in india, what the factory and the office and the store share with the prison and the school and the mental hospital. It is something historically original and horrible.

It was beyond the capacities of such demonic dictators of yore as Nero and Genghis Khan and Ivan the revolutionary mothers carol berkin thesis, Terrible. For all their bad intentions they just didn't have the machinery to essays on brain drain in india control their subjects as thoroughly as modern despots do. Discipline is the distinctively diabolical modern mode of control, it is an mothers berkin thesis innovative intrusion which must be interdicted at in india the earliest opportunity. Such is work. Play is introduction, just the opposite.

Play is always voluntary. What might otherwise be play is work if it's forced. This is axiomatic. Bernie de Koven has defined play as the on brain, suspension of consequences. This is hilarious satirical essays, unacceptable if it implies that play is inconsequential. The point is not that play is without consequences. This is to demean play.

The point is drain in india, that the consequences, if any, are gratuitous. Playing and giving are closely related, they are the behavioral and transactional facets of the same impulse, the mothers, play-instinct. They share an aristocratic disdain for results. The player gets something out of playing; that's why he plays. In India? But the core reward is the hilarious essays, experience of the activity itself (whatever it is).

Some otherwise attentive students of play, like Johan Huizinga ( Homo Ludens ), define it as game-playing or following rules. I respect Huizinga's erudition but emphatically reject his constraints. There are many good games (chess, baseball, Monopoly, bridge) which are rule-governed but there is much more to play than game-playing. Conversation, sex, dancing, travel – these practices aren't rule-governed but they are surely play if anything is. And rules can be played with at least as readily as anything else. Work makes a mockery of freedom. The official line is essays on brain drain in india, that we all have rights and live in a democracy. Other unfortunates who aren't free like we are have to began for a live in in india police states. These victims obey orders or-else, no matter how arbitrary. The authorities keep them under regular surveillance.

State bureaucrats control even the smaller details of revolutionary everyday life. The officials who push them around are answerable only to higher-ups, public or private. Either way, dissent and disobedience are punished. Essays Drain? Informers report regularly to the authorities. All this is introduction to critical essay, supposed to on brain drain be a very bad thing. And so it is, although it is nothing but a description of the modern workplace.

The liberals and conservatives and libertarians who lament totalitarianism are phonies and hypocrites. There is more freedom in any moderately deStalinized dictatorship than there is in the ordinary American workplace. You find the same sort of hierarchy and discipline in an office or factory as you do in pay for a prison or monastery. Drain In India? In fact, as Foucault and others have shown, prisons and factories came in at about the same time, and their operators consciously borrowed from each other's control techniques. A worker is a part time slave. The boss says when to satirical show up, when to essays on brain in india leave, and what to do in the meantime. He tells you how much work to do and how fast. He is free to carry his control to humiliating extremes, regulating, if he feels like it, the assignment, clothes you wear or how often you go to the bathroom. With a few exceptions he can fire you for any reason, or no reason.

He has you spied on essays drain, by snitches and supervisors, he amasses a dossier on assignment, every employee. Talking back is called insubordination, just as if a worker is a naughty child, and essays drain in india it not only gets you fired, it disqualifies you for unemployment compensation. Without necessarily endorsing it for them either, it is noteworthy that children at satirical essays home and in school receive much the same treatment, justified in their case by their supposed immaturity. On Brain In India? What does this say about their parents and teachers who work? The demeaning system of domination I've described rules over half the waking hours of accomplishments essay a majority of women and the vast majority of men for essays on brain drain in india decades, for most of their lifespans. For certain purposes it's not too misleading to call our system democracy or capitalism or – better still – industrialism, but its real names are factory fascism and office oligarchy. Anybody who says these people are free is essay, lying or stupid. You are what you do. If you do boring, stupid monotonous work, chances are you'll end up boring, stupid and monotonous. Essays In India? Work is a much better explanation for the creeping cretinization all around us than even such significant moronizing mechanisms as television and education. Pay For Assignment? People who are regimented all their lives, handed off to work from school and on brain drain bracketed by the family in the beginning and the nursing home at the end, are habituated to hierarchy and psychologically enslaved.

Their aptitude for autonomy is so atrophied that their fear of freedom is among their few rationally grounded phobias. Essay? Their obedience training at work carries over into the families they start, thus reproducing the system in more ways than one, and into politics, culture and everything else. Once you drain the vitality from people at work, they'll likely submit to hierarchy and expertise in everything. They're used to essays on brain drain it. We are so close to the world of career work that we can't see what it does to us.

We have to rely on outside observers from essays other times or other cultures to appreciate the extremity and the pathology of our present position. There was a time in hilarious our own past when the essays drain in india, work ethic would have been incomprehensible, and perhaps Weber was on to something when he tied its appearance to a religion, Calvinism, which if it emerged today instead of essay four centuries ago would immediately and appropriately be labeled a cult. Be that as it may, we have only to draw upon the wisdom of antiquity to put work in perspective. The ancients saw work for what it is, and their view prevailed, the Calvinist cranks notwithstanding, until overthrown by industrialism – but not before receiving the endorsement of its prophets. Essays Drain? Let's pretend for a moment that work doesn't turn people into stultified submissives. Let's pretend, in tomorrow when for a defiance of any plausible psychology and the ideology of its boosters, that it has no effect on the formation of character. And let's pretend that work isn't as boring and tiring and humiliating as we all know it really is. Even then, work would still make a mockery of essays on brain in india all humanistic and democratic aspirations, just because it usurps so much of our time. Socrates said that manual laborers make bad friends and bad citizens because they have no time to accomplishments essay fulfill the responsibilities of friendship and essays in india citizenship. He was right. Because of work, no matter what we do we keep looking at our watches.

The only thing free about internet essay, so-called free time is that it doesn't cost the boss anything. Free time is drain, mostly devoted to getting ready for work, going to work, returning from work, and recovering from work. Free time is a euphemism for the peculiar way labor as a factor of production not only transports itself at assignment its own expense to in india and from the workplace but assumes primary responsibility for its own maintenance and repair. Coal and steel don't do that. Lathes and typewriters don't do that. But workers do.

No wonder Edward G. Robinson [5 ] in one of his gangster movies exclaimed, Work is for saps! Both Plato and Xenophon attribute to Socrates and obviously share with him an awareness of the destructive effects of tomorrow when the war quotes for a work on the worker as a citizen and a human being. Herodotus identified contempt for work as an attribute of the classical Greeks at the zenith of their culture. To take only one Roman example, Cicero said that whoever gives his labor for money sells himself and puts himself in the rank of essays on brain slaves. His candor is now rare, but contemporary primitive societies which we are wont to look down upon have provided spokesmen who have enlightened Western anthropologists. The Kapauku of West Irian, according to Pospisil [6 ], have a conception of balance in life and accordingly work only every other day, the day of rest designed to regain the lost power and health. Our ancestors, even as late as the eighteenth century when they were far along the path to our present predicament, at assignment least were aware of what we have forgotten, the underside of industrialization. Their religious devotion to St. Monday – thus establishing a de facto five-day week 150-200 years before its legal consecration – was the essays drain, despair of the earliest factory owners. They took a long time in submitting to the tyranny of the bell, predecessor of the time clock.

In fact it was necessary for a generation or two to replace adult males with women accustomed to obedience and children who could be molded to fit industrial needs. Even the exploited peasants of the ancient regime wrested substantial time back from their landlord's work. Carol Berkin Thesis? According to Lafargue, a fourth of the French peasants' calendar was devoted to essays on brain in india Sundays and holidays, and Chayanov's [7 ] figures from villages in Czarist Russia – hardly a progressive society – likewise show a fourth or fifth of career accomplishments peasants' days devoted to repose. Controlling for productivity, we are obviously far behind these backward societies. The exploited muzhiks would wonder why any of us are working at all. So should we. To grasp the full enormity of our deterioration, however, consider the earliest condition of humanity, without government or property, when we wandered as hunter-gatherers. Hobbes surmised that life was then nasty, brutish and short. Others assume that life was a desperate unremitting struggle for subsistence, a war waged against a harsh Nature with death and disaster awaiting the unlucky or anyone who was unequal to the challenge of the struggle for on brain existence. Actually, that was all a projection of carol berkin thesis fears for the collapse of government authority over communities unaccustomed to essays drain doing without it, like the England of Hobbes during the Civil War.

Hobbes' compatriots had already encountered alternative forms of society which illustrated other ways of life – in North America, particularly – but already these were too remote from their experience to be understandable. (The lower orders, closer to the condition of the Indians, understood it better and often found it attractive. Throughout the seventeenth century, English settlers defected to Indian tribes or, captured in war, refused to essay return. On Brain? But the Indians no more defected to white settlements than Germans climb the Berlin Wall from the hilarious, west.) The survival of the fittest version – the on brain in india, Thomas Huxley version – of Darwinism was a better account of economic conditions in Victorian England than it was of natural selection, as the anarchist Kropotkin showed in his book Mutual Aid, A Factor of Evolution . (Kropotkin was a scientist – a geographer – who'd had ample involuntary opportunity for tomorrow the war quotes for a essay fieldwork whilst exiled in Siberia: he knew what he was talking about.) Like most social and essays on brain in india political theory, the career accomplishments, story Hobbes and his successors told was really unacknowledged autobiography. The anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, surveying the essays on brain drain, data on contemporary hunter-gatherers, exploded the Hobbesian myth in an article entitled The Original Affluent Society. They work a lot less than we do, and their work is tomorrow when the war essay, hard to distinguish from what we regard as play. Sahlins concluded that hunters and gatherers work less than we do; and rather than a continuous travail, the food quest is intermittent, leisure abundant, and there is a greater amount of sleep in the daytime per capita per year than in any other condition of society. They worked an average of on brain four hours a day, assuming they were working at all. Their labor, as it appears to us, was skilled labor which exercised their physical and intellectual capacities; unskilled labor on any large scale, as Sahlins says, is impossible except under industrialism. Thus it satisfied Friedrich Schiller's definition of play, the only occasion on which man realizes his complete humanity by giving full play to revolutionary carol berkin both sides of his twofold nature, thinking and feeling.

As he put it: The animal works when deprivation is the mainspring of on brain in india its activity, and it plays when the fullness of its strength is this mainspring, when superabundant life is tomorrow when quotes for a essay, its own stimulus to activity. (A modern version – dubiously developmental – is Abraham Maslow's counterposition of deficiency and essays drain in india growth motivation.) Play and freedom are, as regards production, coextensive. Even Marx, who belongs (for all his good intentions) in the productivist pantheon, observed that the realm of freedom does not commence until the point is passed where labor under the compulsion of necessity and external utility is required. He never could quite bring himself to identify this happy circumstance as what it is, the abolition of work – it's rather anomalous, after all, to be pro-worker and anti-work – but we can. The aspiration to introduction to critical go backwards or forwards to a life without work is essays on brain in india, evident in essays every serious social or cultural history of on brain pre-industrial Europe, among them M. Dorothy George's England In Transition and Peter Burke's Popular Culture in globalization essay Early Modern Europe . Also pertinent is Daniel Bell's essay, Work and its Discontents, the drain in india, first text, I believe, to refer to hilarious essays the revolt against work in on brain drain in india so many words and, had it been understood, an career accomplishments important correction to on brain drain in india the complacency ordinarily associated with the volume in which it was collected, The End of Ideology . Neither critics nor celebrants have noticed that Bell's end-of-ideology thesis signaled not the end of social unrest but the beginning of a new, uncharted phase unconstrained and uninformed by ideology. It was Seymour Lipset (in Political Man ), not Bell, who announced at the same time that the fundamental problems of the Industrial Revolution have been solved, only a few years before the post- or meta-industrial discontents of quotes for a college students drove Lipset from UC Berkeley to the relative (and temporary) tranquility of essays on brain in india Harvard. As Bell notes, Adam Smith in The Wealth of essays Nations . for all his enthusiasm for on brain drain in india the market and the division of labor, was more alert to (and more honest about) the seamy side of work than Ayn Rand or the Chicago economists or any of Smith's modern epigones.

As Smith observed: The understandings of the greater part of men are necessarily formed by their ordinary employments. The man whose life is spent in mothers carol thesis performing a few simple operations. has no occasion to exert his understanding. He generally becomes as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become. Here, in a few blunt words, is my critique of work. Bell, writing in essays on brain drain in india 1956, the Golden Age of Eisenhower imbecility and American self-satisfaction, identified the unorganized, unorganizable malaise of the 1970's and since, the one no political tendency is able to harness, the one identified in introduction to critical HEW's report Work in America . the one which cannot be exploited and so is ignored. That problem is the revolt against essays, work.

It does not figure in any text by any laissez-faire economist – Milton Friedman, Murray Rothbard, Richard Posner – because, in their terms, as they used to say on when for a, Star Trek, it does not compute. If these objections, informed by essays on brain drain, the love of liberty, fail to persuade humanists of a utilitarian or even paternalist turn, there are others which they cannot disregard. Work is hazardous to your health, to borrow a book title. In fact, work is mass murder or genocide. Directly or indirectly, work will kill most of the people who read these words. Between 14,000 and hilarious satirical 25,000 workers are killed annually in this country on the job. Over two million are disabled. Twenty to twenty-five million are injured every year.

And these figures are based on a very conservative estimation of essays what constitutes a work-related injury. Thus they don't count the half million cases of introduction essay occupational disease every year. I looked at one medical textbook on occupational diseases which was 1,200 pages long. Even this barely scratches the surface. Essays On Brain? The available statistics count the obvious cases like the 100,000 miners who have black lung disease, of whom 4,000 die every year, a much higher fatality rate than for AIDS, for instance, which gets so much media attention.

This reflects the unvoiced assumption that AIDS afflicts perverts who could control their depravity whereas coal-mining is a sacrosanct activity beyond question. What the statistics don't show is that tens of millions of people have their lifespans shortened by work – which is all that homicide means, after all. Consider the pay for, doctors who work themselves to death in their 50's. Consider all the drain, other workaholics. Even if you aren't killed or crippled while actually working, you very well might be while going to hilarious satirical work, coming from work, looking for work, or trying to forget about work.

The vast majority of victims of the automobile are either doing one of these work-obligatory activities or else fall afoul of those who do them. To this augmented body-count must be added the victims of auto-industrial pollution and drain work-induced alcoholism and drug addiction. Hilarious Satirical? Both cancer and heart disease are modern afflictions normally traceable, directly, or indirectly, to work. Work, then, institutionalizes homicide as a way of life. People think the Cambodians were crazy for on brain drain exterminating themselves, but are we any different? The Pol Pot regime at least had a vision, however blurred, of an egalitarian society. We kill people in the six-figure range (at least) in order to sell Big Macs and Cadillacs to the survivors. Our forty or fifty thousand annual highway fatalities are victims, not martyrs. They died for nothing – or rather, they died for work. But work is nothing to internet essay die for. Bad news for liberals: regulatory tinkering is useless in this life-and-death context.

The federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration was designed to police the core part of the problem, workplace safety. Even before Reagan and the Supreme Court stifled it, OSHA was a farce. Essays On Brain Drain In India? At previous and (by current standards) generous Carter-era funding levels, a workplace could expect a random visit from an OSHA inspector once every 46 years. State control of the economy is no solution. Work is, if anything, more dangerous in the state-socialist countries than it is here.

Thousands of Russian workers were killed or injured building the Moscow subway. Stories reverberate about covered-up Soviet nuclear disasters which make Times Beach and Three-Mile Island look like elementary-school air-raid drills. On the other hand, deregulation, currently fashionable, won't help and will probably hurt. From a health and safety standpoint, among others, work was at its worst in the days when the economy most closely approximated laissez-faire. Historians like Eugene Genovese have argued persuasively that – as antebellum slavery apologists insisted – factory wage-workers in the Northern American states and in Europe were worse off than Southern plantation slaves.

No rearrangement of assignment relations among bureaucrats and businessmen seems to make much difference at the point of production. On Brain Drain? Serious enforcement of even the rather vague standards enforceable in theory by OSHA would probably bring the economy to a standstill. Berkin? The enforcers apparently appreciate this, since they don't even try to on brain drain in india crack down on most malefactors. What I've said so far ought not to be controversial. Many workers are fed up with work. There are high and rising rates of absenteeism, turnover, employee theft and sabotage, wildcat strikes, and overall goldbricking on revolutionary mothers, the job. Essays Drain In India? There may be some movement toward a conscious and not just visceral rejection of work. Tomorrow When The War? And yet the prevalent feeling, universal among bosses and their agents and also widespread among workers themselves is in india, that work itself is revolutionary berkin, inevitable and essays in india necessary.

I disagree. Introduction To Critical? It is now possible to abolish work and replace it, insofar as it serves useful purposes, with a multitude of new kinds of on brain drain free activities. To abolish work requires going at it from two directions, quantitative and qualitative. On the one hand, on the quantitative side, we have to cut down massively on the amount of work being done. At present most work is useless or worse and we should simply get rid of it. On the other hand – and I think this is the revolutionary carol berkin, crux of the matter and the revolutionary new departure – we have to take what useful work remains and transform it into on brain in india a pleasing variety of game-like and craft-like pastimes, indistinguishable from other pleasurable pastimes, except that they happen to yield useful end-products. Surely that shouldn't make them less enticing to do. Then all the artificial barriers of introduction to critical power and essays on brain drain property could come down. Creation could become recreation. And we could all stop being afraid of each other. I don't suggest that most work is salvageable in this way.

But then most work isn't worth trying to save. Only a small and career essay diminishing fraction of work serves any useful purpose independent of the essays in india, defense and hilarious satirical reproduction of the work-system and its political and legal appendages. Twenty years ago, Paul and Percival Goodman estimated that just five percent of the work then being done – presumably the figure, if accurate, is lower now – would satisfy our minimal needs for food, clothing, and shelter. Theirs was only an educated guess but the main point is quite clear: directly or indirectly, most work serves the unproductive purposes of commerce or social control. Right off the bat we can liberate tens of millions of salesmen, soldiers, managers, cops, stockbrokers, clergymen, bankers, lawyers, teachers, landlords, security guards, ad-men and everyone who works for them. Essays Drain In India? There is pay for assignment, a snowball effect since every time you idle some bigshot you liberate his flunkeys and underlings also. On Brain Drain? Thus the economy implodes. Forty percent of the workforce are white-collar workers, most of whom have some of the most tedious and idiotic jobs ever concocted.

Entire industries, insurance and banking and real estate for introduction to critical instance, consist of nothing but useless paper-shuffling. It is no accident that the tertiary sector, the service sector, is growing while the essays on brain, secondary sector (industry) stagnates and the primary sector (agriculture) nearly disappears. Assignment? Because work is unnecessary except to those whose power it secures, workers are shifted from relatively useful to relatively useless occupations as a measure to assure public order. Anything is better than nothing. That's why you can't go home just because you finish early.

They want your time, enough of it to on brain make you theirs, even if they have no use for introduction to critical essay most of it. Otherwise why hasn't the average work week gone down by more than a few minutes in the past fifty years? Next we can take a meat-cleaver to production work itself. No more war production, nuclear power, junk food, feminine hygiene deodorant – and above all, no more auto industry to essays on brain speak of. An occasional Stanley Steamer or Model-T might be all right, but the auto-eroticism on which such pestholes as Detroit and Los Angeles depend on is out of the tomorrow began quotes for a, question. Already, without even trying, we've virtually solved the energy crisis, the environmental crisis and assorted other insoluble social problems. Finally, we must do away with far and away the largest occupation, the one with the longest hours, the lowest pay and some of the most tedious tasks around.

I refer to housewives doing housework and child-rearing. By abolishing wage-labor and achieving full unemployment we undermine the sexual division of labor. The nuclear family as we know it is an inevitable adaptation to the division of essays on brain drain labor imposed by pay for assignment, modern wage-work. Like it or not, as things have been for essays drain in india the last century or two it is economically rational for the man to bring home the bacon, for essays the woman to do the shitwork to provide him with a haven in a heartless world, and for the children to be marched off to youth concentration camps called schools, primarily to keep them out of Mom's hair but still under control, but incidentally to acquire the in india, habits of obedience and punctuality so necessary for workers. If you would be rid of patriarchy, get rid of the nuclear family whose unpaid shadow work, as Ivan Illich says, makes possible the work-system that makes it necessary. Bound up with this no-nukes strategy is the abolition of childhood and career the closing of the schools. There are more full-time students than full-time workers in this country. We need children as teachers, not students. Essays Drain In India? They have a lot to contribute to the ludic revolution because they're better at playing than grown-ups are. Adults and children are not identical but they will become equal through interdependence.

Only play can bridge the generation gap. I haven't as yet even mentioned the possibility of cutting way down on the little work that remains by automating and revolutionary mothers berkin thesis cybernizing it. All the scientists and engineers and technicians freed from on brain drain in india bothering with war research and planned obsolescence would have a good time devising means to eliminate fatigue and tedium and career accomplishments essay danger from activities like mining. Undoubtedly they'll find other projects to amuse themselves with. Perhaps they'll set up world-wide all-inclusive multi-media communications systems or found space colonies. Perhaps. I myself am no gadget freak. I wouldn't care to live in drain a pushbutton paradise. I don't want robot slaves to do everything; I want to do things myself. Pay For? There is, I think, a place for labor-saving technology, but a modest place.

The historical and pre-historical record is not encouraging. When productive technology went from hunting-gathering to agriculture and on to industry, work increased while skills and self-determination diminished. On Brain In India? The further evolution of industrialism has accentuated what Harry Braverman called the degradation of revolutionary mothers berkin thesis work. Intelligent observers have always been aware of this. John Stuart Mill wrote that all the labor-saving inventions ever devised haven't saved a moment's labor. Drain In India? Karl Marx wrote that it would be possible to write a history of the inventions, made since 1830, for the sole purpose of career essay supplying capital with weapons against drain, the revolts of the working class. The enthusiastic technophiles – Saint-Simon, Comte, Lenin, B. F. Skinner – have always been unabashed authoritarians also; which is to to critical say, technocrats. We should be more than skeptical about the promises of the computer mystics. They work like dogs; chances are, if they have their way, so will the rest of us.

But if they have any particularized contributions more readily subordinated to human purposes than the run of high tech, let's give them a hearing. What I really want to see is drain in india, work turned into play. A first step is to discard the notions of career accomplishments a job and essays on brain an occupation. Even activities that already have some ludic content lose most of it by being reduced to jobs which certain people, and only those people are forced to do to the exclusion of all else. Is it not odd that farm workers toil painfully in hilarious satirical essays the fields while their air-conditioned masters go home every weekend and putter about in their gardens?

Under a system of permanent revelry, we will witness the Golden Age of the drain, dilettante which will put the Renaissance to pay for assignment shame. There won't be any more jobs, just things to do and people to do them. The secret of turning work into play, as Charles Fourier demonstrated, is to arrange useful activities to take advantage of whatever it is that various people at various times in fact enjoy doing. To make it possible for some people to do the things they could enjoy it will be enough just to eradicate the irrationalities and distortions which afflict these activities when they are reduced to work. In India? I, for instance, would enjoy doing some (not too much) teaching, but I don't want coerced students and I don't care to suck up to pathetic pedants for tenure. Second, there are some things that people like to do from time to tomorrow began for a time, but not for essays too long, and certainly not all the time. You might enjoy baby-sitting for a few hours in order to share the company of kids, but not as much as their parents do. The parents meanwhile, profoundly appreciate the time to themselves that you free up for them, although they'd get fretful if parted from their progeny for when the war for a essay too long. These differences among individuals are what make a life of free play possible.

The same principle applies to many other areas of activity, especially the primal ones. Thus many people enjoy cooking when they can practice it seriously at their leisure, but not when they're just fueling up human bodies for work. Essays On Brain? Third – other things being equal – some things that are unsatisfying if done by assignment, yourself or in unpleasant surroundings or at the orders of an overlord are enjoyable, at least for a while, if these circumstances are changed. This is probably true, to some extent, of all work. People deploy their otherwise wasted ingenuity to make a game of the essays on brain in india, least inviting drudge-jobs as best they can. When The War Quotes For A Essay? Activities that appeal to some people don't always appeal to all others, but everyone at essays on brain drain in india least potentially has a variety of interests and an interest in variety. Tomorrow When The War Quotes For A Essay? As the saying goes, anything once. Fourier was the master at essays drain speculating how aberrant and introduction to critical perverse penchants could be put to use in post-civilized society, what he called Harmony. He thought the Emperor Nero would have turned out all right if as a child he could have indulged his taste for bloodshed by essays on brain in india, working in tomorrow when for a a slaughterhouse. Small children who notoriously relish wallowing in filth could be organized in Little Hordes to clean toilets and empty the garbage, with medals awarded to the outstanding. I am not arguing for these precise examples but for drain in india the underlying principle, which I think makes perfect sense as one dimension of an overall revolutionary transformation.

Bear in mind that we don't have to pay for take today's work just as we find it and match it up with the proper people, some of whom would have to be perverse indeed. If technology has a role in all this it is less to automate work out of existence than to essays on brain in india open up new realms for re/creation. To some extent we may want to return to handicrafts, which William Morris considered a probable and desirable upshot of communist revolution. Art would be taken back from the snobs and collectors, abolished as a specialized department catering to an elite audience, and its qualities of beauty and creation restored to to critical essay integral life from which they were stolen by work. It's a sobering thought that the Grecian urns we write odes about and showcase in museums were used in their own time to store olive oil. I doubt our everyday artifacts will fare as well in the future, if there is one. The point is that there's no such thing as progress in the world of essays drain in india work; if anything it's just the opposite. We shouldn't hesitate to pilfer the revolutionary carol berkin thesis, past for what it has to offer, the ancients lose nothing yet we are enriched. The reinvention of daily life means marching off the edge of our maps.

There is, it is true, more suggestive speculation than most people suspect. Essays On Brain In India? Besides Fourier and Morris – and even a hint, here and there, in Marx – there are the writings of Kropotkin, the syndicalists Pataud and hilarious Pouget, anarcho-communists old (Berkman) and new (Bookchin). The Goodman brothers' Communitas is exemplary for illustrating what forms follow from given functions (purposes), and there is something to be gleaned from the essays on brain in india, often hazy heralds of alternative/appropriate/intermediate/convivial technology, like Schumacher and especially Illich, once you disconnect their fog machines. The situationists – as represented by Vaneigem's Revolution of Daily Life and in the Situationist International Anthology – are so ruthlessly lucid as to be exhilarating, even if they never did quite square the endorsement of the rule of the worker's councils with the abolition of work. Better their incongruity, though than any extant version of career accomplishments essay leftism, whose devotees look to drain be the last champions of work, for pay for if there were no work there would be no workers, and without workers, who would the left have to organize? So the abolitionists would be largely on their own.

No one can say what would result from unleashing the creative power stultified by work. Anything can happen. The tiresome debater's problem of freedom vs. necessity, with its theological overtones, resolves itself practically once the production of use-values is coextensive with the consumption of delightful play-activity. Life will become a game, or rather many games, but not – as it is now – a zero/sum game. An optimal sexual encounter is the paradigm of productive play, The participants potentiate each other's pleasures, nobody keeps score, and everybody wins. The more you give, the more you get. In the ludic life, the best of sex will diffuse into the better part of daily life. Generalized play leads to the libidinization of life. Sex, in turn, can become less urgent and desperate, more playful.

If we play our cards right, we can all get more out of life than we put into it; but only if we play for keeps. Essays On Brain In India? No one should ever work. Workers of the satirical, world. relax! [1 ] Oblomovism, means a passive behaviour like that of the protagonist of essays drain Goncharov's novel Oblomov (1859). [2 ] Stakhanovism from hilarious satirical Stakhanov, a coal-miner in the Soviet Union (1930-1940) whose productivity was well above the norm. He was presented by essays on brain drain in india, soviet propaganda as a hero whose example had to be followed by all the workers in view of the construction of hilarious a socialist society. [3 ] Paul Lafargue (1842-1911) was socialist activist and writer and the author of Le droit a la paresse (The Right to be Lazy) in which he wrote against the mystique of work uphold by drain, many socialists. [4 ] Quaaludic, from Quaalude, a brand name for the sedative drug Methaqualone, known as Mandrax in Britain. [5 ] Edward G. Robinson (1893-1973) was an actor known for impersonating some tough characters. [6 ] Leopold Pospisil was an anthropologist who wrote about the Kapauku, an tomorrow the war quotes essay ethnic group of New Guinea. [7 ] Alexander Chayanov (1888-1937) was a Soviet agrarian economist.

The Little Known Secret to Building the Perfect Resume. The problem with this secret is that it is taboo in the job search / job finding world. Essays. Everybody knows it’s true…nobody likes to career, admit it. Essays On Brain In India. This little resume secret is complete blasphemy in “the industry.” I don’t like to associate NavyNukeJobFinder.com with scandal, but I have to be real with my peeps (that’s you). Berkin Thesis. So here’s the secret… Continue reading “How to Build a Job Winning Resume” I interviewed Dave Rakowski on January 25, 2014 as he was preparing to essays drain, retire from the Navy and start a new life in the civilian world. Dave had some very interesting things to say, and internet, I think the information in this interview is going to be valuable for current Navy Nukes, Former Navy Nukes, and anyone considering joining the program.

Here are the stats… I like to essays in india, start the interview off with a little personal information, just to revolutionary, get a feel for who I’m talking to. Dave is 40 years old, and has been married for 13 years. Dave has 3 kids (2 girls, 8 and 10 years old, and one 4 year old boy). Dave also has a 5 year old Walker Treeing Coon Hound. Dave is a Surface Warfare Qualified, Senior Chief (E-8) Electrician’s Mate (Nuclear). He entered this man’s Navy on 7 DEC 1994, and his EAOS is 31 DEC 2014. As usual, my questions are in bold , Dave’s responses are in normal type, and my commentary, if any, is in italics . Dave circa 1994. Long Story: Born in in india, Louisiana, lived there until I was 6 months old, moved to Chicago for 3 months, moved to Java, Indonesia, lived there until I was about pay for assignment, 2, then moved to La Paz, Bolivia until I was about 3, moved back to essays, Louisiana, lived there until 1979, then moved to pay for assignment, Lakewood, Colorado (suburb of on brain in india Denver), then in 1986, moved to pay for, Portland, Oregon, then in 1987, moved back to Lakewood, Colorado, where I lived until I enlisted. Short Story: Colorado.

Where do you want to essays, live after the Navy? Both the wife and I are from Colorado, and miss the snow, so we want to live in a place with SEASONS, and with good schools for the kids, with a semi-decent standard of living, so we are really looking closely at the Northwest or Northeast US. Why did you decide to join the Navy and what made you decide to join the Nuclear program? I graduated High School in 1991, and then went to the University of Colorado. I studied there from satirical essays 1991 until 1994. During that time, I changed my major 5 times. Essays Drain. Started with Computer Science, then Chemical Engineering, then Chemistry, then Business Finance and finished up with Business Administration. Globalization. I ended up leaving after 3.5 years with no degree, and thanks to two incredibly supportive parents, no student loan debt either. I bounced around aimlessly from job to job for a few months before I found myself in a recruiters office.

I had a vague idea of wanting to someday work for the NSA or CIA, and figured the best way to do that was through Air Force Intelligence, so I made an appointment with the essays on brain, Air Force recruiter. Well, he blew me off, and the Navy Recruiter was there. After talking with him for globalization a long time, I decided that the essays on brain drain in india, Cryptologic Technician rating was the internet essay, one for on brain in india me, and signed some paperwork. The next week, I took the ASVAB, I finished an hour and a half early, and my recruiter thought I bombed it. Once the results came back as a 99, however, he told me he had another exam for me, called the “NFQT” to qualify for the most “Advanced Rating in the Armed Forces”. I took it, and aced it, and next thing I knew, I was shipping off to Boot Camp as a Proto-Nuke. Had no idea what it entailed, did some research and career accomplishments essay, wanted to be an ELT, so I asked for MM first, ET second, and EM third. I thank my lucky stars every day that I ended up as a Nuke EM, not as a CT, or MM or ET.

I’m convinced that most people don’t know what they want to do with their life after graduating highschool. I’m a huge advocate of taking a little time off before heading to college. On Brain Drain. What’s wrong with taking a year to travel or do something awesome and spectacular with your life. James Altucher writes about carol, this in his book 40 Alternatives to College, which is a great read for any parent or young student. On Brain Drain In India. I think that one of the greatest alternatives to college is pay for assignment a stint in the Military. Even if you spend 6 years in the Nuclear Program, you come out with a ton of options, experience, education, and perspective that most of essays on brain drain your peers, even 6 years later, will not have. You are about to retire after 20 years, and I hope the next phase of your career is extremely rewarding.

How did you decide to make a career out career essay of the Navy, and at what point in your career did you know that you were going to do 20 years? During my first 3 or so years, I wore a Paper Clip on my uniform ( P eople A gainst essays drain, P eople E ver R e-enlisting; C ivilian L ife I s P referred). Then, initial move-aboard happened on the Truman. Living on board the ship was the satirical essays, worst 6 months I had in the Navy up to that point. I was a 3 rd Class [Petty Officer], and at drain in india the time, they didn’t allow 3 rd Classes to have BAH [Basic Allowance for Housing]. So, I decided to bite the introduction essay, bullet, and did the STAR Re-Enlistment just so I could get BAH and in india, move off the ship ( STAR Re-Enlistment allows E-4 Nukes to be advanced to E-5 upon re-enlistment ). Fast-forward 3 years, and I’m getting married. 2 years later, some financial debt…Make the introduction, decision with the essays drain, wife to internet, wipe out essays in india debt and re-enlist.

That would take me out to pay for, my 10 year point. I was fully planning on on brain, getting out then, after my tour at Prototype ( The School where Nukes train on actual nuclear power plants ). Then, I made CPO [Chief Petty Officer, E-7]. When that happened, I finally decided on the full 20 year career. Now that I had my Khakis on, I wanted the tomorrow the war quotes, rest of my career to essays in india, be comprised of me trying to make the Navy just a slightly nicer place for hilarious junior guys so hopefully the attitude I had in my beginning years would no longer continue. I want to touch on 2 things here. First, as a single sailor, I never had to consider what a “Family” decision re-enlisting was. Essays Drain In India. I think Dave does a great job of explaining how he had to involve his wife in the decision and all the factors (debt, marriage, quality of life vis a vis housing) that went into internet globalization essay the decision. At some point Nukes have to consider whether this a 6 and out deal or am I making a longer career out of this. A lot of the NNJF message board posts are from wives asking about the economy on the outside and is it a good idea to leave the on brain, safety and comfort of a steady paycheck (and family health coverage) right now.

Second, there is a dark side to the Nuclear program, and to critical essay, that is…a lot of Nukes really hate being Navy Nukes. I was one of essays on brain them. I was a PAPERCLIP wearing, I hate the Navy, 6 Out, 807, Nuke. At any given time I could tell you down to the minute, how much time I had left on my 6 years, and essay, I could adjust it for terminal leave upon request. Some people loved it, some people hated it, and some people like my good friend Iron Michael Nunez handled it like a true professional and made the absolute best of their time in the program. I’m older now, and know that a lot of my hate and essays on brain drain, discontent was due to a lack of maturity. When Dave says that he, wanted to spend the rest of his career trying to make the Navy a better place, it really brings a smile to assignment, my face because while a lot of my hate and discontent was caused by my own immaturity, a lot of it was also caused by poor leadership in drain, the enlisted ranks, particularly the First Classes and Chiefs that had a direct bearing on my day to mothers berkin thesis, day life.

I’m glad that people like Dave, upon promotion to leadership, take a proactive hand in making things better. In your 20 years, what was your favorite duty station and why? What job did you do there and what did you like about that job? Putting on the Anchor. Every duty station that I have had has been my favorite. I loved the essays, USS Harry S. Truman, my first ship, I made some lifelong friends there, did the first deployment of my career, the pay for, Truman’s maiden deployment in 2000-2001.

I made First Class [E-6] on that Cruise. I loved my staff tour at Prototype, I had never been that challenged in a position in my life, I loved the many complexities that arose from essays drain in india keeping a 50+ year old Reactor running while continually performing student training. Career Accomplishments Essay. I loved my tour on the USS Theodore Roosevelt, where I matured as a Chief Petty Officer, I learned more from my guys there than I have learned from any instructor in drain, any class in my entire life. I have never worked with more intelligent or professional people, and accomplishments, again, I made some life-long friends. I am also thoroughly enjoying my tour at Nuclear Power School, having the opportunity to influence the essays, next generation of Nuclear Operators is something that I am incredibly honored to have the opportunity to essay, do. Not to mention the ability to train Officers for 2 full years, teaching 6 consecutive classes, nearly 200 Officer Students the principles of Electrical Engineering, and finally get the essays in india, opportunity to stress to essay, them the importance of Electrical Safety, and KNOWING the Electric Plant has been amazing. I know that you have done a lot of teaching at NPS Charleston, and that you have taught both Enlisted and Officer Nukes. On Brain Drain In India. What are the quotes essay, differences and similarities teaching Officers vs.

Enlisted? I was filled with a lot of trepidation prior to on brain drain in india, heading up to accomplishments essay, the “3 rd Deck” and teaching Officers. Essays Drain In India. I had heard that they were ‘unteachable’, and accomplishments, had huge chips on on brain, their shoulder. Nothing could be further from the truth. Officers are just like the Enlisted, the differences are much smaller than anyone could possibly imagine. I have met some Enlisted folks smarter than any Officer… I have met Officers who even as students could run a 90 man division flawlessly. I think overall, I enjoy teaching enlisted more, but that may be because I remember what it was like to be in their shoes. What did the Navy teach you about being a leader? I left the career accomplishments essay, Navy as an E5, and I feel like I missed a lot of valuable leadership experience that I might have gained as an E6 or E7.

What have you learned about leading people since making Chief and later Senior Chief? When I was an E-6, I think I had a tremendous chip on on brain drain in india, my shoulder. I felt like I had something to prove. As a Staff Instructor at globalization essay Prototype, I felt like I had to be mean in order to be heard. I made Chief Petty Officer toward the end of on brain my tour at Prototype, and I ended up as a JUNIOR CPO on when the war essay, the Roosevelt. While I was there, I relied heavily on my Work Center Supervisors, Maintenance Group Supervisors and LPO’s, to assist me, since the last time I was on a Carrier, I was a junior First Class.

I learned so much from the folks who worked with me, and it truly humbled me. I made some mistakes while I was there, and you better believe they’ll NEVER let me forget, but for that, I appreciate them. I never would be where I am now if it wasn’t for essays on brain drain them. I will never forget that. And that, I suppose is what I am taking away from the Navy as a leader. You treat your people with respect, treat your people like YOU would want to be treated. It sounds trite, but it is shockingly effective. And the hardest lesson to learn of all: Never be afraid to say, “I don’t know, but I’ll find out for you”. Essays. Pride has gotten more people into more trouble than any other trait. There are a lot of Nukes out essays drain in india there like myself, who leave the career accomplishments, Navy at E5 and in civilian life are suddenly thrust into leadership roles as Engineers or Lead Technicians.

My first Engineer job after the Navy I was supervising 6 unruly Mechanical Technicians at essays drain in india NASA. What advice would you give me to improve my leadership skills? Try to put yourself into their shoes. Why were they unruly? Did they have issues at home? Are they unsatisfied with their work?

Are they working too many hours? Too few? Are they actually engaged in when, working while they are at work? Remember all the essays drain, stories about bored Nukes. If someone is working at NASA, chances are they’re smarter than the average bear. People like that NEED to be challenged. If they are not, they get bored, and hijinks will be sure to accomplishments essay, follow. Let’s switch gears a bit and talk about your job finding process.

You are leaving the essays on brain, Navy in October 2014, what actions have you taken at this point to tomorrow began quotes for a, start finding a job, what do you wish you were doing better, and what do you feel you are doing right? Right off, I’ll say that the concept of switching gears completely and on brain drain in india, starting over at the bottom of the totem pole frightens me to no end. I am quite confident I will have no problem taking orders from someone 10 or 15 years younger than me, who got out of the Navy 3 years ago as a 6-and-out 3 rd Class. Essay. That doesn’t bother me. Just the true uncertainty that exists in essays on brain, the civilian job market, it is quite intimidating, and the thought that my family depends upon me finding a job. This has led to tomorrow when the war essay, me researching as much as possible different job opportunities that exist in the civilian world for someone with my specific skill set and experience.

I have done hours and hours of essays on brain drain research into the Nuclear Generation Field, both NLO and RO/SRO jobs, also looked at Coal/LNG/NG, Hydro, Wind Farms, Solar, etc, etc. Looked at Data Centers, Manufacturing Facilities, I have taken a college course in satirical, Programmable Logic Controllers, I finished a degree in Nuclear Engineering Technology. I am finishing up my NERC Reliability Coordinator Certification. I wrote a few resumes, I have a profile on monster.com, I have a LinkedIn profile. Essays. I have joined a few different groups on Facebook, and I have been talking to numerous friends out there in the real world, in introduction to critical, attempts to on brain, get a good handle on what industry I would be most happy in, and the best way to pay for assignment, go about getting a position in that field.

However, even with all this preparation, 9 months away from terminal leave, somehow I feel that it isn’t enough. I need to on brain drain, really start getting out there and start getting ‘practice’ interviews, so I can be familiar with the mothers carol berkin thesis, interview process. The last time I interviewed for a job, it was for Wal-Mart in 1994. I think he’s doing all the right things. If I could give anyone job hunting advice it would be to focus on talking to actual people. In any economy, it is important to know how to Crack the Hidden Job Market.

In my field at least, you get the best jobs by talking to essays drain, actual people, as opposed to focusing your job search to online tools. Use LinkedIn, Navy Nuke Job Finder Facebook Group, and career essay, other online tools to get acquainted with actual people and to call, visit, have lunch with those actual people (people who are working where, or in on brain, the industry where, you want to work). Get in berkin, touch with your friends who left the Navy, or are leaving soon, ask where they are working, who they know, tell people what you are looking for. Before the interview you sent me a short bio, and looking over your career in the Navy is quite amazing: Pre-Commissioned the essays on brain, Truman, Taught at Prototype, Lead Petty Officer at revolutionary Prototype, Training Coordinator at Prototype, Lead Chief Petty Officer on the Roosevelt, made Senior Chief at Nuclear Power School, where you taught Electrical Engineering to Officers and on brain, Math to Enlisted students. I don’t know how to convey the hilarious essays, magnitude of all that to somebody in the civilian world. On Brain. You’re basically a superhero. I can’t imagine sitting across from a hiring manager with all that experience under my belt. What kind of career do you want after the Navy, and to critical essay, why? Superhero?

No. I would most certainly just characterize myself as someone who has been lucky enough to on brain, have some AMAZING people working for him. The career that I really and truly think I would enjoy the most would be a System Dispatcher, or some other NERC Certified position. Satirical Essays. Ever since my first Electrical Operator watch on the Truman, I’ve enjoyed operating the on brain drain, electric plant, and since I’ve been studying the internet, civilian electrical distribution system, the essays on brain in india, more I learn, the more I want to learn. It is an amazing system, and one that I think I would enjoy operating. The sheer amount of information that is required for its operation though is intimidating to satirical, say the least. I’ve been studying for essays on brain drain the last 2 months, and I only feel like I’m barely scratching the surface, and I have nearly 20 years of globalization essay Electrical Operator experience behind me. Take a look at this post from the essays, Navy Nuke Job Finder Facebook Group: With all of your instructor experience, I imagine that this would be the perfect job for you, but my question is, do you have any entrepreneurial desires? I’m looking at your career, and hilarious satirical, I can’t imagine you working for someone else.

If you could start your own company, what would that company be, what problems would you solve, how would you go about in india, getting it off the ground, and would you hire Nukes? That job actually looks incredibly similar to what I’ve been doing for the last 3 years at Power School, and one of the things that I really enjoyed doing on satirical, the Roosevelt, writing and giving training. As far as the entrepreneurial spirit…I think that is better left for younger folk. I have missed both my daughters first words, their first steps, I have missed so many important events in drain in india, my wife and children’s lives that I don’t think that I would be willing to dedicate the 90-120 hours a week that starting a new business would entail. That being said, the career transition from when the war began for a essay Military to Civilian is essays drain in india going to be a huge culture shock for internet both me and my family, and I am fully expecting 60-80 hour work weeks. But I think I’m about 15 years too late for anything involving starting a company.

Would I hire Nukes? Hell yeah. Without a doubt. People talk all the time about how the pipeline is now a pump instead of a filter, and that the students we’re putting out in on brain in india, the fleet are so much worse than students years ago…I strongly disagree. They are not the hilarious satirical, same student, but they are no worse than any in the past at essays on brain drain in india least 20 years. Pay For Assignment. Maybe even smarter. Granted, there will always be those bad seeds, those sailors who just can’t cut it in on brain drain, ANY job, but the assignment, interview process is designed to weed people like that out. Thanks for essays on brain drain in india your service Senior Chief, fair winds and smooth sailing.

Two more things I want to discuss with you Dave, and this really just comes from the heart because I don’t often get a chance to say stuff like this to the Nuclear Community. But, I did six years in career accomplishments essay, the Program and essays on brain, I know EVERYTHING that being a Nuke entails. I want to tell you from the bottom of my heart that I sincerely appreciate the sacrifices you made. The best Nukes make a 20 year career look easy, but those of us who have served know that there are sacrifices made every day. You served from 1994 to revolutionary mothers berkin, 2014, which means you probably enforced the No Fly Zone before Gulf War II, you were on duty when the on brain drain in india, USS Cole got bombed, you were standing watch when Al-Qaeda attacked on September 11, 2001, Afghanistan, Iraq, the Global War on assignment, Terror, you answered the call when this country needed you and you trained a generation of Nukes, Officer and Enlisted, to keep this country safe.

And I want to say thank you for in india your service, my family and the war quotes essay, I appreciate it. Second, if there is on brain drain in india anything Navy Navy Nuke Job Finder can do for you, and internet essay, I mean anything , do not be afraid to ask. Is there anything else you would like to share? Absolutely. If you are still in the Navy, take advantage of the Government. The Government is taking advantage of you, so why not return the favor? Get your degree before you get out. Get a certification. That is all FREE. Then when you get out, you will have the entire GI Bill to get a Masters Degree. On Brain. And the most important piece of berkin thesis advice: As you move up through the ranks, NEVER forget where you came from essays in india . A special thanks to Dave Rakowski for volunteering his time to NavyNukeJobFinder.com.

You can contact Dave via his Linked Profile by clicking here. If you found value in this article, it would mean a lot to me if you scroll down and hit one of the share buttons. I received this email after posting my resume on Indeed. Essay. I'm not interested in the job they picked me to be a candidate for because of the location. Not that big of a fan of Virginia. I thought i would pass along the essays on brain, info. It's for pay for assignment an EOT position. Hey guys, its been a few years since I was in so figured I would post this here and see what your thoughts are.

I have a candidate that is getting out essays on brain drain that has been presented to hilarious satirical essays, me (hiring manager). He is an E4 with 5 years (nuke EM). Seems to me like there was a masting or something strange since I am generally used to seeing 6 year terms at a minimum and usually E5 or higher. Essays On Brain. Has anything changed in the last few years for Nukes and advancement / initial contract times or do I need to do more digging on this candidate. I am not against hiring someone who went to Captains Mast especially given how many I saw that were a little harsh but I would want to at least know that this occurred and assignment, why. . Deb Sweetman Stephenson. ATTN Navy Nukes!!

System Operator opening $125k-$135k a year (After training)! Looking for Navy Nukes who are going on terminal leave, or already out on brain drain of the Navy that have ties to introduction, the New England area. (MA, CT, NH, VT, RI or Maine etc.) MUST have a Bachelor degree (or presently pursuing one) We hire: ELT's, LELT's, Electrical Division Leading Petty Officers, EOOW, Engineering Watch Supervisors, Propulsion Plant Watch Officers, Engine Room Supervisors, Reactor Operators, Engineering Watch Officer, Electricians Mate, Electronics Technician, or Leading Petty Officer etc. (You get the idea). Essays On Brain Drain In India. control room experience. What do you guys think? Electrical or mechanical engineering degree? .

American Military Strategy in the Vietnam War, 1965–1973. For nearly a decade, American combat soldiers fought in South Vietnam to help sustain an independent, noncommunist nation in drain in india Southeast Asia. After U.S. troops departed in 1973, the collapse of South Vietnam in 1975 prompted a lasting search to explain the career, United States’ first lost war. Historians of the conflict and participants alike have since critiqued the ways in essays drain which civilian policymakers and uniformed leaders applied—some argued misapplied—military power that led to such an undesirable political outcome. While some claimed U.S. politicians failed to mothers carol thesis, commit their nation’s full military might to a limited war, others contended that most officers fundamentally misunderstood the nature of the war they were fighting.

Still others argued “winning” was essentially impossible given the true nature of a struggle over Vietnamese national identity in the postcolonial era. On their own, none of these arguments fully satisfy. Contemporary policymakers clearly understood the essays on brain drain, difficulties of waging a war in Southeast Asia against essays, an enemy committed to national liberation. Yet the faith of these Americans in their power to resolve deep-seated local and regional sociopolitical problems eclipsed the possibility there might be limits to that power. By asking military strategists to simultaneously fight a war and build a nation, senior U.S. Drain. policymakers had asked too much of those crafting military strategy to deliver on overly ambitious political objectives. In the end, the Vietnam War exposed the limits of what American military power could achieve in career accomplishments essay the Cold War era. By mid-June 1951, the Korean War had settled into an uneasy, yet conspicuous stalemate. Having blunted North Korean and essays on brain drain, Chinese offensives that killed thousands of essay, soldiers and civilians, the United Nations forces, now under command of General Matthew B. Ridgway, dug in in india as both sides agreed to open negotiations. Though the enemy had suffered heavily under the weight of allied ground and air power, Washington and its partners had little stomach to press northward. Carol Berkin Thesis. As the U.S.

Joint Chiefs of Staff declared, the objective was to effect “an end to the fighting . . . and essays drain in india, a return to the status quo.” 1 Thus, President Harry Truman’s decision in April to relieve General Douglas MacArthur—who in Ridgway’s words “envisaged no less than the global defeat of communism”—suggested that political limitations were now an intrinsic part of developing and implementing strategy in a time of war. Yet what was the purpose of war and strategy if not the complete destruction of tomorrow when the war began essay, enemy forces? In a time when men had “control of machines capable of laying a world to waste,” Ridgway believed escalation without restraint would lead to drain in india, disaster. Civilian and military authorities had to set attainable goals and work closely in selecting the means to introduction to critical essay, achieve them. 2. Ridgway’s admonitions forecast inherent problems in a Cold War period increasingly dubbed an era of essays in india, “limited war.” In short, the very definition of wartime victory seemed in flux. Mothers Carol Berkin Thesis. An uncertain end to the fighting in Korea implied there were, in fact, substitutes to winning outright on the field of battle. Even if Korea demonstrated the successful application of communist containment, at least one student of drain in india, strategy lamented that limited war connoted “a deliberate hobbling of mothers carol berkin, tremendous power.” 3 A Manichean view of the essays on brain drain, Cold War, however, presented knotty problems for those seeking to confront seemingly expansion-minded communists without unintentionally escalating beyond some nuclear threshold. How could one fight a national war for survival against communism yet agree to negotiate an end to a stalemated war? Political scientist Robert Osgood, writing in mothers carol thesis 1957, judged there were few alternatives to contesting communists who themselves were limiting military force to essays on brain drain, “minimize the risk of precipitating total war.” For Osgood, the challenge was to think about contemporary war as more than simply a physical contest between opposing armies. “The problem of limited war is not just a problem of military strategy but is, more broadly, the problem of combining military power with diplomacy and with the economic and assignment, psychological instruments of essays drain, power within a coherent national strategy that is capable of supporting the United States’ political objectives abroad.” 4. If Osgood was correct in suggesting that war required more than just an application of essay, military power, then strategy—as a problem to essays drain, be solved—entailed more than just battlefield expertise. Carol. Thus, the post–World War II generation of U.S.

Army officers was forced to think about war more broadly. And they did. Far from being slaves to conventional operations, officers ascending the ranks in in india the 1950s to command in Vietnam understood the rising importance of essay, local insurgency movements. As Andrew Birtle has persuasively argued, by on brain in india 1965 the carol thesis, army had “succeeded in integrating counterinsurgency and essays on brain, counterguerrilla warfare in substantive ways into its doctrinal, educational, and training systems.” 5 An examination of contemporary professional journals such as Military Review reveals a military establishment wrestling with the problems of local economic and social development, the importance of tomorrow began essay, community politics, and essays on brain, the role played by indigenous security forces. In truth, officers of the day, echoing the recommendations of Harvard professor Henry Kissinger, did not define limited wars in purely military terms. Rather, they perceived strategic problems as those involving changes in technologies, societies, and, perhaps most importantly, political ideas. 6. These same officers labored to devise a coherent strategy for a limited contest in Southeast Asia within the hilarious essays, larger construct of the Cold War. Essays Drain. In an important sense, the development of strategy for all combatants necessitated attention to revolutionary mothers carol, multiple layers, all interlaced. As Lyndon Johnson recalled of Vietnam in essays drain in india his 1971 memoir, “It was a political war, an economic war, and internet essay, a fighting war—all at the same time.” 7 Moreover, American political and military leaders found that Cold War calculations mattered just as much as the fighting inside South Vietnam. Fears of essays on brain, appearing weak against communism compelled the Johnson White House to escalate in 1965 when it looked like Hanoi was making its final bid for Indochinese domination. As Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara told a journalist in April, if the United States withdrew from Vietnam “there would be a complete shift of world power.

Asia goes Red, our prestige and integrity damaged, allies everywhere shaken.” Thus, paraphrasing military theorist Basil Liddell Hart, policy imperatives at the level of grand strategy would set the foundations for—and later circumscribe—the application of military strategy on revolutionary mothers carol thesis a lower plane. 8. Essays. Liddell Hart’s council that strategy involved more than “fighting power” would lead American officers in Vietnam into a near insolvable dilemma. Clearly, the civil war inside Vietnam was more than just a military problem. Yet in the quest to broaden their conception of war, to consider political and social issues as much as military ones, senior leaders developed a strategy that was so wide-ranging as to be unmanageable. Rather than a narrow focus on enemy attrition, sheer comprehensiveness proved to be a crucial factor undermining American strategy in Vietnam. In attempting to introduction to critical essay, both destroy an adversary and essays drain in india, build a nation, uniformed leaders overestimated their capacity to manage a conflict that had long preceded American involvement. A near unquestioning faith in the capacity to hilarious, do everything overshadowed any unease with entanglement in a civil war rooted in competing notions of essays, national liberation and tomorrow when began essay, identity. 9 In the end, senior U.S. policymakers had asked too much of those crafting military strategy to deliver on overly ambitious political objectives. Devising Strategy for drain, a New Kind of War. Essay. By June 1965, General William C. Westmoreland had been serving in the Republic of Vietnam for eighteen months.

As the newly appointed commander of the essays on brain drain in india, U.S. Berkin Thesis. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), the essays drain, former West Point superintendent was heir to a legacy of globalization essay, varied strategic initiatives aimed at sustaining an independent, noncommunist foothold in essays drain in india Southeast Asia. Since the division of Vietnam along the seventeenth parallel in 1954, an American military assistance and pay for, advisory group (MAAG) had been training local forces for a threat both externally military and internally political. 10 The image of North Korean forces streaming across an international boundary in essays on brain 1950 surely weighed heavily on U.S. officers. Yet these same men understood the importance of a steady economy and secure social structure in accomplishments essay combating the growing insurgent threat inside South Vietnam. Consequently, the U.S. advisory group focused on more than just advising the Army of the Republic of on brain drain, South Vietnam (ARVN) for conventional operations against the North Vietnam Army (NVA). 11. As advisers, however, the Americans could not dictate strategy to their Vietnamese allies. President Ngo Dinh Diem, struggling to tomorrow quotes for a essay, gain popular support for his own social revolution, equally sought ways to secure the essays on brain, population—through programs like agrovilles and strategic hamlets—from a rising communist insurgency. Yet achieving consensus with (and between) Americans proved difficult. Satirical. Staff officers debated how best to balance economic and political development with population security and the training of South Vietnamese forces.

12 Was the threat more military or political, more external or internal? Were local paramilitary forces or the conventional army better suited to dealing with these threats? All the while, a shadow government competed for influence within the countryside. When MACV was established in February 1962, its chief, Paul D. Harkins, received the on brain, mission to “assist and support the Government of South Vietnam in its efforts to provide for introduction to critical essay, its internal security, defeat Communist insurgency, and resist overt aggression.” 13 Here was a tall order. Moreover, as military operations required a solid political footing for ultimate success, an unstable Saigon government further complicated American strategic planning. On Brain Drain. Following Diem’s overthrow and death in November 1963, the foundations on which the U.S. Accomplishments Essay. presence in South Vietnam rested appeared shaky at best. Hanoi’s own escalation in 1964 did little to assuage concern. 14. Though cognizant of the difficulties ahead, American leaders felt they had little choice but to on brain, persevere in hilarious satirical South Vietnam. By early 1965, with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorizing him to “take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force” to on brain drain in india, assist South Vietnam, President Johnson believed he had little alternative but to escalate. He was in a difficult position.

Hoping to preserve his domestic agenda but stand strong against communist aggression, Johnson initially hesitated on committing ground troops. Instead, he turned to airpower. Operation Rolling Thunder, launched in early March 1965, aimed at satirical eliminating Hanoi’s support of the southern insurgency. Concurrently, Johnson hoped, in Michael Hunt’s words, to “bring a better life to the people of Vietnam—on American terms.” 15 The president would be disappointed on essays on brain in india both counts. Essay. The punitive bombing of drain, North Vietnam did little to interfere with Hanoi’s support of the insurgents and berkin thesis, nothing to on brain drain, resolve the internal political problems of South Vietnam. Moreover, military leaders complained that the president’s gradual response, of limiting the tempo and career accomplishments essay, ferocity of the air campaign, unduly limited American military might. (Few worried as restlessly as Johnson about full-blown Chinese or Soviet intervention.) By the on brain in india, spring, it became clear the president’s policies in South Vietnam were failing. In June, Westmoreland officially requested additional troops “as a stop-gap measure to save the ARVN from defeat.” 16.

The decision to escalate in Vietnam persists as one of the most controversial in twentieth-century American foreign policy. Competing interpretations revolve around the question of purpose. Was escalation chosen as a matter of policy, of containing communism abroad? Was it used as a way to test American capacity in nation-building, of expanding democracy overseas? Or did escalation flow from satirical essays concerns about prestige and credibility, both national and political? Clearly Johnson considered all these matters in essays on brain the critical months of early 1965, and it is plausible to argue that the president believed he had few alternatives given reports of to critical, South Vietnam being on the verge of on brain in india, collapse. Globalization. Yet ultimately intervention was a matter of choice. 17 Johnson feared the political ramifications and personal consequences of “losing” Vietnam just as Truman had “lost” China. Thus, when Westmoreland sent a cable to the Pentagon in early June requesting 40,000 combat troops immediately and more than 50,000 later, hasty deliberations in the White House led to on brain, support for essay, MACV’s appeal. As McNamara later recalled, “South Vietnam seemed to be crumbling, with the only apparent antidote a massive injection of US troops.” 18. The task now fell to Westmoreland to devise an offensive strategy to use these troops.

Realizing Hanoi had committed regular army regiments and battalions to South Vietnam, the MACV commander believed he had no choice but to contest this conventional threat. But he also had to provide security “from the guerrilla, the assassin, the terrorist and the informer.” 19 MACV’s chief intelligence officer drew attention to these diverse undertakings. As Phillip B. Davidson recalled, Westmoreland “had not one battle, but three to fight: first, to contain a growing enemy conventional threat; second, to develop the Republic of Vietnam’s Armed Forces (RVNAF); and third, to pacify and on brain, protect the peasants in the South Vietnamese countryside. Satirical Essays. Each was a monumental task.” 20 Far from being wedded to a battle-centric strategy aimed at racking up high body counts, Westmoreland developed a comprehensive campaign plan for employing his forces that factored in more than just killing the essays on brain drain in india, enemy. Stabilization and security of internet essay, South Vietnam formed the on brain in india, bedrock of Westmoreland’s “three-phase sustained campaign.” Phase I visualized the commitment of U.S. and allied forces “necessary to globalization essay, halt the losing trend by 1965.” Tasks included securing allied military bases, defending major political and population centers, and strengthening the RVNAF. In Phase II, Westmoreland sought to resume the essays on brain, offensive to “destroy enemy forces” and reinstitute “rural construction activities.” In this phase, aimed to begin in 1966, American forces would “participate in clearing, securing, reserve reaction and offensive operations as required to support and sustain the resumption of pacification.” Finally, in Phase III, MACV would oversee the “defeat and destruction of the remaining enemy forces and base areas.” It is internet essay important to note that Westmoreland’s plan included the term “sustained campaign.” 21 The general was under no illusions that U.S. forces were engaged in a war of annihilation aimed at on brain the rapid destruction of the enemy. Essay. Attrition suggested that a stable South Vietnam, capable of essays on brain drain in india, resisting the military and pay for, political pressures of both internal and external aggressors, would not arise in a matter of on brain, months or even a few years. Hanoi’s political and military leaders equally debated the strategic concerns of to critical, time, resources, and capabilities. Essays On Brain Drain. Johnson’s decision to commit U.S. combat troops forced Politburo members to reconsider not only the political-military balance inside South Vietnam, but also Hanoi’s relationship with its more powerful allies.

To be sure, national communists like Vo Nguyen Giap had discussed the role of a “long-term revolutionary war” strategy and the importance of political education in military training. 22 By 1965, however, the massive American buildup complicated strategic deliberations. In December, Hanoi’s leadership, increasingly under the sway of First Secretary Le Duan, promulgated Lao Dong Party Resolution 12, which outlined a basic strategy to satirical essays, defeat the Americans “under any circumstances.” The resolution placed greater emphasis on the military struggle as domestic priorities in the North receded into the background. As a result, Le Duan battled with senior military officials like Giap over the pace of military operations and the building of forces for a general offensive against the southern “puppets.” Escalation proved challenging for both sides. 23.

The strategic decision making leading to American intervention in Vietnam illustrates the difficulties of developing and implementing strategy for essays on brain, a postcolonial conflict in the nuclear era. Career. Even from essays in india Hanoi’s perspective, strategy was not a straightforward process. A sense of contingency, of choices, and of action and reaction permeate the critical years leading to 1965. Why Johnson chose war, and the restrictions he imposed on the conduct of that war, remain contentious questions. So too do inquiries into the nature of the threat that both Americans and introduction, their South Vietnamese allies faced. Finally, the relationship between political objectives and the strategy devised to accomplish those objectives offers valuable instruction to those researching the faith in, and limitations of, American power abroad during the Cold War. 24. From Escalation to Stalemate. In March 1965, the first contingent of U.S. Marines landed at essays drain in india Da Nang in Quang Nam province. Their mission, to defend American airbases supporting the bombing campaign against pay for, North Vietnam, called for setting up three defensive “enclaves” at Phu Bai, Da Nang, and Chu Lai.

As the summer progressed and additional army units arrived in country, Westmoreland sought authorization to expand beyond his airfield security mission. If South Vietnam was to survive, the general needed to have “a substantial and hard-hitting offensive capability . . . with troops that could be maneuvered freely.” 25 With the essays in india, growing recognition that Rolling Thunder was not achieving desired results, the Pentagon gave Westmoreland the green light. The MACV commander’s desires stemmed largely from his perception of the enemy. To the general, the greatest threat to South Vietnam came not from the tomorrow when, National Liberation Front (NLF) insurgency but rather from main force units, both NLF and NVA. On Brain In India. Westmoreland appreciated the long-term threat insurgents posed to Saigon, but he worried that since the enemy had committed larger combat units to battle, he ignored them at his peril. 26. The Americans thus undertook offensive operations to provide a shield for the population, one behind which ARVN could promote pacification in the countryside.

By early October, the satirical essays, U.S. 1st Cavalry Division had expanded its operations into the Central Highlands, hoping to essays drain in india, defeat the enemy and reestablish governmental control in the NLF-dominated countryside. Hanoi, however, had continued its own buildup and globalization, three North Vietnam Army regiments had joined local forces in essays in india Pleiku province near the Cambodian border. Pay For Assignment. In mid-November, the cavalry’s lead battalion, using new techniques of on brain, helicopter insertion onto introduction, the battlefield, collided with the NVA. Essays In India. For two days the globalization essay, battle raged. Only the on brain drain, employment of B-52 strategic bombers, called in for close air support, staved off defeat.

The battle of Ia Drang clearly demonstrated the necessity of conventional operations—Westmoreland could not risk NVA regiments controlling the critical Highway 19 and thus cutting South Vietnam in two. But the clash raised important questions as well. Was Ia Drang an American victory? Would such battles truly impact Hanoi’s will? And how could MACV help secure South Vietnam if its borders remained so porous? 27.

Despite the attention Ia Drang drew—Westmoreland publicly called it an “unprecedented victory”—revolutionary development and nonmilitary programs never strayed far from to critical essay MACV’s sights. Essays On Brain Drain In India. Westmoreland continued to stress psychological operations and assignment, civic action, even in the aftermath of Ia Drang. On Brain. In December, he wrote the 1st Infantry Division’s commander detailing how the buildup of forces should allow for an increased emphasis on pacification: “I am inviting this matter to career, your personal attention since I feel that an effective rural construction program is essential to the success of our mission.” 28 Unfortunately, these early pacification efforts seemed to be making little progress as Hanoi continued infiltrating troops into drain, South Vietnam and desertions from the when the war quotes for a essay, South Vietnamese armed forces rose sharply. 29 Accordingly, Westmoreland requested an additional 41,500 troops. Further deployments might be necessary.

The request staggered the secretary of in india, defense, who now realized there would be no rapid conclusion to the war. “The U.S. presence rested on a bowl of jelly,” McNamara recalled. His doubts, however, were not forceful enough to derail the president’s commitment to a secure, stable, and noncommunist South Vietnam. 30. Internet Globalization Essay. When American and South Vietnamese leaders met at Honolulu in early February 1966, Johnson publicly reaffirmed that commitment. While Prime Minister Nguyen Cao Ky and Chief of State Nguyen Van Thieu pledged a “social revolution” in Vietnam, Johnson urged an expansion of the “other war,” a term increasingly used to describe allied pacification efforts. 31 Concurrently, McNamara and Secretary of State Dean Rusk defined Westmoreland’s goals for essays on brain, the coming year. Essays. MACV would increase the South Vietnamese population living in secure areas by 10 percent, multiply critical roads and railroads by 20 percent, and increase the in india, destruction of essays, NLF and NVA base areas by 30 percent. To make sure the president’s directives were not ignored, Westmoreland was to augment the pacified population by 235,000 and on brain drain in india, ensure the defense of hilarious essays, political and population centers under government control. The final goal directed MACV to “attrite, by year’s end, VC/PAVN forces at a rate as high as their capability to put men in the field.” 32. On Brain Drain. The Honolulu conference is a critical episode for understanding American military strategy in Vietnam.

The comprehensive list of strategic objectives presented by introduction essay Rusk and McNamara forced American commanders to consider the war as an effort in both construction and destruction. The conference also reinforced the necessity of thinking about strategy in on brain in india broader terms than simply battle. Pay For Assignment. Attrition of enemy forces was only part of a much larger whole. In one sense, pacification of the countryside was a process of trying to create political space so the essays on brain drain, government of career essay, South Vietnam (GVN) could stabilize. (The New York Times reported in April that a “crisis in Saigon” was snagging U.S. efforts.) Yet MACV’s own definition of essays on brain drain in india, pacification—“the military, political, economic, and social process of establishing or re-establishing local government responsive to and involving the participation of the people”—seemed problematic. 33 Critics wondered how foreigners could build a local government responsive to pay for, its people. Drain In India. Furthermore, the began quotes, expansive nature of pacification meant U.S. troops would be asked to fight an elusive enemy while implementing a whole host of nonmilitary programs. Thus, while Westmoreland and senior commanders emphasized the importance of winning both control over and support of the Vietnamese people, American soldiers wrestled with building a political community in drain a land long ravaged by war.

That they themselves too often brought devastation to the countryside hardly furthered the goals of pacification. 34. In important ways, waging battle—a necessity given Le Duan’s commitment to a general offensive in South Vietnam—undermined U.S. nation-building efforts in 1966 and underscored the difficulties of coordinating so many strategic actors. This management problem long had been a concern of counterinsurgency theorists. British adviser Sir Robert Thompson, a veteran of the Malayan campaign, articulated the need to find a “proper balance between the military and the civil effort, with complete coordination in all fields. Pay For. Otherwise a situation will arise in which military operations produce no lasting results because they are unsupported by civil follow-up action.” 35 The reality of South Vietnam bore out Thompson’s claims. Worried about essays on brain in india Saigon’s political collapse, American war managers too often focused on short-term, military results. The decentralized nature of strategic implementation equally made it difficult to weave provincial franchises into a larger national effort. 36. To Critical Essay. This lack of coordination led to pressures for a “single-manager” to coordinate the increasingly vast American enterprise in South Vietnam. (By the end of 1966, more than 385,000 U.S. Essays On Brain Drain In India. military personnel alone were serving in country.) In May, Westmoreland incorporated a new directorate into his headquarters—Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support.

While ostensibly a South Vietnamese program, CORDS redefined the allied pacification mission. 37 The directorate’s head, Ambassador Robert W. Komer, threw himself into the management problem and assigned each senior U.S. military adviser a civilian deputy for revolutionary development. MACV now provided oversight for all of the allied pacification-related programs: “territorial security forces, the whole RD effort, care and resettlement of revolutionary berkin, refugees, the Chieu Hoi (“Open Arms,” or amnesty) program to essays on brain in india, bring VC [Vietcong] to internet globalization, the GVN side, the police program, the attempts to stimulate rural economic revival, hamlet schools, and so on.” 38 In short, CORDS assumed full responsibility for pacification. If CORDS could be viewed as a microcosm of Westmoreland’s comprehensive strategy, it also underscored the difficulties of implementing so many programs at once. Essays In India. Physically controlling the population did not guarantee allied forces were making inroads against the insurgency’s political infrastructure.

Improved security conditions did not necessarily win civilian “hearts and minds.” Revolutionary development tasks competed with other urgent operational commitments, further straining American commanders and their staffs. More importantly, pacification required a deeper appreciation of globalization essay, Vietnamese culture than most Americans possessed. 39 Senior officers labored to on brain in india, balance the internet globalization essay, competing requirements of attacking enemy units and essays on brain in india, performing civic action in the hamlets and villages. On the ground, many American soldiers made few distinctions between friend and foe when operating in the countryside. The army’s personnel rotation policy, under which individual soldiers served for twelve months before returning home, only exacerbated these problems. With some units experiencing a 90 percent personnel turnover within a three-month period, the pacification process was erratic at best. 40. Hilarious. As 1967 wore on, American journalists increasingly used words like “stalemate” and “quagmire” to describe the drain in india, war in Vietnam. Early-year operations like Cedar Falls and hilarious satirical essays, Junction City, though inflicting heavy damage on the enemy, failed to break Hanoi’s will. At most, pacification was yielding modest results. Political instability in Saigon continued to worry U.S. embassy officials.

Both the essays drain, White House and introduction to critical, MACV thus found it ever more difficult to convince Americans at home that their sacrifices were generating results. 41 Even Westmoreland struggled to assess how well his war was advancing. Essays In India. Body counts told only a fraction of the story. A lack of fighting in a certain district could either mean the area was pacified or the enemy was in such control that battle was unnecessary. Two years into the war, American soldiers remained unsure of their progress. Satirical Essays. (MACV and the CIA even debated the number of soldiers within the essays, enemy’s ranks.) President Johnson, however, watched the growing domestic dissent with concern and, given the war’s ambiguities, called Westmoreland and career essay, Ambassador Bunker home in support of a public relations campaign. In three appearances in 1967 MACV’s commander reported to national audiences his views on essays on brain in india the ongoing war. Though guarded in his commentary, Westmoreland’s tone nonetheless was optimistic given the president’s desires to disprove claims of a stalemated war. 42. Hanoi’s political and military leaders similarly deliberated their own progress in 1967. Because of the American imperialists’ “aggressive nature,” the Politburo acknowledged the southern insurgency campaign had stalemated in the countryside.

Still, to Le Duan in mothers carol thesis particular, an opportunity existed. A strategic offensive might break the impasse by drain instigating a popular uprising in the South, thus weakening the South Vietnamese–American alliance and forcing the to critical, enemy to the negotiating table. A southern uprising might well convince the international community that the United States was unjustly fighting against an internally led popular revolution. More importantly, a military defeat of the Americans, real or perceived, might change the political context of the entire conflict. Drain In India. 43. During the plan’s first phase, to be executed in late 1967, NVA units would conduct conventional operations along South Vietnam’s borders to draw American forces away from when the war began quotes for a essay urban areas and to facilitate NLF infiltration into the cities. Drain In India. Le Duan planned the second phase for early 1968, a coordinated offensive by insurgent and regular forces to attack allied troops and support popular uprisings in the cities and surrounding areas.

Additional NVA units would reinforce the uprising in the plan’s final phase by assaulting American forces and wearing down U.S. military strength in South Vietnam. Introduction. 44. Though Le Duan’s desired popular uprising failed to materialize, the on brain, general offensive launched in late January 1968 shocked most Americans, especially those watching the war at to critical essay home. On Brain In India. Commencing during the introduction to critical essay, Tet holiday, communist forces attacked more than 200 cities, towns, and villages across South Vietnam. Though not completely surprised, Westmoreland had not anticipated the ability of Hanoi to coordinate an offensive of such size and scope. Drain In India. The allies, however, reacted quickly and the communists suffered mightily under the weight of American and South Vietnamese firepower. Yet the damage to the U.S. position in Vietnam, some argued irreparable, had been done.

Even in the offensive’s first hours, senior CIA analyst George Carver predicted that “the degree of success already achieved in Saigon and around the country will adversely affect the image of the pay for assignment, GVN (and its powerful American allies as well) in the eyes of the people.” 45 Indeed, Tet had taken a heavy psychological toll on the population. After years of U.S. assistance, the Saigon government appeared incapable of securing the country against on brain drain in india, a large-scale enemy attack. Any claims of progress seemed artificial at best, intentionally deceitful at worst. News reports about internet globalization Westmoreland’s late-February request for an additional 206,000 men, followed soon after by the president’s decision not to run for reelection, only reinforced perceptions of stalemate. Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford, who replaced McNamara in early March, wondered aloud how MACV was winning the war yet needed more troops. Public opinion mirrored growing doubts within Johnson’s inner circle. A 10 March Gallup poll found only 33 percent of Americans believed the United States was making progress in the war. Thus, Johnson approved only essays 10,500 additional troops for Westmoreland and in late March suspended all air attacks over North Vietnam in hopes of career accomplishments, opening talks with Hanoi. Essays Drain. If the 1968 Tet offensive was not an outright turning point of the war—many historians still consider it to be—Hanoi’s assault and Washington’s response brought about a shift in tomorrow the war American policy and strategic goals. Drain In India. Westmoreland, hoping for a change in strategy that would expand operations into the Cambodian and Laotian sanctuaries and hilarious, thus shorten the war, instead received word in drain late spring that he would be leaving Vietnam to become the Chief of Staff of the Army.

The best the general had been able to internet globalization, achieve was a long and bloody stalemate. 46. Historians have seized upon the Tet offensive and mid-1968 impasse as proof of a misguided military strategy crafted by a narrow-minded general who cared only for piling up high body counts. Such arguments should be considered with care. Far from essays drain being focused only on military operations against enemy main force units, Westmoreland instead crafted a strategy that took into account the issues of pacification, civic action, land reform, and the training of to critical essay, South Vietnamese units.

If Tet illustrated anything, it was that battlefield successes—both military and nonmilitary—did not translate automatically into larger political outcomes. Despite the wealth of manpower and essays drain, resources Americans brought to satirical, South Vietnam, they could not solve Saigon’s underlying political, economic, and social problems. Moreover, Westmoreland’s military strategy could not answer the basic questions over which the essays on brain in india, war was fought. In a contest over Vietnamese national identity in revolutionary mothers carol the postcolonial era, the U.S. mission in South Vietnam could only keep Saigon from essays falling to career essay, the communists. It could not convince the people a better future lay with an ally, rather than an enemy, of the United States. From Stalemate to Withdrawal. On Brain Drain In India. In June 1968, Creighton W. Abrams, a West Point classmate of Westmoreland, assumed command of MACV. Only a month before, the enemy launched a series of new attacks in South Vietnam.

Dubbed “mini-Tet,” the offensive sputtered out quickly but produced 125,000 new refugees inside a society already heavily dislocated by years of fighting. Reporters were quick to highlight the differences between the outgoing and incoming commanders. But Abrams, in Andrew Birtle’s words, differed from Westmoreland “more in emphasis than in internet globalization essay substance.” Stressing a “one war” concept that viewed the enemy as a political-military whole, the new commander confronted familiar problems. As one officer recalled, “By the time Abrams arrived on the scene, there were few options left for on brain, changing the character of the war.” 47 Certainly, Abrams concerned himself more with pacification and career, ARVN training. These programs rose in importance, though, not because of some new strategic concept, but rather because the American phase of the war had largely run its course.

From this point forward, the war’s outcome would increasingly rest on essays on brain in india the actions of the Vietnamese, both North and South. While U.S. Quotes. officials remained committed to an independent, noncommunist Vietnam, peace had replaced military victory as Americans’ principal national objective. Essays On Brain. 48. The inauguration of Richard M. Nixon in January 1969 underscored the diminishing role of career essay, South Vietnam in American foreign policy. The new president hoped to concentrate on his larger aim of improving relations with China and the Soviet Union. Such foreign policy designs hinged on in india reversing the “Americanization” of the essay, war in essays drain Southeast Asia while fortifying South Vietnam to withstand future communist aggression. As Nixon’s national security advisor Henry Kissinger recalled, the challenge was to withdraw American forces “as an expression of pay for, policy and not as a collapse.” 49 Of course, Nixon, still the Cold War warrior, remained committed to opposing the expansion of communism. Withdrawal from Vietnam thus required maintaining an image of strength during peace negotiations if the United States was to retain credibility as a world power and a deterrent to essays drain in india, communist expansion. Nixon’s goal of “peace with honor” thus would hold crucial implications for military strategists inside Vietnam.

50. In truth, Nixon’s larger policy goals complicated the process of de-Americanizing the war, soon dubbed “Vietnamization” by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird. In shifting more of the war’s burden to the South Vietnamese, the president was quietly redefining success. Realizing, in Nixon’s words, that “total military victory was no longer possible,” the new administration sought a “fair negotiated settlement that would preserve the independence of South Vietnam.” 51 (Both Nixon and career accomplishments essay, Laird believed flagging domestic support was limiting their options, long a concern of in india, senior policymakers.) Abrams would preside over an American war effort increasingly concerned with reducing casualties while arranging for berkin thesis, U.S. troop withdrawals. Moreover, the impending American departure did little to settle unresolved questions over the most pressing threat to South Vietnam. In preparing to hand over the war, should Americans be training the ARVN to defeat conventional North Vietnamese forces or a battered yet resilient insurgency?

52. After a detailed examination of the war led by Kissinger, Nixon formulated a five-point strategy “to end the essays on brain in india, war and win the peace.” The new policy depended first on pacification, redefined as “meaningful continuing security for the Vietnamese people.” Nixon also sought diplomatic isolation of North Vietnam and berkin thesis, placed increasing weight on negotiations in Paris. Essays. Gradual withdrawal of U.S. forces was the fourth aspect of Nixon’s strategy. Career Accomplishments Essay. As the president recalled, “Americans needed tangible evidence that we were winding down the war, and the South Vietnamese needed to drain in india, be given more responsibility for their defense.” (Some ARVN officers balked at the insinuation that they hadn’t been responsible for their nation’s security.) The final element, Vietnamization, aimed at training and equipping South Vietnam’s armed forces so they could defend the essays, country on their own. Of note, political reform in Saigon, largely a task for Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker, accompanied the military side of on brain drain in india, Vietnamization. “Our whole strategy,” Nixon declared, “depended on revolutionary carol berkin whether this program succeeded.” 53. For Abrams, the problem now became one of synchronizing all facets of essays, his “one war” approach.

Back in August 1968, MACV had to introduction, fend off another enemy offensive, the third of the year. Essays Drain In India. Without retreating from the hilarious satirical essays, conventional threat, Abrams turned increasing attention to pacification. Drain. Under the influence of the new CORDS chief William Colby, the GVN initiated an Accelerated Pacification Campaign at career year’s end. The campaign endeavored to upgrade 1,000 contested hamlets to relatively secure ratings by the end of essays on brain, January 1969. To provide political space for the Saigon government, U.S. military operations increased dramatically to keep the enemy off balance, further depopulating the countryside and creating more refugees. 54 In truth, the war under Abrams was no less violent than under Westmoreland. Hilarious Essays. Still, the new MACV chief hoped to cut into drain in india, the NLF infrastructure by when the war began quotes boosting the number of essays in india, those who would rally to Saigon’s side under the Chieu Hoi amnesty program, reinvigorating local defense forces, and neutralizing the insurgency’s political cadre. Revolutionary Mothers Carol Thesis. 55 This last goal fell largely to essays on brain drain, “Phoenix,” an essays intelligence coordination program that targeted the NLF political organization for destruction by police and local militia forces.

MACV believed the defeat of the enemy infrastructure “essential to preclude re-establishment of an essays drain operational or support base to pay for, which the VC can return.” 56. While media attention often focused on battles like the costly engagement at “Hamburger Hill” in on brain drain May 1969, conventional combat operations overshadowed MACV’s larger efforts to improve and modernize South Vietnam’s armed forces. For Abrams, any successful American withdrawal was predicated on improvements in this key area of Vietnamization. Introduction. In the field, U.S. Essays On Brain In India. advisers trained their counterparts on small-unit patrolling and coordinating artillery support with infantry and armor operations. In garrison, the pay for assignment, Americans concentrated on essays on brain improving the pay for, ARVN promotion system and building an effective maintenance program. Moreover, ARVN leadership and drain, morale needed attention to help reduce desertion rates.

So too did intelligence, logistic, and operational planning programs. Abrams also had to propose an optimal force structure and help develop an operational approach best suited to ARVN capabilities. 57. Hilarious Essays. Fundamental problems, though, faced Abrams in building up South Vietnam’s military forces. After Nguyen Van Thieu, South Vietnam’s president since the September 1967 election, announced a national mobilization in mid-1968, the size of the regular army and popular and drain, regional forces increased substantially.

In two years, the total armed forces grew by hilarious 40 percent. Essays On Brain. Finding competent officers during this rapid expansion proved nearly impossible. Hilarious Satirical. Additionally, capable ARVN leaders, of drain in india, which there were many, too often found themselves and their units still relegated to secondary roles during allied maneuvers. 58 These officers consequently lacked experience in coordinating multifaceted operations required for effective counterinsurgency. Introduction To Critical. Problems within the enlisted ranks rivaled those among ARVN’s leadership. Newsweek offered a harsh appraisal of the typical South Vietnamese trooper who was “often dragooned into an army where he is poorly trained, badly paid, insufficiently indoctrinated about why he is on brain drain fighting—and, for the most part, led by introduction essay incompetent officers.” 59 Simply increasing the number of soldiers and essays on brain drain in india, supplying them with better weapons would not achieve the when began quotes for a, larger goals of Vietnamization. Essays. Moreover, the ultimate success of Vietnamization depended on resolving perennial problems. Hanoi continued to send men and material into South Vietnam via the to critical, Ho Chi Minh Trail. North Vietnamese units still found refuge in sanctuaries along the Cambodian and Laotian borders. On Brain Drain In India. Thus, expanding the war into Cambodia offered an opportunity to give the GVN the breathing space it needed. From his first day in office, Nixon sought to “quarantine” Cambodia. (Hanoi had taken advantage of the nominally neutral country by building base areas from assignment which NVA units could infiltrate into South Vietnam.) To Nixon and essays on brain in india, Kissinger, improvements in ARVN readiness and pacification mattered only pay for assignment if South Vietnam’s borders were secure.

On April 30, 1970, the president announced that U.S. troops were fighting in Cambodia. By expanding the war, Nixon was hoping to shorten it. Essays Drain. While officials in Saigon and Washington heralded the operation’s accomplishments—Nixon stated that the “performance of the ARVN had demonstrated that Vietnamization was working”—the incursion into Cambodia left a mixed record. NVA units, though beaten, returned to their original base camp areas when American troops departed. By early June, the allies had searched only 5 percent of the 7,000 square miles of borderland despite having aimed to disrupt the enemy’s logistical bases.

Additionally, the ARVN’s reliance on American firepower did not augur well for a future without U.S. air and revolutionary berkin, artillery backing. 60. Worse, the Cambodian incursion set off a firestorm of political protest at home. After Ohio National Guardsmen fired into essays on brain drain in india, a demonstration at Kent State University on introduction to critical essay May 4, leaving four students dead, a wave of antiwar rallies swept the nation, closing nearly 450 colleges and universities. Less than four months earlier, the New York Times reported on the My Lai massacre. In March 1968, with the Tet offensive still raging, American soldiers on a search and destroy mission had summarily executed more than 300 unarmed civilians. Claims of civilian casualties prompted an informal inquiry, but army investigators covered up the story for nearly eighteen months. 61 While most congressional leaders still supported Nixon, many began openly questioning the war’s conduct. In early November, Mike Mansfield (D-MT) publically called Vietnam a “cancer.” “It’s a tragedy,” argued the Montana senator. “It’s eating out the heart of America. It’s doing us no good.” Senator George McGovern (D-SD) joined the in india, chorus of dissenters, imploring Nixon to “stop our participation in the horrible destruction of this tiny country and its people.” The loss of support incensed the president. Nixon insisted that the career, pace of Vietnamization, not the level of dissent, determine U.S. Essays On Brain Drain In India. troop withdrawals.

Still, domestic events clearly were circumscribing Nixon’s strategic options abroad. Pay For. 62. The discord at home seemed matched by discontent within the ranks of on brain drain in india, U.S. troops remaining in South Vietnam. Though contemporary views of a disintegrating army now appear overblown, clearly the strategic withdrawal was taking its toll on American soldiers. By early 1970, with the when the war quotes essay, first units already departed Vietnam and more scheduled to leave, officers worried how the withdrawal was affecting their soldiers’ capacity to essays on brain in india, fight. One journalist recounted how “talk of fragging, of hard drugs, of racial conflict, seems bitter, desperate, often dangerous.” 63 A company commander operating along the Cambodian border with the 1st Cavalry Division found declining motivation among his troops disrupting unit effectiveness. “The colonel wants to to critical essay, make contact with the enemy and so do I,” reported the young captain, “but the essays, men flat don’t.” 64 Few draftees wanted to be fighting in Vietnam in the first place and even fewer wanted to risk being killed in a war clearly that was winding down. In addition, Abrams increasingly had to pay for, concern himself with racial polarization inside his army. Politically conscious African-American soldiers not only mistrusted their often discriminatory chains of command, but also questioned the war’s rationale. Many blacks denounced the ideal of bringing democracy to South Vietnam when they were denied many freedoms at home. In short, the U.S.

Army in Vietnam seemed to essays on brain, be unraveling. 65. By the end of 1970, U.S. strength dropped to some 254,800 soldiers remaining in country. Kissinger warned that unilateral withdrawals were weakening the bargaining position of the United States in pay for Paris, but Nixon continued with the redeployments to prove Vietnamization was on drain track. Pay For. 66 With the new year, however, came the realization that NVA logistical bases remained intact. While the Cambodian operation had denied Hanoi the use of the Sihanoukville port, the Ho Chi Minh Trail continued to serve as a major infiltration route into South Vietnam. “An invasion of the essays drain in india, Laos Panhandle,” one ARVN officer recalled, thus “became an attractive idea.” Such an operation would “retain the initiative for the RVNAF, disrupt the flow of enemy personnel and when quotes for a, supplies to South Vietnam, and greatly reduce the enemy’s capability to launch an offensive in 1971.” 67 The ARVN’s spotty performance in the ensuing operation, Lam Son 719, further fueled speculations that Vietnamization might not be working as reported. Though Nixon declared the in india, campaign had “assured” the next round of hilarious, U.S. troop withdrawals, Kissinger worried that Lam Son had exposed “lingering deficiencies” that raised questions over South Vietnam’s ability to bear the full burden of the ongoing war. 68. If Kissinger agonized over on brain the need to balance negotiations with troop withdrawals and offensive operations to began quotes essay, keep the enemy off balance, he was not alone.

Inside Hanoi’s Politburo, Le Duan equally pondered strategic alternatives in the aftermath of Lam Son 719. Though only sixteen U.S. maneuver battalions remained in South Vietnam by early 1972, on all fronts the war appeared deadlocked. Le Duan hoped a new invasion would “defeat the American ‘Vietnamization’ policy, gain a decisive victory in 1972, and drain, force the U.S. To Critical. imperialists to negotiate an end to essays on brain, the war from a position of defeat.” 69 Abrams remained unclear regarding enemy intentions. Was a large-scale invasion an act of desperation, as Nixon believed, or a way to gain leverage in negotiations by satirical essays controlling South Vietnamese territory? North Vietnamese strategists certainly were taking risks but not out of essays on brain drain in india, desperation.

The 1972 Nguyen-Hue campaign aimed for a collapse of South Vietnam’s armed forces, Thieu’s ouster, and the formation of a coalition government. Failing these ambitious goals, Le Duan envisioned the assignment, struggle continuing against a weakened ARVN. In either case, the Politburo believed its “actions would totally change the character of the war in South Vietnam.” 70. The subsequent “Easter Offensive,” begun on March 30, 1972, unleashed three separate NVA thrusts into South Vietnam. In some areas, the ARVN fought bravely; in essays drain in india others, soldiers broke and ran.

Abrams responded by throwing B-52 bombers into the battle as Nixon ordered resumption of bombing in internet globalization essay the North and the mining of Haiphong harbor. Gradually, yet perceptibly, the offensive’s momentum began to slow. Essays On Brain. Although North Vietnam’s spring offensive had ended with no dramatic battlefield victory, it had met its goal of changing the character of the war. 71 U.S. Pay For Assignment. officials proclaimed Vietnamization a final success given that the ARVN had successfully blunted the enemy’s assault. Overwhelming U.S. air support, however, quite literally saved many units from being overrun and, more intangibly, helped sustain morale during hard months of fighting. Equally important, North Vietnamese leaders made several errors during the on brain drain, campaign. The separate offensives into pay for, South Vietnam dissipated combat strength while placing overwhelming strain on logistical support capabilities.

Moreover, tactical commanders lacked experience in employing tanks and squandered infantry units in suicidal assaults. Essays. 72. By the end of June, only 49,000 U.S. troops remained in South Vietnam. Revolutionary Mothers Carol Thesis. Like his predecessor, Abrams was pulled to become the army’s chief of staff before the guns had fallen silent. Throughout the summer and fall, stalemated discussions in Paris mirrored the military standoff inside South Vietnam. In October, Kissinger reported to Nixon a breakthrough with the essays drain in india, North Vietnamese delegation and internet essay, announced an impending cease-fire. President Thieu fumed that Kissinger had conceded too much, allowing NVA units to remain in South Vietnam and refused to sign any agreement. The resulting diplomatic impasse, fueled by on brain drain in india Thieu’s defiance and Hanoi’s intransigence, infuriated Nixon. By December, the president had reached his limits and ordered a massive air campaign against North Vietnam to break the deadlock.

Nixon intended the bombing assault, codenamed Linebacker II, to induce both Hanoi and Saigon to return to assignment, the negotiating table. On December 26, the Politburo agreed to resume talks while Nixon pressed Thieu to support the armistice. The final settlement changed little from the principles outlined in October. Essays Drain In India. One month later, on essay January 27, 1973, the United States, North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and the Provisional Revolutionary Government signed the Paris Agreement on Ending the essays in india, War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam. Introduction To Critical. 73. In large sense, Nixon’s use of B-52 bombers during Linebacker II illustrated the limits of American military power in drain Vietnam. The press reacted strongly, referring to the bombing of urban targets in North Vietnam as “war by tantrum” and an act of “senseless terror.” 74 But by late 1972, B-52s were the only tools left in Nixon’s arsenal. Despite years of mothers carol berkin, effort and essays on brain drain in india, sacrifice, the best the Americans could achieve was a stalemate only temporarily broken by strategic bombing. Globalization. Many senior military officers, perhaps unsurprisingly, would point to on brain in india, Linebacker II as proof of a mismanaged war. They argued that if only introduction to critical essay civilian policymakers had been less restrictive in essays on brain drain in india setting unnecessary boundaries, those in uniform could have won much earlier and at much less cost.

Such arguments, however, tended to discount the larger political concerns of presidents and their advisers hoping to assignment, limit a war that had become the centerpiece of American foreign policy and one that had divided the nation. 75. Others advanced a different “if only” argument regarding U.S. military strategy for Vietnam. They posited that upon taking command of MACV, Abrams, deviating almost immediately from on brain Westmoreland’s conventional methods, had changed the American approach to, and thus nature of, the war. This “better war” thesis found acceptance among many officers in whom a conviction endured that a better application of strategy could have yielded better political results. Yet senior American commanders, even before Westmoreland’s tenure at career essay MACV, tended to on brain in india, see the internet essay, war as a comprehensive whole and drain in india, devised their strategy accordingly. Despite frequent heavy-handedness in applying military power inside South Vietnam, almost all officers recognized that the war ultimately was a contest for political power. Comprehending the to critical essay, complexities of strategy and on brain, effectively implementing it, however, were not one and internet, the same. Officers serving in essays in india Vietnam quickly found that strategy included much more than simply drafting a plan of political-military action.

The complexity of the threat, both political and military, confounded U.S. analysts and staff officers. Westmoreland understood the important role played by southern insurgent forces but argued he could not stamp out these irregular “termites” without substantially eliminating the enemy’s main force units. Assignment. Even ascertaining enemy motives proved difficult. Not long after Abrams took command, MACV still faced a “real problem, following the Tet offensive, trying to on brain in india, figure out” the hilarious, enemy’s overall military strategy. On Brain In India. 76. Perhaps most importantly, senior U.S. Mothers Carol Berkin. policymakers were asking too much of their military strategists. In the end, the war was a struggle between and among Vietnamese.

For the United States, the foundation on which American forces waged a struggle—one that involved both construction of an effective host government and destruction of a committed communist-nationalist enemy—proved too fragile. Officers like Westmoreland and Abrams found that nation-building in essays a time of war was one of the most difficult tasks to ask of a military force. Yet American faith in the power to reconstruct, if not create, a South Vietnamese political community led to policies that did not address a fundamental issue—the internal contest to define and revolutionary thesis, come to on brain in india, a consensus on Vietnamese nationalism and hilarious satirical, identity in the modern age. More than any other conflict during the Cold War era, Vietnam exposed the essays on brain in india, limits of American military power overseas. It was a reality that many U.S. citizens found, and continue to find, discomforting. Yet if a perspective is to be gained from the when began, long American experience in Southeast Asia, it lies here. On Brain In India. Not all problems can be solved by military force, even when that force is combined with political, economic, and pay for assignment, social efforts. The capacity of essays drain in india, Americans to reshape new political and social communities may not, in introduction to critical essay fact, be limitless. Writing of his own experiences in on brain drain in india the Korean War, Matthew Ridgway offered an important conclusion while the war in Vietnam was still raging.

In setting foreign policy objectives, the general advised that policymakers look “to define them with care and to make sure they lie within the internet, range of our vital national interests and that their accomplishment is within our capabilities.” 77 For those seeking to understand the disappointments of American military strategy during the Vietnam War, Ridgway’s counsel seems a useful starting point. Discussion of the Literature. The historiography on essays the American experience in Vietnam remains a contentious topic. For a starting point, the best surveys are , which is more a diplomatic and accomplishments essay, political history, and , which places the essays on brain drain, war in the war began quotes an international perspective. A solid textbook is An excellent collection of drain, essays can be found in both ) and. Fredrik Logevall, Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of accomplishments essay, War in Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999 Lloyd C. Gardner, Pay Any Price: Lyndon Johnson and the Wars for Vietnam (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1995) Larry Berman has two very good works on on brain drain LBJ: Planning a Tragedy: The Americanization of the War in Vietnam (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982 Larry Berman, Lyndon Johnson’s War: The Road to Stalemate in Vietnam (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989). Brian VanDeMark’s Into the introduction to critical, Quagmire: Lyndon Johnson and the Escalation of the Vietnam War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991) Robert Dallek, Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and essays on brain, His Times, 1961–1973 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998) The escalation of the war under Johnson is well covered. Among the most important works are ), and . ), and is also useful. , provides a balanced overview of the career accomplishments essay, president’s struggles with the essays in india, war.

Gregory A. Daddis, Westmoreland’s War: Reassessing American Strategy in the Vietnam War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014) Andrew F. Hilarious. Krepinevich Jr., The Army and Vietnam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986) Harry G. Summers Jr., On Strategy: A Critical Appraisal of the Vietnam War (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1982) Jeffrey Record, The Wrong War: Why We Lost in essays in india Vietnam (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998). Andrew J. Birtle, U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine, 1942–1976 (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 2006). Lewis Sorley, a staunch admirer of the general, provides insights in Vietnam Chronicles: The Abrams Tapes, 1968–1972 (Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2004) Mark Clodfelter takes on the air war in The Limits of Airpower: The American Bombing of North Vietnam (New York: Free Press, 1989). Thomas L. Ahern Jr. looks at the CIA in Vietnam Declassified: The CIA and Counterinsurgency (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2010). Robert Buzzanco, Masters of War: Military Dissent and Politics in the Vietnam Era (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996). The topic of U.S. military strategy is hotly debated. Essay. , offers a reinterpretation of those works in suggesting Americans were blind to drain, the realities of the hilarious satirical, war. Essays On Brain In India. Samples of these latter works include: ; ; and More persuasive is pay for assignment Though Abrams left behind no written work on the war, . Finally, an often overlooked yet important work on essays senior military leaders is. Jeffrey Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998) Ronald H. Spector, After Tet: The Bloodiest Year in essay Vietnam (New York: Free Press, 1993) James H. Willbanks, Abandoning Vietnam: How America Left and essays, South Vietnam Lost Its War (Lawrence: University Press of began quotes essay, Kansas, 2004) Lewis Sorley’s A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of essays on brain drain, America’s Last Years in Vietnam (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999) On the war’s final years, see ; ; and . takes an career overly sympathetic view of the Abrams’s years. James McCargar, Lost Victory: A Firsthand Account of America’s Sixteen-Year Involvement in essays on brain in india Vietnam (Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1989) Lyndon Baines Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives on tomorrow when began for a essay the Presidency, 1963–1969 (New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston, 1971) Henry Kissinger, Ending the Vietnam War: A History of on brain in india, America’s Involvement in accomplishments and Extrication from the Vietnam War (New York: Simon Schuster, 2003) Robert W Komer, Bureaucracy at drain in india War: U.S.

Performance in essays the Vietnam Conflict (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1986) Robert S. Essays On Brain Drain. McNamara, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (New York: Times Books, 1995) Richard Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Grosset Dunlap, 1978) Bruce, Palmer Jr., The 25-Year War: America’s Military Role in Vietnam (New York: Simon Schuster, 1984) William C. Westmoreland, A Soldier Reports (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976). Philip Caputo, A Rumor of War (New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston, 1977) David Donovan, Once a Warrior King (New York: Ballantine, 1986) Stuart A. Herrington, Stalking the tomorrow quotes for a, Vietcong: Inside Operation Phoenix: A Personal Account (Navato, CA: Presidio, 2004) Harold G. Moore and Joseph L. Galloway. We Were Soldiers Once . . . and Young (New York: HarperCollins, 1993). Christian G. Appy, Working-Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993) For memoirs from senior leaders, students should consult William Colby with ; ; ; ; ; ; ; and Among the best memoirs from junior officers and soldiers are: ; ; ; and Less a memoir than an excellent collective biography of the enlisted soldier serving in Vietnam is. David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1969) David Halberstam, The Making of essays drain in india, a Quagmire: America and Vietnam during the Kennedy Era (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1964, 1988) Michael Herr, Dispatches (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968) Don Oberdorfer, Tet! (New York: Doubleday, 1971) Neil Sheehan, A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam (New York: Random House, 1988). Peter Braestrup, Big Story: How the American Press and Television Reported and Interpreted the hilarious satirical, Crisis of Tet 1968 in Vietnam and Washington (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1977). Journalists’ accounts were important in covering the American experience and in setting a foundation for how the war has been outlined in popular memory. Among the most indispensable of this genre are ; ; ; ; and essays on brain, Also useful is. Mark P. Hilarious Satirical. Bradley’s Vietnam at War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009) Andrew Wiest, Vietnam’s Forgotten Army Vietnam’s Forgotten Army: Heroism and Betrayal in the ARVN (New York: New York University Press, 2008 Robert K. Brigham, ARVN: Life and Death in the South Vietnamese Army (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006) Eric M. Bergerud, The Dynamics of in india, Defeat: The Vietnam War in Hau Nghia Province (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1991) Jeffrey Race, War Comes to carol, Long An: Revolutionary Conflict in on brain drain a Vietnamese Province (Berkeley: University of introduction to critical essay, California Press, 1972) James Walker Trullinger Jr., Village at War: An Account of drain, Revolution in Vietnam (New York: Longman, 1980).

Frances FitzGerald, Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in when the war began quotes for a Vietnam (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972). The South Vietnamese perspective often gets lost in American-centric works on the war but should not be disregarded. is an excellent one-volume history of the war written from the Vietnamese viewpoint. Both ) and on brain drain in india, , make an important contribution for understanding the U.S. Army’s most important allies. Three provincial studies also delve into the war inside South Vietnam’s villages: ; ; and For an argument on accomplishments essay the cultural divide between allies, see. Pierre Asselin, Hanoi’s’ Road to the Vietnam War, 1954–1965 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013) Lien-Hang T. Nguyen, Hanoi’s War: An International History of the on brain, War for Peace in Vietnam (Chapel Hill: University of hilarious essays, North Carolina Press, 2012) Ang Cheng Guan, The Vietnam War from the Other Side: The Vietnamese Communists’ Perspective (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002 Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the essays in india, People’s Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975 , translated by Merle L. Pribbenow (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002) William J. Duiker, The Communist Road to Power , 2d ed. To Critical. (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996) Warren Wilkins, Grab Their Belts to Fight Them: The Viet Cong’s Big Unit War against the U.S., 1965–1966 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2011).

If the South Vietnamese perspective often is overlooked, the North Vietnamese also tends to get short shrift in American works. Relying on new research, the best among this group are ; ; ) and Ending the Vietnam War: The Vietnamese Communists’ Perspective (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004); ; ; and. Bao Ninh, The Sorrow of War: A Novel of North Vietnam (New York: Riverhead, 1996) Josiah Bunting, The Lionheads (New York: George Braziller, 1972) Karl Marlantes, Matterhorn: A Novel of the Vietnam War (New York: Atlantic Monthly, 2010) Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990) Robert Roth, Sand in the Wind (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973). Finally, students should not overlook the value of novels in understanding the war from the essays drain, soldiers’ viewpoint. Internet Globalization. Among the best are ; ; ; ; and. Among the best documentary collections are ), and Also useful is For encyclopedias on the war, see ), and.

Researchers should also consult two still useful collections of documents: The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of United States Decision making on Vietnam, ed. Mike Gravel , 5 vols. (Boston: Beacon, 1971–1972), and William Conrad Gibbons, The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War: Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships , 4 vols. (Washington, DC: U.S. Essays On Brain Drain In India. Government Printing Office, 1986–1995). The U.S. Department of State has collected a wonderful array of documents in the Foreign Relations of the United States ( FRUS ) series. Mothers. These resources can be found online at essays on brain drain http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments. For researchers delving into tomorrow for a essay, primary sources, the best place to in india, begin is the Virtual Vietnam Archive run by Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas.

This online archive houses more than four million pages of materials and is located at http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/virtualarchive/. The physical archive has much more additional material for researchers. For higher level strategic insights, the presidential libraries in Boston, Massachusetts (Kennedy), Austin, Texas (Johnson), and Yorba Linda, California (Nixon) have important archival holdings. Those seeking insights into the U.S. Introduction. Army will find excellent resources at the U.S. Army Military History Institute in Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, and essays on brain in india, the U.S.

Army Center of Military History at Fort McNair, Washington, DC. Hilarious Satirical. The National Archives in College Park, Maryland, offers a vast amount of resources as well. Finally, for those wishing to drain, focus on pay for cultural issues within the region, researchers may wish to consult the John M. Echols Collection on Southeast Asia at on brain drain Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Researcher information can be found at http://asia.library.cornell.edu/ac/Echols/index. Anderson, David L., ed. Hilarious Essays. The Columbia History of the Vietnam War . New York: Columbia University Press, 2011. Find this resource: Cosmas, Graham A. MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Escalation, 1962–1967. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 2006. Find this resource:

Cosmas, Graham A. MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Withdrawal, 1968–1973 . Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 2007. Essays Drain In India. Find this resource: Daddis, Gregory A. Westmoreland’s War: Reassessing American Strategy in the Vietnam War . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. To Critical. Find this resource: Elliott, David W. P. In India. The Vietnamese War: Revolution and Social Change in the Mekong Delta, 1930–1975. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2002. Find this resource: Herring, George C. America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 . 4th ed.

New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002. Find this resource: Hess, Gary R. Vietnam: Explaining America’s Lost War . Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. Find this resource: Hunt, Richard A. Essay. Pacification: The American Struggle for Vietnam’s Hearts and essays on brain drain in india, Minds . Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995. Find this resource: Kimball, Jeffrey. Nixon’s Vietnam War . Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998. Find this resource: Lawrence, Mark Atwood. The Vietnam War: A Concise International History . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Find this resource: Nguyen, Lien-Hang T. Hanoi’s War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam . Durham: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.

Find this resource: (1.) JCS quoted in Max Hastings, The Korean War (New York: Simon Schuster, 1987), 229. Pay For Assignment. Hastings argued that the “Korean War occupies a unique place in history, as the first superpower essay of the nuclear age in the employment of limited force to achieve limited objectives,” p. 338. On the relationship of Korea to Europe, see Stanley Sandler, The Korean War: No Victors, No Vanquished (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1999), 144. (2.) Matthew B. Ridgway, The Korean War (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1967 ; reprint, New York: Da Capo Press, 1986), 145, 232. (3.) Bernard Brodie, Strategy in the Missile Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959), 311 . For a broader context of this period, see Jonathan M. House, A Military History of the essays in india, Cold War, 1944–1962 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012) . Hilarious Satirical. (4.) Robert E. Osgood, Limited War: The Challenge to American Security (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957), 5, 7 . Essays On Brain Drain. (5.) Andrew J. Birtle, U.S. Globalization. Army Counterinsurgency and essays in india, Contingency Operations Doctrine, 1942–1976 (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 2006), 278. See also Douglas Porch, Counterinsurgency: Exposing the when quotes, Myths of the New Way of War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2103), 217 . For a counterargument on how U.S. Drain In India. Army officers shunned learning and thus lost the war in Vietnam, see John Nagl, Learning to pay for assignment, Eat Soup with a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002). (6.) Henry A. Kissinger, Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (New York: Harper Brothers, 1957), 139 . David Fitzgerald argues that senior MACV leaders “made a strong effort to understand the type of war [they] confronted.” Learning to on brain drain, Forget: US Army Counterinsurgency Doctrine and Practice from accomplishments essay Vietnam to Iraq (Stanford, CA: Stanford Security Studies, 2013), 38 . On multiple dimensions of strategy, see Colin S. Gray, “Why strategy is difficult,” in in india Strategic Studies: A Reader , 2d ed., ed. Thomas G. Mahnken and Joseph A. Maiolo (New York: Routledge, 2014), 43. (7.) Lyndon Baines Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives on the Presidency, 1963–1969 (New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston, 1971), 241 . On larger Cold War issues, see John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of tomorrow when began, Postwar American National Security Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 240 . (8.) McNamara quoted in drain in india Gerard J. DeGroot, A Noble Cause? America and the Vietnam War (Harlow, UK: Longman, 2000), 135 . On enemy escalation and its impact, see David Kaiser, American Tragedy: Kennedy, Johnson, and the Origins of the Vietnam War (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000), 346 . B. Hilarious. H. Liddell Hart, Strategy , 2d rev. ed. Essays Drain In India. (New York: Frederick A. Internet Essay. Praeger, 1954), 335–336. (9.) Neil L. Jamieson argues that “Vietnamese clung to and fought over drain their own competing and incompatible visions of what Vietnam was and what it might and hilarious satirical, should become.” In Neil L. Jamieson, Understanding Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), x . (10.) Ronald H. Spector, Advice and Support: The Early Years, 1941–1960 (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1983), 336 . While early MAAG commanders realized the importance of on brain in india, economic development as part of an overall approach to strategy, Lieutenant General Lionel McGarr, who took over essay MAAG in August 1960, elevated the importance of counterinsurgency training within the ARVN ranks. Spector, Advice and Support , 365. See also Alexander S. Cochran Jr., “American Planning for Ground Combat in on brain Vietnam: 1952–1965,” Parameters 14.2 (Summer 1984): 65 . (11.) Robert Buzzanco, Masters of War: Military Dissent and Politics in the Vietnam Era (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 65, 72–73 . While sympathetic to Ngo Dinh Diem, Mark Moyar covers the carol berkin thesis, American participation during the advisory years in Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006) . (12.) Agrovilles were supposedly secure communities to which rural civilians were relocated in hopes of separating them from NLF insurgents.

On Diem, development, and engineering a social revolution, see Edward Miller, Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the on brain drain in india, United States, and the Fate of South Vietnam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013) . For a competing interpretation, see James M. Carter, Inventing Vietnam: The United States and accomplishments essay, State Building, 1954–1968 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008). On training of South Vietnam forces, James Lawton Collins Jr., The Development and Training of the essays in india, South Vietnamese Army, 1950–1972 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975) . (13.) Graham A. Cosmas, MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Escalation, 1962–1967 (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 2006), 35 . Tomorrow When The War Began Quotes Essay. (14.) For the North Vietnamese perspective, especially in the years preceding full American intervention, see Pierre Asselin, Hanoi’s Road to the Vietnam War, 1954–1965 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013) , and William J. Duiker, The Communist Road to Power , 2d ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview , 1996) . For a perspective of drain, Diem somewhat at odds with Miller, and especially Moyar, see Seth Jacobs, Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America’s War in tomorrow quotes for a Vietnam, 1950–1963 (Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, 2006) . (15.) Michael H. Hunt, Lyndon Johnson’s War: America’s Cold War Crusade in Vietnam, 1945–1968 (New York: Hill Wang, 1996), 94 . On the air campaign, see Mark Clodfelter, The Limits of Airpower: The American Bombing of North Vietnam (New York: Free Press, 1989) , and Lloyd C. Gardner, “Lyndon Johnson and on brain drain in india, the Bombing of Vietnam: Politics and hilarious essays, Military Choices,” in The Columbia History of the Vietnam War , ed. David L. On Brain Drain. Anderson (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011). (16.) Westmoreland quoted in Larry Berman, Planning a Tragedy: The Americanization of the War in Vietnam (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), 71 . Tomorrow. For an example of senior officers blaming civilians for limiting military means to on brain drain in india, achieve political ends, see U.S. Grant Sharp, Strategy for Defeat: Vietnam in to critical essay Retrospect (San Rafael, CA: Presidio, 1978) . (17.) On the contentious topic of escalation, see Fredrik Logevall, Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and on brain drain in india, the Escalation of War in Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999) , and Lloyd C. Gardner, Pay Any Price: Lyndon Johnson and the Wars for hilarious essays, Vietnam (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1995). David L. Di Leo offers a treatment of a key dissenter inside the Johnson White House in George Ball, Vietnam, and the Rethinking of Containment (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991). (18.) Robert S. McNamara, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (New York: Times Books, 1995), 188. (19.) Westmoreland’s assessment in The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of United States Decisionmaking in Vietnam, vol.

4, ed. Mike Gravel. (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971–1972), 606. See also chapter 7, “Evolution of Strategy,” in William C. Westmoreland, A Soldier Reports (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976) . (20.) Phillip B. Davidson, Vietnam at essays in india War: The History: 1946–1975 (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1988), 354 . On MACV guidance in implementing this broad strategy, see John M. Carland, “Winning the Vietnam War: Westmoreland’s Approach in revolutionary Two Documents,” Journal of essays in india, Military History 68.2 (April 2004): 553–574 . (21.) U. Satirical. S. Grant Sharp and William C. Westmoreland, Report on the War in Vietnam (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969), 100 . The Pentagon Papers , Vol. 4, 296. Essays In India. (22.) Vo Nguyen Giap, People’s War, People’s Army: The Viet Cong Insurrection Manual for revolutionary mothers carol berkin thesis, Underdeveloped Countries (New York: Frederick A. Drain In India. Praeger, 1962), 46, 61 . Essay. On the evolution of Hanoi’s strategic thinking, see David W. Essays Drain. P. Began. Elliott, “Hanoi’s Strategy in the Second Indochina War,” in drain in india The Vietnam War: Vietnamese and assignment, American Perspectives , ed. Jayne S. Werner and Luu Doan Huynh (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993) . (23.) The strategic debate is essays drain best outlined in Lien-Hang T. Mothers Berkin. Nguyen, Hanoi’s War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam (Chapel Hill: University of drain, North Carolina Press, 2012), 71 . See also Nguyen Vu Tung, “Coping with the United States: Hanoi’s Search for an Effective Strategy,” in The Vietnam War , ed. Peter Lowe (New York: St. Hilarious Essays. Martin’s Press, 1998), 46–48 ; and Hanoi Assessment of essays on brain drain, Guerrilla War in when the war began South, November 1966, Folder 17, Box 06, Douglas Pike Collection: Unit 01-Assessment and Strategy, The Vietnam Archive, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (hereafter cited as TTUVA). Resolution 12 in Communist Strategy as Reflected in on brain in india Lao Dong Party and COSVN Resolutions, Folder 26, Box 07, Douglas Pike Collection: Unit 06-Democratic Republic of Vietnam, TTUVA, p. The War Quotes Essay. 3. (24.) For a useful historiographical sketch on the debates over intervention and American strategy, see Gary R. Hess, Vietnam: Explaining America’s Lost War (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2009) , chapters 3 and 4. (25.) Westmoreland quoted in Davidson, Vietnam at essays in india War , 313.

On early U.S. Army actions in Vietnam, see John M. Carland, Stemming the Tide: May 1965 to October 1966 (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 2000) , and pay for assignment, Shelby L. Stanton, The Rise and Fall of an American Army: U.S. Ground Forces in Vietnam, 1965–1973 (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1985) . Drain In India. (26.) Westmoreland explained his rationale for pay for assignment, focusing on main force units in essays in india A Soldier Reports , 180. For a counterargument against revolutionary mothers, this approach, see Andrew F. Krepinevich Jr., The Army and Vietnam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986) . (27.) The best monograph on the Ia Drang battles remains Harold G. Moore and Joseph L. Galloway, We Were Soldiers Once . . . and Young (New York: HarperCollins, 1993) . For a perspective from the enemy side, see Warren Wilkins, Grab Their Belts to Fight Them: The Viet Cong’s Big Unit War against the U.S., 1965–1966 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2011) , especially chapter 6. Essays On Brain Drain. (28.) COMUSMACV memorandum, “Increased Emphasis on Rural Construction,” 8 December 1965, Correspondence, 1965–1966, Box 35, Jonathan O. Seaman Papers, U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania (hereafter cited as MHI). Hilarious. (29.) Westmoreland highlighted Hanoi’s continuing infiltration of forces into South Vietnam at the end of 1965.

An evaluation of U.S. operations in early December underscored his concerns that “our attrition of their forces in South Vietnam is insufficient to offset this buildup.” In Carland, “Winning the essays on brain, Vietnam War,” 570. On the introduction, media’s take on these early battles, see “G.I.’s Found Rising to essays drain in india, Vietnam Test,” New York Times , December 26, 1965. (30.) Memorandum to President Lyndon B. Johnson from Robert S. McNamara: Events between November 3–29, 1965, November 30, 1964, Folder 9, Box 3, Larry Berman Collection, TTUVA. On McNamara being “shaken” by the meeting, see Neil Sheehan, A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam (New York: Random House, 1988), 579–580 . McNamara, In Retrospect , 221–222. (31.) “Presidential Decisions: The Honolulu Conference, February 6–8, 1966,” Folder 2, Box 4, Larry Berman Collection (Presidential Archives Research), TTUVA. Revolutionary Mothers. John T. Wheeler, “Only a Fourth of South Viet Nam Is Under Control of Saigon Regime,” Washington Star , January 25, 1966. (32.) “1966 Program to Increase the Effectiveness of Military Operations and Anticipated Results Thereof,” February 8, 1966, in The War in Vietnam: The Papers of William C. Westmoreland , ed. Robert E. Lester (Bethesda, MD: University Publications of America, 1993) , Incl. 6, Folder 4, Reel 6. See also U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States , vol. On Brain Drain. 5, Vietnam, 1967 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2002), 216–219 (hereafter cited as FRUS ). Westmoreland took to heart the importance of rural construction. See MACV Commander’s Conference, February 20, 1966, Counter VCI Folder, Historian’s Files, U.S.

Army Center of Military History, Fort McNair, Washington, DC (hereafter cited as CMH). (33.) Pacification defined in “Handbook for Military Support of Pacification,” February 1968, Folder 14, Box 5, United States Armed Forces Manual Collection, TTUVA. Seymour Topping, “Crisis in Saigon Snags U.S. Effort,” New York Times , April 5, 1966 . Martin G. Clemis, “Competing and Incompatible Visions: Revolution, Pacification, and the Political Organization of Space during the Second Indochina War,” paper presented at pay for assignment the 81st Annual Meeting of the Society for Military History, April 2014, Kansas City, MO. (34.) On Westmoreland’s approach to pacification, see Gregory A. Daddis, Westmoreland’s War: Reassessing American Strategy in Vietnam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014) , chapter 5. For a counterargument that dismisses allied pacification efforts, see Nick Turse, Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2013). (35.) Sir Robert Thompson, Defeating Communist Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966), 55 . For a contemporary argument of Malaya not being relevant to Vietnam, see Bernard B. Fall, Viet-Nam Witness: 1953–66 (New York: Frederick A. On Brain Drain In India. Praeger, 1966), 272 . (36.) Thomas L. Ahern Jr., Vietnam Declassified: The CIA and Counterinsurgency (Lexington: University Press of when the war began quotes for a, Kentucky, 2010), 171–175 . (37.) The best monograph on pacification remains Richard A. Essays On Brain Drain. Hunt, Pacification: The American Struggle for Vietnam’s Hearts and Minds (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995) . For a balanced treatment of Komer, see Frank L. Jones, Blowtorch: Robert Komer, Vietnam, and American Cold War Strategy (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2013) . See also Robert W. Komer, Bureaucracy at War: U.S. Performance in the Vietnam Conflict (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1986) . A partial impetus for an increased emphasis on pacification stemmed from a March 1966 report known as PROVN, shorthand for “A Program for internet globalization essay, the Pacification and Long-Term Development of South Vietnam.” PROVN stressed nonmilitary means and drain in india, argued that “victory” could be achieved only by “bringing the the war began for a, individual Vietnamese, typically a rural peasant, to support willingly the drain, Government of South Vietnam (GVN).” Deputy Chief of Staff for Military Operations, “A Program for the Pacification and Long-Term Development of South Vietnam (Department of the Army, March 1966), 1, 3. The best review of this still hotly debated document is Andrew J. Birtle, “PROVN, Westmoreland, and the Historians: A Reappraisal,” Journal of Military History 72.4 (October 2008): 1213–1247 . (38.) Robert W. Komer, “Clear, Hold and introduction, Rebuild,” Army 20.5 5 (May 1970): 19 . Essays On Brain In India. On CORDS establishment, see National Security Action Memorandum No. When Began Quotes Essay. 362, FRUS , 1964–1968, vol. 5, 398–399. Though revolutionary development remained, at least nominally, a South Vietnamese program, many observers believed the essays on brain in india, inability of the ARVN to internet, take over pacification in the countryside helped spur the establishment of CORDS.

Robert Shaplen, The Road from War: Vietnam, 1965–1970 (New York: Harper Row, 1970), 122 . As of March 31, 1967, 53 ARVN infantry battalions were performing missions in direct support of pacification. MACV Monthly Evaluation Report, March 1967, MHI, 13. Essays Drain. (39.) For a contemporary discussion on the cultural divide between Americans and Vietnamese and how this impacted both military operations and the pacification program, see Frances FitzGerald, Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972). Fitzgerald maintained that the “political and economic design of the Vietnamese revolution” remained “invisible” to almost all Americans, (p. 143). Essay. (40.) For competing tasks within CORDS, see Chester L. Cooper, et al., “The American Experience with Pacification in Vietnam, Volume III: History of Pacification,” March 1972, Folder 65, U.S. Marine Corps History Division, Vietnam War Documents Collection, TTUVA, 271. Journalist Ward Just reported that the essays drain in india, real yardsticks of pacification’s progress were “the Vietnamese view of events, the Vietnamese mood, the Vietnamese will and the Vietnamese capability.” See “Another Measure of Vietnam’s War,” Washington Post , October 15, 1967. On personnel turbulence, see Mark DePu, “Vietnam War: The Individual Rotation Policy,” http://www.historynet.com/vietnam-war-the-individual-rotation-policy.htm . Tomorrow Began Essay. (41.) As a sampling of contemporary journalist critiques of the war in 1967, see: Joseph Kraft, “The True Failure in essays drain Saigon—South Vietnam’s Fighting Force,” Los Angeles Times , May 3, 1967 ; Ward Just, “This War May Be Unwinnable,” Washington Post, June 4, 1967 ; and R. W. Hilarious. Apple, “Vietnam: The Signs of Stalemate,” New York Times , August 7, 1967. On the war in 1967 being perceived as a stalemate, see Sir Robert Thompson, No Exit from Vietnam (New York: David McKay, 1969), 67 ; and Anthony James Joes, The War for on brain in india, South Viet Nam, 1954–1975, rev. Revolutionary Berkin Thesis. ed. (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001), 96 . On military operations early in 1967, see Bernard W. Rogers, Cedar Falls–Junction City: A Turning Point (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974, 2004) . (42.) On Johnson’s salesmanship campaign, see Larry Berman, Lyndon Johnson’s War: The Road to Stalemate in essays drain in india Vietnam (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989) , especially chapters 5–7. On the satirical, MACV-CIA debate, see James J. Wirtz, “Intelligence to Please? The Order of Battle Controversy during the on brain in india, Vietnam War,” Political Science Quarterly 106.2 (Summer 1991): 239–263 . (43.) On Hanoi’s views and its policy for a decisive victory, see Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the pay for, People’s Army of on brain in india, Vietnam, 1954–1975 , trans.

Merle L. Pribbenow (Lawrence: University Press of hilarious, Kansas, 2002), 206–207 . On overriding political goals of Tet, see: Ang Cheng Guan, The Vietnam War from the Other Side: The Vietnamese Communists’ Perspective (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002),116–126 ; James J. Wirtz, The Tet Offensive: Intelligence Failure in War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), 10, 20–21 ; Ronnie E. Ford, Tet 1968: Understanding the Surprise (London: Frank Cass, 1995), 70–71 ; and Gabriel Kolko, Anatomy of essays on brain in india, a War: Vietnam, the United States, and the Modern Historical Experience (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985), 303 . (44.) If successful, Hanoi’s leaders also would be in a more advantageous position if forced into a “fighting while negotiating” phase of the war. Ford, Tet 1968 , 93. Career Essay. See also Merle L. Pribbenow II, “General Vo Nguyen Giap and the Mysterious Evolution of the Plan for essays on brain drain, the 1968 T?t Offensive,” Journal of Vietnamese Studies 3 (Summer 2008): 1–33 . (45.) Carver quoted in Robert J. McMahon, “Turning Point: The Vietnam War’s Pivotal Year, November 1967–November 1968,” in Anderson, The Columbia History of the Vietnam War , 198. For a journalist’s account, see Don Oberdorfer, Tet! (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971) . For an accessible reference book, see William T. Allison, The Tet Offensive: A Brief History with Documents (New York: Routledge, 2008) . (46.) Gallup poll results in the aftermath of hilarious satirical essays, Tet in essays drain Berman, Lyndon Johnson’s War , 185. Background on LBJ’s March 31 speech in Robert Mann, A Grand Delusion: America’s Descent into Vietnam (New York: Basic Books, 2001), 600–602 ; A. Mothers Carol. J. Langguth, Our Vietnam: The War, 1954–1975 (New York: Simon Schuster, 2000), 492–493 ; and Kolko, Anatomy of a War , 320–321. Decision on troop levels in essays drain Mann, A Grand Delusion , 576. (47.) Zeb B. Bradford, “With Creighton Abrams during Tet,” Vietnam (February 1998): 45 . Media reports in James Landers, The Weekly War: Newsmagazines and Vietnam (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2004), 145–146 . As examples arguing for a change in strategy, see A. J. Langguth, “General Abrams Listens to a Different Drum,” New York Times , May 5, 1968 , and “A ‘Different’ War Now, With Abrams in Command,” U.S.

News World Report , August 26, 1968, 12. On Abrams’s “one-war” concept, see Lewis Sorley, A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of to critical, America’s Last Years in Vietnam (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999), 18 . The Westmoreland-Abrams strategy debate remains contentious. In his admiration of Abrams, Lewis Sorley is drain most vocal in supporting a change in revolutionary berkin strategic concept. See as an example, Vietnam Chronicles: The Abrams Tapes, 1968–1972 (Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2004), xix . Others are less certain. Phillip Davidson served under both commanders, as did Robert W. Komer—neither subscribed to a change in essays drain strategy under Abrams. Davidson, Vietnam at War , 512, and mothers thesis, Komer in The Lessons of essays on brain in india, Vietnam, ed. W. Scott Thompson and Donaldson D. Frizzell (New York: Crane, Russak, 1977), 79 . Andrew Birtle’s argument on the change being “more in emphasis than in substance” seems most compelling. “As MACV admitted in 1970, ‘the basic concept and objectives of pacification, to defeat the VC/NVA and to provide the people with economic and essays, social benefits, have changed little since the first comprehensive GVN plan was published in in india 1964.’” In U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and hilarious essays, Contingency Operations Doctrine , 367. (48.) Andrew J. Goodpaster, Senior Officers Debriefing Program, May 1976, MHI, p. 40. On peace replacing military victory, see Daniel C. Hallin, The “Uncensored War”: The Media and Vietnam (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 178 . (49.) On goals, see Richard Nixon, The Real War (New York: Warner Books 1980), 106 , and No More Vietnams (New York: Arbor House: 1985), 98.

Henry Kissinger, The White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 298 . See also Larry Berman, No Peace, No Honor: Nixon, Kissinger, and Betrayal in Vietnam (New York: Free Press, 2001), 50 . Essays Drain. Jeffrey Kimball argues that de-Americanization “was a course made politically necessary by the American public’s desire to wind down the war and doubts among key segments of the foreign-policy establishment about the possibility of winning the war.” The Vietnam War Files: Uncovering the Secret History of Nixon-Era Strategy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), 12. (50.) On withdrawal not representing a defeat, see “Now: A Shift in Goals, Methods,” U.S. News World Report , January 6, 1969, 16. On global perspective, see Jeffrey Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 62 . Michael Lind argues that Nixon had to withdraw “in a manner that preserved domestic support for the Cold War in other theaters.” Vietnam: The Necessary War (New York: Free Press, 1999), 106 . (51.) Richard Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Grosset Dunlap, 1978), 349 . On realizing limits to assignment, U.S. power, see Lawrence W. Serewicz, America at the Brink of Empire: Rusk, Kissinger, and the Vietnam War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007), 10 . Essays In India. On containing communism, see U.S. Embassy Statement, “Objectives and Courses of Action of the career accomplishments, United States in South Viet-Nam,” FRUS , 1964–1968, vol. 7, 719 . See also Lloyd Gardner, “The Last Casualty? Richard Nixon and essays drain, the End of the Vietnam War, 1969–75,” in mothers berkin A Companion to the Vietnam War , ed.

Marilyn B. Young and Robert Buzzanco (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2002), 230 . (52.) On problems of on brain in india, different types of threats, see Viet-Nam Info Series 20: “The Armed Forces of the revolutionary thesis, Republic of essays on brain drain in india, Viet Nam,” from Vietnam Bulletin, 1969, Folder 09, Box 13, Douglas Pike Collection: Unit 02-Military Operations, TTUVA, ps. 8, 25. See also Richard Shultz Jr., “The Vietnamization-Pacification Strategy of 1969–1972: A Quantitative and Qualitative Reassessment,” in Lessons from an Unconventional War: Reassessing U.S. Strategies for Future Conflicts, ed. Richard A. Hunt and Richard H. Hilarious Satirical. Shultz Jr. Drain. (New York: Pergamon, 1982), 55–56 . Loren Baritz argues that the “Nixon administration abandoned counterinsurgency” since it realized the NLF no longer was a significant threat. Backfire: A History of revolutionary mothers, How American Culture Led Us into Vietnam and essays in india, Made Us Fight the Way We Did (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 279 . (53.) Nixon, No More Vietnams , 104–107. Definition of internet essay, pacification on p. 132. (54.) Pacification Priority Area Summary, September 3, 1968, prepared by CORDS, Folder 65, US Marine Corps History Division, Vietnam War Documents Collection, TTUVA. Countryside depopulation in Charles Mohr, “Saigon Tries to essays on brain, Recover from the Blows,” New York Times , May 10, 1968 ; and pay for assignment, David W. P. Elliott, The Vietnamese War: Revolution and Social Change in the Mekong Delta, 1930–1975, concise ed. (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2007), 331, 336 . On problems of drain, measuring pacification security, see Gregory A. Daddis, No Sure Victory: Measuring U.S. Army Effectiveness and revolutionary carol thesis, Progress in the Vietnam War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 118–122 . (55.) The Chieu Hoi (“Open Arms”) program, begun in 1963, aimed to “rally” Vietcong defectors to on brain drain, the GVN side as part of a larger national reconciliation effort. Satirical. The plan sought to give former insurgents “opportunities for defection, an alternative to the hardships and deprivations of guerrilla life, political pardon, and in some measure, though vocational training, a means of earning a livelihood.” Jeanette A. Koch, The Chieu Hoi Program in South Vietnam, 1963–1971 (Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1973), v . Essays On Brain In India. (56.) Vietnam Lessons Learned No.

73, “Defeat of VC Infrastructure,” November 20, 1968, MACV Lessons Learned, Box 1, RG 472, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland. See also Dale Andrade, Ashes to Ashes: The Phoenix Program and the Vietnam War (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1990) ; and Mark Moyar, Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997, 2007) . (57.) For an example of the hard fighting still continuing during the Abrams years, see Samuel Zaffiri, Hamburger Hill: May 11–20, 1969 (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1988). On what U.S. advisers were doing as part of Vietnamization, see Jeffrey J. Clarke, Advice and assignment, Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973 (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1988), 342–343 . (58.) On ARVN increases, see in Larry A. Niksch, “Vietnamization: The Program and Its Problems,” Congressional Record Service, January 5, 1972, Folder 01, Box 19, Douglas Pike Collection: Unit 02-Military Operations, TTUVA, p. Essays. CRS-21. The best work on the South Vietnamese Army is Robert K. Brigham, ARVN: Life and Death in the South Vietnamese Army (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006) . Essays. (59.) “The Laird Plan,” Newsweek , June 2, 1969, 44. On ARVN lacking experience, see James H. Willbanks, Abandoning Vietnam: How America Left and South Vietnam Lost Its War (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), 51 ; and Samuel Zaffiri, Westmoreland: A Biography of General William C. Westmoreland (New York: William Morrow, 1994), 211 . Essays. (60.) Vietnamization working in Nixon, RN , 467. On enemy infiltration, see John Prados, The Blood Road: The Ho Chi Minh Trail and the Vietnam War (New York: John Wiley Sons, 1999) . Introduction To Critical. On the essays on brain, incursion, see John M. Shaw, The Cambodian Campaign: The 1970 Offensive and America’s Vietnam War (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005) , and Keith William Nolan, Into Cambodia: Spring Campaign, Summer Offensive, 1970 (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1990) . (61.) On My Lai, see Michael Bilton and Kevin Sim, Four Hours in My Lai (New York: Viking, 1992) , and essay, William Thomas Allison, My Lai: An American Atrocity in the Vietnam War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012) . (62.) Mansfield and McGovern (both Democrats) quoted in Mann, A Grand Delusion , 645, 649. See also Berman, No Peace, No Honor , 76. For an introduction to the antiwar movement and essays drain in india, its impact on Nixon, see Melvin Small, Antiwarriors: The Vietnam War and the Battle for America’s Hearts and Minds (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2002). (63.) Donald Kirk, “Who Wants to Be the Last American Killed in Vietnam?” New York Times , September 19, 1971 . See also “As Fighting Slows in Vietnam: Breakdown in GI Discipline” U.S. News World Report , June 7, 1971, and George Lepre, Fragging: Why U.S. Soldiers Assaulted Their Officers in Vietnam (Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2011) . “Fragging,” derived from when began quotes for a essay fragmentation grenade, was the act of on brain, fratricide, usually against accomplishments, an officer in a soldier’s chain of command. For counterarguments to the claims of army dysfunctionality, see William J. Shkurti, Soldiering on in a Dying War: The True Story of the Firebase Pace Incidents and the Vietnam Drawdown (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011 ), and drain in india, Jeremy Kuzmarov, The Myth of the tomorrow when the war for a, Addicted Army: Vietnam and the Modern War on Drugs (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2009) . (64.) Captain Brian Utermahlen, company commander, quoted in John Saar, “You Can’t Just Hand Out Orders,” Life , October 23, 1970, 32 . (65.) “The Troubled U.S.

Army in Vietnam,” Newsweek , January 11, 1971, 30, 34. On avoiding risks in a withdrawing army, see Saar, 31. James E. Westheider, The African American Experience in Vietnam: Brothers in Arms (Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, 2008) . (66.) Troop strengths in Shelby L. Stanton, Vietnam Order of Battle: A Complete Illustrated Reference to U.S. Army Combat and Support Forces in Vietnam, 1961–1973 (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2003), 334 . Kissinger’s concerns in essays on brain drain in india The White House Years , 971. (67.) Nguyen Duy Hinh, Lam Son 719 (Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1979), 8 . On Lam Son 719 being linked to continuing withdrawals, see Andrew Wiest, Vietnam’s Forgotten Army: Heroism and Betrayal in the ARVN (New York: New York University Press, 2008), 199 . (68.) Two new works cover the Lam Son 719 operation: James H. Willbanks, A Raid Too Far: Operation Lam Son 719 and Vietnamization in Laos (College Station: Texas AM University Press, 2014) , and Robert D. Sander, Invasion of Laos, 1971: Lam Son 719 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014) . (69.) Politburo quoted in revolutionary berkin thesis Victory in Vietnam , 283. On Hanoi’s strategic motives, see Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War , 324; Stephen P. Randolph, Powerful and Brutal Weapons: Nixon, Kissinger, and the Easter Offensive (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 28–29 ; and Ngo Quang Truong, The Easter Offensive of 1972 (Washington, DC: U.S.

Army Center of essays, Military History, 1980), 157–158 . (70.) Politburo quoted in Victory in Vietnam , 283. Satirical. On uncertainty over Hanoi’s intentions, see Berman, No Peace, No Honor , 124; Allan E. Goodman, The Lost Peace: America’s Search for on brain, a Negotiated Settlement of the hilarious, Vietnam War (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1978), 117–118 ; and Anthony T. Bouscaren, ed., All Quiet on on brain drain in india the Eastern Front: The Death of South Vietnam (Old Greenwich, CT: Devin-Adair, 1977), 44 . Nixon viewed the invasion “as a sign of desperation.” In RN , 587. Thesis. (71.) The bombing campaign during mid-1972 was codenamed Operation Linebacker. On debates between the White House and MACV over the best use of B-52s, see Randolph, Powerful and drain in india, Brutal Weapons , 119–120; Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War , 314–315; and H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House (New York: G. Satirical Essays. P. Essays On Brain Drain In India. Putnam’s, 1994), 435 . On the campaign ending with “no culminating battles and mass retreats, just the gradual erosion of NVA strength and the release of pressure against defending ARVN troops,” see Randolph, Powerful and Brutal Weapons , 270. (72.) James H. Willbanks argues that “the fact U.S. tactical leadership and firepower were the key ingredients . . . was either lost in the mutual euphoria of victory or ignored by Nixon administration officials.” In The Battle of An Loc (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 166. (73.) Thieu’s defiance and Hanoi’s intransigence in Robert Dalleck, Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 443 . Pay For Assignment. Paris agreement in Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War , 366–368. See also Kimball, The Vietnam War Files , 276–277. (74.) Linebacker II goals in drain Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War , 364–365. Press quoted in ibid., 366 . (75.) Ronald B. Frankum Jr., “‘Swatting Flies with a Sledgehammer’: The Air War,” in Rolling Thunder in a Gentle Land: The Vietnam War Revisited , ed. Andrew Wiest (New York: Osprey, 2006), 221–222. (76.) Westmoreland, A Soldier Reports , 180–181.

MACV staff in globalization essay Sorley, Vietnam Chronicles , 9. (77.) Ridgway, The Korean War , 247. Department of essays on brain drain, History, United States Military Academy West Point.

VBA Error Handling – A Complete Guide. “Abort, Retry, Fail?” – MS-DOS error message circa 1986. If you are looking for a particular topic on VBA Error Handing then check out the table of contents below(if it’s not visible click on the post header). If you are new to VBA Error Handling , then you can read the post from essays on brain drain in india, start to finish as it is laid out in logical order. This allows us to handle the error. (Only useful if you need to check a specific error occurred.) Error Handling refers to career code that is written to handle errors which occur when your application is running. These errors are normally caused by something outside your control like a missing file, database being unavailable, data being invalid etc. If we think an error is likely to on brain in india occur at some point, it is good practice to write specific code to handle the error if it occurs and hilarious satirical essays deal with it.

For all other errors we use generic code to deal with them. This is where the VBA error handling statement comes into play. They allow our application to deal gracefully with any errors we weren’t expecting. To understand error handling we must first understand the different types of errors in VBA. There are three types of errors in on brain drain VBA. We use error handling to hilarious satirical essays deal with runtime errors. Let’s have a look at each of these error types so that it is clear what a runtime error is. If you have used VBA for any length of time you will have seen a syntax error. In India. When you type a line and accomplishments press return, VBA will evaluate the syntax and if it is not correct it will display an error message.

For example if you type If and forget the Then keyword, VBA will display the on brain drain in india following error message. Note: You can turn off the accomplishments essay Syntax error dialog by going to Tools-Options and checking off “Auto Syntax Check”. The line will still appear red if there is an error but the dialog will not appear. Compilation errors occur over more than one line. Essays Drain In India. The syntax is began for a essay, correct on a single line but is in india, incorrect when all the project code is taken into accomplishments, account.

Examples of on brain drain in india, compilation errors are: If statement without corresponding End If statement For without Next Select without End Select Calling a Sub or Function that does not exist Calling a Sub or Function with the wrong parameters Giving a Sub or Function the same name as a module Variables not declared( Option Explicit must be present at the top of the module) To find compilation errors, we use Debug-Compile VBA Project from the Visual Basic menu. When you select Debug-Compile , VBA displays the first error it comes across. When this error is fixed, you can run Compile again and VBA will then find the next error. Debug-Compile will also include syntax errors in it’s search which is carol thesis, very useful. If there are no errors left and you run Debug-Compile , it may appear that nothing happened. However, “Compile” will be grayed out in in india the Debug menu. This means your application has no compilation errors at the current time. Debug-Compile finds compilation(project wide) errors. It will also find syntax errors.

It finds one error each time you use it. When there are no compilation errors left the pay for Compile option will appear grayed out in the menu. You should always use Debug-Compile before you run your code. This ensures that your code has no compilation errors when you run it. If you do not run Debug-Compile then VBA may find compile errors when it runs. These should not be confused with Runtime errors. Runtime errors occur when your application is essays on brain, running. They are normally outside of hilarious satirical, your control but can be caused by essays drain, errors in your code.

For example, imagine your application reads from an external workbook. If this file gets deleted then VBA will display an error when your code tries to open it. Other examples of runtime errors are. a database not being available the globalization user entering invalid data a cell containing text instead of a number. As we have seen, the purpose of error handling is to deal with runtime errors when they occur. Expected Versus Unexpected Errors.

When we think a runtime error could occur we put code in place to handle it. Essays On Brain Drain In India. For example, we would normally put code in when the war began quotes for a essay place to deal with a file not being found. The following code checks if the file exists before it tries to on brain drain open it. If the file does not exist then a user friendly message is displayed and the code exits the hilarious satirical sub. If we don’t have specific code to handle an error it is essays drain, considered an internet globalization essay unexpected error. On Brain Drain. We use the VBA error handling statements to handle the unexpected errors. Runtime Errors that are not VBA Errors. Before we look at the VBA Handling there is one type of error we must mention.

Some runtime errors are not considered errors by VBA but only by the user. Let me explain this with an example. Imagine you have an application that requires you to add the values in the variables a and internet essay b. Let’s say you mistakenly use an asterisk instead of the plus sign. These errors cannot be dealt with using error handling as they obviously won’t generate any error. You can deal with these errors using Unit Testing and Assertions. I have an in-depth post about essays drain using VBA assertions – see How to introduction Make Your Code BulletProof. As we have seen there are two ways to treat runtime errors.

Expected errors – write specific code to handle them. Essays On Brain Drain. Unexpected errors – use VBA error handling statements to handle them. The VBA On Error statement is used for error handling. This statement performs some action when an error occurs during runtime. There are four different ways to pay for assignment use this statement. On Error Goto 0 – the code stops at the line with the error and displays a message. On Error Resume Next – the code moves to next line.

No error message is displayed. On Error Goto [label] – the code moves to on brain drain in india a specific line or label. No error message is displayed. This is the one we use for error handling. On Error Goto -1 – clears the current error. This is the default behavior of VBA. Tomorrow When The War Began For A Essay. In other words, if you don’t use On Error then this is the behavior you will see. When an essays on brain error occurs, VBA stops on introduction essay, the line with the error and displays the error message. The application requires user intervention with the code before it can continue. This could be fixing the error or restarting the on brain drain application. In this scenario no error handling takes place.

If you select End then the application simply stops. If you select Debug the application stops on the error line as the screenshot below shows. This behavior is unsuitable for an application that you are given to a user. These errors look unprofessional and they make the application look unstable. An error like this is essentially the application crashing. The user cannot continue on without restarting the application. They may not use it at all until you fix the error for them. By using On Error Goto [label] we can give the user a more controlled error message. It also prevents the application stopping.

We can get the application to perform in a predefined manner. Using On Error Resume Next tells VBA to ignore the berkin thesis error and continue on. There are specific occasions when this is useful. In India. Most of the time you should avoid using it. If we add Resume Next to our example Sub then VBA will ignore the divide by zero error. It is not a good idea to accomplishments do this.

If you ignore the error, then the essays drain in india behavior can be unpredictable. Essays. The error can affect the application in multiple ways.You could end up with invalid data. On Brain In India. The problem is that you aren’t aware that something went wrong because you have suppressed the internet essay error. In the essays on brain in india code above, we continue on if there is an error. Then in the next line we check the value of the Outlook variable. If there has been an error then the value of this variable will be set to Nothing . This is an example of when Resume could be useful. The point is internet globalization essay, that even though we use Resume we are still checking for the error.

The vast majority of the time you will not need to use Resume . This is how we use Error Handling in essays on brain drain VBA. It is the equivalent of the Try and Catch functionality you see in languages such as C# and Java. When an error occurs you send the error to a specific label. It is normally at the bottom of the sub. VBA jumps to the eh label because we specified this in assignment the On Error Goto line. Note 1: The label we use in the On…Goto statement, must be in the current Sub/Function. If not you will get a compilation error. Note 2: When an error occurs when using On Error Goto [label] , the error handling returns to the default behaviour i.e. The code will stop on the line with the error and display the error message. Essays Drain. See the next section for more information about this. This statement is different than the other three.

It is used to clear the current error rather than setting a particular behaviour. When an error occurs using On Error Goto [label] , the error handling behaviour returns to the default behaviour i.e. “On Error Goto 0”. That means that if another error occurs the code will stop on the current line. This behaviour only applies to the current sub. Once we exit the sub, the error will be cleared automatically. Take a look at the code below. The first error will cause the code to jump to globalization the eh label. The second error will stop on the line with the 1034 error.

If we add further error handling it will not work as the error trap has not been cleared. In the code below we have added the line. after we catch the first error. This has no effect as the error has not been cleared. In other words the code will stop on the line with the error and display the essays drain in india message. In the code below we add this line and the second error will now cause the code to jump to to critical the eh_other label. Note 2: The Err Object has a member Clear . Using Clear clears the text and numbers in essays in india the Err object, but it does NOT reset the revolutionary mothers berkin thesis error. As we have seen, VBA will do one of three things when an error occurs.

Stop and display the on brain error. Ignore the error and continue on. Career. Jump to a specific line. When an error occurs you can view details of the error using the essays on brain drain Err object. When an runtime error occurs, VBA automatically fills the hilarious essays Err object with details. The Err.Number is the ID number of the error e.g. the error number for “Type Mismatch” is 13. The only time you really need this is if you are checking that a specific error occurred and this is only necessary on essays drain in india, rare occasions. The Err.Source property seems like a great idea but it does not work for a VBA error. The source will return the project name, which hardly narrows down where the error occurred. However, if you create an error using Err.Raise you can set the source yourself and this can be very useful. The Erl function is used to return the line number where the internet globalization error occurs.

It often causes confusion. In the on brain drain in india following code, Erl will return zero. If we change the Sub above to have line number it will now print out 20. When you are finished working on a project and hand it over to satirical essays the user it can be useful to drain in india add line numbers at this point. If you use the error handling strategy in pay for the last section of this post, then VBA will report the line where the error occurred. Err.Raise allows us to essays create errors. We can use it to create custom errors for our application which is very useful. It is the equivalent of the Throw statement in JavaC#. The format is as follows. Let’s look at internet essay, a simple example. Imagine we want to ensure that a cell has an entry that has a length of 5 characters.

We could have a specific message for this. Err.Clear is used to clear the text and numbers from the Err.Object. In other words, it clears the essays on brain description and number. It is rare that you will need to use it but let’s have a look at an example where you might. In the code below we are counting the number of errors that will occur. To keep it simple we are generating an error for each odd number. We check the error number each time we go through the loop. Assignment. If the number does not equal zero then an essays on brain in india error has occurred.

Once we count the error we need to set the error number back to pay for assignment zero so it is ready to on brain check for the next error. Logging means writing information from your application when it is assignment, running. When an error occurs you can write the details to a text file so you have a record of the error. The code below shows a very simple logging procedure. Below is an example of logging. How you implement logging really depends on the nature of the application and how useful it will be. This section covers some of the other Error Handling tools that VBA has.

These items are considered obsolete but I have included them as they may exist in legacy code. The Error Function is used to print the essays in india error description from a given error number. It is included in VBA for backward compatibilty and is not needed because you can use the Err.Description instead. Below are some examples. The Error statement allows you to simulate an revolutionary carol error. It is included in VBA for drain in india, backward compatibility. You should use Err.Raise instead. In the following code we simulate a “Divide by zero” error. With all the different options you may be confused about how to tomorrow the war began quotes for a essay use error handling in VBA. In this section, I’m going to show you how to implement a simple error handling strategy that you can use in all your applications. This is drain in india, a simple overview of our strategy.

Place the On Error Goto Label line at the start of our topmost sub. Place the error handling Label at the end of our topmost sub. Career. If an expected error occurs then handle it and continue. If the application cannot continue then use Err.Raise to jump to the error handling label. If an in india unexpected error occurs the code will automatically jump to the error handling label. The following code shows a simple implementation of this strategy. We don’t need to add error handling code to every sub.

If an introduction to critical error occurs then VBA exits the on brain drain in india application gracefully. A Complete Error Handling Strategy. The strategy above has one drawback. It doesn’t tell you where the error occurred. VBA doesn’t fill Err.Source with anything useful so we have to do this ourselves. In this section I am going to introduce a more complete error strategy. Introduction. I have written two subs that perform all the heavy lifting so all you have to do is add them to your project. The purpose of essays in india, this strategy is to provide you with the Stack* and line number when an error exists. *The Stack is the list of sub/functions that were currently in use when the error occurred.

This is our strategy. Place error handling in internet globalization essay all the on brain drain subs. When an error occurs, the error handler adds details to the war for a essay the error and raises it again. When the error reaches the topmost sub it is displayed. The only messy part to this is formatting the strings correctly. I have written two subs that handle this, so it is taken care of for you. These are the two helper subs. An Example of using this strategy.

Here is a simple coding that use these subs. In this strategy, we don’t place any code in essays in india the topmost sub. We only berkin thesis call subs from it. If your project has line numbers the result will include the line number of the error. Error Handling is used to handle errors that occur when your application is essays on brain drain, running. You write specific code to internet globalization handle expected errors. You use the VBA error handling statement On Error Goto [label] to send VBA to a label when an unexpected error occurs. You can get details of the error from Err.Description . You can create your own error using Err.Raise . Using one On Error statement in the top most sub will catch all errors in subs that are called from here. If you want to drain in india record the name of the Sub with the error, you can update the error and rethrow it. You can use a log to record information about the application as it is running.

If you want to internet globalization read about more VBA topics you can view a complete list of my posts here. I also have a free eBook(see below) which you will find useful if you are new to VBA. If you are serious about on brain mastering VBA then you may want to check out The Excel VBA Handbook. Please feel free to subscribe to my newsletter and assignment get exclusive VBA content that you cannot find here on the blog, as well as free access to my eBook, How to Ace the 21 Most Common Questions in VBA which is full of essays on brain, examples you can use in your own code. I learned a lot in assignment a couple of weeks, I’m very grateful, best regards!

You’re welcome Victor. Hi Paul, this is a very useful and informative post. Essays In India. As one who did not employ any error handling in my VBA and simply discarded hours of work when it did function as expected – that is until I undertook you VBa training course. The error routine in this post is excellent and for one will employ it for future VBA procedures. Thanks very much – much appreciated. You’re welcome John. Glad you found it useful. Nice post and introduction to critical essay a solid dose of knowledge again.

Now my question is on the part with the essays on brain drain logging procedure. Essays. I’ve noticed things that were unknown to drain in india me like: Open sFilename For Append As #filenumber. After searching the web resources, it seemes to revolutionary mothers berkin thesis me, that they are similar to thing I do with these statements (they are just examples, so don’t try to seek any bigger logic there): Dim fso as New FileSytsemObject. Dim report as TextStream. Set report = fs.CreateTextFile(“kermitlogisticsreportslog_rotation.txt”) report.WriteLine(‘something stupid here’) ok, so am I right, that these things can basically do the same? Are there any reasons why someone should prefer one method over in india the other – maybe it depends on when the war quotes, a situation? FileSystemObject is an external library where as the other commands are part of VBA. They do perform the same tasks. Which one you use depends on your own preferences and possibly the situation at hand.

Thanks Paul, explained with nice examples and in essays on brain drain in india a simple terms anyone can understand. Help and useful. Thanks for essay, the detailed writeup, Paul; I have bookmarked this site. In the example on raising errors, the error is on brain drain in india, raised in an IF block, following which is code demarcated by introduction to critical essay, the comment “continue on if cell has valid data.” I don’t see why the code won’t continue on essays in india, if the cell has INvalid data — will the Error.Raise statement effectively exit the essay function? Thanks for your comment. The Err.Raise statement generates an error. Essays On Brain Drain. When we use “On Error Goto [Label]” the career accomplishments Err.Raise will go searching for on brain drain in india, the Label. I’ve updated the career accomplishments code to include the drain in india “On Error Goto” and when quotes for a essay label to on brain in india make the example clearer. Hi Paul, thanks for your post!

I’m tryng to handle error raised in a Sub that is called with the “Application.Run” statement and that is located on an external workbook than the caller sub. I write a sample code of tomorrow the war began quotes essay, this: [ The caller sub in Module1 in File1.xls ] On Error GoTo EH. ‘Call ExternalSub ‘(This line is in india, temporarly commented out) ‘(some lines to handle error) ‘[Called sub in Module1 in internet File2.xls] On Error GoTo 0 ‘(that means no error handling in this sub) Err.Raise 600, “Description of custom error” The result is that the error handler of the in india Main_Sub is ignored, so the running code breaks on the “Err.Raise 600, …” line inside the career accomplishments ExternalSub.

If, instead, I write the ExternalSub in a module the same File1.xls of the Main_Sub (and, to call it from the Main_Sub, I comment out the Application.Run line and uncomment the “Call ExternalSub” line), the drain in india error is correctly handled by the Main_Sub and the code runs after the EH label. Could you, please, confirm that the internet globalization essay error handling hierarchy fails because I try to use it across macros that are located in essays drain in india different workbooks? Thanks in advance. The error handling will not work across workbooks. When you call external subs they are running from within the other workbook process and not as part of the current one. You can think of satirical essays, them as different applications. How do we identify and uncheck missing objects in essays on brain drain runtime via code? It should be the same code for Excel except for using ActiveWorkbook.VBProject instead of ActiveDocument.VBProject. First of all, I’ll take this opportunity to thank you for pay for assignment, your excellent posts. Essays On Brain Drain In India. I’ve learned a lot from them!

Using ActiveWorkbook.VBProject gives me the error “Method ‘VBProject’ of object ‘_workbook’ Failed. This error can be taken care of by providing some permission for Macros. But that would have to be per user setting. Career Accomplishments. Is there way to use your error-handling pattern without having to drain change this setting so each user does not have to change this setting. The user has to set permissions for the Macros for security reasons. If you could set them with code then by definition they would be unnecessary. However, these permissions need to be only set once by the user. The best you can do is check for that particular error number. If the error occurs then display instructions on how to set the permissions.

Well, Paul, your site is career essay, definitely my favorite pub. I come back every time I can and on brain in india I stay until I fall under the desk #128521; Thank so much for all the stuff you post and gratulate for the top quality of didactic. Thank Curzio, Glad you like it. You bring us to the Eldorado… Question: what is your opinion about the concept below, is it good/bad/usable, should I change something? Description: this seems to works for my purpose, even though of career, course it means that most of times processes goes on on brain drain in india, after an error has been raised. These 2 procedures are actually the simplified version. In my apps I then have a module named dp (as keyword for debug.print) dedicated to the log of every start, end, error and values for every Sub/Function/Property to the immediate and to a text file. I wrote it before you brought me to the Watch and Local windows, as well the debug.assert method (again I’m deeply grateful). To Critical Essay. Finally the result is very handy and I would like to keep it in addition with Watch/Local/Assert: I run a process and then I look in the Log File for errors and values.

After development the log file can help debugging if other users reports some issues. In the sub testErrorHandling errors are not expected, whereas in the sub testCatchError they are and essays drain handled automatically or with user interaction. I tried to add a On Error GoTo -1 (excluded in code as comment), but then it runs in to a error loop (20 Resume without error) Private Sub testErrorHandling() On Error GoTo ErrorHandling. Debug.Print .Number, .Description. Private Sub testCatchError() On Error GoTo ErrorHandling.

Dim xPath As String. Dim xDirectory As String. Dim xErr As Integer. xPath = ThisWorkbook.Path .PathSeparator “vbLogFolder” xDirectory = Dir(xPath, vbDirectory) If xErr = 68 Then. Debug.Print .Number, .Description. Thanks and to critical essay kind regards. I’m not 100 percent clear on your concept but I will cover a few points that you raised. Logging is essays on brain in india, a great idea and is part of most professional software applications. Logging to the Immediate Window can be useful but it is limited because using the tomorrow when began quotes debug tools are better to essays drain fix the introduction essay problem.

The best use of Logging is when we give the essays in india application to a user. We can log both errors, warnings and information to a text file. If there is an error we can look in the log file to see what occurred. Using Resume Next to handle a general error is not a good idea. Once an revolutionary mothers carol berkin error has occurred your application is invalid and it may result in further errors or incorrect data. The only time you should use Resume Next is essays drain, when you know the error will not affect the rest of the code. In other words, the error is assignment, one that you expected may happen and know how to handle it. I hope this helps.

Thanks Paul, this helps a lot. I have some improvements to do… #128578; I’ve been trying your code for the complete error handling but I just can’t get it to work properly. Going through it line by drain in india, line, it runs fine until the “Err.Raise” in the “RaiseError” helper sub, which simply displays the error and gives the options of mothers carol, debugging or ending. I assume that it’s intended to have raised the error in essays drain in india the higher level sub, which would then handled by its “On Error Goto EH” command, but it seems like it simply raises it within the helper function and stops the code right then and satirical essays there instead. I’ve tried this in Excel 2003 and 2016 and it’s the same thing. Is there something I’m missing here?

How does the error raising go on to the higher level sub instead of just showing the error when Err.Raise is called in the helper sub? Please ignore my earlier comment about code not working. I just realized the problem – when testing, I was running the actual sub with the drain in india error instead of the topmost. Tomorrow When The War For A. . . . . . . . Essays On Brain Drain In India. . . . Wow, I can’t believe how long it took me to realize that. Thank you for the excellent tutorial by the way, this methodology really works great! Thank’s Peter. Mothers Berkin Thesis. Glad you like it. I typically use error handling as you describe where I have an essays on brain in india error handler in my main function and assignment most subs’s messages get caught there. However, I run into trouble when I need to turn on Resume Next for the sake of checking for nothing, because my ErrorHandler is now out of essays, scope. What’s the solution for that? I have a simple example below. On Error GoTo ErrorHandler.

On Error Resume Next. Set objFile = objFSO.OpenTextFile(fileLocation fileName, 1) On Error GoTo ErrorHandler ‘ Fails to career compile, out of scope. If objFile Is Nothing Then. Call Err.Raise(2009, , “Out File doesn’t exist.”)

You can use the Dir function to check if a file exists. It won’t find other file errors though. Superb Post. got a clear idea on drain, how to handle errors and types of errors in VBA… thanks Paul.