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Pros of video games essay

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ApplyTexas: Essay Help for pros, Topics A and B. Click HERE for the current essay prompts! All public universities, and some private and 2-year colleges, in Texas do not use the Common Application. Instead, they have their own consolidated system called ApplyTexas. If you are applying to any of the schools that use ApplyTexas, you need to figure out what essays they require (if any), and relationships then which specific prompts. I find it all very confusing. But there are two main prompts that the largest schools (such as the University of of video essay Texas at sherlock holmes essays, Austinpick either Topic A or B; Texas AMboth Topic A and B; etc.) require applicants to address in their essays. Here#8217;s some advice on of video essay, how to think about essays, these prompts, called Topic A and Topic B. (Find help for Topic C.) They don#8217;t list a word count, but I believe the common length is around 300-500 each. #8220;Describe a setting in which you have collaborated or interacted with people whose experiences and/or beliefs differ from yours. Address your initial feelings, and how those feelings were or were not changed by this experience.#8221; What are they getting at with this prompt? To me, this is an pros of video games, opportunity to share what you believe about anything from diversity to leadership.

The first step is to topics for essays brainstorm a real-life experience that occurred while you worked with people who were different than you. The group could be big or small. Pros? They could be a different age (seniors, toddlers); culture (from any that you are not, whether it#8217;s Jewish, Asian, Native Americanas long as it#8217;s new to you on some level); religion (again, anything that#8217;s different); overall personal philosophy (conservative, liberal, strict, casual, sloppy, OCD, ambitious, laid backas long as the mla format, other people were distinctly different from pros of video, you). Christmas Research? Other potential #8220;different#8221; groups that you could consider: education level, age, appearance, health, physical/mental ability, etc. Pros? Now that you have a group in mind that you have been involved with somehow, the trick is to write an essay relationships, essay that shows how you were affected by them in essay some wayand that what you first felt about mla format title, them (your opinion) was somehow changed (or not). Of Video Games Essay? And then why that mattered.

What you don#8217;t want to do with this essay is write a general explanation of around world research paper some group you worked with and of video games essay how they made you feel on a general level and how this changed you in some general way. If you keep everything general , your essay will be dull and not reveal much about you. To make it more interesting and personal, try to think of essays a moment or time something happened with that group. The most interesting moments are typically when there was some type of problem. Pros Essay? If you can think of one of on family these moments, especially if it involved a problem (obstacle, challenge, mistake, conflict, misunderstanding, change, etc.), you can start your essay sharing that specific, real-life incident. Then go onto explain how you and the group dealt with it, and share how you felt and thought, and games then talk about what you learned about yourself and the group in the process. Finally, reflect on how you were, or were not, changed (affected, inspired, etc.) in some way by this experience.

The point of this prompt is to holmes essays get you to share how you feel and think about people who are different than you. How To Structure Your Essay. Here#8217;s a suggested outline: 1. Start with an pros games essay, anecdote, which is a paragraph or two where you recreate a r eal-life moment or incident where you worked with a group that was different from you. Title? (Read more on how to craft an anecdote in pros of video these posts.) 2. Back up and provide background that explains why you were working with this group, especially since they were so different from you. Essays For Kids? Share how you felt about it, and what led up to of video games the problem you faced with this group. 3. Explain the steps you took with this group to essay on family handle the problem.

4. Share what you learned from working on this problem with this group. *Make sure to pros games essay include something about how your initial feelings or opinions about this group changed along the way. Solving? 5. Describe how you intend to use what you learned in this process in your future . It#8217;s ideal if you can link that somehow to what you plan to study or your life goals. Games? If you write about 100 words for each step, you should end up with a robust first draft. Problem Solving Writing? #8220;Describe a circumstance, obstacle or conflict in your life and pros of video essay the skills and resources you used to resolve it. Solving? Did it change you? If so, how?#8221; This prompt is more direct, and should be easier to pros games write about. It is more of a straight personal statement type of essay, in around world research paper that they are looking to understand what you are made of, what core qualities, characteristics or values you have that make you effective in of video games your life. The key is to think of a time or moment when you dealt with some type of essays for kids problem (#8220;obstacle or conflict#8221;). The problem does not have to be some huge catastrophe or crisis (even though those can work.) Often, something everyday or simple works even betteras long as it illustrates a larger life lesson for you. Then make sure to explain how you solved, handled or dealt with it#8212;and make sure to include the specific #8220;skills and resources#8221; you used in the process.

The questions in Topic B are actually almost the same as Prompt 4 for the Common Application. Read When Your Problem is a Good Thing for a step-by-step guide on games essay, how to answer this prompt. ***If you can tell, there#8217;s a good chance you could recycle your Common App essay for this prompt. Just make sure it is for essays page, about you dealing with some type of issue or problem in your life (Common App prompts #1, 2 and 4 would be the pros of video essay, most likely). #8220;Considering your lifetime goals, discuss how your current and future academic and extra-curricular activities might help you achieve your goals.#8221; Many college admissions experts believe Topic C is the most important of the three essays! As a professional writing coach, I help students, parents, counselors, teachers and others from around the sherlock holmes essays, world on these dreaded essays! Learn about my in-person and online tutoring, editing, workshops, books, and online courses, . READ MORE. . Learn to Write Your Essay in One Hour! My on-demand, fast-and-easy online e-course: How to Write a College App Essay (Click lightbulb for details.) Perfect for The Common App, UCs, grad school, transfer and scholarship essays!

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Oil price fluctuations and their impact on BRIC countries. Bachelor Thesis, 2013. 60 Pages, Grade: 2. List of abbreviations. Table of figures. 2 Overview of Emerging Markets. 2.1 What is an Emerging Market? 2.2 Emerging Markets vs.

Developed Countries. 3 The BRIC Nation. 3.1.1 Economic Growth and of video games essay, Development of BRICs. 3.1.2 BRICs and Growing Middle Class. 3.1.3 BRICs and Global Autos Markets. 3.1.4 BRICs and indian topics, Global Capital Markets. 3.1.5 BRICs and Global Energy Markets. 3.2 BRIC as a political club.

4 BRIC and the Crude Oil Market. 4.5 MSCI Indices and the Sharpe Ratio. 5 BRIC and Crude oil price fluctuations. 5.1 Oil price determinants and the oil shock of 2007-2008. 5.1.1 Demand Factors. 5.1.3 Market Power. 5.1.4 Investor Behaviour. 5.2 The 2000s shock. 5.3 Impact of oil price fluctuations on essay, stock returns in BRICs. 5.4 Risk measures.

5.4.2 Value at sherlock essays, Risk (VaR) 5.4.3 Maximum Drawdown. Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten. Figure 1: Annual GDP Growth Rate in % for BRIC and of video games essay, G6 countries. Figure 2: World’s Middle Class. Figure 3: China’s crude oil imports by source, 2011. Figure 4: Histogram for MSCI Indices. Figure 5: Movement of WTI average spot crude oil price and demand of developed countries,2002-2012.

Figure 6: Crude Oil Spot Prices for WTI in USD per holmes essays barrel. Figure 7: Market Price of PetroChina, Lukoil, Petrobras and of video games, ONGC from 2002-2012. Table 1: Economic Indicators for Brazil. Table 2: Economic Indicators for Russia. Table 3: Economic Indicators for topics for essays, India. Table 4: Economic Indicators for pros games essay, China. Table 5: Returns and Volatility for MSCI Indices.

Table 6: Sharpe Ratio (SR) for MSCI Indices. Table 7: Summary of Statistics. Table 8: Volatility. Table 9: Value at Risk. Table 10: Maximum Drawdown. The last decade was marked by the global financial crisis, the biggest recession since World War II, which led to turmoil on financial markets, bankruptcies of investment banks and slow growth in nearly all developed countries.

With only an average annual growth rate of current indian topics for essays, 1.5% since 2010 1 the biggest developed economies recovered only moderately from the of video, crisis. Back in 2001 Jim O’Neill had already realized it was time to focus on christmas research, new countries. In his opinion the four largest fast growing emerging economies were Brazil, Russia, China and India. Thus he created the acronym BRIC which symbolizes a power shift from developed countries to developing ones. In 2010, the year after the crisis their annual growth rate was about 8.2% 2 compared to the weak 2.7% of developed countries. This goes along with forecasts that sug- gested a rise in capital, automotive and oil market leading each of the pros of video essay, BRICs to overtake the major developed countries.

Among these the sports, most important market seems to be the oil market and more specifically the crude oil market. Crude oil has a share of 34% 3 of the world’s primary energy consumption and is likely to remain the same for many more decades. BRIC countries are large oil con- sumers and pros of video games essay, since 2011 have surpassed the United States (US) in research, oil consumption. Their strong representation in the crude oil market justifies a further analysis on pros of video essay, each country’s status. Ac- cording to Hamilton (2009) the crude oil price development was strongly correlated to the financial meltdown. Thus, understanding the impact of oil price fluctuations can create a path towards a sustainable future growth The target of this paper is to problem solving examine O’Neill’s growing theory by investigating the crude oil market for Brazil, Russia, India and games essay, China. Furthermore analysing the for essays, effect of pros of video essay, oil price fluc- tuations on on family relationships, each country’s financial market completes the assumptions in a quantitative man- ner. The first part is a short introduction to pros future predictions in order to understand the mla format page, power of BRICs. The second part shows the vital status of pros of video essay, oil for problem, each BRIC country in conjunction with some economical background. A spotlight is put on the financial crisis years because they act just like an examination for the resistance of these countries against essay turmoil. Essays. Fur-thermore, the theory is tested using a Sharpe Ratio for the equity market performance.

The last part deals more precisely with the latest oil price shock. Analysis of an existing research paper gives further information on how each equity market behaved during bullish and bear- ish markets. As this study only comprises years up to 2007, a more precise quantitative re- search is games, added that includes years of the shock and years in the aftermath of the shock. Sherlock Holmes Essays. Thus, the periods of 2002-2007 and 2002-2012 are compared using several risk measures for stocks of oil leading companies. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the pros, qualitative and mla format title, quantitative findings. The research material is derived from pros of video games essay journals, articles and internet sources from economic organizations. The term “ Emerging Country ” or “ Emerging Market ” was coined by a World Bank econo- mist in the 1980s expressed as a country to be temporary in a phase between developing and developed status.

Fifty years later the definition emerging market has been extended in many ways from political to financial ones. For example, an investor would describe it as a country, in christmas around paper, which an investment would achieve higher returns but is affiliated to greater risk. 4 A more generic expression would be that emerging countries are characterized by rapid growth and an industrialization process, which transforms a civilization from an agrarian society into an in- dustrial one. However, a practical definition for an emerging economy was suggested by a French economics professor, Julien Vercueil, who gave the term the following characteris- tics. 5. Intermediate income: A country’s purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita income lies between 10% and pros of video essay, 75% of the for kids, average European Union (EU) per capita income.

Catching up growth: A country has experienced a vigorous economic growth during at pros of video essay, least the last decade and having the for essays page, effect of diminishing the gap to pros of video essay more advanced economies. Institutional transformations and economic opening: An institutional transformation has taken place during the on family, last decade as well, which integrated a country more deeply into the world economy. Furthermore, open door policies provide a basis for marketoriented globalization. Although there is no standard list of emerging countries, the most commonly used come from pros of video investment information sources such as the essay on family, Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) Emerging Market Index, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and ISI Emerging Markets. However, the MSCI Emerging Market Index represents a combined stock performance of the following 23 emerging market country indices: Brazil, Chile, China, Columbia, Czech Repub- lic, Egypt, Greece (reclassified from games essay developed market since 2013), Hungary, India, Indone- sia, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Russia, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey and sports essays, United Arab Emirates. 6 In addition, IMF considers smaller economies like Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Pakistan, Romania and Venezuela of being emerging markets as well. 7. 2.2 Emerging Markets vs. Developed Countries.

An export-driven strategy makes an emerging country stand out from a developed country as domestic demand in emerging countries is low or does not even exist. Hence, the production of games essay, lower-cost consumer goods and commodities for sherlock essays, their industrialized counterparts leads to higher profits for these companies. Furthermore, higher revenues lead to higher stock prices making them more attractive to investors. 8. While the US, Japan and Europe are faced with a prolonged period of slow growth caused by several crises in the last decade, the performance of of video games essay, emerging countries outgrows. In 2009 when the crisis hit the whole world the sherlock holmes, gross domestic product (GDP) of developed countries dipped by 3.4%. Whilst in contrast GDP of pros of video games essay, emerging countries still registered a 2.6% growth, mainly caused by essays for kids developing Asia. In particular China and India boosted the world economy while other economies, developed and developing ones, languished at lower levels. Since 2010, both countries continued rising by an average annual rate of 9.1% and 7.1% respec- tively. Pros Of Video. 9.

Previously in 2001, chief economist of Goldman Sachs, Jim O’Neill, had in mind grouping China and India together with Brazil and Russia. Around World Research. As these countries deemed to of video be at writing, a similar stage of newly advanced economic development, he created with its initials the term BRIC. Jim O’Neill firstly coined the of video games essay, term BRIC in his work “ Building Better Global Economic BRICs ” , published in the Global Economic Paper for Goldman Sachs in 2001. He used it as an acronym for four rapidly growing developing countries, namely Brazil, Russia, India and essay on family, China. Furthermore, BRIC is a symbol of the shift in global economic power away from the US, Japan, Germany, France, Italy and the United Kingdom (G6) towards the developing world. In general BRICs turned out to be a pillar of stability, which captures attention of scholars, managers, investors and traders. However, what highlights these four countries from other encouraging emerging markets are their demographic and economic potential, which even diversified among them, makes them the main contributors to the world’s economic growth. Nevertheless, according to Goldman Sachs, BRIC countries will overtake the G6 by 2032 in US Dollar (USD) terms. Pros Of Video Essay. India’s econ- omy is expected to overtake Japan’s by essays 2028 and China’s that of the US by 2026. 10 Further- more, by 2050 BRICs will have reached 40% of global GDP (PPP weighted).

11. These projections are optimistic as the pros of video games essay, BRICs show reasonably successful development. In the article “ The BRICs and Global Markets: Crude, Cars and Capital ” 12 five main topics were listed with each one of them explaining why the BRICs will be the most influential countries. As these ideas came from 2004, the topics were adopted with latest possible data and solving, forecasts. 3.1.1 Economic Growth and Development of BRICs. Currently the BRIC countries encompass a quarter of the world’s land and about 42% of the world’s population.

Moreover, IMF cited that GDP (based on PPP) of BRICs was 22 trillion USD in 2012, which accounted for 26.4% of the world’s total GDP. 13. Abbildung in of video essay, dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten. Source: Own figure based on for kids, data from World Bank: GDP Growth (annual %) [online] Looking at the development of the BRICs and comparing them with the world’s leading G6 it is pros games essay, obvious that since 2001 both groups have been moving parallel but with the difference that BRICs show a sharper GDP increase than the G6 countries. Title. However, between 2001 and of video games essay, 2007 there was a steady increase in GDP growth for BRICs, hitting a peak of 9.7% in mla format, 2007. Al- though the financial crisis had caused a steep fall for the G6 in 2009, BRICs still grew by an annual rate of 2.4%. In 2010 a sharp rise of 8.2% occurred for the BRICs but only a 2.7% for the G6. Since 2011 both growth rates are gradually declining, though the margin between BRICs and essay, G6 is solving writing, still significantly big. 3.1.2 BRICs and games essay, Growing Middle Class. The Middle Class includes those with income between 6,000 USD and 30,000 USD 14 per capita and per year 15 and is considered to relationships be an engine for growth and the source of games, demand.

Thus growth in BRICs middle class will strengthen the domestic market of sherlock essays, each country and drive global consumption in the meanwhile stagnating world. Although inequality has been rising within countries, there is a convergence and narrowing of inequality across the world. Therefore, the cross country distribution is likely to of video essay move from a twin-peaked distribution, centring countries on high and low GDP per capita, to a more single peaked one by sports 2050. The peak will move on the upper band of the middle class. 16 While China is now considered to be the main driver for this trend India will push this ladder in the next decade. Thus, incomes for both countries are projected to be close to global average. Figure 2: World’s Middle Class. Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten. Source: Wilson D., Dragusanu R. (2008), pp.5-6 [online] Currently 29% of the world population can be said belongs in essay, the middle class, whereas this figure will soar to 57% by 2050. 17 Afterwards share of the middle class on population will fall as that share of the middle class will shift towards the higher income class.

Nevertheless, it has to be noticed that despite BRICs high growth rate and on family relationships, great future projections, income per capita is more likely to remain far below the level of the richest economies. Games Essay. Thus a high contribution rate on global growth of BRICs is faced with a lower income per capita compared to G6 countries. 3.1.3 BRICs and Global Autos Markets. While the financial crisis made the developed world’s automotive industry struggle with dramatic revenue and sale falls, markets in the BRIC countries were less and for kids, differently affected. Total sales in pros of video, 2009 in China, India and Brazil significantly grew by 31%, 12% and 10% respectively. Only Russia’s total sale fell back by 102%. 18 As a consequence, the increase in demand of China and India brought as well a rise in demand for oil. Nevertheless, according to Boston Consulting Group BRICs will account for 30% of the world’s automotive sales in 2014 19 and in current topics for essays, addition to the automotive industry this provides opportunities for cost effective research and development, sourcing and manufacturing.

Moreover, Dargay et al. (2010) supports this growing market with a quantitative oriented study and shows the development and change in vehicle ownership for 45 countries from 1960 to of video essay 2030. As a result it can be seen that higher growth rate in vehicle ownership applies to sherlock holmes essays China (10.6%), India (7.0%) and Brazil (4.1%) 20 , which is caused by the increasing demand, as a consequence of the expanding middle class. Together with other emerging markets their share of the world vehicles will more than double, from pros games 24% in 2002 to 56% in 2030. 21. 3.1.4 BRICs and Global Capital Markets. In general capital markets provide medium to long-term (more than a year) financing by pro- viding the possibility of trade with securities such as bonds, shares and other derivates. 22 Within the BRIC nations capital markets vary. China and India have relatively closed and state controlled capital markets, whereas Russia and Brazil show an open and low state con- trolled capital market. In terms of market capitalization (market cap), which represents the for kids, market value of out- standing equities of firms quoted on stock markets 23 , BRIC countries market cap fivefold from 1.4 trillion USD in 2003 to 7 trillion USD in pros, 2012. 24 Furthermore, based on the forecasts for future annual GDP growth rates, Goldman Sachs created three scenarios of how BRICs weight in global market cap might develop by 2050. Problem. Depending on whether capital markets stay the same or switch to a more bank based model or a more market based model 25 , they can reach a share of global market cap of 22%, 39% or even 46%.

26 It has to be stressed out that a market based model in the case of BRICs show better figures than the bank based one. Even if this is the case, both models have their reasonable advantages and of video, disadvantages. Indian Topics For Essays. 27. 3.1.5 BRICs and Global Energy Markets. Energy markets are commodity markets, which deal with trade and supply of games essay, electricity, natu- ral gas and oil. As BRIC countries are in several stages of industrialization they have caused high contribution to around research global energy demand, especially in crude oil. Whilst crude oil consump- tion of G6 countries dropped by 10% between 2002 and 2012, each of the BRIC countries increased their consumption sharply.

Especially China and of video essay, India, with a rise of 49% and essays, 34% respectively, drove the world’s crude oil consumption. 28 Furthermore, China is the of video games essay, second largest consumer of crude oil after the US. On the production side Russia has increased its production in crude oil by 27% since 2002 making it the second largest crude oil producer after Saudi Arabia. Because crude oil has a share of 34% 29 of the essay, world’s primary energy con- sumption and is a critical factor for economies, the following chapters will deal with crude oil markets from the BRIC countries. As suggested by Jim O’Neill these five factors will be the driving force for the shift of power from developed to developing countries. Pros Of Video Essay. In order to achieve these forecasts a further step was taken and BRIC as a political club was founded. In order to world paper improve the global economic situation, to reform financial institutions and to strengthen the co-operation of the pros essay, four countries, BRIC leaders founded BRIC as a political organization.

The first summit was held in mla format title, Yekaterinburg in pros of video, 2009. The next step was taken in 2010 when China’s representative welcomed South Africa to sports join the BRICs and changed the term into BRICS. South Africa is considered to be a gateway to the African continent and the largest trading partner of China. Pros. Likewise India is constantly increasing activities with South Africa. South Africa became a member of the essay on family relationships, BRICs even though it was dismissed by pros of video games essay Jim O’Neill on the grounds that it is a small economy and it has a small share and impact on the world’s global economy. 30 Thus, South Africa is not included in the analysis because it only joined the BRICs in christmas research paper, 2010.

The following pages deal with each country’s economic profile and their relevance in the oil market. Until now only a short introduction has been given about the impact BRICs will have on the world’s economy and games, how this might change. In order to support these projections each coun- try’s economy with its strengths and weaknesses has to be stressed out. Also the global finan- cial crisis has to be included in order to understand each countries growth potential because global financial instability is essays, still in sight. Furthermore, the focus will be on the crude oil market as crude oil is a vital source of energy and is likely to remain the essay, same for many more decades.

Thus, of greater interest is the crude oil market within the essay on family relationships, BRICs and each country’s policy to of video games strengthen its position in the market. Moreover, the sports essays for kids, division of the BRICs into crude oil exporters and crude oil importers is enthralling when looking at consequences caused by of video the crisis. GDP growth as annual percentage. 31. Inflation consumer prices (CPI) as annual percentage. 32. The official exchange rate of the local currency in relation to the USD as the period average. 33.

Table 1: Economic Indicators for Brazil. Abbildung in mla format for essays, dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten. Brazil’s economy is based on of video games essay, three main pillars, namely a floating exchange rate, an inflationtargeting regime and a tight fiscal policy. 34 While other big economies were struggling during the great recession with dramatic declines in economic growth, the current indian, combination of these three regimes saved the country with a contraction of of video games, 0.3%. Since 2012 Brazil has again showed a weak domestic and global economic performance with a growth of only 1%. Hence, to increase international trade and become more competitive the Brazilian government is letting its currency, the Real, to depreciate. 35 Nevertheless, Brazil’s biggest problem still remains the high corporate tax (34%) that slows down capital inflow. Besides their well developed agricultural, manufacturing, mining and service sectors Brazil possess a huge oil sector with a daily production of 2.15 million barrels (2012). The long term goal of the Brazilian government is to increase domestic oil production as domestic demand is constantly growing and refineries are operating at full capacity. 36 According to BP, Brazil has 15.3 billion barrels of essays, proven oil reserves and is producing mainly heavy graded oil 37 , which is sold at a lower price than light graded oil.

38. In 2007 Brazil was announced as being a net exporter and domestically self-sufficient, al- though still importing expensive light crude oil from the Middle East making it more vulner- able to unfavourable crude oil price fluctuations. However, import of light crude oil is neces- sary as less costly refining processes can be achieved for the production of of video games essay, heavy crude oil. A recent discovery of around world, large pre-salt fields 39 could break the dependency from the Middle East as it consists of sweet and pros essay, light recoverable oil, which is the most valuable quality of oil. Though no confirmation has been made yet, the paper, estimation for the whole pre-salt field ranges between 30 billion and 100 billion barrels of oil equivalent. 40 The first company to utilize parts of these pre-salt fields is Petrobras, one of games essay, Brazil’s leading oil companies. 41. Nevertheless, the location of the crude oil is in deep waters and under huge salt layers which gives space for newer technologies and processes. These new challenges already attracted companies like Siemens, IBM, GE, ABB, which are building research and development cen- tres in Brazil. Also, Petrobras switched its internationally oriented strategy to a domestically one and expects to create one thousand hundred new jobs in sherlock essays, order to carry out its huge in- vestment plans.

42 For the next decade total investments of $330 billion USD are expected. 43. Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten. Unlike Brazil, Russia suffered from high inflation rates in the last decade. The main reason was a relaxation in monetary and fiscal policy of pros, previous years, which furthermore caused a sharp increase in inflation by 14.1% in 2008. For Essays Page. Besides, a 29% increase in general imports dur- ing the spike in food prices and the increase in oil prices made the country vulnerable to of video essay the crisis.

44 As a consequence economic growth felt dramatically by 7.8% hitting Russia harder than any other BRIC country. Several fiscal and monetary policies were suggested to get out of the crisis, like those from for essays title Kudrin (2009). Pros Of Video. 45 Russian’s government chose to devaluate its currency, the Rubble, in favour of the indian topics for essays, country’s competiveness. Indeed, since the pros of video essay, invention of the depreciation policy annual GDP growth recovered by up to 4.5% and inflation showed significantly lower levels. In particular, consumption was the main driver for recovery rather than investments as investors were aware of the for essays page, heavy crisis impacts. In conclusion, Russian’s economy is less diversified than its BRIC counterparts and is highly dependent on natural resources like oil. 1 Average growth rate of France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom and United States derived from pros games essay World Bank, GDP Growth (annual %) [online] 2 Average growth rate of essays, Brazil, Russia, India and China derived from essay World Bank, GDP Growth (annual %) [online] 3 Vgl. Deutsche Rohstoffagentur: Reserven, Ressourcen und Verfugbarkeit von Energierohstoffen 2011, p.18 [online] 4 Vgl.

Financial Times Lexicon, Emerging Markets [online] 5 Vgl. Essays. Vercueil, J. 2012, p 232. 6 Vgl. MSCI, MSCI Emerging Market Indices [online] 7 Vgl. International Monetary Fund: World Economic Outlook Update, p.3 [online]

8 Vgl. U.S. Pros Of Video. Economy: What are Emerging Markets? [online] 9 Mean of 2010-2012 from World Bank: GDP Growth (annual %) [online] 10 Vgl. Mla Format For Essays. Wilson et al. (2011), p.3 [online] 11 Vgl. Wilson et al. (2011), p.8 [online] 12 Vgl. Pros Games Essay. Wilson et al. (2004) 13 Vgl.

International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database April [online] 14 in 2007 PPP terms. 15 Vgl. Wilson, D./ Dragusanu, R. (2008), p.7 [online] 16 Vgl.

Wilson et al. Solving Writing. (2011), p. 10 [online] 17 Vgl. Wilson, D./ Dragusanu, R. (2008), p.4 [online] 18 Vgl. OICA: World Sales - All Vehicles [online] 19 Vgl. The Boston Consulting Group: Winning the BRIC Auto Market, p.4 [online] 20 Vgl. Dargay et al. (2007), p.18 [online] 21 Vgl.

Dargay et al. (2007), p. Pros Of Video Games Essay. 19 [online] 22 Vgl. Financial Times Lexicon, Capital Markets [online] 23 Vgl. Investopedia, Market Capitalization [online] 24 Vgl. World Bank, Market Capitalization of Listed Companies [online]

25 This model refers to corporate governance which focuses on shareholders rather than stakeholders. 26 Vgl. Goldman Sachs: BRICs and sports essays, Beyond, p.232 [online] 27 Ross Levine (2002) shows the relevance of both models in his working paper [online] 28 Vgl. BP: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2013, p.9 [online] 29 Vgl. Deutsche Rohstoffagentur: Reserven, Ressourcen und Verfugbarkeit von Energierohstoffen 2011, p.18 [online] 30 Vgl.

Globalpost: South Africa to pros games be a BRIC [online] 31 Vgl. World Bank, GDP Growth (annual %) [online] 32 Vgl. World Bank, Inflation, Consumer Prices [online] 33 Vgl. World Bank, Official Exchange Rate [online]

34 Vgl. Araujo et al. (2012) p.93 [online] 35 Vgl. Solving Writing. Financial Times: Brasilia cheers the real’s decline [online] 36 Vgl. U.S. Energy Information Administration, Brazil [online] 37 “Heavy” or “light” refers to pros games density or specific gravity of oil and further determines the price of the oil. Thus, the higher the density and around world, lower the gravity the heavier the oil and games, hence the cheaper the price for the oil. 38 Vgl.

BP: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2013, p.6 [online] 39 Oil reserves, which are located very deep under thick layers of rock and current indian for essays, salt. 40 Vgl. Offshore Center Denmark: Overview of the Brazilian Oil and of video, Gas Industry, p.12 [online] 41 Vgl. BBC News (2007): Brazil announces new oil reserves [online]

42 Vgl. U.S. Energy Information Administration, Brazil [online] 43 Vgl. Portal Brazil, Strategic sectors [online] 44 Vgl. Kudrin, A. (2009), p.13. 45 Vgl. Kudrin, A. (2009), p.23ff. Research Paper (postgraduate), 11Pages.

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English Birdsong Coursework: Joshua Yule. I think this is essay, where I put it. Birdsong Coursework Joshua Yule. Birdsong revolves around conflict in its myriad forms, from the current indian topics for essays physical and psychological traditional to the Great War genre, to less well known types like the of video crisis of masculinity that many soldiers undergo and the class antagonism that raged before, during, and after the war. As Pat Wheeler states, “Faulks’ prevailing preoccupation in much of his writing is with the human condition and Birdsong is essay on family, no exception”[1]. Physical conflict is central to Birdsong as a novel, yet in the first section it goes unaddressed save for a brawl that breaks out as a result of Lucien Lebrun’s failed efforts to pros, unite the on family dyers and Rene’s factory workers. Faulks is using this as a microcosm for the war from a Marxist perspective – oppressed proletariat workers fighting one another at pros essay, the behest of the corrupt Borguizise. Essay Relationships! As Europe at the time was often wracked with unrest due to the oppression of workers’ rights, this sets up much of the later, larger scale physical warfare. The battle of the Somme is a potent example of said large scale physical conflict in games essay, Birdsong; Faulks applies his fantastic powers of description to this section with aplomb: “He could see a long, wavering line of essay on family relationships, khaki, primitive dolls progressing in long deliberate steps…”[2] He creates a sense of tension to make the later carnage that much more unbearable: “Stephen saw his head opening up bright red under machine gun bullets as his helmet fell away.”[3] The tunnel sequences are another good example of physical conflict; whereas at of video games, the Somme it would be the sheer multitudes that would conjure despair, with the tunnels it is in how they isolate that lies therein their greatest terror: “Jack Firebrace lay forty-five feet underground with several hundred tons of France above his face.” [4]Physical is sherlock holmes essays, of course the most apparent form of conflict in Birdsong, so it is easy to overlook the others. There is a strong crisis of masculinity in Birdsong, as the games man at the front are constantly presented with challenges to their gender. Weir is the primary example, often too sensitive for his job; soldiers in the First World War often made use of prostitutes liberally and in christmas around world research paper, spite of conservative attitudes to essay, promiscuity, but when Weir visits one he is unable to perform and is described by Steven as being “more agitated than he had been even during the bombardment”[5].

Stephen is more confident, but is also unable to have sex with the prostitute, threatening her with a knife before finally breaking into tears, and allowing her to sherlock holmes, comfort him, a reversal of traditional gender roles: “he could not believe her touch. Pros! It was tender.” This continues when the only-men environment of the front lines creates a homosocial atmosphere that often forces male characters to for essays, break out of their defined gender roles; for example, when Weir finds his spirit shattered by his latest engagement and crawls to Stephen like a frightened child to his mother: “Hold me, said Weir. “Please hold me.”[6] Stephen is also dependant on Weir to say the realities Stephen is too afraid to admit to himself; Ellis notices this when Stephen reads Weir’s horoscope: “as though he [Stephen] depended on him for some quality he lacked. It was almost, Ellis once thought, as if he really cared for him.” [7]Really, it seems like the soldiers have delegated sexual satisfaction to female prostitutes and pros of video essay emotional relations to male comrades; the essays brotherhood during the war seems so much more real than the torrid affairs of Stephen and Isabelle or Elizabeth and Robert. Class conflict is an important theme in Birdsong, in contrast to many other Great War novels, where, as Pat Wheeler states “the “other ranks” are treated with contempt”[8]. In the first half of the novel, it is a major theme, with many events surrounding it in some way or another, such as the pros games essay brawl at Rene’s factory, but it is most explicitly addressed at the Azaire dinner table: “Azaire continued to curse the sherlock holmes essays workforce and to ask how they expected him to keep his factories open.” [9]Later on, it becomes more subtle but is never completely obscured, and General Barclay takes the place of Rene and games essay Berand as obligatory upper class foil for our working/middle class heroes. He acts as if his high social status automatically befits himself for command, and during his speech to the troops references the Duke of Wellington, who was both a brilliant general and dyed-in-the-wool reactionary. He is frequently disrespectful of his troops; quite apart from lying to them (he refers the essay enemy as “utterly demoralized. His defences have been shattered, his wire is cut, his dugouts are obliterated.”)[10] when it is made clear that this is not so: “ The wire isn’t cut. I don’t want to tell your men, but I’ve been up and down with these things and I can assure you that for stretches of hundreds of yards there is no shell damage at all.” [11] Also in this passage, there is a chilling example of how Stephen is slowly being forced to choose between his officer position and his emotional attachment to his men; Gray demands that he doesn’t tell his men and often in the story he must take command in impossible situations. Faulks uses his ability to create complex characters to show up upper-class arrogance that, as Paul Fussel comments: “assumed that these troops … were too simple and animal to cross the space between the opposing trenches in pros, any way except in broad daylight and aligned in rows or ‘waves’”[12].

The subtle emotions that, for problem solving example, Jack displays make us realize that they are, in pros of video games, fact, as human as their commanders. Birdsong is very much a meta-textual book; there is conflict within conflict, as the opposing armies are held back by infighting among its groups and each soldier must overcome personal struggles of manhood. But worst of christmas around, all it is a futile and pointless struggle, as waves upon waves of men die every day. Even Stephen, present at the battlefield itself cannot comprehend the scale of the destruction: ”It was not all the tens of thousands of deaths that mattered; it was the way they had proved that you could be human yet act in a way that was beyond nature.” [13] Birdsong can be a deeply flawed book, yet in its refusal to look at the Great War as a meaningful endeavour it pays a high respect to those that were slain in pros, its bloody wake. [1]Wheeler, P. Birdsong, A Reader’s Guide (Continuum, New York, London, 2002) p 20. For Essays Title! [2] Faulks, S. Birdsong (Vintage books, London, 1994) p 226. Of Video Games! [3] Faulks, S. Ibid. [4] Faulks, S. Ibid. p 121. [5] Faulks, S. Ibid. p 203. [6] Faulks, S. Sports! Ibid. p 240. [7] Faulks, S. Ibid. [8]Wheeler, P. Ibid .p 61. [9] Faulks, S. Ibid. p 7. [10]Faulks, S. Ibid. p 215. Of Video! [11]Faulks, S. For Kids! Ibid. Pros Games! p 220. [12]Fussel, Paul. The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford University Press, London, Oxford and New York, 1975) p 75. [13] Faulks, S. Ibid. p 234. Josh, this is a very pleasing effort, well done! You have thought critically about the text and how Faulks captures the devastation of war through his themes, characterisation and language. You have structured your argument in a logical and coherent manner and offer interesting, analytic interpretations.

AO1: Knowledge and understanding. Christmas Paper! You have demonstrated an excellent knowledge of the text and have addressed the question in each paragraph. However, you sometimes wander off topic towards the latter parts and forget to return to pros of video, the essay#8217;s thesis. Furthermore, your tenor in sports for kids, certain sections needs to be less colloquial and personal and more academic; it sometimes reads like a review of Birdsong, rather than an critical essay. Essay! You have chosen an array of excellent quotations, but try to writing, embed shorter, more specific quotes throughout all of your paragraphs, rather than always half way through. Pros Of Video Essay! Finally, try to increase you use of literary terminology. AO3: Critical Theory and Comparison. You clearly link your themes of conflict to different sections of the sports for kids novel, thus achieving high marks for pros this element of AO3. Your use of mla format for essays title, critical theory and of academic critics is significantly stronger in the final paragraph; try to develop your earlier work as a target. This is the weakest part of pros games essay, your essay.

You need to think critically about writing how Faulks is pros of video games, representing the on family relationships social and historical context of the time to a readership eighty years after it finished. Furthermore, the strong contextual information you have included (Marxism, prostitutes) could be referenced to pros games essay, achieve higher marks. Try to christmas around paper, include facts, figures, dates, but more importantly arguments for how successful Faulks is in pros of video essay, presenting the war to sports essays for kids, a modern reader. Any questions or clarification needed, don#8217;t hesitate to ask.

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Faculty Guest Essay: Just War and Law of War: A Primer. Professor Johnson, then at of video games, the School of sports essays for kids Advanced Air Power Studies, Maxwell AFB, lectured to US special forces on human rights and theories of justice in war. Emphases have been added to assist freshmen readers. Prof. Johnson later taught at the US Marine Corps Academy. - Jeremy Lewis. The great Prussian military theorist Carl von Clausewitz included in his definitive work, On War , a straightforward definition of war: it is an act to compel our enemies to do our will. But Clausewitz also recognized that compellence by force is accompanied by certain self-imposed, imperceptible limitations . . . Of Video Games. known as international law and custom. Thus , constraint in war is generally self-imposed , informed by legal parameters and tradition. As Clausewitz alludes, war by its very nature involves conflict, but not all conflict is war . Forty percent of human skeletons recovered in the Egyptian Nubia, dating some 12,000 to 14,000 years ago, showed evidence of violent death by lethal instruments.

Yet although such violence was a testimony to the nature of relationships between primitive humans, it was not indicative of any comprehensive concept of war. The rise of organized society is the key to differentiating between wanton violence perpetrated by marauding nomads and states at war. With the agricultural revolution, previously nomadic peoples settled and a sense of communal identity evolved. Strength of numbers was one of the christmas around research paper first advantages that accrued to these settled peoples over hunter-gatherer tribes. The subsequent rise of a social construct fostered the development of shared customs and values that gave rise to specific social structures and classes. As these societies became more role-differentiated and complex, castes developed values and customs specific to their roles. Pros Of Video. Over time, a set of for kids ideals evolved in these societies (and within each caste) that was intended to games essay regulate the behavior of title page its members. These ideals are at the root of essay self-imposed restraint in war. Different civilizations developed different ideals and thereby different rules regulating the conduct of war. For example, the great Arabic historian Ibn Khaldun summarized in his seminal Muqadimma the traditional Islamic understanding of war as universal and inevitable and therefore a feature of human society that is sanctioned, if not willed by God himself.

As a result, war and peace fall within the realm of divine legislation and Islamic ethics regarding war are eo ipso derived from the same sources upon which Islamic law is problem based. The fundamental source from which a consistent ethical system of war can be derived is, of course, the Qur'an , which is held by Muslims to pros of video be God's final and definitive revelation to humanity. But there is also the example set forth in the life of the Prophet Muhammad, or sunnah (custom or practice). It clarified the scripture, elaborated upon it, supplemented it, and thus fulfilled new demands. The record of actions or sayings of the Prophet himself, hadith , also became a source for deliberations on the nature of war and what was and what was not allowed therein. But as disagreement between Muslims during the Persian Gulf War of 1990 would indicate, there is christmas world research much diffusion regarding the nature of a just war (or jihad ) within Islamic ethics. Much of that controversy resulted from the tension between Islam's legal and ethical dimensions. The same can be said of the Western tradition, that is, the tension between early Judeo-Christian ethics and the rise of the secular Western concept of law. Pros Of Video Essay. To begin to understand the Western way of war, one must necessarily begin with the Old Testament.

The Old Testament recounts war after war, genocide, ethnic cleansing, rape, plunder, and a host of other atrocities associated with war. Indeed, on many occasions the Hebrews were instructed by indian topics Yahweh , or Jehovah, to do these things. For the ancient Hebrews, war was waged upon the command of God for the vindication of justice and the restoration of pros of video essay peace . The Hebrew word shalom , or peace , meant more than simply the absence of around research war--it meant well-being and prosperity . Peace also meant security and for that reason is at the etymological root of the Jewish word for impregnable fortress, Yeru'shalom , or Jerusalem. As evidenced in the Old Testament, for the Hebrews peace was a gift of God. Of Video Games Essay. If the sports essays for kids Hebrews fulfilled the covenant, God bestowed peace upon them. And peace bestowed abundance. Jehovah therefore bestowed peace and allowed and sometimes commanded war in of video order to restore peace. Interestingly, war and christmas around world research paper defeat for the Hebrews was also a form of chastisement. When Josiah was defeated at Megiddo, Israel became enslaved. Later, Jehovah even suffered the Jews to be taken captive into Babylon.

The Hebrews' defeat and enslavement was a consequence of their disobedience. Nevertheless, war was waged of necessity and therefore was restrained by a code. This code was elaborated in Deuteronomy 20 . Of Video. Old Testament legislation (i.e., Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy) was a direct revelation from Jehovah through Moses. Holmes Essays. Not unlike Islam, the divine origin of Old Testament law constituted one of its distinctive features. Greek law, on the other hand, was entirely man-made. For the early Greeks, peace was also associated with prosperity ( eirené ) and Hellenistic Greeks similarly linked security with justice. Arguably, it was the Greeks who first promulgated the notion that man fights not only in defense of his society but also in defense of his ideals apart from divine legislation . In that sense, war ennobled the human spirit in of video games essay the sense that the holmes essays highest values of man--courage, valor, sacrifice--were made manifest. The Greeks internalized these ideals that would later govern intra-Hellenic warfare and ultimately warfare in the Western world. Two formal agreements have survived that illustrate Hellenistic ideals in pros of video war.

The first was a tradition reported by the geographer Strabo around 700 BC during the War of the Lelantine Plain, in which the opposing armies agreed to refrain from the use of missiles. The second, mentioned by the orator Aeschines, suggests that around 600 BC, the victors of the for kids First Sacred War swore never again to cut off food and water to games essay besieged fellow Greeks. These and other rules of war, referred to as koina nomina (common customs), were socially reinforced in Greek mythology and the Homeric sagas. From 700-400 BC, restraints on warfare in Greece continued to evolve. Among the Greeks, the object in battle was decisive victory and the restoration of peace. Surrender could not be refused if requested and a retreating enemy was exempt from attack. Relationships. Attacking the pros of video social and economic order was informally banned. As a result, warfare between the various poleis was generally short and rarely endangered the survival of any one state. It was a very different matter, however, when Greeks fought non-Greeks and the common customs broke down during the Peloponnesian War. Nevertheless, the Greek ideal of restraint remained largely intact and greatly influenced the Roman Empire, which sought to emulate much of the Greek ethos.

Not unlike the Hebrews and the Greeks, the Romans associated peace ( pax ) with security and prosperity and were more than willing to wage war in order to impose peace. In Virgil's Aeneid , Anchises bid his son Aeneas to make war for the sake of peace: Roman, be this thy care--these thine arts--to bear dominion over the nations and to impose the law of peace, to spare the humbled and to war down the proud. Thus, again, we find the linkage between peace and justice and the necessity of war to achieve both. By the same token, the Latin word pax is sherlock holmes essays from the same root word for pact, an agreement not to fight , and therefore is similarly linked with the word securitas ('security). The barbarian tribes that delivered the deathblow to pros of video the Roman Empire did not destroy Roman moral authority in this regard, however, as it re-emerged in the Catholic Church. And before the fall of Rome, with Constantine's ascendancy to Emperor in 312 AD, Christian morality had a profound influence on Roman ethics . The conversion of Constantine and the resultant Christian character of the latter Empire laid the groundwork for for essays title page the Catholic concept of just war. The development of just war theory is of immense importance to the development of Western civilization and the Western way of war. Theoretically at pros, least, the tradition placed war under the dominion of conscience and in doing so established the precept that right was more important than might. Derived largely from the Greek ethos stressing democratic virtues alongside such virtues as courage and bravery, war now required a moral sanction.

Moreover, war required the imprimatur of state authority and was to be carried out by sports essays for kids professionals. Early Christian doctrine regarding jus ad bellum --the right to wage war --was first formulated by Ambrose and then developed more fully by Augustine and Thomas Aquinas . Of Video Essay. Ambrose had little if any reservations about Christian participation in war--the state existed to sports for kids protect the pros essay Church. No doubt his position as Bishop of Milan in northern Italy, on for kids the frontier facing barbarian enemies, shaped his perspective. His primary treatise in this regard, On the Duties of the Clergy , was influenced by Stoicism and the Old Testament and signaled a fundamental shift in Christian doctrine on the appropriateness and conduct of of video games war, giving rise to world research paper the concept of just war. Augustine (354-430 AD) is generally considered to games essay be the father of topics jus ad bellum . Augustine was a realist . Pros Of Video Games Essay. Early Christian pacifism had stressed that all violence was morally wrong, but Augustine, writing as the empire collapsed around him, concluded that perfect peace was not possible save the direct intervention of Jesus Christ. Mla Format For Essays Page. Thus, the Church had to be protected since it provided the essential stability needed for Christianity to of video games survive in a violent and unjust world. The object of just war, then, was the establishment of peace , or the absence of war, and the promulgation of justice . To Augustine, the key was intent and to essay a lesser degree the codification of of video games what constituted a noncombatant. With regard to the former, war was not to be pursued for wealth or power but only as a means to vindicate justice. Providing the page war was just, the individual soldier's role was therefore equally justified and violence, though regrettable, was allowed. As dispassionately as possible, the soldier's role was to punish the transgressor, reestablish right order, and prevent further wrongdoing. Of Video Games. Regarding noncombatants, Augustine was less clear.

It is problem solving largely inferred that Augustine believed that noncombatants were to be spared any violence associated with war but there is some indication that he held an expanded notion of collective war guilt that could potentially include whole populations. Pros Games Essay. Nevertheless, noncombatant immunity is generally considered integral to just war theory as propounded by Augustine and indian topics enlarged upon by Aquinas. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) further codified the position of the Catholic Church regarding war in his seminal work, Summa Theologica . Essay. Aquinas reduced the idea of just war to three fundamental tenets: A just war must have a just cause ; it must be fought on right authority ; and it must be waged by a right intention . A just cause existed where some fault was to topics be punished. Right authority existed where the magistrate was acting as a minister of God in pros essay executing God's vengeance upon the evil-doer. Right intention existed where the pursuit of justice and the establishment of peace motivated the magistrate. Although Augustine's ideas can be characterized as defensive in disposition, Aquinas contended that heresy and other crimes against God warranted attack--allowing for an offensive disposition. The just cause was pursued by holmes a vindicator, fighting against essay an unjust opponent that had perpetrated some form of evil. Aquinas thus armed the Church with an offensive dogma--the armed missionary--that would later underpin the justifications made for the Crusades and the extirpation and attempted extermination of non-European peoples in the Americas. Sherlock Holmes. Nevertheless, among civilized peoples, restraint toward an enemy was regarded as appropriate in order to lay the foundation for post-conflict reconciliation and Christian conversion. There is no question that Augustinian and Thomist teachings had a profound influence on pros of video the Western concept of christmas around world research paper war. First, jus ad bellum provided for self-imposed restraint in war in terms of vindictive justice; and second, the spirit of the Greek's common customs was reinforced in the Augustinian and Thomist ideas regarding jus in bello --that is, rules governing the conduct of war.

These values were reinforced further in pros of video games the Middle Ages within the idea of chivalry. The idea of just war as it emerged in indian the late Middle Ages manifested a dialect between the theological (Church doctrine) and pros of video essay the legal (drawn from Greek and Roman codes of conduct). The synthesis of the two found its first expression in the chivalric codes . Although at first glance these codes appear to essays have been rendered largely irrelevant by the Hundred Years' War (ending in 1453), what is often overlooked is that the knightly ideal ( jus militaire ) did not perish. Before the Hundred Years War, Honoré Bonet's L'Arbre des battailes (Tree of Battles) and Christine de Pisan's Les Faits d'armes et de chivalrie (Acts of Arms and Chivalry) both praised and entrenched the virtuousness of war as an ideal in terms of of video games a means to achieve peace and sports essays justice. When the knight acted virtuously --that is, with restraint and in the pursuit of justice--war itself was virtuous. Despite the apparent loss of this ideal during the Hundred Years War, it re-emerged in the regimental system. The creation of the British regimental system by pros essay a victorious English parliament.

recovering from a bloody civil war against monarchial power had a profound impact on English military culture and ultimately the Western way of war. The knightly ideal of virtuous warfare restrained by an ethical code was extended and reinforced in the regimental system in an effort to regulate the research paper behavior of the common soldier. Pros Of Video Essay. Officers upheld the knightly concept of the gentleman and a code of behavior in war. The soldiers, in turn, would be restrained by the officers from acting out their more vulgar inclinations. An enemy whose culture regimental officers deemed compatible with their own was considered a worthy opponent . The enemy therefore ceased to be a threat to social stability and was to be treated fairly and with professional restraint. At the same time, with the rise of the nation-state, religious differences largely ceased to writing be the predominant motivation for war. Nations now went to war for of video games more practical reasons . As war aims became more limited, restraint became more pronounced in essay relationships a way analogous to the Hellenistic Greek city-states. Of Video Games. With national hatreds muted, and the conduct of war governed by a strict code of around world ethics, hostilities became more and more regulated. Such regulation would be reinforced during the period known as the Enlightenment. The Reformation of Christianity begun by Martin Luther in of video essay 1517 challenged the Catholic Church as the sole authority in matters of morality and ethics. Problem Writing. Protestant theology offered new interpretations and posited that the Church had failed to live up to the ideals of equality and morality as expressed in the person of Jesus Christ.

Europe was still Christian, yet the wars of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries had often been the product of religious intolerance. Therefore, it became increasingly exceptionable to argue social and of video essay political points from a theological basis because the discussion would degenerate into heated and unresolvable arguments about doctrinal matters. As a result, European intellectuals devised secular solutions embodied in the idea of natural law, which itself was an expression of sherlock holmes essays Greek Stoicism, Epicureanism, and the emerging physical sciences that offered rules sans divine legislation. With respect to war, natural law would find its apotheosis in the writings of Hugo de Groot of Holland, better known by his Latin name as Hugo Grotius . Called by many the father of modern international law, Grotius wrote De Jure Belli ac Pacis (On the Law of War and Peace), published in 1625, in which he set forth the idea that there are certain inalienable rights held by each individual in human society . Games Essay. War, as an instrument of society, must therefore adhere to essay relationships a specific code in terms of pros essay its justification and conduct in order to preserve these inalienable rights. Indian. Grotius's central thesis was that war was analogous to civil action--that is, the idea that there is an injury done or offered . Grotius returned to the Augustinian notion that war was just in the defense but he broadened the idea of self-defense to include preemptive strike against pros of video another state with clear hostile intent. With respect to jus in bello (or the conduct of war), for Grotius, Those things that conduce to the End, do receive their intrinsic value from the End.

In other words, the ends justify the means. This is not to suggest that Grotius favored unrestrained and wanton violence but rather he emphasized what later ethicists would call double effect . Not unlike early Christian writers, Grotius contended that what matters is intent. If the intent is by definition just, but otherwise innocent lives are lost, the ends nevertheless outweigh the on family means. For example, if a village is bombarded in order to permit the seizure of a bridge that is crucial to victory by a state engaged in pros games essay a just cause, while it is regrettable that noncombatants were killed in the process, the deaths were necessary and therefore legal. The importance of Grotius's work is that it represented the first step in moving just war doctrine away from essay, a mostly theological basis to what can charitably be described as a universal secular or legal basis . Games. The legal basis for war was enlarged upon by around world paper subsequent writers, including John Locke . What distinguished Locke from others at the time was not his justification for war--which largely reflected earlier thinking--but rather his emphasis on right conduct . To Locke, a just defender had the right to punish an evil-doer and exact reparations, but this right extended no further than to those who were actually guilty. If a victorious state extended punishment to the innocent, then just defense became unjust conquest. In effect, Locke limited the use of force only against the enemy government and its soldiery, not innocent noncombatants. Never before had anyone advanced the idea that an enemy's population had inalienable rights to immunity as such. Locke's ideas are important because hey had a particular influence on the founders of the United States, where the first true modern law of war emerged. The American way of war is derived from the of video games essay Western tradition and American hegemony in the late twentieth century has largely shaped the just war tradition. When Americans go to war, it is to defeat evil --or so Americans believe.

The undoing of evil is the justification for war, rooted in the Augustinian tradition, and has been the historical motivator for christmas around research Americans to kill one another and other peoples since at least the pros of video essay American Revolution--but with a unique twist. The early Fathers embarked upon essay relationships, war for specific and limited goals and conducted war in a way that would not shred the social fabric. Such an ideal resulted in self-imposed restraints both in the resort to violence and in the application of pros games violence. Yet, at the same time, American leaders have considered war also to be an instrument of State policy. It was the intersection of these two themes that defined the transformation of the American way of war during the Civil War. The military necessity of solving writing total war expanded the idea of the combatant and the just war tradition and associated law of war necessarily evolved as well. During the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln asked Dr. Essay. Francis Lieber to prepare a code of current law for Federal forces. Dr. Lieber wrote two documents.

The first addressed the of video games issue of guerrillas specifically with regard to the law of war. But the second, General Orders No. 100, became the first modern statement of the law of war and the foundation for much of law of on family relationships war as it developed to the present. Dr. Of Video Games Essay. Lieber's writings codified centuries of thought with respect to just war; however, more akin to mla format for essays title page a broad interpretation of Augustine and unlike Locke, Dr. Lieber asserted that the civilian population could be regarded as a legitimate target of destruction in the sense of collective war guilt. In that sense, Dr. Lieber wrote that military necessity consisted of those measures indispensable to securing the ends of war. Essay. Military necessity therefore permitted direct destruction of life or limb of armed enemies, and of other persons whose destruction is incidentally unavoidable. Moreover, war existed as a state of armed conflict between sovereign nations or governments. In that the citizens of for essays a hostile state were no less an pros of video games enemy than the holmes state's soldiers, they were subject to the hardships of war.

Since the restoration of peace and the preservation of of video games justice were the ultimate object of war, the deaths of otherwise innocent noncombatants was regarded as necessary in the pursuit of for essays quick victory. Pros Essay. As Dr. Lieber wrote: Sharp wars are brief . Unquestionably, General Sherman's march to the sea and his burning of the relationships city of pros of video games essay Atlanta reflected this total war outlook as well as the assumed culpability of Confederate citizens in the perpetration of an unjust war. General Orders No. 100 remained the principal law of for essays war reference in the United States for the balance of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century. But the major powers, including the United States, sought to universalize the games concept of law of war. These efforts included the first Hague Peace Conference of 1899; a second conference in essays for kids 1907; the Washington Conference on the Limitation of of video essay Armament in 1922; the Hague Commission of Jurists in 1923; Aerial Law of War in 1923; and the 1949 Geneva Conventions . Detailing these various conventions is beyond the scope of this essay. Holmes Essays. Suffice it to pros of video say that all of these efforts reflected centuries of essays thought in of video essay the West regarding the nature of war and essay on family relationships its proper conduct.

Upon reflection, several points are notable regarding the proper conduct of war in the West. First, what is legal is not necessarily moral and what is moral is essay not necessarily legal . Yet the two are inextricably intertwined in the Western tradition (and to sherlock essays some extent the Muslim tradition as well). At the heart of the just war tradition is pros of video games essay right intent. Essay On Family. Secondarily, we find the principle of discrimination , which, in simple terms, means noncombatant immunity. But noncombatant immunity is not absolute. It has always been permissible to attack combatants even though some noncombatants may be killed or injured in the process, so long as the injury to noncombatants is indirect and unintentional. The great ethical dilemma that remains unresolved, however, is where the threshold resides between direct and indirect and intentional and pros unintentional. That noncombatant immunity within the just war tradition can be overridden in order to preserve and protect the very tradition itself is a paradox.

Indeed, supreme emergency and other arguments arising from the need to override noncombatant immunity formed the basis for relationships justifying the aerial bombardment of civilians in Germany and pros of video games Japan by the Allies during the latter stages of World War II. Objectionable as that standard may be by today's apparent sensitivity regarding collateral damage , the killing of solving writing innocent civilians by aerial bombardment remains today an unresolved legal and moral dilemma as evidenced by claims that NATO violated the law of war during air attacks on Serbia as recently as 1999. NATO and the United States thoroughly rejected the accusation--as the United States continues to do with respect to air attacks on Iraq--offering moral and legal arguments rooted thoroughly in the just war tradition. So what does it all mean? This essay is simply a very brief attempt to trace the evolution of just war thought in pros of video order to illustrate the ethical roots of the Western way of war. Interestingly, one sees the influence of the Greeks, Augustine, and thinkers not mentioned, such as the Right Honorable Lord John Fletcher Moulton, in the play of children, in terms of that which is fair and unfair, just and unjust, and what constitutes proportionate response.

This is not to suggest that war is child's play, but rather to suggest that, like child's play, war has developed a set of rules that are generally self-imposed, even by those who admit of divine legislation to mla format for essays page restrain themselves regarding the pros conduct of war. In the christmas around end, war is a dynamic concept, still evolving and adapting to changing social, political, and juridical realities. As continued globalization links societies, one may hope that the dialogue regarding just war will promote agreement with respect to pros of video essay a universal law of war that may ultimately be reflected in a universal idea of peace.

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