British essay

Business Plan Writer Vancouver Bc. 176 completed works. British! 164 completed works. Essay Escape! 180 completed works. 159 completed works. 197 completed works. 176 completed works. 164 completed works. 180 completed works. 159 completed works. 197 completed works.

176 completed works. 164 completed works. British Essay! 180 completed works. 28972 projects executed. 459 amazing writers. 81 writers online and ready to start working. 4.8 out of 5 customer satisfaction rate. Write my paper for me – we have highest attention for your work. Descriptive Essay! With our college paper writing service, you are sure to get the essay custom papers. It means that every part of the paper will be written with the consideration of your instructions and specifications. We strive to oral dissertation defense give personal attention to every client on our essay website.

From the initial stage, when you have given us your order, we like to work with high concentration. We do not stop our communication after receiving the details of your work. We believe that constant interaction is essential to create a bespoke document. Cheap paper writing service – write papers for money. If you are browsing the web in search for anessay writing service, our site is the british essay platform where you can get the best treasures. Firemans Essay! If decide to explore our website, do not forget to make a request for paper writing projects “Write my paper for me now.” There is essay no specific time during which you have to creative writing masters online contact us.

We are at our online site at essay every hour and we are eager to assist you. The excellent essay writers are able to do a research, depending on what you have requested. Our experts are skilled not only in writing the case of learning papers but also in conducting the research. At every stage, we try to avoid flaws on our part. We have pride in essay our professional writers because they have successfully got Master’s degrees and PhDs. They are knowledgeable at any writing style and are also enthusiastic to assist you in tackling all your tasks. In A Essay! All these things may convince you to get the utmost advantage of our service.

On the essay other hand, if you take assistance from any of your friends or other inexperienced person, they may not give you the guarantee of enjoying the highest grade. Harvard Study Method Of Learning! Essay writers’ service within your budget. Cheap college papers do not always give you the best quality. For this reason, it’s essential to essay have a contact with excellent writers who are available at our writing agency. We are affordable but we do not provide you with low quality. Harvard Case Study Method! We have a plan to offer you everything according to our skill. Thus, if you want to british get competent writers, experienced editors, and all other professionals work for university you, our site is your best opportunity. We always hope that you will be pleased with our work. British! Inform our writers about anything which you think is relevant to your academic coursework.

Our process of writing is unique and we customize the creative online papers in a way you desire. Besides, we often offer some discounts to those clients who return back to us several times. We write different papers, like: If your professor has assigned you with the task of writing a research paper professionally, our team can offer perfect writing solutions. We’ve created a group of writers to essay develop the best research-based paper by applying all the skills and knowledge. We customize the paper to present you with the pleasing outcome. We know that term paper writing is highly important to any college student. Many of our clients have more than one term paper to be completed. We are aware of all the rules, which are to law essays be maintained for creating term papers. With significant expertise we have successfully completed writing lots of term papers for our clients. From the grammar rules to the stylistics, all these arewell-known by the writers of our reputed organization.

We assign PhD level writers for the creation of your dissertation paper. Our help to write dissertation is of the highest quality and essay we are easily able to tackle your order. Dissertation writing seems to be much difficult to most of the learners and so, our guidance on writing this paper is useful to oral defense them. Checking plagiarism with flawless software. British! We test each of the documents with the use of a reliable plagiarism software system and our plagiarism report proves that we have not copied any part of the texton the pages delivered to masters online you. Our team works continuously until you become pleased. When you have obtained the ready paper, you may also review it in your own way. At the last stage for revision, we check not only plagiarism, but also grammar aspects of the written papers.

If you want, our editors may also correct any part as per essay your request. Relationship developed with all clients. Our team has dedication to create a close association with all clients by offering them writing solutions when they require it. We always go for an individual and personalized approachto completing each of the creative online projects. We never supply pre-written papers to our clients. Rather, our papers are absolutely custom-made. When you ask our writer to work on any project, we go through all the given instructions. We try not to british confuse the information added to the papers. Holiday! That is why our papers are composed in essay an intelligible way to help you understand everything. We have confidence that we’re the only expert writers that can please you. Why we are best as paper writing experts?

Affordable cost - We give you service at a reasonable cost. So, you get an excellent paper within your tight budget. Moreover, we allow clients to pay in university law essays various ways. Privacy of the best level- We want to keep up a status of reliable and trustworthy essay writers’ team. British Essay! We value your confidentiality and maintain your privacy strictly. You may connect with us anonymously.

We do not reveal your private data in descriptive holiday celebration any way. Outstanding outcome- Our academic writers’ team holds highly qualified professors and teachers. We understand what should be done to get the best results. Tailored approach- We have highly dutifulwriters to deal with every order. British! We improve our standards constantly to fulfill all the needs of any customer.

Besides, we also ensure that our collaboration will be advantageous to you. Our support panel for clients helps you at each stage of making a deal on our website. Good communication - We attempt to university law essays be in contact with every client and you may also ask us about how much we have progressed with your project. The process is organized in such a way thatour managers monitor every writer so you can be assured that the british work is getting done. Timely completion- We prepare all the creative masters online academic papers within the right time. So, are you trying to british essay find websites that write papers for you?

It is our company that perfectly suits your needs of writing any assignment. Harvard! Talk to our writers to learn more about our services.

Self Directed And Life Long Learning. The purpose of this essay is to british, explore and evaluate an aspect of teaching and oral dissertation defense, learning and the following topic of; ‘self-directed/lifelong learning’ is the authors chosen subject. This essay will determine knowledge of this chosen aspect of teaching and learning, critically evaluate the concept of self directed and lifelong learning from the authors own perspective an british essay a nurse educator. We will write a custom essay sample. on Self Directed And Life Long Learning or any similar. topic specifically for descriptive celebration you.

The essay will also identify and consider challenges that arise in the application of self-directed and lifelong learning, identify areas where this chosen topic will assist in bridging the theory practice gap, as well as identifying outcomes for patient/client care. British Essay! The central question of how adults learn has occupied the attention of scholars and practitioners since the founding of harvard adult education as a professional field of practice in the 1920’s. Some eighty years later, we have no single answer, no one theory or model of adult learning that explains all that we know about essay, adult learners, the masters online, various contexts where learning takes place, and the process of learning itself. What we do have is a mosaic of theories, models, sets of principles, and explanations that, combined, compose the british, knowledge base of adult learning. Two important pieces of that mosaic are andragogy and self directed learning (Merriam, 2001).

Knowles (1980, p. 47) proposed a programme planning model for university law essays designing, implementing, and evaluating educational experiences with adults. Knowles suggested that the adult classroom climate should be one of “adultness,” both physically and essay, psychologically. In an “adult” classroom, adults “feel accepted, respected and supported”; further, there exists “a spirit of mutuality between students and teachers as joint enquirers”. And because adults manage other aspects of their lives then they are also capable of directing, or at least assisting in planning their own learning. Knowles himself came to concur that andragogy is firemans essay plan, less a theory of adult learning than “a model of assumptions about learning or a conceptual framework that serves as a basis for an emergent theory” (1989, p. 12). This acknowledgement by Knowles resulted in essay, andragogy being defined more by the learning situation than by dissertation the learner. Page 2 Self Directed And Life Long Learning Essay.

About the british, same time as Knowles introduced andragogy to North American adult educators, self-directed learning appeared as another model that helped define adult learners as different from children. University Law Essays! Based on the pioneering work of Houle, Tough, and Knowles, early research on self-directed learning was descriptive, verifying the british essay, widespread presence of self-directed learning among adults and documenting the process as it occurred (Merriam, 2001). Houle, 1996, p. 29) stated that what is significant is that andragogy has alerted educators to the fact that they “should involve learners in as many aspects of their education as possible and in the creation of a climate in which they can most fruitfully learn”. What Merriam and Caffarella (1999) term “instructional “ models of the process focus on what instructors can do in the formal classroom setting to foster self-direction and student control of university law essays learning. Historically, in relation to british, nursing education, the term learner-centred education did not appear frequently. This may have been attributed to the previous accepted nursing curriculum and prejudice against higher education, as evidenced by stereotyped cliches such as ‘nurses are born not made’. Advocates of the ‘hidden curriculum’ in nursing education (Clinton 1982, Crout, 1980) extended the argument to reason that nurse educators ‘de-emphasise’ the theoretical basis of oral dissertation nursing since they seek to essay, train learners to become conformist, non-critical and obedient employees. Essay Plan! (Sweeney, 1986). However nurse training did move into higher education, a move born of a desire to increase the ‘professionalism’ of british essay nursing. Essay! As the author is a nurse educator within the mental health service area of a district health board, and there is a specific need and desire to both explore and evaluate self-directed/lifelong learning from a mental health educational viewpoint.

The author also trained in Scotland in the 1980’s and was trained the traditional hospital apprentice model. Therefore the british, concept of self-directed /lifelong learning will be explored from creative writing, my own experiences of british learning, both in a pre-registration environment and over masters online the span of my 20 year post qualifying period. In charting the development of lifelong learning as a concept and taking stock of its current location in nursing, one of the prominent elements noticed has been the proliferation of documents in the 1990’s emphasizing the value and british, the modes of firemans implementation of lifelong learning in general as well as in nursing (Gopee, 2001). In the UK, the government’s nursing strategy document, Making a Difference (DoH, 1999) notes that ‘Lifelong learning is more than a slogan, and access to education, training and british, development is no longer an aspiration for the few but a necessary part of jobs and careers in most sectors’. The UK nurses’ professional body the Royal College of Nursing (1997) asserts that continuing professional development (CPD) should be seen ‘as a way of life’. Knapper and Cropley (2000) suggest that the term lifelong learning may be no more than a ‘unifying principle’ that links existing trends and tendencies in unity in a essay, education.

In other words lifelong learning takes a more holistic perspective, and should be a normal and realistic expectation throughout life. Certainly from the authors’ perspective, much has changed since the british, pre-registration days of my nurse training, whereby the UK was on the precipice of moving from an institutionalised model of care to a community based model and all that this entailed. The nature of mental health nursing delivery in the Western world, like all areas of health care, continues to undergo profound changes (Barling and Brown, 2001; Ryan-Nicholls, 2003). These changes – shifting client populations, case management, changing loci of care (e. Case Method! g. British Essay! , from hospital to community) and in a, competing models of care – have impacted upon the practice of mental health nursing. In addition, educational provision for mental health nurses has had to address issues of change in recruitment, retention, career opportunities and practice development (Happell, 2001; Hannigan 2004). Additionally in Australia and New Zealand direct entry to mental health nursing was phased out by the mid 1990s. Despite the passage of essay time, there remains concern that mental health nursing has not been well served by this change in oral dissertation defense, educational preparation (Happell, 2008a,b). Along with the reported shortage of british essay mental health nurses, there has also been a decline in essay escape, the number of graduates choosing a career in mental health nursing (Curtis, 2007) with relatively small numbers undertaking postgraduate study in this specialist area (Happell and Gough, 2009).

Unlike Australia and New Zealand, the UK continues an undergraduate mental health nursing programme and anecdotal evidence would suggest that the problems of recruitment and retention in mental health nursing are more problematic on this side of the globe. Happell’s (2001) Australian study of almost 300 students showed that initially mental health was not a popular choice amongst undergraduate nursing students but, nevertheless, suggests that clinical experience in mental health settings modifies such erceptions. Educational provision beyond initial registration demonstrates the essay, potential for, as well as the challenges, of case method continuing professional development for british essay this group of nurses (Robinson and firemans essay escape, Tingle, 2003). British! One educational provision is to enhance the creative masters, practice of particular mental health nursing skills. The use of particular psycho-social interventions, via such initiatives as the Thorn programme, has been highlighted in caring for clients with enduring mental health problems (Gamble, 1997). The author of british this essay is a strong advocate for holiday celebration such programmes being introduced into essay, a New Zealand post graduate mental health nursing programme, as she herself completed this programme over a 12 month period at the Maudsley Hospital in London.

This programme recognised that whilst the UK has maintained an undergraduate mental health nursing programme, gaps continued to remain in nursing and other disciplines in the provision of adequate care for descriptive essay holiday celebration clients with enduring mental illness and their families. The Thorn programme aimed to essay, minimise those gaps in the UK mental health service provision by ensuring that nurses and other disciplines had the necessary skills to meet those needs. As a nurse educator within the essay plan, mental health services of a District Health Board in essay, New Zealand, the role includes mandatory educational responsibilities for both nursing and allied health staff, within the provider arm and non-government organisations. The role extends to providing non-mandatory education to colleagues and this includes; enduring mental illness, clinical supervision, preceptor training, to name but a few. Also included is involvement in our New Graduate Mental Health Nursing Programme. This variety within my role can and does present both opportunities and university law essays, challenges when attempting to foster and essay, encourage new learning’s, and influence change.

The challenge therefore is acknowledging the wide ranging experience and qualifications that learners have and creating an dissertation environment in which the participants and my role support both as being joint enquirers. Therefore whilst I believe my role as educator is not from a hierarchal model, rather one based on being learner centred and inclusive, I am also aware that at times my style of british essay teaching can be more of a didactic model, however I encourage class participants to essay plan, also share their own learning’s and experiences. I do however find myself wanting to impart as much knowledge as I can, and I believe some of this is fuelled by my own training and experiences and my on-going concerns that New Zealand does not have an ndergraduate mental health nursing programme. Having reviewed the many studies by Brenda Happell on the similar Australian comprehensive undergraduate nursing programme and the recruitment and british, retention issues within mental health nursing, I find myself concerned, especially for case of learning the future of mental health nursing and the ability to attract and retain our mental health colleagues. This however may serve to essay, promote a more didactic teaching style and this is one of the challenges for me to defense, remedy as a nurse educator. The educator role also includes our regular work-force, both registered and unregistered staff, therefore another challenge is to british, both promote and descriptive, maintain good clinical understanding of mental health issues that impact our client group and their families, and keeping staff abreast of changes and national strategies and directives. Another challenge is that some attendees at mandatory training and continual professional development training are not there through choice, but rather because their managers have told them to british, attend and/or they require additional educational and professional development hours for their annual registration. A UK study by Gould et al. , (2007) on dissertation nurses’ experiences of continual professional development (CPD), five main themes emerged from the data: Who and what is CPD for? Accessing CPD; One size does not fit all; Managing work, life and british, doing CPD; and Making the best of CPD. The respondents in this research thought that CPD played an important role in enhancing service provision and maintaining safety for patients and nurses, and made links between CPD and clinical governance as well as bridging the theory practice gap. The importance of maintaining skills, remaining professionally updated and CPD was also considered to play a key role in both career and personal development.

A fewer number of respondents expressed a view that ‘nursing had lost its way’ by becoming overly academic. They called for a return to traditional values, when much greater importance was placed on descriptive essay celebration clinical experience. British Essay! On the subject of managing work, life and CPD, some respondents complained of the expectation that they would invest personal time in CPD intended to primarily improve service delivery. This resulted in harvard, considerable resentment, especially when individuals were already feeling the british essay, effects of heavy clinical workloads, poor staffing and the rapid pace of change within the health system. Many of the opinions expressed corroborate the findings of other studies.

Poor staffing levels and the absence of colleagues to case study method of learning, provide ‘backfill’ was the essay, same problem as in earlier reports (Shields, 2002) and as in the study by Gould et al. , 2004b, there was a feeling from some respondents’ that longer courses with academic emphasis were being promoted at the expense of those intended primarily to attain competency in clinical skills. From the dissertation defense, authors own experience both as a clinician and as an educator, I would concur with the study findings and therefore, ongoing evaluation of my role and the content of the education being delivered, and how it is delivered is british, of paramount importance. One of the main objectives of the educator role is to identify the theory practice gap and how this can be reduced, in oral defense, order to enhance the clinical outcomes for our clients and families, as well as creating job satisfaction, confidence and competence within our staff who deliver our mental health services. In general terms, the theory- practice gap can be defined as the discrepancy between what student nurses are taught in a classroom setting – the theoretical aspects of nursing – and what they experience on british clinical placement – the practice of nursing (Jones, 1997). In the late 1980s, as a result of recommendations made in Project 2000’ (UKCC, 1986), nurse education in the UK moved from hospital-based schools of essay nursing into universities.

Exposure of nursing students to the research-based education of universities was perceived as a way of fostering critical, analytical practitioners, capable of applying research to practice. However, there is contention that degree programmes focus on theory and research to the detriment of practice experience. Thus graduate nurses are accused of lack of competence when they first qualify (Roberts and Johnson, 2009). This is an accusation seldom if ever targeted at any of the british essay, other graduate professions within healthcare. For nurse education then, it is crucial that graduate programmes combine theoretical and in a, practical learning and essay, develop strategies to harvard, ensure that the competency of newly qualified nurses is assured (Taylor et al. British Essay! , 2010). However changes to competence assessment in nursing have not been without its critics. Following a systematic review of the literature, Watson et al. , (2002) argued that there was no evidence to support the use of competency-based nurse education.

Moreover, they asserted that while not wrong in itself, competence driven nurse education may be misguided because it encapsulates an ‘anti-education’ mentality’. Such is the complexity of competence assessment, that not even involvement of mentors in the process is unproblematic. Mosely and Davies (2008) reported that mentors often struggle with the cognitive demands of the role. Moreover, there are a number of organisational and contextual constraints that make assessment difficult. Lack of time is identified as a major constraint (Myall et al. , 2008; Wilkes, 2006). The problem is dissertation, compounded by increased student numbers that impinge on placement provision and put mentors under pressure (Murray and Williamson, 2009). Additionally, there is lack of recognition for mentors (Bray and essay, Nettleton, 2007; Kilcullen, 2007) and the inherent role confusion inherent in law essays, simultaneously acting as mentor and assessor (Bray and Nettleton, 2007; Wilkes, 2006).

A UK study conducted by Corlett (2000), attempted to explore and identify the perceptions of nurse teachers, student nurses and preceptors of the theory-practice gap in nurse education. This study identified that without exception, interviewees felt a theory-practice gap does exist, with students saying it was huge, whilst teachers thought it was probably fairly narrow. Some teachers felt the gap was a beneficial phenomenon, encouraging students to develop problem-based learning and reflective skills to overcome the gap. Students viewed the british essay, differences as frustrating and gave more credence to what they saw and learned on placement. Whilst the study identified that preceptors played an important role in helping students relate theory to practice, interviewees felt there was little time to facilitate this process due to the shortness of firemans essay escape placements – a finding supported by several other studies (Richards, 1993, White Riley, 1993, Philips et al. British Essay! 1996). Several studies have also identified that nurse teachers are seen to teach an idealized version of nursing, which often did not fit with the realities of practice. Nurse teachers’ credibility is also lessened when students report what they had seen in the clinical area was different to what they had been taught. Sequencing theory and practice appears particularly worrying for students with the academic model and the role of nurse educators being far removed from reality, therefore a collaborative relationship between nurse educators, students and preceptors appears to be a potential way forward. University! Within the mental health services it is hoped that the nurse educator role, whilst based within the hospital setting, allows for some of the british, theory practice gap to be addressed and reduced, and that our staff who support and preceptor our students and newer staff also feel supported. In a study conducted by descriptive holiday Hallin and Danielson (2010), preceptors who are supported and informed of the essay, university’s expectations of harvard study method of learning what nursing students ought to achieve and how they should perform are significantly more likely to report and british essay, manage students with insufficiencies.

However reasons given as to why nursing students with difficulties pass clinical education are primarily RNs’ feelings of guilt, lack of preceptor experience, insufficient time to observe the student, but also feelings of pity for students (Luhanga et al. , 2008b). Critical decisions on student performance are easier to handle when guidance and teacher support are insured, the structured three-way (tripartite) meetings between teacher, student and personal preceptor described in Hallin and Danielson (2010) model would improve evaluation quality. There is therefore no doubt that there is a need for law essays improved communication, information sharing and collaboration between the tertiary institutions and clinical areas, this would enhance the british essay, integration of study of learning theory to clinical practice for british nursing students , whilst supporting the preceptor in unity in a essay, the understanding of the nursing programme. Other studies report that with high staff turnover and retention issues concerning RNs, lack of time and opportunity to be supported to take a preceptor-preparation course and other educational opportunities to increase RNs own knowledge, high student numbers and preceptors not being given adequate time and resources to spend with students, could increase RNs resentments of feeling overworked and therefore less eager to work with students. Undoubtedly, efforts must be made that ensure being a preceptor is considered an honour and results in benefits and rewards (Hyrkas and british, Shoemaker, 2007). In the role as a nurse educator within the District Health Board, preceptors attend a two day training course and there is descriptive, ongoing education for them to british essay, access within our mental health training programme, it is hoped that this therefore minimises some of the negative impacts the research has found. As previously discussed, self-directed/lifelong learning is firemans essay plan, very much a part of being in british, the health and specifically the nursing profession, the authors own experience is that to keep abreast of our ever changing health system and how we deliver care now and in the future, nurses have to accept that this is a necessary part of our roles. There are many advantages to lifelong learning, including enhancement of knowledge of skills, promoting the best quality health services that we can deliver and ultimately improving outcomes for the people we deliver our services to. Life long learning within nursing also gives us the law essays, opportunity to bridge the transition from british essay, initial training to continuing education, especially important in health and from the author’s perspective in dissertation, mental health.

In the past 20 + years, we have moved to having hospital based care, to british, community care, this has had a profound impact for case of learning both clients and families within the mental health services. Whilst we acknowledge this has been an advantaged way of essay delivering care for those clients, it has also meant a huge reliance on essay families becoming care-givers, therefore to up skill our families; we must understand and up skill ourselves. Our society continues to evolve, just as how we deliver healthcare services continues to evolve, therefore the challenge may not only be the concept of essay self-directed/ life long learning, but how we ensure that we have robust supports and firemans essay escape, services in place to meet the needs of our health profession and the needs of nursing, both now and in the future.

Understanding Service-Oriented Architecture. David Sprott and Lawrence Wilkes. Summary: Gives a concise explanation of service-oriented architecture, what it is, and how it affects what architects, CIOs, project managers, business analysts, and lead developers do. (13 printed pages) It seems probable that eventually most software capabilities will be delivered and consumed as services. Of course they may be implemented as tightly coupled systems, but the point of usage—to the portal, to the device, to another endpoint, and so on, will use a service-based interface. We have seen the comment that architects and designers need to be cautious to avoid everything becoming a service. British? We think this is incorrect and muddled thinking.

It might be valid right now given the maturity of Web Service protocols and technology to question whether everything is implemented using Web services, but that doesn't detract from the need to design everything from a service perspective. The service is the major construct for publishing and should be used at the point of each significant interface. service-oriented architecture allows us to manage the creative writing online, usage (delivery, acquisition, consumption, and so on) in terms of, and in essay sets of, related services. This will have big implications for how we manage the software life cycle—right from specification of firemans escape requirements as services, design of services, acquisition and outsourcing as services, asset management of services, and so on. Over time, the level of abstraction at which functionality is specified, published and or consumed has gradually become higher and essay higher. We have progressed from modules, to objects, to components, and now to services. However in many respects the naming of harvard method SOA is unfortunate. British? Whilst SOA is of course about architecture, it is impossible to constrain the discussion to descriptive holiday celebration architecture, because matters such as business design and the delivery process are also important considerations. A more useful nomenclature might be Service Orientation (or SO). There are actually a number of parallels with object orientation (or OO) and component-based development (CBD): Like objects and components, services represent natural building blocks that allow us to organize capabilities in ways that are familiar to british essay us. Similarly to objects and components, a service is descriptive celebration a fundamental building block that Combines information and behaviour.

Hides the internal workings from outside intrusion. Presents a relatively simple interface to the rest of the organism. Where objects use abstract data types and data abstraction, services can provide a similar level of adaptability through aspect or context orientation. Where objects and components can be organized in essay class or service hierarchies with inherited behaviour, services can be published and consumed singly or as hierarchies and or collaborations. For many organizations, the logical starting place for investigating service-oriented architecture is the firemans, consideration of essay Web services. However Web services are not inherently service oriented.

A Web service merely exposes a capability that conforms to Web services protocols. Unity? In this article we will identify the characteristics of a well formed service, and provide guidance for architects and designers on how to british essay deliver service oriented applications. Looking around we see the term or acronym SOA becoming widely used, but there's not a lot of precision in the way that it's used. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) for example refers to law essays SOA as 'A set of components which can be invoked, and whose interface descriptions can be published and discovered' . We see similar definitions being used elsewhere; it's a very technical perspective in which architecture is considered a technical implementation. This is odd, because the term architecture is more generally used to describe a style or set of practices—for example the style in which something is designed and constructed, for example Georgian buildings, Art Nouveau decoration or a garden by Sir Edwin Lutyens and Gertrude Jekyll . CBDI believes a wider definition of service-oriented architecture is required.

In order to reach this definition, let's start with some existing definitions, and compare some W3C offerings with CBDI recommendations. We'll begin by british, looking at escape definitions of basic Service concepts. A Component capable of british essay performing a task. A WSDL service: A collection of end points (W3C). Oral? A type of capability described using WSDL (CBDI). A vehicle by which a consumer's need or want is satisfied according to british essay a negotiated contract (implied or explicit) which includes Service Agreement, Function Offered and so on (CBDI). An instance of a capability execution (CBDI). A software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. It has an creative writing masters online interface described in essay a format that machines can process (specifically WSDL). Other systems interact with the Web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with XML serialization in conjunction with other Web-related standards (W3C). Unity In A? A programmatic interface to essay a capability that is in conformance with WSnn protocols (CBDI).

From these definitions, it will be clear that the W3C have adopted a somewhat narrower approach to defining services and other related artefacts than CBDI. CBDI differs slightly insofar as not all Services are Components, nor do they all perform a task. Also CBDI recommends it is useful to manage the online, type, definition and essay fulfilment as separate items. However it is in creative writing the definition of SOA that CBDI really parts company with the W3C. A set of components which can be invoked, and essay whose interface descriptions can be published and discovered (W3C). CBDI rejects this definition on two counts: First the firemans escape plan, components (or implementations) will often not be a set. Second the W3C definition of essay architecture only considers the harvard of learning, implemented and deployed components, rather than the science, art or practice of building the architecture. CBDI recommends SOA is more usefully defined as: The policies, practices, frameworks that enable application functionality to be provided and consumed as sets of services published at a granularity relevant to british the service consumer.

Services can be invoked, published and discovered, and are abstracted away from the implementation using a single, standards-based form of interface. (CBDI) CBDI defines SOA as a style resulting from the oral, use of particular policies, practices and frameworks that deliver services that conform to british certain norms. Oral? Examples include certain granularity, independence from the essay, implementation, and creative online standards compliance. What these definitions highlight is that any form of service can be exposed with a Web services interface. Essay? However higher order qualities such as reusability and independence from implementation, will only be achieved by employing some science in a design and building process that is explicitly directed at incremental objectives beyond the basic interoperability enabled by use of Web services.

It's would be easy to conclude that the move to harvard case study method Service Orientation really commenced with Web services—about three years ago. However, Web services were merely a step along a much longer road. The notion of a service is an integral part of british component thinking, and it is clear that distributed architectures were early attempts to implement service-oriented architecture. What's important to recognize is university law essays that Web services are part of the wider picture that is SOA. The Web service is the programmatic interface to a capability that is in conformance with WSnn protocols. So Web services provide us with certain architectural characteristics and benefits—specifically platform independence, loose coupling, self description, and discovery—and they can enable a formal separation between the provider and consumer because of the formality of the essay, interface. Service is the important concept. Web Services are the set of protocols by university law essays, which Services can be published, discovered and used in essay a technology neutral, standard form. In fact Web services are not a mandatory component of a SOA, although increasingly they will become so. SOA is potentially much wider in its scope than simply defining service implementation, addressing the quality of the service from the perspective of the provider and the consumer.

You can draw a parallel with CBD and component technologies. Oral Dissertation Defense? COM and UML component packaging address components from the technology perspective, but CBD, or indeed Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE), is the discipline by which you ensure you are building components that are aligned with the business. In the same way, Web services are purely the implementation. SOA is the british essay, approach, not just the oral dissertation, service equivalent of a UML component packaging diagram. Many of essay these SOA characteristics were illustrated in a recent CBDI report, which compared Web services published by two dotcom companies as alternatives to their normal browser-based access, enabling users to incorporate the functionality offered into their own applications. In one case it was immediately obvious that the Web services were meaningful business services—for example enabling the Service Consumer to harvard study method of learning retrieve prices, generate lists, or add an item to british essay the shopping cart. In contrast the other organization's services are quite different.

It implemented a general purpose API, which simply provides Create, Read, Update, and Delete (CRUD) access to their database through Web services. While there is nothing at all wrong with this implementation, it requires that users understand the underlying model and comply with the business rules to ensure that your data integrity is protected. The WSDL tells you nothing about the business or the university law essays, entities. This is an example of Web services without SOA. SOA is essay not just an dissertation architecture of services seen from a technology perspective, but the british, policies, practices, and frameworks by which we ensure the right services are provided and consumed. So what we need is a framework for understanding what constitutes a good service. If, as we have seen in the previous example, we have varying levels of usefulness, we need some Principles of Service Orientation that allow us to set policies, benchmarks and firemans essay so on. We can discern two obvious sets here: Interface related principles—Technology neutrality, standardization and consumability. Design principles—These are more about achieving quality services, meeting real business needs, and making services easy to use, inherently adaptable, and easy to essay manage.

Interestingly the second set might have been addressed to some extent by organizations that have established mature component architectures. However it's certainly our experience that most organizations have found this level of in a essay discipline hard to justify. While high quality components have been created perhaps for certain core applications where there is a clear case for widespread sharing and british essay reuse, more generally it has been hard to incur what has been perceived as an investment cost with a short term return on investment. However when the same principles are applied to services, there is now much greater awareness of the requirements, and frankly business and IT management have undergone a steep learning curve to method better understand the cost and benefits of essay IT systems that are not designed for purpose. Here we have to be clear—not all services need all of these characteristics; however it is important that if a service is to be used by multiple consumers, (as is typically the descriptive, case when a SOA is required), the specification needs to be generalized, the service needs to be abstracted from the implementation (as in the earlier dotcom case study), and developers of consumer applications shouldn't need to essay know about the dissertation, underlying model and rules. The specification of obligations that client applications must meet needs to be formally defined and precise and british the service must be offered at a relevant level of granularity that combines appropriate flexibility with ease of assembly into the business process. Table 1 shows principles of good service design that are enabled by characteristics of either Web services or SOA. Table 1. Web services and SOA.

If the principles summarized in Table 1 are complied with, we get some interesting benefits: There is real synchronization between the business and IT implementation perspective . For many years, business people haven't really understood the IT architecture. With well designed services we can radically improve communications with the business, and indeed move beyond alignment and seriously consider convergence of business and IT processes. A well formed service provides us with a unit of law essays management that relates to business usage. Enforced separation of the service provision provides us with basis for understanding the life cycle costs of a service and how it is used in the business. When the service is british essay abstracted from the implementation it is possible to consider various alternative options for delivery and collaboration models. No one expects that, at any stage in creative writing masters online the foreseeable future, core enterprise applications will be acquired purely by assembling services from multiple sources. However it is entirely realistic to assume that certain services will be acquired from external sources because it is british essay more appropriate to acquire them. For example authentication services, a good example of third party commodity services that can deliver a superior service because of specialization, and the benefits of dissertation using a trusted external agency to improve authentication. As indicated earlier, CBDI advises that good SOA is all about british essay style—policy, practice and frameworks. This makes process matters an essential consideration.

Whilst some of the essay, benefits of services might have been achieved by british, some organizations using components, there are relatively few organizations that rigorously enforce the creative writing, separation of provision and consumption throughout the process. This gets easier with services because of the formality of the british, interface protocols, but we need to recognize that this separation needs managing. Dissertation Defense? For example it's all too easy to essay separate the build processes of the service and the consumer, but if the consumer is being developed by the same team as the service then it's all too easy to test the services in a manner that reflects understanding of the underlying implementation. With SOA it is critical to essay holiday celebration implement processes that ensure that there are at least two different and separate processes — for provider and consumer. However, current user requirements for seamless end-to-end business processes, a key driver for using Web Services, mean that there will often be clear separation between the providing and consumer organizations, and potentially many to many relationships where each participant has different objectives but nevertheless all need to use the same service. Our recommendation is that development organizations behave like this, even when both the british essay, providing and consuming processes are in-house, to ensure they are properly designing services that accommodate future needs. For the consumer, the process must be organized such that only the service interface matters, and there must be no dependence upon knowledge of the service implementation. If this can be achieved, considerable benefits of flexibility accrue because the service designers cannot make any assumptions about consumer behaviours. They have to provide formal specifications and contracts within the bounds of which consumers can use the service in whatever way they see fit.

Consumer developers only need to know where the service is, what it does, how they can use it. Essay? The interface is really the only thing of consequence to the consumer as this defines how the service can be interacted with. Similarly, whilst the british essay, provider has a very different set of concerns, it needs to develop and deliver a service that can be used by study of learning, the Service Consumer in a completely separate process. The focus of attention for the provider is therefore again the interface—the description and the contract. Another way of essay looking at this is to think about the nature of the collaboration between provider and consumer. At first sight you may think that there is unity in a a clear divide between implementation and provisioning, owned by the provider, and british consumption, owned by the consumer. However if we look at defense these top level processes from the perspective of collaborations, then we see a very different picture. What we have is a significant number of process areas where (depending on the nature of the service) there is deep collaboration between provider and consumer.

Potentially we have a major reengineering of the british essay, software delivery process. Although we have two primary parties to essay holiday the service-based process, we conclude there are three major process areas which we need to manage. British Essay? Of course these decompose, but it seems to us that the following are the descriptive holiday celebration, primary top level processes. The process of delivering the service implementation. 'Traditional' Development Programming Web Services automated by tools The provisioning of the british, service — the life cycle of the service as a reusable artefact . Commercial Orientation Internal and External View Service Level Management The consumption process. Business Process Driven Service Consumer could be internal or external Solution assembly from Services, not code Increasingly graphical, declarative development approach Could be undertaken by business analyst or knowledge worker. The advantage of taking this view is that the collaborative aspects of the process are primarily contained in firemans essay escape plan the provisioning process area. And the provisioning area is incredibly important because the nature of the agreement has a major influence on the process requirements.

There are perhaps two major patterns for designing consumer/provider collaborations: Negotiated — Consumer and british essay Provider jointly agree service When new services are developed though, there is an university law essays opportunity for both provider and consumer to agree what and british essay how the services should work. Plan? In industries where there are many participants all dealing with each other, and where services are common to many providers, it is essential that the industry considers standardizing those services. Essay? Examples include: Early adopters New Services Close partners Industry initiative—forming standards Internal use Instantiated — This is it. Take it or leave it One party in the collaborative scenario might simply dictate the services that must be used. Sometimes the service will already exist. Dissertation Defense? You just choose to use it, or not. Examples include: Dominant partner Provider led—Use this service or we can't do business Consumer led—Provide this service or we can't do business Industry initiative—standards compliance Existing system/interface.

This process view that we have examined at is a prerequisite to british thinking about the dissertation defense, type of architecture required and the horizons of interest, responsibility and integrity. For SOA there are three important architectural perspectives as shown in Figure 1 . The Application Architecture. This is the business facing solution which consumes services from one or more providers and integrates them into british the business processes. The Service Architecture. This provides a bridge between the implementations and unity essay the consuming applications, creating a logical view of sets of services which are available for use, invoked by a common interface and management architecture. The Component Architecture. This describes the various environments supporting the implemented applications, the business objects and their implementations.

Figure 1. Three Architectural Perspectives. These architectures can be viewed from either the british, consumer or provider perspective. University? Key to the architecture is that the consumer of a service should not be interested in the implementation detail of the service—just the service provided. The implementation architecture could vary from provider to provider yet still deliver the british essay, same service. Similarly the provider should not be interested in the application that the service is consumed in. New unforeseen applications will reuse the same set of unity services.

The consumer is focused on their application architecture, the services used, but not the detail of the component architecture. They are interested at some level of essay detail in the general business objects that are of creative mutual interest, for essay example provider and consumer need to share a view of what an order is. But the consumer does not need to know how the order component and database are implemented. Similarly, the provider is focused on the component architecture, the service architecture, but not on the application architecture Again, they both need to understand certain information about the basic applications, for example to essay be able to set any sequencing rules and british essay pre and post conditions. But the writing masters, provider is british not interested in case method of learning every detail of the consuming application. At the core of the SOA is the need to be able to manage services as first order deliverables.

It is the service that we have constantly emphasized that is the british, key to communication between the provider and consumer. So we need a Service Architecture that ensures that services don't get reduced to the status of interfaces, rather they have an identity of their own, and can be managed individually and in sets. CBDI developed the concept of the Business Service Bus (BSB) precisely to meet this need. The BSB is a logical view of the available and used services for creative writing a particular business domain, such as Human Resources or Logistics. British Essay? It helps us answer questions such as: What service do I need? What services are available to me? What services will operate together? (common semantics, business rules) What substitute services are available?

What are the dependencies between services and versions of services? Rather than leaving developers to discover individual services and put them into context, the Business Service Bus is instead their starting point that guides them to a coherent set that has been assembled for their domain. The purpose of the case study of learning, BSB is so that common specifications, policies, etc can be made at the bus level, rather than for each individual service. For example, services on essay, a bus should all follow the same semantic standards, adhere to the same security policy, and all point to the same global model of the domain. It also facilitates the implementation of a number of essay common, lower-level business infrastructure services that can be aggregated into other higher level business services on the same bus (for example, they could all use the british essay, same product code validation service). Each business domain develops a vocabulary and a business model of both process and object. A key question for the Service Architecture is 'What is the scope of the university, service that is published to the Business Service Bus?' A simplistic answer is 'At a business level of abstraction'. However this answer is open to interpretation—better to have some heuristics that ensure that the service is the lowest common denominator that meets the criteria of business, and is consumer oriented, agreed, and meaningful to the business. The key point here is that there is a process of british aggregation and collaboration that should probably happen separately from the implementing component as illustrated in defense Figure 2 . By making it separate, there is a level of flexibility that allows the exposed service(s) to be adjusted without modifying the underlying components. In principle, the level of abstraction will be developed such that services are at a level that is relevant and appropriate to the consumer. The level might be one or all of the following:

Business Services Service Consumer Oriented Agreed by both Provider and Consumer Combine low-level implementation-based services into something meaningful to business Coarser Grained Suitable for External Use Conforms to pre-existing connection design. Figure 2. Levels of Abstraction. The key to separation is to british define a virtual platform that is equally relevant to a number of real platforms. The objective of the university law essays, virtual platform is to enable the separation of services from the british, implementation to be as complete as possible and university law essays allow components built on various implementation platforms to offer services which have no implementation dependency. The virtual SOA platform comprises a blueprint which covers the british essay, development and university implementation platforms. Essay? The blueprint provides guidance on the development and implementation of applications to ensure that the published services conform to the same set of university structural principles that are relevant to the management and consumer view of the services. When a number of different applications can all share the essay, same structure, and dissertation defense where the relationships between the parts of the structure are the same, then we have what might be called a common architectural style.

The style may be implemented in british various ways; it might be a common technical environment, a set of university policies, frameworks or practices. Example platform components of a virtual platform include: Host environment Consumer environment Middleware Integration and assembly environment Development environment Asset management Publishing Discovery Service level management Security infrastructure Monitoring measurement Diagnostics failure Consumer/Subscriber management Web service protocols Identity management Certification Deployment Versioning. The optimum implementation architecture for SOA is a component-based architecture. Many will be familiar with the concepts of essay process and entity component, and will understand the essay holiday, inherent stability and flexibility of this component architecture, which provide a one to one mapping between business entities and component implementations. Enterprise SOA (ESOA) brings the two main threads—Web services and CBD (or CBSE)—together. The result is an enterprise SOA that applies to both Web services made available externally and also to core business component services built or specified for internal use. It is beyond the scope of this article to explore ESOA in more depth. For more on this topic there is a five part CBDI Report Series on essay, Enterprise SOA.

The goal for a SOA is a world wide mesh of collaborating services, which are published and available for invocation on descriptive, the Service Bus. Adopting SOA is british essential to deliver the business agility and IT flexibility promised by Web Services. These benefits are delivered not by just viewing service architecture from a technology perspective and the adoption of Web Service protocols, but require the creation of of learning a Service Oriented Environment that is based on the following key principals we have articulated in this article; Service is the important concept. Web Services are the set of protocols by which Services can be published, discovered and used in a technology neutral, standard form. SOA is british essay not just an architecture of creative writing masters services seen from a technology perspective, but the policies, practices, and frameworks by which we ensure the right services are provided and british essay consumed. With SOA it is critical to implement processes that ensure that there are at least two different and separate processes—for provider and consumer.

Rather than leaving developers to discover individual services and put them into context, the Business Service Bus is instead their starting point that guides them to a coherent set that has been assembled for their domain. For further guidance on firemans essay escape, planning and managing the transition to essay Web Services and SOA, CBDI are providing the 'Web Services Roadmap', a set of resources that are freely available at http://roadmap.cbdiforum.com/. David Sprott, CEO and Principal Analyst, CBDI Forum is unity in a essay a software industry veteran, a well-known commentator and analyst specializing in advanced application delivery. Since 1997 he has founded and essay led CBDI, an independent analyst firm and thinktank, providing a focus for the industry on best practice in business software creation, reuse and university law essays management. David can be reached at essay david.sprott@cbdiforum.com. Lawrence Wilkes, Technical Director and Principal Analyst, CBDI Forum is a frequent speaker, lecturer and writer on Web services, Service-Oriented Architecture, Component-Based Development and university Application Integration approaches. Lawrence has over 25 years experience in IT working both for end user organizations in various industries, as well as for software vendors and as a consultant. Lawrence can be reached at lawrence.wilkes@cbdiforum.com. This article was published in the Architecture Journal, a print and online publication produced by Microsoft.

For more articles from this publication, please visit the Architecture Journal website.

10 Free Online Tools To Create Professional Resumes. The first thing connecting you with a recruiter is your resume. British! The way it is usually done is you work on a template you get from a friend or from an online source, then produce a black and harvard case, white dull rendition of british essay, just another face in the crowd which you then print out and harvard study method of learning, mail to potential employers. It’s time for essay, a change: wow your recruiters with a fresh new look to your resumes while still presenting yourself in a modern and university law essays, professional manner with the help of online tools. These tools will guide you through every aspect of british essay, creating your resume or CV, perfect for fresh graduates who are unsure of where to university law essays, begin. British! Most of them give you the option to download a PDF, ready-for-print version, and all you have to do is fill in your details.

You probably created a CV in soft copy for yourself anyways, or have signed up for an account on an online job portal. The transfer would be done in harvard case study of learning, the blink of an eye. LinkedIn is the site for professionals and if you haven’t already have a complete LinkedIn profile, it’s a good place to start building your portfolio. Better yet, most of the online resume tools featured in this article can import the british essay, information you have put into the LinkedIn profile to firemans essay escape plan, create a resume. LinkedIn also lets you export your information into a professional-looking resume in PDF form. All you have to do is view your Profile and click on essay, the down arrow next to ‘edit’ then select Export to PDF . Want to masters, add a little color into your resumes? With DoYouBuzz you can design your resume to the color scheme you desire or choose from the templates that they have to create your resume. Registering an account with DoYouBuzz lets you import your LinkedIn information.

Alternatively, you can enter your details from scratch. The complete resume can then be downloaded in PDF, Word or OpenOffice format. Not enough? Share your resume with the world via a link to your account e.g. “doyoubuzz.com/yourname”. Store your resume online here and redirect anyone to it just by giving them your URL, which looks something like resume.com/ username . Add sections to your resume and follow the examples and tips offered on how and what to write. After you’ve completed each section, you can publish your resume and direct people to it via the URL or download a DOC or PDF copy . British! Here’s another resume maker but with support for 17 languages. CV Maker features a very simple ‘fill-in-the-blanks’ format to fill up, as well as a customizable editor which lets you rearrange sections (Work Experiences, Qualifications, Education).

You can also add your own sections with rich text formatting. Register to save and edit your resume from time to time or else just fill in plan, your information and download the resume in PDF, HTML or TXT formats. This is another online resume tool that doesn’t require you to register but there’s no way to import data from other websites, so you have to fill everything in manually. It does however try to make it easier for essay, you in its form-filling format. The generator takes you through the basics like your personal identification, education, past jobs and skills . After filling in all of your details, you can simply save your CV in a PDF format. LiveCareer has a resume builder that comes complete with almost every feature you can imagine. Unity! Register to save and edit your resume later on and choose from many templates to british, work on. You can also import a previous resume (in multiple file formats) and work on it with the help of a spellchecker. The tool also lets you edit the formatting, spacing and margins of the templates to suit your needs and escape plan, once done, you can print, email or download your resume in 5 different file format : DOC, PDF, HTML, RTF and TXT. British Essay! You’ll have to university law essays, create an account in order to use Resunate.

There are paid accounts that give you more options but the free account gets the job done. British Essay! After registering, you can choose to import an old resume by uploading a file, importing your LinkedIn profile or buildng a resume from scratch. There are many templates of different formats and fonts to choose from. You can then choose to save your resume to be edited later, or download it in PDF. University! JobSpice is another resume builder which lets you import your LinkedIn profile for british essay, the data, and also allows you to design your resume with templates, fonts and colors . Writing Masters Online! Note that some of these templates are free while others require a small fee. Download your complete resume in DOC or PDF form. Resumesimo is slightly more creative than the other options available here as their templates are colorful with designs that add some life to your resume. After picking a template, enter in details one step at a time or import your information from essay LinkedIn or Facebook . Download your resume in a PDF format or refer people to your online resume via the celebration, link given.

To begin using the resume builder on this website, you must register for a free account . The account allows you to save your resume to be edited later. It uses a ‘form filling’ style and goes through each section of the essay, resume and writing online, you can choose from essay a few templates . Once you’ve finished filling in all the details, you can print or download the resume in study method of learning, a HTML or TXT file format. Hongkiat.com (HKDC). Essay! All Rights Reserved. 2017.

Reproduction of materials found on dissertation, this site, in essay, any form, without explicit permission is prohibited. Publishing policy ‐ Privacy Policy.

Engagement and Learning What Is_? Programme. In a dark room, on a large screen, three Indonesian kids in british essay matching purple Adidas tracksuits, wrap-around sunglasses and creative writing sun-visors are singing a karaoke version of british essay a song by the 1980s pop group The Smiths. It is equally serious and joyous. The piece is part of unity essay Phil Collins's work The World Won't Listen. It is british a great work of contemporary art and Phil Collins is an important artist because his work is firemans essay escape plan richly suggestive of a number of significant questions about national identity, popular culture in a global context, and british essay the role of the mass media in university representing these. Another dark room, another projected scene: an british evening view of an obscure rural location. In the near-distance we see an odd elongated piece of architecture: a fragile but imposing shelter, an elaborate cylindrical tent that seems simultaneously out of place and yet somehow at home in this natural landscape.

The images are from French artist Philippe Parreno's curious film The Boy from Mars, and unity essay they arise out of his involvement with an british essay environmental art project in rural Thailand. Unity? Yet, watching these images it is british never quite clear what, or where, it is that we are observing. Collins and Parreno make use of recognisable conventions of visual art from our own and earlier eras ('portraiture' in the former; 'landscape' in the latter). Yet, both seem as interested in an unfolding, many-staged creative process as they are with any finished product or with the possibilities of an accepted art discipline. As such, they practice types of art, that, as the case study method of learning, influential curator Nicolas Bourriaud has argued, remain around the british essay, edge of any definition – drawing on much from what would customarily be considered beyond the 'frame' of art, urging us to consider the place of art in the contemporary world, while offering up images and experiences characterised by uncertainty or disconcerting intensity. 1.

The two examples above were both made in the last ten years. But are they also modern? They were made recently, but being 'modern' means more than merely being up-to-date: it needs to dissertation look modern too. For example there's a Norwegian painter Odd Nerdrum, who has spent the british, last 30 years trying to paint like Rembrandt. He makes work that is descriptive recent but it would not be referred to as modern because it doesn't look like what we expect Modern Art to look like. British? Instead, it is deliberately old fashioned. So when art historians use the words 'Modern' and 'Modernism' they understand them as meaning something quite specific. (i) When was Modernism?

In the sense of 'modern' meaning up to date, all art was modern once. The innovative artists of the past have always tried new technologies, new media and new styles. Crucially, these new technologies and new mediums allowed for the possibility of new artistic forms. For example, when Giotto was painting the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, 1305, his use of fresco (watercolor on wet plaster) as a medium was innovative and modern, and it allowed him to achieve the integrated aesthetic scheme of the painting cycle. Over 500 years later Impressionists like Monet were not only responding to plan the challenge of photography and its ability to capture an impression of the world, but also using portable easels and the newly invented, industrially processed, readymade tubes of paint to make pictures outside of the studio in the open air. But, if art has always been modern; does it ever reach a sell-by date? Can it be that what was once modern can cease to be modern?

Other art historical periods do not have the british essay, same associated problems. Essay Holiday Celebration? So, whilst there may be some disagreement as to the specific dates of the Renaissance, Roccoco, Baroque or Neo-Classicism, it can be agreed that they were periods that had beginnings, middles and ends. Perhaps then, one way to think about modern is as a period of time with a clear beginning, middle and british end. Thought about in these terms modern might mean the period of 100 years that began with Manet's painting Djeuner sur l'Herbe, 1863, which was seen as shocking and rejected from the prestigious Salon of fine art, not only of learning, because it was 'badly' painted with rough brushstrokes and british inaccurate perspective, but also because it showed a contemporary scene of public nudity. This period is often regarded as ending with Pop Art in the mid 1960s, when art became increasingly difficult to firemans essay plan distinguish from everyday consumer objects and the output of the mass media. What this would mean is essay that art made after this period would be after, or post, modernism. This is why you will often hear the harvard study, art of the british, last quarter of the twentieth century referred to as 'postmodern'.

However, such neat slicing up of the essay holiday, history of art is problematic. The question posed by the cultural critic Raymond Williams When Was Modernism? is a tricky one. On the one hand, art seems to lag behind modernism in other fields. For example modern history is generally seen to have begun around 1500; philosophy with Descartes (who published his Meditations in 1641) or Kant (who published his three Critiques between 1781 and 1790) and the technological boom of the Industrial Revolution in british the nineteenth century is unity essay also seen as an origin of modernity. On the other hand, art historians squabble as to where Modernism began; perhaps with the Renaissance when artists began to be recognised as 'geniuses' with their own distinct styles, or perhaps with the Salon des Refuss in Paris in 1863 and the exhibition of art refused by the academic institutions. As Charles Harrison observed: In writing about art, the term Modernism has only been regularly used with a capital M since the 1960s . Before the '60s the term 'Modernism' was generally used in a vague way, to refer to what it was that made works of art seem 'contemporary' whatever that meant. British? 2. (ii) How is Modernism? Another way of university thinking about what modern means in art is to think of it as an attitude to making. This uncouples 'Modern' from a specific time and place – meaning that art is essay not necessarily modern merely because it is new.

It would also mean that examples from history could be identified as modern in their outlook, such as El Greco, the seventeenth century painter whom Picasso claimed was the originator of oral Cubism. Furthermore, identifying modern as an attitude means that it can be seen as an incomplete project that can be constantly re-engaged with. This is probably what Jackson Pollock had in mind when he made this claim for his own modernist art: My opinion is british essay that new art needs new techniques. And the modern artists have found new means of making their statements.

It seems to me that the modern painter cannot express this age of the aeroplane, the atom bomb, the case of learning, radio, in the old forms of the Renaissance or of any other past culture. Each age finds its own technique. 3. Just as the times change, so too must art. And just as we live in new times, we need a new, modern art to express the british, age of text messaging, the descriptive celebration, Internet and global capitalism. The art critic Clement Greenberg offered a slightly different definition of modernism. He claimed that modernist art was art that was about art . British? What this means is that modernist art takes art itself as its primary subject matter rather than traditional subjects such as landscapes, portraits or historical and oral religious themes. This does not mean that modernist art cannot include traditional subjects, but rather that this is not what the art is about. Look, for example, at the William Scott painting Jug.

The subject matter is a jug and a bowl. Such still life has been a subject matter for art for hundreds of years but Scott has treated the material in a thoroughly modern way. (iii) Defining Modernism. The definition of modernist art that emerges is thus: that it provides a meaningful expression of, and gives artistic and aesthetic form to three things: (i) the specific time and place where it was made, (ii) the medium that it is made of, and (iii) how it was made. We can now ask if this definition can be usefully applied to much of contemporary art. 3 - When, What and How is contemporary art? (i) Contemporary – Whatever That Means. The tricky task of identifying a working definition of 'modern' is accompanied by british, the equally testing challenge of harvard study method of learning defining the word 'contemporary'. Indeed, 'recent' might be one easy definition for british essay, 'contemporary', allowing us to think of method contemporary art as that made within recent memory.

Another closely related and british essay very straightforward meaning of 'contemporary', and one that is entirely true to the linguistic sources of the word, is 'with the times' (from the Latin 'con', meaning 'with', plus 'temp' meaning 'time'). As such, to be contemporary is to unity in a be alert to the conditions of a particular moment in time, to be moving with the tides of living history. And this sense of the word is widely used in understandings of 'contemporary' art. Back in the 1980s, for instance, curators at essay, the Tate Gallery in London decided that the art of the method of learning, past ten years, on a rolling basis, would provide a suitable set of parameters as they made plans to develop a new 'Museum of Contemporary Art'. 4 'Contemporary' art in this regard, comes pretty close to 'modern' art – particularly, perhaps, to Jackson Pollock's claim that the art of each age should find its own technique.

But Pollock's comment also returns us to how 'modern' can be understood as identifying an attitude towards making art, an attitude perhaps resulting in a certain type of art. Certainly, a loose sense of british what 'contemporary art' is like is often evident in the mainstream media. Coverage of exhibitions such as the annual Turner Prize show, for instance, will often be based on hostile presumptions about the prevailing tendencies in art today, with artists regularly being characterised as pranksters or self-promoting provocateurs rather than masters of essay a recognisable medium. However accurate such pictures are, it is of course essential to remember the vital role played not just by the media but also by the art market in manufacturing particular versions of a contemporary art 'world' (as has always been the case throughout the history of art), with certain forms of art reaching prominence as a result of their marketability. But cast an eye over art magazines such as Artforum and Frieze – expensive colour publications packed with ads promoting the essay, interests of the commercial art scene – and the difficulty of finding stable commonalities across what is celebrated is descriptive essay holiday quite apparent. Such magazines will often introduce us to much that is overtly 'edgy': radical performance art that claims to british question moral norms, for writing, instance; or varieties of activist art that propose creative models of political resistance; or versions of installation and conceptual art that confuse us as to what, and british essay often where, the 'art' actually is. All seem to sit comfortably side-by-side in dissertation such publications. Considering such types of widely prevalent art-making, it might seem that the only shared feature is an interest in subverting expectations about what art can and should be. Such tendencies would, of course, be true to a legacy of british essay avant-gardism in the arts, and in our effort to capture something of what is 'contemporary' in art we could choose to university law essays prioritise the continuation of a kind of rule-breaking spirit. Yet, many celebrated contemporary art practices frustrate this view. For a great deal of today's critically acclaimed art is not quite so obviously confrontational or so antagonistic towards older methods or values.

If, for example, a great deal of recent art shows hostility towards principles of aesthetic refinement in art, there remains a significant strain of art, highly regarded by 'contemporary' critics, curators and collectors, that is concerned with retrieving, or positively re-imagining, seemingly outdated notions such as craft and british essay beauty. The paintings of escape plan William McKeown for instance, make a sophisticated and unorthodox case for beauty in art today, hinting to us that this idea is essential as a way of freeing, and at the same time grounding, our imaginations. Similarly for Isabel Nolan, 'beauty' is to be found in essay the vulnerabilities of both commonplace and more complex ways of essay holiday celebration representing or understanding the world around us: her formally diverse work inventively employs traditional craft techniques in capturing moments from british essay everyday life and ideas from advanced science. Much that is well-respected within contemporary art today, therefore, does not correspond to the prejudices of conservative critics. Method? Crucially, combinations of notionally 'opposed' approaches to art can often be found alongside each other in british essay a single exhibition, or even within a single artist's oeuvre or single work. Indeed, commentators on contemporary art have often stressed the diversity of possibilities in firemans art today – and definitions and descriptions of essay contemporary art will often stress the unregulated openness of this 'industry', acknowledging its resistance to definition and description. As Linda Weintraub has written, contemporary art embraces the maverick and the traditionalist … no topic, no medium, no process, no intention, no professional protocols, and no aesthetic principles are exempt from the field of firemans essay plan art. Essay? 5. Such indications of contemporary art's multiple methodologies are certainly at odds with any belief in the ongoing refinement of form – a principle once central to 'artistic progress'.

For the firemans, philosopher and british critic Arthur Danto, the innovations of art after the 'modernist' era have therefore brought about, in effect, an 'end' of art. This does not mean, he argues, an end of masters people making art, but rather an british end of a particular way of understanding art that focused on the constraints of certain disciplines and mediums. Since pop art, Danto suggests, There is oral no special way works of art have to essay be. 6 It is this plurality of possibilities which most obviously gives us clues as to what contemporary art 'is' today. Yet how we choose to firemans essay plan position ourselves in relation to this plurality remains one of the essay, most testing questions for those of in a essay us hoping to engage with this era's most challenging 'contemporary' art. (ii) Themes in Contemporary Art. Despite the exciting plurality of art today, recognisable constellations have emerged around which art practices and debates have become clustered.

Participatory art takes the form of british artists working with disparate groups of people from different communities. This is not only a way of generating works of descriptive essay holiday celebration art, but is also part of the work itself. Here are three examples: Untitled 1992 (Free), a working kitchen in a New York gallery set up by artist Rirkrit Tiravanija; Tenantspin, 1999, a TV channel for the elderly residents of a Liverpool housing estate set up by art collective Superflex; and Pimp my Irish Banger, 2009, a collaborative art project in which artist Terry Blake worked with young people from Dublin to paint car doors and british essay bonnets that were later displayed in university an outdoor space at british, the National College of essay Art and Design, Dublin. The art historian Claire Bishop has identified this trend within contemporary art as a 'Social Turn', arguing that while the models of british participatory art vary enormously all are linked by a belief in the empowering creativity of collective action and shared ideas. 7 These are forms of art that ask questions about who is involved in the making and experience of art. Today's art often occurs in particular places and is specific to those places. For example Canadian artist Janet Cardiff's The Missing Voice (case study b), 1999-2000, is a narrative walking tour of East London starting at the Whitechapel Library. Participants are given a portable audio player that guides them on oral a 45 minute tour of the area through local areas like Spitalfields and Brick Lane that are infused with histories of crime, immigration, deprivation and intrigue. In The Birdcages of Dublin, 1999, Danny McCarthy placed five birdcages on essay the front walls of The Fire Station Artists Studios in Buckingham Street, Dublin.

Each cage contained a hidden speaker that played sounds McCarthy had made from field recordings taken from sites around Dublin alongside recordings of bird song. Both pieces put the participants in university an active role of interrogating their environments. This art asks questions about essay where the making and experience of art takes place. Many contemporary artists are interested in the moving image. This can involve using movies for subject matter, but it also means investigating how film and video can alter how we think about harvard case method art and essay life. Cinema is creative writing online a culturally potent medium with particular characteristics as a spectacular experience, as a mode of display, and as a way of representing the world. For example in 24 Hour Psycho, 1993, Douglas Gordon slows down and projects Hitchcock's famously suspenseful chiller so that it takes 24 hours to run. British? It is impossible to enjoy the work as we would normally; we enter into a different relationship with the familiar work. Our ideas of the passing of time, narrative, memory, and even our boredom threshold are challenged by Gordon's re-presentation of the case, film. Comparatively, a work such as Twelve Angry Films by Jesse Jones, 2006, brings out an aspect of 'participation' in film culture, but through a process of collaborative production (working with community groups) and by creating a dedicated public space for screenings in british essay the form of a drive-in cinema. This art asks questions about how the oral defense, world is presented to british us through different media, under what conditions and with what consequences?

Artists today continue to question what they are making art from and come back to querying what art's forms mean. In Box (ahhareturnabout), 1977, James Coleman presented a 16mm film on a continuous loop with an accompanying soundtrack. The film shows disjointed fragments of a bout between two heavyweight boxers with a soundtrack that combines the imagined thoughts of unity essay one competitor with a low, thumping pulse like a heartbeat. It is a disorientating, profoundly physical experience. The grainy and obscure flicker of the film, when coupled with the british essay, jarring jump cuts, becomes part of the meaning of the creative writing, work. It suggests how art always struggles with the translation of british essay human experience into harvard case study, artistic media. Whilst Coleman addresses media that are becoming obsolete in today's increasingly digital world (film reels, slide projectors), many artists have also returned to one of the british, oldest artistic mediums – painting – to continue to ask questions about writing online it. Elizabeth Peyton, for example, uses images snatched from the mass media (press photographs, television, etc.). Essay? The images are used in such a way that you would never mistake the pictures for photographs; instead they encourage you to think about what it means to put wet paint on a surface and move it around. This art asks questions about what is employed in the making and experience of unity essay art.

The above examples offer just a glimpse of the rich variety of art being made today. It can take many forms, address many audiences and british essay raise many questions. It can often be baffling, infuriating and dissertation defense inscrutable. There is british essay more art now than there has ever been, and in a greater variety. Method? As has always been the case throughout history, a lot of it might not be to our taste. But the best art, be it from the distant past, the british, modern age or our contemporary times, opens up new worlds for us; new worlds of thought, of expression and feeling, new worlds of poetic and political possibility.

Art in the contemporary world is art of this world: it can be by turns richly distracting and frustrating, thrilling and unity testing; it is full of communicative difficulties and new possibilities; it brings the challenging effects of british today's reality home to us in all their vivid strangeness. It tells us how soon now really is. © Francis Halsall Declan Long, 2011. Nicolas Bourriaud, Relational Aesthetics, Dijon: Les Presses du Rel, p. In A Essay? 25. Essay? Charles Harrison, Introduction: Modernism, Problems and Methods, The Open University Press, 1983, p. University? 15.

Jackson Pollock in an interview with William Wright, (1950), in Johnson, Ellen H. (ed.), American Artists on british Art from essay celebration 1940 to 1980, Harper Row, 1982. See Tate Glossary, www.tate.org.uk/collections/glossary. British Essay? Linda Weintraub, Making Contemporary Art: How Today's Artists Think and Work, Thames Hudson, 2003, p. 8. Arthur C. Creative Writing? Danto, After the End of Art: Contemporary Art and the Pale of History, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998, p. 47. Claire Bishop, 'The Social Turn', in Francis Halsall et al., Rediscovering Aesthetics, Stanford University Press, 2009, p. 239. Irish Museum of Modern Art, Royal Hospital, Kilmainham, Dublin 8, D08 FW31, Ireland.