Research papers on personality psychology

Beggars should be abolished Essay. #8216;Beggars should be abolished: for papers psychology it is annoying to give to them and it is annoying not to give to them.#8217; Said Friedrich Nietzsche. In simple terms beggary is a state of university, extreme poverty but now a days it has become a profession for most of the people. Those 15 seconds, when you’re anxiously waiting for the red signal that is just about to research papers on personality, turn green- a small child comes up to for retail, your car sticking his face in the window as hard as he can to make himself seen, or holding consumer goods, like tissue packets, biscuits, combs etc. asks you to buy something from him. Sometimes, they run to research papers on personality, your front windscreen and remembered on diaspora and the of india, start wiping the windscreen with water looking so dirty as if it was an algae habitat. Or sometimes, they just come to you selling their prayers for minimal change. And the ordinary man, thinking that he can do a good deed for the day takes out a shiny 5 rupee coin or a ten rupee note, and research papers on personality, hands it over to that child. Of course not all beggars can be professional therefore there are some valid causes that cause such issue to be raised in our society.

The causes can be classified as economical, social, religious or other. Economically talking about beggary people have no sufficient means to support themselves and their families or rather they are unemployed or under employed. Socially, the breakups and disorganization of families who are surrounded with poverty leads to increase in beggary. Many of the beggars migrate to different countries because of what they see in writing cover letters jobs their elders and therefore they even follow this as a profession. Research On Personality? Many of the beggars are physically disabled or mentally disabled and mathematical, due to this they have to papers on personality, move towards this way of living. Among other reasons may be mentioned those who are forced to beg. There are persons upon whom beggary is enforced. There are orphans that are sometimes deliberately maimed in order that their guardians or some other persons may earn their living. Cover For Retail? Many normal parents also trade on research on personality psychology their children’s illness using these as sources of supplementary income.. Whether walking down the busy streets of Zam Zama Karachi, or the congested lanes of Sadar Lahore, there is a common feature that highlights the weakness of the atmosphere- beggary. There is no surprise in seeing a man of nearly sixty with a crooked back pointing out like a lever, which sets on the art of begging on one side and hardship on the other.

Beggary is one of the university most crucial problems that overspread the streets of research papers on personality, Pakistan. Appalling statistics show that amongst the 180 million citizens of Pakistan, 25 million are professional beggars, meaning that beggary is the rhythms essays music of india main source of research papers psychology, income for these individuals. Not only mathematical term, our country but in Japan and India even the walls are lined with the sleeping homeless, snoring through their beards on a bed of cardboard. According to a survey Beggar Children earn 200 or 250 rupees per day and research papers, handover entire money to the Mafia (Which works for this profession) and that Mafia keep a big chunk of earning and leave minimum amount with to apartheid, these children to take home. This Mafia is taking more benefits of the Street Begging. The Mafia also makes sure that the beggar children are addicted to street-life. On Personality Psychology? Slightly older children are given drugs and intoxicants, permitted to essays, enter places where drugs are sold, incited to beg or borrow and exposed to sedatives. Many rescued beggar children narrate horrific stories about research on personality forcible chopping off of limbs. According to law essays, certain special investigations by the media, in countries like India, many well qualified doctors are also shamelessly involved in this business and research papers psychology, aid the Beggar Mafia.

Some other unfortunate young children are “bought” by the Beggar Mafia from relatives or custodians who cannot afford to keep them or simply do not want them. These children are first brutally beaten, burnt and starved for university days in order to make them look miserable and research on personality psychology, then sent to the streets to beg because “A hungry stomach has no faith.” In any phenomenon there are effects , the effects of street begging that visitors will take fallacy about the country and they will never come again , also this phenomenon assimilates negative prescription and shadow about the country another effect brining rank and file alien to the country because the beggars didn#8217;t have any parchment or witness from law essays, schools and research papers, they refuge to begs so that effect on national development , In addition the crimes will increase and the stealing will increase also these are some of the consequences or effects . There are plenty of cover for retail, ways of ensuring that your money is spent on papers psychology finding real solutions to homelessness and drug and alcohol addiction. Support local homelessness charities that are working with people in need. You can make a donation or offer up your time as a volunteer. Finally, we are not asking you to just #8216;walk on by#8217;. By all means engage street homeless people in conversation, even buy them a cup of tea or food. But please don#8217;t give them money. Your kindness could kill. But people like you and I who are fooled by their emotional blackmailing tactics. We want to help and make a difference in their lives, but we are discouraged by their dishonesty and it is hard to gauge who is sincere and who isn’t. I have come to understand that ‘professional’ beggars are not needy, they are greedy!

Ask any one of writing cover, them to work instead of begging, and papers on personality psychology, you’re met with deadly stares and rude remarks that shake the exclamation ground you’re standing on. Request them to leave you, and the knocking on your car’s window gets vengeful and even more persistent. Some even fire choice cuss words at you, while warning you that they will pray for research papers on personality you and your family’s demise. Well, begging cannot be removed overnight. It requires time, patience and wise leadership. All the governments of law essays, respective countries have to take note of all these things and then formulate a plan to eradicate beggars instead of on personality, compensating them with money. It is always better to show them how to earn money by working instead of feeding them free and social awareness about this subject has to be created or else this problem will only grow. University/College: University of remembered on diaspora music, California.

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nus law essay ARTICLES, TALKS, and the like. On this page you will find a variety of essays spoken and written, in whole or in excerpt or summary, devoted to the topic of women's topfreedom. TERA does not necessarily agree with everything expressed here. We will post more material as time allows.

The topfreedom dilemma (by the girl who wrote One small step for topfreedom, Adelle Shea; posted 2006 Septermber 10) Baring our breasts (by Oquawka, posted 2004 September 27) One small step for topfreedom (by a girl in Edmonton, Alberta, posted 2004 May 20) Buffaloed (by John Aaron, posted 2004 March 16) Wal-Mart is wrong (by Julia Goforth, posted 2002 December 28)

Discriminatoire! (by Isabelle, posted 2002 December 14) [in French] Key West's Fantasy Fest: (by Bruce Frendahl, posted 2002 November 03) John, John, John: a poem about the boob in the Hall of Justice (by Claire Braz Valentine, posted 2002 April 30) The Judge (by Kayla Sosnow, posted 2001 October 25) Canadian Tire attire (by Julia Goforth, 2001 July 07) Beauty and the Breast: An Art Exhibition (by Allison Roberts, 2001 June 01) The KAYLA SOSNOW interview (by Peri, 2000 March 30 and papers April 10) I am not a sex object. I own my own body (by Allison Ezell, 2001 April 10) You can think for yourself (by Whitney R. McCleskey, 2001 May 9) Topfree as you wanna be! (by Peri, 1999 September 7) A taste of freedom (by Cindy Olsen, 1999 September 14) My breasts reclaimed (by a woman in writing cover jobs, Ontario, Canada, 2001 April 27) Articles by Paul Rapoport: Burn this page . . . Psychology? (2005 November 28) Barebreasted women: Exposing indecency?

Outline and Summary (2001 June 1) 'Topfreedom' gaining ground (2000 March 01, a response to Topless advocates ignore differences between genders, by Lydia Lovric, 2000 February 23) Breastfeeding frenzy: Two views (1999 February 25, with update note 2001 August 27) Women's bare breasts: Equal rights or double standard? Summary (1998 March 11) Women take back their breasts: Canadian topfree struggles in 1997 (1997 October, excerpts and web link) Are barebreasted women monsters from space? (1997 August) THE TOPFREEDOM DILEMMA. The person who wrote the next item has drawn a telling cartoon on the subject in cover letters jobs, three frames: She concluded with this: The only way people will get used to seeing the naked female breast is by s eeing the research papers on personality, naked female breast. Can't get any simpler, can it!

UNCOVERED: CELEBRATING WOMEN IN NEW YORK CITY. by Jordan Matter. The author is on diaspora music of india a noted New York photographer. On Personality Psychology? Four of his photos are below; two more are here. Jordan Matter is looking for women above 40 (especially 60 and over) to on south apartheid participate in an ongoing photography project titled Uncovered: Celebrating Women in New York City. This project has recently been featured several times in the New York Daily News, as well as WOL radio. It involves photographs of women casually going about their daily routine in public while topfree.

The project is papers on personality psychology a reaction to the public madness that followed Janet Jackson's wardrobe malfunction. Public topfreedom for women and men in New York State is completely legal. Essays Apartheid? If you're interested, please contact Jordan Matter. After Janet Jackson's breast was briefly exposed during the Super Bowl halftime show in 2004, the research, Federal Communications Commission launched an investigation as a reaction to the public outrage. Meanwhile, advertisements showing scantily clad models hawking beer received no such attention. Mathematical Term? The message to women across America was clear: your body is something to be used but not shown. Research On Personality Psychology? Conceal your breasts behind 150 grams of case study help fabric and you're an on personality psychology attractive, desirable woman; but remove that fabric and you're at best an aggressive opportunist. This double standard leads many women towards an university extremely negative self-image. They are measured by the highest physical standards, unmatchable by even the standard bearers themselves. Research Psychology? Heidi Klum doesn't even look like Heidi Klum in anthology black critical essay interview play, person.

So women rely on smoke and mirrors, spending a small fortune on pushup bras, body slimmers, and stiletto heels. To reveal what's beneath the packaging renders it in effect useless. This project reveals what's beneath the packaging. Research Papers? And it does so very publicly. Men are free to essays african rip off their shirts with absolute impunity. I am encouraging women to do the same. The purpose is to demystify the female body.

To accomplish this, I have chosen to photograph women topless in the most public venue in the world---New York City. When I photographed Alicia, she was lying down on a curb in papers, Soho. Science? A van with two men was parked three metres away. They were very excited when they saw the purpose of the photograph. First they sat in papers, stunned silence, then they hooted and hollered.

But after five minutes they lost interest, and left before the shoot was finished. Cover Letters? Her body was no longer mysterious. The women I have photographed all mention the liberation they feel while posing topless in research papers, public. Having covered themselves up for science help a lifetime, they found it exhilarating to papers psychology shatter the walls that society had placed around them. I hope that when people view this work, they get a sense of that exhilaration---because it can be intoxicating, and writing cover inspiring. I want to have a national conversation about beauty.

I'd like to sponsor a Pants Only parade, where men and women march in topfree solidarity down Fifth Avenue. I want Americans to research papers on personality psychology see so many bodies that they move beyond the mindless, petty titillation of cleavage and remembered essays of india physical beauty and into papers on personality, a more meaningful conversation about humanity and study individuality. LETTER TO THE GOVERNOR OF CALIFORNIA. by Julia Goforth. The following letter was written in the winter of 2004, in on personality, response to the move by California public defender Liana Johnsson to permit women more topfreedom in that state. I am having a difficult time finding out anthology black, your position on the proposed bill for female breast equality. I would think that your background would cause you to research on personality have a more enlightened view than that of the more gymnophobic westerner. From what I've read, the anthology comedy critical interview, arguments against the proposed bill are based in research, fear rather than fact.

Statistics related to remembered rhythms and the of india sex crimes against research women indicate that countries/cultures that allow female breast freedom have a lower incidence of such crimes. In North America, states and provinces which do not criminalize the female breast have not suddenly become states of indecency. In fact, very few women choose to exercise their right to university law essays be topfree, due to research papers on personality psychology the shame they still carry from the ongoing sexualization of the female breast by those who can profit by such measures. Randy Thomasson, president of Campaign for Children and Families, insinuates that allowing women to choose to university law essays wear tops or not will increase sex crimes against women. This is in direct opposition to studies concerning predators, as sexual assault is not a crime of sex but one of power. Research Papers? When a woman has the courage to choose freedom and case comfort, she projects power and is unlikely to become a victim.

Predators prey on I'm weak body language. Publicly reclaiming ownership of one's breasts is not an act of a weak woman. His claim is not based in fact and is propaganda meant to induce fear and perpetuate body shame. A side note: body shame is the on personality, root of eating disorders, body-altering surgeries, and related societal diseases which are damaging our families in far greater numbers than even the music, current rate of sex crimes. Papers Psychology? Breast shame also prevents some women from performing breast exams and getting mammograms.

It was you who proclaimed October to remembered essays on diaspora music of india be Breast Cancer Awareness Month. As a victim of sexual assault, rape, and sexual abuse, having the research psychology, opportunity to remembered rhythms music of india reclaim my breasts has helped heal my formerly devastated body image and self concept. While I do not encourage other women to go without tops, I do encourage them to papers on personality psychology make a conscious choice rather than allow others to make the on south apartheid, choice for psychology them. Anthology? Without choice, one is oppressed and enslaved. And although I have the right to choose, I rarely choose to be topfree. Thomasson goes on to say, The average man views a woman's exposed breasts as fascinating and research papers on personality sexually stimulating. That view is a result of this culture's teaching that breasts are taboo and intended for male sexual gratification only. Only 12% of the world's cultures view the writing, female breast as sexual. Biologically speaking, female breast development is research psychology a secondary sex trait, the same as male facial hair is. The female breast's primary function is not one of case a sexual nature.

The biased laws perpetuate the myth that the female breast is research inherently sexual. Remembered Essays And The Music? Sexuality of the breasts ought to be at the discretion of the owners, not the lawmakers. US case law has already determined that the female breast isn't genitals, and that mere breast exposure doesn't constitute indecency or lewd and lascivious behaviour. Punishing women for having the misfortune of being women by denying the right to choose whether or not to wear a top is akin to punishing African-Americans for being African-Americans by denying them the right to sit where they want on a bus, attend a school with Caucasians, and vote. The opinion of individuals doesn't supersede the Constitution of the USA. To deny women the choice of papers psychology wearing a top or not is a violation of the apartheid, 14th Amendment, as this is imposed on the basis of one's sex. Children are not harmed by the sight of female breasts. They are harmed by prejudices and bigotry. Research Papers? Numerous studies indicate it is the parents' attitudes toward exposed breasts that determine how the child will be affected.

It is the gymnophobic parental response that traumatizes the child, not the apartheid, breast itself. The occasional exposure to the bare breast (pardon the research papers, pun), if managed in a respectful manner, would provide an opportunity to educate and enlighten children (and adults) of the intended function of the female breast. Protecting the female breast from criminalization would help support breastfeeding mothers and term mark help desensitize society. It would also make nursing mothers feel more at ease giving their child the best nutrition and nurturing, because they wouldn't have to be concerned about being harassed for on personality psychology using their breasts in anthology interview nine play, a non-sexual manner. (Breastfeeding is the best way to protect the health of the research, children in your state. It prevents numerous illnesses and helps relieve the burden of state-covered medical care.)

Thomasson also says, There are good reasons for modesty laws---to protect the innocence of women and girls and to essays on south african apartheid promote a decent society supportive of children and families. Modesty is a culturally relative term. On Personality Psychology? The laws he speaks of aren't modesty laws; they are shame and oppression laws. Case Study? They don't promote decency; they ensure the livelihood of strip clubs and other exploitive industries. They don't protect innocence; they perpetuate ignorance. Research Papers Psychology? They aren't supportive of children or families; they induce fear and shame. TOPFREEDOM: A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEBATE WITH A BUST. by Robin Jensen. This essay was written for presentation at the annual conference of the Organization for the Study of Communication, Language, and Gender on October 10, 2003 in Ft.

Mitchell, Kentucky (hosted by the University of Cincinnati). One of my biggest fantasies is mathematical exclamation mark just to ride down the papers on personality psychology, highway bare-breasted on university law essays, my motorcycle. I resent the research papers, fact that men do not have to wear shirts and women do, especially in the summer when it's so hot. (Ayalah Weinstock, 1979, p. 122) It was probably a good thing for comedy essay play those children at the pool to research papers see women's breasts as much as they wanted to and to science case help be done with all the mystique, this hide-and-seek with women's breasts is obviously unnatural and everybody suffers in some way, especially women. (Ayalah Weinstock, 1979, p. 128) On the smoldering summer evening of June 21, 1934, everything seemed normal at on personality psychology, Coney Island in term, New York City. The beach was crowded with men, women, and on personality children dipping into law essays, the water after a long day at research on personality psychology, work.

Somewhere in this scene, a group of men decided to remove their bathing tops and perform calisthenics on the beach. The next day, The New York Times reported the scandalous incident. This was the second day in a row that men had refused to cover their chests in university, public (Heat, 1934, p. 3). Papers Psychology? The men were arrested and critical interview play rushed to papers the county courthouse. Fortunately, Magistrate William O'Dwyer saw nothing wrong with shirtless men in black comedy critical essay interview nine play, the public sphere and released them without penalty (p. 3). To this day, the ease with which these men earned the right to go topless stands in stark contrast to papers on personality the efforts put forth by members of university the opposite sex. For instance, sixty years later a woman went to jail for going bare-breasted in the Osceola National Forest (Latteier, 1998, p. 161). On an equally scorching day, Kayla Sosnow, a graduate student, was hiking in the mountains with a male friend when they both decided to research on personality remove their shirts. Mathematical Exclamation? Two forest rangers spotted the research papers, pair and demanded that Sosnow cover her chest. University? She refused to do so.

Later, she said, 'I knew it was ridiculous that men had the right to go without a shirt and women didn't, so I was going to do something about it, which was just take my shirt off and be comfortable' (p. 161). Revealing her breasts in 1996 cost her four days in a Florida jail before she was allowed out on papers psychology, bail. Then, she: was found guilty of exclamation disorderly conduct and sentenced to thirty days in jail to be suspended after successfully serving five months probation, fifty hours of community service, payment of $600 in fines and fees, and a promise not to papers psychology appear nude or partially nude in public for writing cover the next six months. (Latteier, 1998, p. 162) [At the time of Latteier's book publication in papers on personality psychology, 1998, Sosnow was still facing appeals that were expected to last three to university five years (p. 162). According to research papers on personality www.bodyobjective.com in on south african, a story by Peri Escarda accessed on April 7, 2003, Florida's 8th Circuit Court of psychology Appeals overturned Kayla Sosnow's disorderly conduct conviction three years and eight months after her initial arrest.] Even before Sosnow's absurd experience in 1996, people had been fighting to eliminate the gender discrimination involved in her case. These feminists are proponents of topfreedom, which is the notion that women have the right to black comedy essay interview not wear a top in any situation that men also have that option (Topfree! 2003). The same website explains, The word 'topfree' is papers psychology used because it does not have the negative connotations of 'topless' in regard to commercial sex work. Although equality between the sexes has long been an ideal throughout most of western society, very little attention has been paid to this area of rhythms essays and the music of india striking discrimination.

In order to delve into research papers on personality, the gap between current topless laws and the fight against gender discrimination, it is important that the arguments on both sides of the issue are elucidated so as to encourage understanding and change. Therefore, this essay explores the main arguments for and against topfreedom circulating in the public sphere and study help groups them into papers on personality, rhetorical categories for future analysis. To begin, this essay first reviews the female breast's historical role and the emergence of the topfree movement. Second, it identifies and letters analyzes arguments for and against topfreedom using Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca's (1969) work The New Rhetoric: A treatise on argumentation as a guide. Papers On Personality? Ultimately, this work creates an initial, and long overdue, theoretical basis for future research concerning this important social protest movement. The Female Breast's Historical Role. In western culture, the female breast is overladen with contrasting and paradoxical meanings. The breast has consistently played a central role in the perception of women as divine idols, sexual deviants, consumers, mothers, citizens, employees, and medical patients.

In A History of the remembered on diaspora and the, Breast , Yalom (1997) traces the ambiguous nature of the female breast throughout history. Papers On Personality Psychology? On one hand, the breast has long been a symbol of rhythms and the spirituality and the sacred role of motherhood that is modeled after the Virgin Mary nursing the baby Jesus (p. 31). It has been said that as Mary provided nourishment for the divine child and research papers on personality is worthy of veneration, so are the nursing mothers who follow in her footsteps. This view is essays on south african apartheid evident in the numerous paintings, sculptures, and other ancient and research on personality psychology modern art works that feature the remembered essays on diaspora music, sacred act of a woman nursing her baby (p. Research Psychology? 40). On the other hand, the breast has also worked for ages as a symbol of the erotic. Separated from the innocent divinity of the rhythms and the music of india, Virgin Mary, the display of the breast is associated with sexuality and carnal lust (p. 49).

The erotic breast was, and papers continues to be, dominated by men. In this light, breasts are offered up for the pleasure of a male . . . with the intent of on south african arousing him, not her (p. 90). Latteier (1998) tackles the breast's sacred and erotic role from a modern perspective. She identifies the ambiguity surrounding the female breast and the issue that brings this ambiguity to the forefront: breastfeeding. Latteier claims that with the modern day commercialization of the breast as a sexual object, breastfeeding has become a taboo:

First, we do not trust the female body, and we feel squeamish about bodily secretions in general. Then, we value breasts for their erotic appeal. We believe that breasts should be attractive and that nursing wrecks them. Many people feel uncomfortable seeing a baby suckle, an act they view as sexual. (p. 89) With this outlook, the Western world has adopted numerous alternatives to research psychology breastfeeding. Before formula and bottles, many upper class women hired wet nurses to nurse their children for them. By the law essays, late 18th century, wet nurses fed 90 percent of babies born in research papers psychology, Paris, and rhythms and the music of india other European urban areas boasted similarly high statistics (p.

106). In an effort to reverse this phenomenon, numerous governmental campaigns began equating nursing one's own child with civic responsibility. Papers On Personality Psychology? Yalom (1997) explains, The nursing mother was seen as fulfilling her duty first to her family and university law essays then to the commonwealth as she nourished its future citizens (p. 107). Today, Nadesan and Sotirin (1998) argue that the act of research papers breastfeeding is still rich with ambiguous symbolism and letters jobs that a new slant is brought to the mother/sexual-object dichotomy in research papers on personality, the science of breast feeding (p.

227). Science and science study medicine collapse the act into a normalized procedure that values the chemistry of the product, breast milk (p. 227). Research Papers On Personality? Modern campaigns encourage breastfeeding by using slogans such as Breast is anthology black comedy essay interview nine play best, which frame the female breast as an object of health, prosperity, and monetary profit (women who decide to breast feed are often encouraged by the medical community to purchase nursing pumps, specialized bras, and expensive nutritional supplements). In this light, the breast is not a symbol of papers motherhood or sexuality, but rather, simply a producer of anthology comedy critical interview play a medically endorsed item for consumption, equivalent to a faucet or perhaps an psychology assembly line part (p. Cover? 229). As both Yalom and Latteier point out, the medical establishment has also become involved with the fight against on personality psychology breast cancer.

Breast cancer has recently reached epic proportions with one in eight women in law essays, the United States contracting the disease in research psychology, their lifetimes (American Cancer Society, 2002, p. 7). Treatment for breast cancer can include a harsh dose of chemotherapy, radiation, and a lumpectomy or mastectomy (Accad, 2001, p. 231). These methods have proven to black essay play be extremely effective in ridding the body of cancer and extending breast cancer patients' lives. Research Papers On Personality Psychology? Despite this reality, some people, including Accad (2001) in The Wounded Breast , hold that the removal of the comedy interview nine, breast is often an unnecessary procedure that contributes to research on personality psychology the objectification and mistreatment of the female body (pp. 229-230). For Retail? For this reason, increasing numbers of women with breast cancer are turning to alternative medicines in order to escape the sometimes harsh world of medical technology (Yalom, 1997, p. 276). Papers? On the other side, there are some women who seek standard medical treatment for augmentation or reduction surgery. Maine (2000) reports, Between 1997 and 1998, nearly a quarter million American women risked general anesthesia, routine surgical complications, and known long-term side effects to [alter] their bust size (p. 132).

While those who get breast reduction surgery usually do so to take weight off of their backs and help increase their mobility, women who risk the many side effects of breast implantation often have purely aesthetic aims (Yalom, 1997, p. Research? 239). Clearly, the female breast has a long and many-sided history grounded in black comedy critical interview play, unrealistic expectations, symbolic power, and on personality psychology patriarchal control. The Emergence of the rhythms essays on diaspora and the music of india, Topfree Movement. The many historical and contemporary issues surrounding the female breast have framed the emergence of what Latteier (1998) labels breast activism, where individuals and groups encourage women to papers on personality take the possession of their breasts away from the market economy (p. 153). Men were fighting for science case help the right to go topfree in the United States until at least the mid-1930s (Heat, 1934, p. 3). [According to the Topfree Equal Rights Association webpage, accessed on March 20, 2003, men continued to be arrested for research papers psychology going topless in other parts of the world such as South Africa.] The day on law essays, Coney Island in 1934 with which I opened this essay was one of the last instances where men had to fight for the right to go topfree in the western world, but it was just the beginning of women's battle to earn the same right. For instance, La Leche League was founded in 1956 and not only encouraged women to research on personality breast feed their children, an mathematical term exclamation action that was frowned upon in the sexually repressed, sterile environment of the mid-20th century, but eventually defended women who nursed their babies and toddlers in public (Latteier, 1998, p. 154). To this day, La Leche League continues to play an active role in changing state obscenity laws that do not make exceptions for the exposure of psychology nursing mothers.

While the essays african apartheid, League was one of the earliest groups to support breast exposure, they have done so exclusively for the benefit of nursing mothers. In the on personality, early 1970s, other groups began to fight against anti-topfree laws in general. On South Apartheid? During this time, some women removed their shirts and bras as a statement against patriarchy and research on personality psychology the objectification of the anthology black comedy critical essay interview, female breast (Yalom, 1997, p. Research? 276; Latteier, 1998, p. 39). These women challenged anti-nudity clauses that include the female breast in the list of genitalia that must be covered in public (Hyde, 1997, p. 133). [Although the ordinances vary from state to state, most of them resemble one cited in a California case from mathematical mark, 1975. Nudity is defined as displaying 'the genitals, vulva, pubis, pubic, symphysis, pubic hair, buttocks, natal cleft, perineum, anus, anal region, or public hair region of research psychology any person, or any portion of the breast at term exclamation, or below the upper edge of the areola thereof the female person' (p. 133).] For the most part, such efforts were shot down in the courts. For instance, in 1975 a California judge ruled that because men and women's chests are biologically different, laws that limit only the exposure of women's breasts do not constitute sexual discrimination (p. 144).

Similarly, in 1977 a Florida judge charged women with disorderly conduct for showing their breasts in public (Latteier, 1998, p. 161). Research On Personality Psychology? Yet, the on south, tides began to shift in favor of the topfree movement in 1992 with the case of research papers psychology People v. Santorelli . This case centered around seven women who had been arrested for exposing their breasts in a public park. The judge decided that there was no governmental interest at stake in requiring women to cover their breasts and that the breasts of both men and women are legally the remembered rhythms on diaspora and the music of india, same (Hyde, 1997, p. 144). Anti-topfree laws were thus eliminated in the state of New York, supporting the research on personality psychology, argument that power, not nature, tells us when and whether a breast is a sexual organ (p. 148). Black Critical Interview Nine Play? Similar decisions have since been made in places as diverse as the province of Ontario, Canada, the District of Columbia, and the state of research papers Ohio. In addition, between 1995 and 1997, 12 states enacted laws that allow nursing mothers to feed their children in public (Latteier, 1998, p. 155). While these recent successes in the effort to liberate the breast are encouraging, there are even more instances of governmental resistance to the topfree movement. Sosnow's experience is neither isolated nor exceptional. For instance, Evangeline Godron. was arrested in August 1998 for swimming topfree in a city pool in Canada.

This 64-year-old woman was literally carried out of the pool and charged with two counts of assault and one of mischief. Writing Cover For Retail Jobs? She was then jailed for two days as a 'threat to society.' (Woman's Choice, 2003) Similarly, in New Jersey v. Vogt (2001) Arlene Vogt was charged $500 dollars for appearing topfree in research psychology, a New Jersey public beach (Topfree Equal Rights Association, 2003). In 1997, the Topfree Equal Rights Association, TERA, was created to help women who encounter legal difficulty going without tops in public places in Canada and to inform the public on the issue. It also helps women in the USA (Topfree Equal Rights Association, 2003). Other groups including Women's Choice, Topfreedom USA, Right2Bare, Topfree Equality for Women, and mathematical Topfree! have followed suit by setting up websites, organizing local and national topfree rallies to create media attention and show support for the movement, and raising money to support the cause. Yet, as of 2003, no published works have focused exclusively on the topfree movement. Thus, the following analysis of the primary arguments for topfreedom will be based on on personality psychology, websites, newspaper coverage, and court records in the hopes of providing a starting point for research in this area. Before moving into essays african, the analysis, the next section of this essay introduces the analytical tools that will serve as a guide for this work. The New Rhetoric. In 1969, an research papers English translation of comedy nine play Perelman and psychology Olbrechts-Tyteca's work The New Rhetoric: A treatise on african apartheid, argumentation introduced a compendium of methods of securing adherence, both argumentative schemes and stylistic resources to a rhetorical tradition consumed by Cartesian logic (Conley, 1990, p. 298).

Rather than limit their study of argumentative schemes to self-evident facts and logic, the papers on personality, authors developed a new rhetoric that is term exclamation mark audience-centric, relying on psychology, logic as much as it does presumptions, values, and hierarchies (Perelman Olbrechts-Tyteca, 1969, p. 2). Their goal was to characterize the different argumentative structures, the analysis of mathematical mark which must precede all experimental tests of their effectiveness (p. 9). Thus, their argumentative schema serves as a theoretical starting point in the search for the most efficacious way of affecting minds (p. 8).

These aims are appropriate in light of their definition of argumentation as the discursive means by which an audience is led to adhere to a given thesis, or by which its adherence is reinforced (Conley, 1990, p. On Personality Psychology? 297). Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca's (1969) work serves as an appropriate guide for the following categorization and african analysis of the topfree movement for several reasons. First, the papers, new rhetoric deals specifically with written texts rather than speeches (p. 6). Until the science, topfree movement gains more credibility in the western world, written texts will be the primary vehicle for making its points. Papers On Personality Psychology? Most arguments surrounding topfreedom are currently transmitted via internet, newspaper coverage, and legal documents. Mathematical? Second, Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca wrote The New Rhetoric to serve as a theoretical starting point for future work in the arena of argumentation (p. Research? 9). Similarly, groundwork needs to be laid for the debate surrounding the topfree movement in the way of categorizing argumentative schemes before other work on rhythms essays on diaspora and the of india, this topic can be accomplished. Third, Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca sought to research on personality uncover the entire range of discursive means of argumentation, not just the essays apartheid, logical forms (Conley, 1990, p. 297).

In other words, they recognized the important role that arguments from value play in many areas of debate. The arguments surrounding the issue of research psychology topfreedom are heavily value-laden, making this debate a case-in-point of what the new rhetoric aimed to include in mathematical term exclamation mark, its analysis of argumentation. Ultimately, this project does not seek to force The New Rhetoric's categories onto the arguments surrounding topfreedom but, rather, aims to follow in Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca's footsteps by papers, identifying key argumentative schema and pointing out where similarities exist between the mathematical term, new rhetoric's categories and the arguments at hand. With any luck, this work will serve as a building block toward future experimental tests that will distinguish the most effective arguments for topfreedom. The Rhetoric Surrounding the Topfreedom Debat e. After analyzing topfree websites, newspaper articles covering media events surrounding topfreedom, and research on personality court documents obtained by using the essays on south apartheid, search engines Lexis-Nexis and Google, I have divided the on personality psychology, primary arguments for topfreedom into the following categories: rhetoric of equality, rhetoric of sexuality, rhetoric of university time, rhetoric of research papers commerce, and rhetoric of health. I will look at each category by identifying arguments on both sides of the term mark, debate, giving a specific example for each side, and examining some of the theoretical assumptions underlying these arguments using The New Rhetoric as a guide. Rhetoric of papers on personality psychology Equality. First, the primary arguments surrounding the topfreedom debate deal with the rhetoric of equality.

In most western societies, anti-topfree ordinances and court decisions tend to for retail be grounded in the argument that men and women are inherently different and, therefore, laws must account for these differences. For instance, a few years after a group now called The Rochester Seven began to protest for topless rights in New York, a guest columnist for USA Today criticized their goals, arguing, Bare-chested and bare-breasted are not the same, and shouldn't be treated as if they are the same (Ellis, 1989, p. A8). On the other side, proponents of topfreedom make use of the on personality, tenets of liberal feminism and operate under the on south apartheid, assumption that allowing men to go topless in research papers on personality psychology, the public sphere, but not women, is an african example of inequality. Topfree advocates argue that the following two claims are incompatible: 1) women and men have equal rights; 2) women are required to psychology cover their chests in exclamation, areas where men are allowed to go topfree. Specifically, the Right2bare website explains, Despite a Constitution that espouses equal right for all Americans, laws defining nudity reflect a severe breach in gender equity. A topless woman is a criminal, while a topless man in research on personality psychology, the same situation is functioning within his constitutional rights (2003).

This argument from incompatibility leads into the claim that anti-topfree laws are discriminatory. The Topfreedom USA website offers a case-in-point; it argues that laws against topfreedom are comparable to other practices that have been deemed discriminatory in african apartheid, the past: To those who disagree, or feel that topfree equal rights are unimportant, consider how you would feel if our laws made it illegal for papers on personality people of writing your race, or religion to remove your shirts in public, while people of other races, and religions remained free to do so. Imagine the police rushing in to a crowd to stop an African American from dressing like a white person. Imagine a Jew being fined, and forced to put on his shirt for trying to sunbathe like a Gentile. Imagine a woman being arrested for papers on personality psychology swimming in shorts like her husband. Writing Cover For Retail Jobs? (2003) Obviously, forcing a person of a certain race or religious belief to wear a shirt when other people are given the research papers, choice to essay interview nine do otherwise would be an act of discrimination. In this light, the word discrimination is research papers psychology deemed an appropriate label for the application of anti-topfree ordinances that apply to writing cover letters for retail only one gender. The rhetoric of equality involves arguments from definition, the rule of justice, and arguments from incompatibility. First, both sides of this debate make use of arguments from definition, a quasi-logical argument (Perelman Olbrechts-Tyteca, 1969, p. 210).

Those arguing against research on personality topfreedom define men and women as biologically different and, therefore, conclude that the genders' equal treatment under the law will also have to be different as well. Advocates of remembered rhythms and the of india topfreedom, on the other hand, begin their argument by defining anti-topfree laws as discriminatory. This argument from definition is based on on personality, what the letters for retail jobs, new rhetoric calls the papers, rule of justice that requires giving identical treatment to beings or situations of the writing cover letters for retail, same kind (Perelman Olbrechts-Tyteca, 1969, p. 218). On Personality? Here, the rule of justice fits into what Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca label the rhetoric of incompatibility, another quasi-logical argument in which the theses one is mathematical term exclamation disputing lead to papers psychology an incompatibility, which resembles a contradiction in that it consists of two assertions between which a choice must be made, unless one rejects one or the other (p. 196). In the case at hand, one must reject either the anthology essay interview, claim that women and men should be treated equally or the claim that women should be required to cover their chests in research psychology, situations where men are not similarly restricted. Rhetoric of essays on south african apartheid Sexuality.

The rhetoric of sexuality is another category central to the topfreedom debate and involves two assumptions underlying anti-topfree ordinances and laws: women's breasts are inherently sexual and, therefore, allowing women to be topfree in the public sphere will lead to increased cases of papers on personality sexual assault. Carol Faraone, the remembered of india, founder of Keep Tops On, an anti-topfreedom group, claims that topfreedom is 'walking pornography' and a practice that is 'degrading to women and would harm children' (Gillis, 1998, p. 05). Another Canadian group, Keep It Kovered, also labels topfree women public pornography (Nolan, 1997, p. A1). On the other side, topfreedom advocates claim that women, like men, can choose when a certain body part is or is not sexual. Women's breasts are not part of the human genitalia and, thus, are sexual only in the way that a woman's legs or arms are sexual.

In other words: Different body parts arouse different people. Psychology? Some are aroused by a beautiful face, yet women are not required to wear masks. Some are aroused by feet, yet women can wear sandals. Some aroused by legs, yet women can wear dresses or shorts. Many women are aroused by men's chests, yet men can go top-free in most places. (Topfree Equality for Women, 2001)

Similarly, children, it is argued, only law essays get upset or bothered by something if they're taught to do so, and research given the exclamation, fact that babies are nourished by breasts, it is ridiculous to claim that the sight of those same breasts are in psychology, any way harmful to children (Topfree Equality for Women, 2001). In response to the argument that allowing women to african apartheid exercise topfreedom will lead to an increase in sexual assault cases, topfree advocates argue that men must take responsibility for their own actions. Ultimately, they assert, It's not a woman's task to prevent a man from harassing her#130; by wearing clothes men deem suitable on her! Women who wish to enjoy the same topfreedom as men are therefore not 'asking for it' (Topfree Equal Rights Association, 2003). The Topfreedom USA website contributes to this argument by explaining: Statistics show that Chinese women are raped more often than American women. Papers On Personality? It certainly isn't because they dress more provocatively than American women. It's because they aren't valued as equals by their society.

Their value is disregarded, and mathematical term mark their rights are denied. (2003) Ultimately, topfreedom advocates claim that a woman's clothing choices do not automatically instigate men to violate them. Several categories of argumentation underlie the research papers psychology, rhetoric of sexuality: argument from definition, pragmatic argument, and university law essays the separation of the person from the act. Like the rhetoric of equality, both sides of the topfreedom debate utilizing the rhetoric of sexuality are guided by definition. The definitions of words such as breast, genitalia, pornography, and indecency serve both as starting points for the rhetoric of sexuality as well as points of papers on personality psychology contention. Arguments from definition often lead into pragmatic arguments, which allow a thing to university be judged in terms of its present or its future consequences . . Research Papers On Personality? . (Perelman Olbrechts-Tyteca, 1969, p. 267). For instance, those against essays and the of india topfreedom first define exposed breasts as pornography, then they deem the consequences of topfreedom, exposed breasts in the public sphere, to be unacceptable. Topfreedom advocates often use a similar argumentative pattern by first defining the female breast as a sexually neutral body part and then deeming topfreedom appropriate given the consequences of research papers not doing so: the criminalization of a non-sexual act. By claiming that topfree women will create an mathematical term exclamation increase in sexual assault, those against topfreedom use an argument based on papers on personality, the separation of the writing cover letters for retail, person from the act where an act is interpreted as a function of the person, and papers psychology it is failure to exclamation mark respect this stability which is deplored when someone is reproached for incoherent or unjustified change (Perelman Olbrechts-Tyteca, 1969, p. 294). In this case, the person himself is separated from the act of sexual assault because it is, supposedly, part of his nature to commit this act at the sight of topfree women. In response, topfree advocates have chosen an existentialist argument by putting the accent on the freedom of the papers psychology, person, which places him in clear opposition to things (p.

295). In other words, it is science argued that men can choose to control themselves in situations where they are exposed to topfree women. Rhetoric of research on personality Time. Both sides of this debate make use of arguments dealing with elements of time. On one side, the cover, supporters of anti-topfree laws claim that because women are showing more skin than they ever have before, modern society is on a moral decline; the standards of the papers psychology, past are deemed superior to the standards of the mathematical term exclamation, present and the future.

Howard Relin, a New York District Attorney, opposes topfreedom in an effort to research on personality psychology maintain community standards (Nolan, 1997, p. A1). Essay Play? Similarly, an Ottawa deputy mayor, Allan Higdon, contends that keeping female breasts covered is a common courtesy and to research papers on personality do otherwise is writing for retail jobs thoughtless of the sensibilities of others (Gillis, 1998, p. 05). Superior Court of New Jersey judge Wells in New Jersey v. Wells (2001) argues for research papers on personality the necessity of rhythms essays on diaspora and the music of india anti-topfree laws by noting that traditionally female breasts are unpalatable for the eyes of the general public (Topfree Equal Rights Association, 2003). Contrarily, advocates of topfreedom claim that women are finally on research psychology, the verge of a liberation that has never been available to them in the past. Over time, the covering of science female body parts such as legs and arms has, for the most part, been deemed unnecessary and repressive. The Women's Choice website argues: Let`s go to recent history for a moment: until 70 or so years ago, women couldn't even show their ankles---for the same reason, that they are different. For centuries and centuries women had to research wear skirts that were ankle length (just imagine walking in that your whole life!). Anthology Black Critical Interview Nine? Today, women in research psychology, western culture can wear miniskirts showing even their knees---unimaginable for women before some 70 years ago. And, what happened?

NOTHING. (2003, emphasis in original) This website also claims that if our decisions were always based on what has been the norm in the past, nothing would ever change. Slavery and other discriminatory activities would still be legal. Clearly, the rhetoric of topfreedom is appealing to rhythms on diaspora music the future, while the rhetoric of anti-topfreedom is appealing to the past. The latter is research on personality psychology making use of what Perelman and essays african apartheid Olbrechts-Tyteca (1969) label the loci of papers psychology order, which affirms the superiority of that which is earlier over that which is later (p. Science Case Study? 93).

This argument can also be understood in research papers, light of the device of essays on south apartheid stages, commonly referred to as the papers psychology, slippery slope argument, where the reasoning is described as follows: if you give in this time, you will have to mark give in a little more next time, and heaven knows where you will stop (p. 282). In other words, as society has accepted women wearing less clothing over research papers psychology time, debauchery triumphs over morality. Topfreedom is yet another step in the wrong direction. Topfree proponents see things the anthology black comedy critical essay interview nine play, other way around and appeal to arguments with unlimited development that: insist on the possibility of always going further in a certain direction without being able to foresee a limit to this direction, and this progress is accompanied by a continuous increase of research papers on personality value (p. 287). In this light, the more freedom that women have when it comes to their bodies, the better. Topfreedom is another sign of progress. Rhetoric of Commerce and Health. These two categories are discussed together because, as this essay will discuss shortly, their argumentative structures are very similar. First, the marketplace is another point of contention in the topfreedom debate creating a rhetoric of commerce.

Generally, the conventions of business and capitalism require that exposed female breasts be strictly regulated and restricted to certain areas. A guest columnist for USA Today makes this claim by explaining, In all of life, rules and discipline are necessary (Ellis, 1989, p. A8). However, topfreedom proponents argue that current nudity laws go too far when prohibiting the exposure of female breasts. Breasts are treated like a commodity, they say, and, as a result, women do not have control over their own breasts (Topfree Equal Rights Association, 2003). Mathematical Term Exclamation Mark? In the spirit of Marxist feminism, or what Donovan (1992) labels socialist feminism and describes as the belief that women are oppressed by the combination of papers modern economic concerns and patriarchy, they identify a hypocrisy in the regulation of remembered rhythms on diaspora music female breasts when topless bars, the pornography industry, and the world of research papers advertising profit from the breast's exploitation. The Right2bare website claims that topfreedom is about women owning their own bodies rather than having them rented out by corporations as highly valuable marketing tools (2003). The Right2bare website also reports: They tell us to flaunt all the skin we possibly can---but not too much. What would happen to the pornography industry---magazines, clubs, internet---if women were free to walk around topless in a park or down the street?

Our breasts would lose their magical marketability. They would run the risk of remembered rhythms of india becoming just another mundane anatomical structure. Corporations would lose our bodies as tools to sell us everything from cars to cigarettes. (2003) Second, in light of the rhetoric of research health, while those who support anti-topfree laws generally do not recognize a correlation between women's health and university law essays the regulation of their breasts, topfreedom supporters draw several conclusions about on personality, how these rules are detrimental to women's wellbeing. Some argue that requiring women to cover their breasts in science case, situations where men are not required to do so teaches women that their bodies are unacceptable and objects of which they should be ashamed. This effect is only exacerbated when the breasts that are highlighted in papers psychology, the media belong primarily to writing for retail young, extremely toned models. Women's feelings of papers on personality embarrassment concerning their breasts can result in low self-esteem, leading to eating disorders, depression, and other harmful conditions. For instance, the university, Topfree Equality for Women website explains:

A grandmother of the author of this page had such a poor self-image and was afraid to have someone look at on personality, her body that she delayed going to a doctor until the cancer that she was suffering from had gone too far to mathematical term be treated, and she died as a result. (2001) Correspondingly, it is argued that when women are ashamed of their breasts, they are less likely to breastfeed their children, possibly compromising the health of their offspring as well as their own health. In these final two categories, both the rhetoric of commerce and the rhetoric of research on personality psychology health, Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca's (1969) concept of presence is especially pronounced. Presence relies on the fact that all argumentation is selective (p. Essays Music Of India? 119). Thus, by the very fact of selecting certain elements and presenting them to the audience, their importance and research psychology pertinency to the discussion is implied (p. 116). The concept of presence is easy to spot in these two categories of argumentation because they discuss elements of the topfreedom debate that might not be immediately apparent to an uninitiated individual: the commercialization of the breast and remembered rhythms essays on diaspora and the the health consequences of anti-topfree laws. These arguments illustrate a specific structure of reality highlighting aspects of that reality that the authors wish to promote (p. 261). In the research papers, case of the rhetoric of commerce and the rhetoric of university law essays health, topfreedom advocates are drawing causal links (i.e., that anti-topfreedom laws result in women's commercial exploitation and poor health) that their opponents deny.

They know that the same event will be interpreted, and differently evaluated, according to the idea formed of the nature---intended or involuntary---of its consequences (p. 270-271). Therefore, they have put forth arguments that feature consequences the papers on personality, public might not explore by itself. Although topfreedom has a fairly long history in the western world, it continues to be an issue that receives little thoughtful consideration or attention from the general public. In fact, while discussing the project at hand with others, I found that upon hearing a brief synopsis of the topfreedom movement's goals, most people dismiss the idea that women should be allowed to go topfree whenever men are given the university, choice to do so as ludicrous. At this point in time, even people that consider themselves to be feminists often have a difficult time understanding the important issues that underlie the topfreedom debate. In this light, it is research papers psychology apparent that arguments for rhythms on diaspora and the of india topfreedom must be thoughtful, purposive, and audience-centered in papers psychology, order to gain the consideration of an uninitiated public. While it might be easy to create a media event featuring bare breasted ladies, the title itself reminiscent of a circus act, it is not so easy to get the remembered rhythms and the music, public to take those same ladies' concerns seriously. This essay seeks to begin the process of on personality crafting argumentation that will bring the topfreedom movement forward by mathematical term mark, providing a theoretical starting point for the discovery of, as Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1969) put it, the papers, most efficacious way of on south african apartheid affecting minds to research on personality the issues surrounding topfreedom (p. 8). Yet there are several limitations in university law essays, this study that must be acknowledged.

First, I have identified the five primary categories of argumentation surrounding topfreedom as the research papers psychology, rhetoric of equality, rhetoric of sexuality, rhetoric of time, rhetoric of commerce, and rhetoric of health. However, there are also many secondary arguments surrounding the for retail jobs, topfreedom debate that have yet to be addressed but are beyond the scope of this essay. Similarly, there are many complementary issues such as naturism and exhibitionism that need to be analyzed in light of the fight for topfreedom but are, again, beyond the scope of this work. On Personality? Second, more emphasis has been placed on the arguments for topfreedom than the arguments against topfreedom in this essay. However, this is less of a biased oversight than a response to the number of anti-topfreedom arguments circulating in the public sphere. Currently, because the term exclamation mark, status quo has not been in danger, arguments supporting these laws are few and research psychology far between. However, as more people join the topfree movement, anti-topfree arguments will, in response, become more prominent.

Clearly, the topfreedom movement is ripe with research opportunities. Beyond the mathematical term mark, ideas mentioned above, future research must also continue to organize these arguments as the papers psychology, conditions surrounding this issue change. On South? Perhaps most importantly, scholars will need to build from research, these theoretical categories to decide which arguments best interact with and writing cover for retail jobs inform audiences in various situations. Equal attention must be paid to the arguments that uphold anti-topfree laws and on personality ordinances so that we can both understand them and respond to them. Ultimately, topfreedom as an idea is making its way into anthology comedy essay, the agenda of public discourse and must continue on that path in order to achieve the important goals that it upholds. Accad, E. (2001). Psychology? The wounded breast . Chicago: University of Illinois. American Cancer Society. Breast cancer: facts figures 2001-2002 . (2002).

Atlanta, Georgia: ACS. Ayalah, D., Weinstock, I.J. (1979). Breasts: Women speak about essays on south apartheid, their breasts and their lives . New York: Summit Books. Conley, T. Research Papers On Personality? (1990). Rhetoric in the European tradition . Chicago: University of Chicago. Donovan, J. (1992). Study? Feminist theory: the research on personality psychology, intellectual traditions of American feminism , 2nd ed. New York: Continuum. Ellis, T. (1989, July 6).

Face-off: Going bare-chested; Good taste is not discrimination. USA Today , p. A8. Gillis, M. (1998, July 5). Tempest in a d-cup: Topless debate chills as novelty of writing cover for retail baring it all wears thin. The Ottawa Sun , p. 05. Heat of papers on personality 89.3 Degrees Ushers in Summer (1934, June 22). The New York Times , p. Science Study Help? 3. Hyde, A. (1997). Bodies of law. Papers On Personality? Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Latteier, C. Remembered Rhythms On Diaspora And The? (1998). Papers On Personality Psychology? Breasts: The woman's perspective on an American obsession . New York: Harrington Park Press. Maine, M. (2000). Body wars: making peace with women's bodies . Carlsbad, CA: Gurze Books. Nolan, M.K. (1997, August 11). Topless women?

Not in conservative Hamilton. Hamilton Spectator , p. A1. Perelman, C., Olbrechts-Tyteca, L. And The Music Of India? (1969). The New Rhetoric: A treatise on argumentation (J. Papers On Personality? Wilkinson P. Weaver, Trans.). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame. (Original work published 1958) Topfree Equal Rights Association. Essays? (2003). Retrieved April 1, 2003, from http://www.tera.ca/index.html . Topfree Equality for Women. (2001). Retrieved March 22, 2003, from http://www.ohnuderec.org/Topfree/tf.html . Yalom, M. On Personality Psychology? (1997). University? The history of the breast . New York: Knopf. Copyright 2003 by Robin E. Research Papers On Personality Psychology? Jensen.

BARING OUR BREASTS. by Oquawka (Janie Rezner) This article was written in September 2004. The author lives in California. I recently stood with a small group of case barebreasted women holding aloft signs that read, Letting Children Starve is Indecent and papers on personality other like messages, on a Sunday afternoon in downtown Mendocino. I was responding to the outrageous reaction to african apartheid the bare breast by papers psychology, the high and mighty of mathematical this country: John Ashcroft ordering the covering of a statue of a bare-breasted woman, the papers, big to-do because someone's breast was seen for a moment on TV. I was responding to the efforts of the patriarchal powers to diminish and vilify this very wonderful attribute of women which allows them to feed their children from their own body. The folks in power strive to essays on south african wipe out research psychology, any honouring of the maternal, and have been doing so for mathematical almost 5000 years.

Nothing new there, of course. Ammachi, the Indian saint, speaks at on personality psychology, length about university law essays, this loss. The maternal breast is very political. It's about women taking back their own bodies---making birthing and nursing and feeding the norm, rather than war and death, whose images are an research papers on personality psychology everyday occurrence for our growing children. Rather than honouring scenes of violence and the taking of life, how about honouring the scenes of the giving of life? Nurturing rather than warring! I sent some of my photos and recent writings to Christopher Titmuss, international Buddhist meditation teacher in England, who leads meditation retreats around the world. He is also an activist. His response was: I loved the article and the photos. Essays On South Apartheid? To wake up consciousness, we have to be bold.

We live in a society which has an obsessive fetish about women's breasts---particularly around size, shape, and age. A huge money-making industry feeds the fetish from on personality, porn to mark the operating table. It's big business. All credit to you and psychology your women friends for baring the mathematical term mark, truth. Love and longing for the breast are quite a natural instinct, since our first and primary life experience is being nursed at our mother's breast. Profound comfort, stimulation, satisfaction, a sense of security like none other while being held in our mother's arms---and most of on personality all nourishment, without which we would have died.

These deep, primal feelings all spring from the baby's connection to the breast. We can see how this natural expression of seeking comfort that lives on in a man's intimate relationship with a woman has been perverted, like most primal feelings in this current patriarchal world. Riane Eisler says, We have to change the conversation. I'm hoping this issue and cover the deeper truth and reality that surround it will be brought more into the public eye. Research Psychology? That's what we are all about, as conscious human beings on earth, aren't we?

Not only doing our best to change the bigger conversation to law essays the real concerns that are facing us, but for research some of us, bringing awareness of what our history as humans has been, and how we must come back into science help, balance, if we are to survive. As we now live, with one half of humanity controlling and having ultimate power over the other half, with the Sacred Feminine dominated, her voice silenced, her wisdom scoffed at, a huge gap exists in our inner and outer life. Papers Psychology? The anxiety and violence increase, life moving faster and faster, stimulation coming in at us from all directions. All to dull the essays on south apartheid, pain of a world gone awry, a world without love and compassion. ONE SMALL STEP FOR TOPFREEDOM. by a girl in Edmonton, Alberta.

This article was written in May 2004. In the papers on personality psychology, summer of 2003, at the age of 14, I struck my first blow for topfreedom by wearing only a bikini bottom at a beach at Gull Lake, Alberta. Though small in scope, it was a large personal move because I had dared to university law essays exercise my right and go barebreasted in public. Psychology? I say dared because, though legal, this is essay play not yet socially acceptable, and research papers on personality psychology I could have caused a disturbance and been subjected to ridicule and harassment, as so many women have in cover jobs, other places. I dropped my top on our beach blanket next to my father and ran for the water with my girlfriend (her top still on) beside me for on personality psychology moral support. What would happen now? Was I ready for this? Regardless of age, other girls seemed to express shock or envy; the boys expressed surprise and interest. No one said anything to me, and no one called the police. One couple nearby smiled and gave me a thumbs up.

There was only one dissenting voice, a friend of my mother#130; who thought I was breaking the law. It was my father who told her that it was legal in mark, Canada for a woman to go topfree anywhere a man could, and offered to show her the proof when we got home. She didn't seem impressed; but I remained topfree for the rest of our stay. So I got away with it and am still getting away with it on a regular basis. Perhaps Albertans are not the rednecks we are portrayed as in the media; perhaps we are more open and progressive than people give us credit for.

Of course, these are the same media that pilloried Janet Jackson when she flashed her semi-nude breast for a split second during a show that also presented with impunity scantily clad and suggestive dancers, half-dressed gladiatrixes, and erotic or demeaning song lyrics. Women's breasts are sexual and men's are not because men say so, hetero men anyways. But anyone familiar with the gay community will know that men's breasts may be just as sexual as women's. Papers On Personality? So why the controversy? I think women have not achieved topfreedom, some 75 years after men have done so, because their breasts and bodies have been a moneymaking commodity for so long. If you don't believe this, take a closer look the next time you pass a magazine stand. Women's sexualization is used to science case study help sell everything from cars to candy bars. A financial resource of this magnitude must be protected. Perhaps Janet should have surrounded herself with topfree male dancers and suddenly exposed both breasts---and then have the FCC explain the double standard. That would have been one giant leap! Note: the legality as mentioned above is probably correct for all of Canada but has not been specifically established in some provinces, including Alberta.

Note: Topfreedom has been legal for women throughout New York State since July 7, 1992. I have included a photo of my significant other (Linda Marszalkowski) at Lawson Park, Cheektowaga, New York, enjoying the warm and sunny weather last summer. The newspaper never did a story on Linda because the police department finally found that she was acting within her legal rights removing her shirt in the town park. But they weren't happy about telling me this. I talked to the police department after we got home.

Apparently, they told complainers that Linda wasn't doing anything wrong. But it didn't begin so easily. That day we took a short walk through the park and stopped for a picnic. Papers On Personality Psychology? Two park maintenance guys approached and told us that Linda had to put her shirt back on essays on south, or she was going to be arrested. I explained that she wasn't doing anything wrong and psychology showed them the documentation to support that.

They said they were going to call the cops. I decided because the newspaper wasn't going to do the story that I was going to find out myself how many police departments in the towns around the area knew the anthology essay interview nine, law. Buffalo said that if she was spotted, she would be arrested. Tonawanda said that they knew it was legal---but gave me an attitude. Lancaster said that even if it wasn't legal, they wouldn't mind. West Seneca said that they knew that it was legal but they thought that there was some restriction about research psychology, school yards. Kenmore gave me a hard time and on south apartheid finally said that if I knew the psychology, answer ahead of time then why did I call, and why would I want my girlfriend running around without a top on anyways. Orchard Park said that they didn't know but took the name of the police chief in Cheektowaga to verify what I was telling them. Amherst said that they didn't know but also took the case study, police chief's name to research on personality psychology verify.

They thanked me for informing them. Other towns around Buffalo either said that they were going to check or never got back to me. It really disturbs me that the Buffalo police department, the largest in the area, initially didn't know the law and, even after hearing what I had to say, said that Linda would be arrested anyways. WAL-MART IS WRONG. by Julia Goforth. This letter was sent to Wal-Mart's American head office in December 2002. I have decided that I will no longer be shopping at any Wal-Mart or Sam's Club store.

I am greatly disturbed by the positions that Wal-Mart has taken recently. I am appalled that Tamie Dragone of Lincoln, Kansas had to face horror and humiliation because of photos of her child that she entrusted to Wal-Mart. There is case law that outlines what is study help considered child pornography---it must meet four qualifications. Across the US and Canada, woman are fighting for research papers psychology and winning the right to be topfree in public as men are because the female breast is anthology play not a sexual organ and is not indecent or sexual by nature. Many states recognize that to deprive a woman the right to be topfree in public while men are allowed to be is discrimination based on sex, and have laws protecting women's rights, including the right to be topfree. States that haven't moved into that still don't require a girl younger than the age of research papers on personality psychology 10 to university wear a top in public, e. Research Papers? g. at a public swimming pool. The corporation's support of its over-zealous employees is absurd. I question the mindset of this employee if he/she found the photos of a three-year-old old to be erotic. (Incidentally, some counties in Arkansas refuse to respond to a call about a woman being merely topfree in public.) To assume that nudity is automatically sexual ought to be an insult to us all.

We are all nude. Most of us have been indoctrinated into believing our bodies are shameful and dirty and remembered on diaspora of india need to be covered, and that uncovering them is sexual, regardless of one's age. But now, pulling pregnant Midge off the shelves because some customers feel it is sending the wrong message to research on personality children---this is utter nonsense. It's Barbie herself that sends the university law essays, wrong message to children. If Barbie were real, due to research her proportions she would not be able to walk upright. She would be skeletally malformed and obviously nutritionally deprived. However, her friend Midge, waiting until marriage to become pregnant and science case study help still having her husband and son, is being pulled from the shelves. Papers? As a mother of six, I agree that this doll would be an asset to my children. Anthology Interview? In child play-therapy, it could help a child work through issues regarding the pending arrival of on personality psychology a new sibling or the abuse witnessed of its pregnant mother. There are so many benefits to having this doll that I can't believe that it is being pulled from the shelves. The irony to science case me is that the toy, magazine, and electronics sections of Wal-Mart and papers psychology Sam's Club are filled with things that promote violence, including destruction and murder, and titillate by showing the peek-a-boo cleavage of women in order to sell a product.

And I won't even begin to discuss the mathematical exclamation, bathing suit section. Please. Wal-Mart purports to be family-centered and of high morals, which is the supposed reason behind the photo policy, but this is just a marketing ploy. I would rather drive farther and pay higher prices to research papers on personality psychology a corporation that carries whatever in order to blatantly make a profit but doesn't lie to me by pretending to be moral and to have integrity. I remember how Sam would do spot checks in remembered rhythms, the stores to papers psychology make sure customers were receiving good service. It was about the customers, balanced with the profit motive. I doubt Sam would have handled either of these incidents the law essays, way they were handled. Wal-Mart will no longer be getting any of my money.

And as an research psychology advocate for women and children recovering from abuse, I will advise my colleagues of my decision and the reasons behind it, and encourage them to follow suit. As a leader in female equality, I will advise my associates similarly. As an activist against anthology black essay child pornography, I will also advise all those I come into contact with in this realm. I am committed to my decision, as it directly and indirectly affects my children as well as the society in which they grow up in. Cette lettre était écrite par Isabelle, étudiante québécoise de 22 ans qui terminait sa deuxième année de baccalauréat. La cause des femmes que vous défendez m'intéresse beaucoup car, été après été, j'en souffre énormément. J'ai crié ma colère et ma révolte publiquement au sein des différents organismes, mais ils n'ont pas voulu m'écouter. Research On Personality? À présent, je dois dire que je n'attends plus rien de cette société qui est, de toute évidence, très réfractaire aux changements. Mon but, pour l'instant, est de terminer mes études et m'en aller vers des lieux plus cléments et compréhensifs, où j'aurai enfin droit d'exprimer mes goûts et mes désirs librement, sans contrainte m'interdisant d'être ce que je suis, en me culpabilisant et me traitant comme une criminelle si je fais ce que les hommes ont toujours fait, tout ceci simplement parce que je suis une femme. Je dois toujours être sur mes gardes, ne jamais provoquer les pauvres hommes qui ne pensent qu'à saliver sur notre corps (si on se comporte de la même façon qu'eux); et agir de façon toujours conforme, sans jamais réprimander. Autrement on se fait pointer du doigt mais sans, pour autant, se faire entendre . . . L'an dernier [2001], mon conjoint et moi avons écrit un texte qui, à notre avis, était complet et expliquait bien le droit que devraient avoir les femmes de se promener torse nu et ceci, aux mêmes endroits autorisés pour les hommes. Nous avons posté notre lettre aux ministères de la justice (Québec et Canada), à la charte des droits et libertés de la personne ainsi qu'à la condition féminine Canada.

Mon conjoint a également fait de nombreux téléphones pour savoir où en était rendu le dossier mais malheureusement, personne ne le savait et rien n'a avancé. Voilà la lettre écrite par Isabelle et son conjoint: Nous vous écrivons pour vous dire à quel point nous trouvons injuste de voir qu'encore aujourd'hui, au Québec, dans notre société, les femmes n'ont pas le droit de se promener le torse nu, aux mêmes endroits que les hommes. Après tout, l'été, lorsqu'il fait chaud, n'est-ce pas la même chaleur pour les femmes alors pourquoi ces dernières se voient refuser le droit de sentir l'air frais sur leur peau et de se faire bronzer uniformément, au même titre que les hommes? Vous ne pensez pas que si une femme est mieux dans sa peau le torse nu et qu'elle se sent plus confortable, elle devrait obtenir ce droit fondamental qu'ont toujours eu les hommes, c'est-à-dire le droit d'être enfin libre elle aussi? Ce n'est pas évident de toujours sentir un haut de bikini qui nous serre constamment la poitrine et vous ne pouvez pas vous imaginer jusqu'à quel point une femme peut être déprimée lorsqu'elle voit des hommes faire ce dont elle a toujours rêvé et que elle, vu qu'elle est née femme, elle se voit refuser ce droit.

Pourquoi est-ce légal pour un et illégal pour l'autre? Pourquoi est-ce naturel pour un et indécent pour l'autre? Bref, pourquoi considérons-nous une femme qui est bien dans sa peau avec le corps qu'elle a comme une criminelle, ni plus, ni moins? Tout ça est complètement illogique et représente une énorme injustice sociale car n'oublions pas que 100% des humains ont des seins, les femmes les ayant toutefois quelque peu plus développés. Quoi de plus normal qu'une femme qui allaite son enfant? Le sein est une source de vie et non un objet sexuel dédié à faire seulement plaisir aux hommes. Quand est-ce que les femmes pourront enfin cesser d'être dominées par les hommes et avoir une fois pour toute leur place dans cette société malade et discriminatoire à l'extrême? Nous ne voyons pas pourquoi cette situation est permis aux hommes et interdit aux femmes étant donné qu'en Europe, en République Dominicaine, dans les Antilles Françaises et beaucoup d'autres endroits, les femmes qui veulent se promener le torse nu peuvent le faire sans avoir de compte à rendre à personne ni obtenir de billet d'infraction. Nous pensons que c'est de la discrimination pure et simple vis-à-vis le droit des femmes. On brime leur liberté en ne les mettant pas égales aux hommes.

Il faudrait que la justice se fasse aussi au Québec puisqu'il y a un jugement basé sur la charte des droits et libertés de la personne qui interdit de faire une telle discrimination par rapport au sexe et que si une femme ne fait qu'avoir le torse nu comme un homme, aux mêmes endroits que celui-ci, en n'incitant pas les autres à avoir des contacts physiques ou sexuels avec elle, elle devrait avoir les mêmes droits que cet homme. Jobs? La charte des droits et liberté est valide dans tout le Canada et mentionne clairement qu'en autorisant de faire une chose à quelqu'un qu'on interdit à une autre et ceci, à cause de son sexe, il s'agit là d'une situation très discriminatoire! Pour beaucoup de personnes, c'est totalement inacceptable de permettre quelque chose à un sexe et de l'interdire à l'autre. Pensez à nouveau aux endroits où toutes les femmes ont le droit de se promener les seins nus. Psychology? Ces femmes sont bien dans leur peau et les hommes s'y sont habitués et ne les remarquent même plus.

N'oublions pas que ce qui est érotique est ce qui est caché et que si toutes les femmes avaient le droit de se promener le torse nu, les seins ne seraient pas plus érotiques que le torse des hommes et, de ce fait, il y aurait sans doute beaucoup moins d'agressions sexuelles car les seins cesseraient enfin d'être considérés comme des objets sexuels, n'ayant toujours servis qu'à amuser les hommes. Au début, les gens regarderaient mais ça ne prendrait pas beaucoup de temps et les gens s'y habitueraient. Les hommes ne demandent pas aux femmes si leur torse nu les dérange alors pourquoi les femmes devraient-elles demander la permission aux hommes pour le faire? Ce n'est pas logique tout ça et pour ce qui est des enfants, n'oublions pas que ceux-ci adoptent le système de valeurs propre aux adultes, à la société, et que si les adultes informeraient et éduqueraient sainement leurs enfants par rapport à l'anatomie féminine et masculine au lieu de faire une aliénante phobie collective du torse nu des femmes, les enfants grandiraient dans tout cela et ne seraient pas plus dérangés de voir une femme torse nu qu'un homme actuellement. C'est sûr que tout changement comporte son lot de dérangements. à la première femme qui a porté un pantalon. Elle faisait scandale à cette époque et maintenant, toutes les femmes en portent. Dans un même ordre d'idées, la première femme qui a porté un bikini a fait tourner bien des têtes elle aussi et aujourd'hui, quoi de plus normal pour une femme qui a chaud que d'en porter un? Nous pensons que tout est une question de mentalité et de société et que cette vieille mentalité désuète doit changer au plus vite. Ce n'est vraiment pas juste pour les femmes que de voir pleins d'hommes le torse nu sans avoir droit à ce privilège. Comme mentionné plus haut, il y aurait sûrement moins de viols si les femmes se promenaient les seins nus sans être gênées car les seins deviendraient vite fait une partie du corps comme une autre, au même titre que le torse masculin et donc, beaucoup moins excitante pour les hommes qu'à l'heure actuelle. Alors, il va de soit qu'en 2002, il est grand temps que ces lois et règlements changent et permettent enfin aux femmes de se promener torse nu comme bon leur semble, du moins, aux même endroits autorisés pour les hommes.

Si les hommes ont le droit d'avoir le torse nu dans un endroit public, les femmes devraient avoir ce droit aussi ou si ce n'est pas le cas, les responsables de cet endroit devraient interdire le torse nu à tout le monde, ceci pour ne pas traiter les femmes de façon inférieure et discriminatoire. Sur ce, nous aimerions grandement avoir de vos nouvelles pour savoir ce que vous en pensez et ce que vous comptez faire afin de remédier à cette situation tout à fait pathétique. KEY WEST'S FANTASY FEST. by Bruce Frendahl. Bruce Frendahl is a member of the Board of cover for retail jobs Governors of the B.E.A.C.H.E.S. Research Papers? Foundation, located in Miami Shores, Florida. He and his wife Judy visited the October 2002 Fantasy Fest, known for some years for its topfree women, or at least for remembered rhythms essays and the of india women attempting to be topfree, in a variety of psychology situations. I felt that a barrier had come down. Not that a woman could now feel free to rhythms on diaspora and the music be topfree on Duval Street at high noon on an average day, but at on personality psychology, least the enforcement of discriminatory laws against females typical of the state of Florida would magically be suspended for one brief if wild and crazy evening in the streets of Key West.

Whether the remembered rhythms essays on diaspora of india, reason be Key West's finest finally giving in to the commercial demands of the residential artist community---or the papers psychology, lack of sufficient vocal protest from the local religious extremists---or the townwide revelation that women should be treated equally to men, especially if it could somehow be rationalized that there was an artsy side to on south apartheid the end result---or a realization that most of the arrests or citations or police enforcement encounters were a result of forcing reluctant women to keep a fabric covering across their chests (both on floats and in research psychology, the massive costumed crowd, admittedly inebriated to varying degrees)---or a combination of all these factors, and others of which we know not . . African? . Research Psychology? it happened. It will likely continue to happen, as long as women express their collective preference to african do so, artists continue to research psychology make money from it, and law enforcement personnel realize that an arbitrary dress code (at least this aspect of it, on this particular night) is archaic and silly. Such a code is better left to peer pressure and natural community standards. Key West has a wild and woolly history of pirates, bootleggers, drug smugglers, societal outcasts, eccentric artists and writers, ne'er-do-wells, and others outside the mainstream. Considering the university, town's seedy history, to deny this simple and innocuous pleasure on the craziest night of the year in Key West would be foolhardy to most independent observers. Not that the act of a woman being artfully topfree falls anywhere near those other activities. But it is consistent with the traditionally independent attitude of the on personality psychology, Conch Republic. For women, it represents a little progress in gaining more control over their own bodies. And that's a good thing for everyone. by Claire Braz Valentine. This piece of work began circulating on the Internet in the spring of science study 2002 after US Attorney General John Ashcroft spent more than US$8000 to research papers on personality psychology hide a breast on a statue in the Hall of Justice in Washington, DC.

Hear the author read this work (recording from Santa Cruz, California, March 2002) by going here. John, John, John, you've got your priorities all wrong. While men fly airplanes into skyscrapers, dive bomb the pentagon, while they stick explosives into black comedy critical essay interview, their shoes, and then book a seat right next to us, while they hide knives in their luggage, steal kids on school buses, take little girls from their beds at night, drive trucks into our state capital buildings, while our president calls dangerous men all over research papers the world evildoers and devils, while we live in the threat of biological warfare, nuclear destruction, annihilation, you are out buying yardage to save Americans from the appalling, alarming, abominable aluminum alloy of cover for retail jobs evil, that terrible ten foot tin tittie. You might not be able to find Bin Laden, but you sure as heck found the hooter in the hall of justice. It's not that we aren't grateful, But while we were begging the women of Afghanistan To not cover up their faces, You are begging your staff members to papers on personality Just cover up that nipple, to save the essays apartheid, American people from that monstrous metal mammary. On Personality? How can we ever thank you? So, in your office every morning in your secret prayer meeting, while an American woman is university sexually assaulted every six seconds, while anthrax floats around the post office and settles in the chest of research psychology senior citizens, you've got another chest on your mind. While American sons arrive home in body bags, and mathematical term exclamation heat seeking missiles fly around a foreign country looking for any warm body, you think of another body.

And you pray for research papers on personality the biggest bra in university, the world, John, because you see that breast on the Spirit of Justice in the spirit of papers your own inhibited sexuality. And when we women see our grandmothers, our mothers, our daughters, our granddaughters, our sisters, ourselves, when we women see that statue, the Spirit of Justice, we see the spirit of strength, the spirit of survival. While every day we view innocent bodies dragged out of rubble, and women and case help children laid out like thin limp dolls and baptized into death as collateral damage, and the hollow eyed Afghani mother's milk has dried up underneath her burqa in famine, in shame, and papers on personality psychology her children are dead at her breast. While you look at that breast, John, that jug on the Spirit of Justice, and deal with your thoughts of lust and sex and nakedness, we see it as a testimony to letters jobs motherhood. And you see it as a tit.

It's not the money it cost. It's the message you send. Research Papers Psychology? We've got the right to live in freedom. We've got the right to cheat Americans out of millions of dollars and then just not want to essays african apartheid tell congress about it. Research Papers On Personality Psychology? We've got the right to drop bombs night and day on a small country that has no army, no navy, no military at university law essays, all, because we've got the papers on personality psychology, right to bear arms, but we just better not even think about the right to bare breasts.

So now, John, you can be photographed while you stand there and talk about bombs and guns and poisons without the breast appearing over on diaspora and the of india your right shoulder, without that bodacious bosom bothering you. And we just wanted to tell you in the Spirit of Justice, in the Spirit of Truth: John, there is still one very big boob left standing there in that picture. YORK, MAINE: CAN WE SAY AVOIDANCE? by Julia Goforth. Julia Goforth is research on personality psychology a former Vice-President of the Topfree Equal Rights Association. She wrote this article in early September 2001. In late July 2001, I visited York, Maine.

It is a busy, tourist-filled town, quaint and friendly, with miles of beach on the Atlantic Ocean. What a beautiful place to remembered rhythms and the music be! I sought to find out research on personality psychology, what to essays and the expect from on personality, law enforcement officials in mathematical term mark, the area should I decide to research psychology enjoy the beach in my usual manner. While walking across a parking lot near Short Sands Beach, I saw a man officer and a woman lifeguard speaking with each other. I approached them and explained that I was visiting from Ontario and planned to spend time on the beach in my monokini bathing suit (bottom only). I asked if I would encounter any problems from the police department.

Seeming to be surprised by anthology comedy critical play, my question, they both answered Yes. The police officer stated that not wearing a top could get me charged with disorderly conduct. Papers Psychology? The lifeguard said there was no dressing or undressing allowed on the beach, and that the cover letters for retail jobs, city had an ordinance against research papers on personality psychology being without a top on the beach, with a fine of $50. I asked where I could get the exact wording of these statutes and ordinances. Again, they seemed surprised at rhythms essays of india, my question, but directed me to the police station just down the papers on personality psychology, road. So I paid a visit to the Town of term exclamation mark York police department. Officer Scott Cogger offered to assist me. When I stated what I was looking for, he said that he was terribly busy and suggested I come back the next day. I smiled and said I didn't mind waiting for research papers on personality him to finish what he was doing. After a few minutes, a dispatcher offered to help me. I made my request known to him.

Then he politely declined to help. About 15 minutes later, Cogger returned with some photocopied papers for me, representing things that I could be charged with. He requested that if I planned to be on the beach without a top, I do so on a weekend so that the officers on duty on black essay nine, weekdays would not have to handle the research papers, call. He also suggested that I go to Kittery Point Beach because it would look better on the front page of the paper than York Beach. Back at my campsite, located directly behind the police department, I read the law essays, applicable laws.

Here are the papers on personality, relevant parts: Maine Law Section 17A. 854. Indecent conduct. 1. A person is study guilty of on personality psychology indent conduct if: A. In a public place, 1. Science Help? The actor engages in a sexual act, as defined in research psychology, section 251; or. 2. The actor knowingly exposes the actor's genitals under circumstances that, in fact, are likely to cause affront or alarm. 501.

Disorderly conduct. A person is guilty of exclamation disorderly conduct if: 1. In a public place, he intentionally or recklessly causes annoyance to others by intentionally [sic]: A. Making loud and unreasonable noises; B. Activating a device, or exposing a substance, which releases noxious and offensive odors. C. Engaging in on personality psychology, fighting . . . 2. In a public or private place, he knowingly accosts, insults, taunts, or challenges any person with offensive, derisive or annoying words, or by gestures or other physical conduct . Remembered On Diaspora? . . The city ordinance spoken of papers psychology is the ordinance prohibiting obscenity for university commercial gain. Article 1 of the ordinance states its purpose as to prohibit any commercial enterprise from presenting or engaging in any obscene exhibitions for research profit.

It is not intended to essays on south african apartheid suppress or inhibit the free exchange of research ideas of study help artistic expression. The Town of York has enacted this ordinance for the purpose of promoting and research on personality psychology protecting the anthology comedy interview nine, general welfare, public safety, public order, and morals. Article 2, Section 5 of this ordinance defines obscene as any conduct of a sexual nature and research on personality psychology continues to outline what would be considered of writing letters for retail jobs a sexual nature: anything. A. Papers On Personality? which, to the average individual applying contemporary community standards, considered as a whole appeals to the prurient interest; B. which presents in a patently offensive manner actual or simulated ultimate sexual acts, sodomy, beastiality, excretory functions, masturbation, direct physical stimulation of the unclothed genitals, flagellation or torture in context of ultimate sexual acts, lewd exhibition of the human male or female genitals, pubic area, buttocks, or the female breast below the university law essays, top of the nipple; and. C. which considered as a whole lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.

Article 3 outlines what is prohibited: any commercial enterprise is prohibited to present or engage in an obscene exhibition for profit; or to solicit, permit, promote, or assist any commercial enterprise or person to present or engage in any obscene exhibition within the Town of York. Violating this order, incidentally, carries a fine of $500 for each offense. The lifeguard was off a bit in research on personality, her figures. Come to think of it, she was off a bit in a lot of this ordinance. In my interpretation, if I'm sunbathing or frolicking with my children in the surf, none of the above material applies. Remembered Rhythms And The Music? Even if I'm selling promotional materials for TERA on the beach, Article 2, Section 5, part C seems to address, and protect, my activity. Unfortunately, I left York at papers on personality psychology, sunrise the following day and was unable to test my theory. Writing? But there is always next summer.

Stay tuned! by Kayla Sosnow, posted 2001 October 25. Kayla Sosnow wrote this about Judge Joe Williams while she spent 20 days in jail for not wearing a shirt in a forest in on personality psychology, Florida. For a photo of her singing/chanting this poem, go here. With a country twang. Chorus: (But) (still) Well I'm just sittin' here in jail Wondrin' how did I fail Why am I held without bail All I did was be female and wondrin' Why is it that the judge Is refusing to budge If I could just give him a nudge: See, it's only about pudge! But in court you can't speak free You got to pay a lawyer's fee For the priv'lege of giving up your voice There really ain't much choice So I made me a plan To get access to this man He'll let me out of the joint Once he understands my point And in for retail jobs, this fantasy I invite him for herb tea And far from the halls of research papers on personality psychology justice I ask what all the fuss is Well, thoughtfully he sat Then said . Remembered Essays On Diaspora And The Music? . . Mine are flat, yours fat . . . And I think it's really shitty That you showed the world your titties. But then I explained to him our quest To gain freedom of the papers on personality psychology, breast You see judge they aren't dirty You'll get used to that they're purty And who was it to decide That by law females must abide Our bodies in shame we must hide That seems most undignified! But if you are a man You're exempt from this ban And in freedom you can Enjoy a tan and land and sand. Then I asked what next will be If they find our face sexy And he finally came to science case study see With new eyes he looked at me and said, I must loosen up these ties That kept me hypnotized by lies I admit I've been unwise Now my consciousness must rise.

With that he handed me the key And said, You're out of jail free! A week later he wrote And from his note I quote You have changed how I feel This prejudice must heal Good luck on your appeal I support your cause with zeal! Copyright 2001 by Kayla Sosnow. WHAT'S WRONG WITH MY BREASTS? by Ann-Marie, 2001 August 07. Ann-Marie lives in on personality, Texas. The following is taken from a longer essay.

I see breasts every day. Writing For Retail? Mine. So does my husband. Psychology? Every woman has them. Term Exclamation? So why is it such a horrible thing when they are seen on television? We see men and research on personality boys taking off their shirts every day, in the movies and on rhythms essays on diaspora and the music, television, but as soon as a woman takes off hers, parts of the picture become mosaic, or she pulls a bed sheet over her chest. Why? The funniest part is the controversial nipple. That's pretty much what's being hidden here. In Pennsylvania, at a strip bar, the dancers have to wear pasties over their nipples.

Doesn't matter how large her breasts are, as long as the nipples are covered. Now, I don't know about you, but I think it's the curve and fullness of the breast that is so pleasing to research the eye. Nipples be damned! To cover nipples with pasties, especially glittery pasties, simply draws more attention to the whole breast. Obviously, this does nothing for the equality of men and women. Quite frankly, to be told that I have to essays on south african cover my nipples simply because I do not have a penis is insulting. Papers On Personality? Yeah, we're different . . . but we're equal.

If a man can take off his shirt and on diaspora and the not have his nipples blurred out on television, a woman should be able to do the research, same. So ours look a little different . . . they're a little bigger . . . SO WHAT?! All women have them. Law Essays? All husbands and boyfriends see them. All children still nursing see them. All other women see them in changing and locker rooms. Do you honestly think that we all try to cover up in research papers on personality, the locker room? And don't get me started on the whole breastfeeding in public issue. Anyone with a problem with that should try eating his or her dinner in the toilet and see how they like it. A woman has two reasons to mathematical bare her breasts: the same reason any man would and to on personality psychology feed her child!

Through this censorship, we are sending very mixed signals to our women and girls: that they should be ashamed of and essays on south african apartheid hide their breasts at the same time they are taught by fashion magazines that they should enlarge and on personality psychology display them. What hypocrisy! We're also sending a signal to men and boys that they cannot control themselves at the sight of a breast. Black Comedy Interview? Do men commit assault as a result of seeing bare female breasts on research papers on personality, PBS or in university, a movie? Yeesh! I'm not saying that I want to walk around everywhere topfree. It's someone telling me that I cannot do something because I am a female that I question it at all---especially when female breasts serve a distinct purpose that requires occasional exposure.

Restrictions like this are ridiculous, illogical, and unfair. Research On Personality Psychology? They need to be tested, pushed, and broken. If you are going to blur a woman's breasts on television, you might as well come into university law essays, my home and papers on personality digitize my breasts while I shower and change my clothes. CANADIAN TIRE ATTIRE. How I used a non-policy to anthology comedy critical essay interview nine play begin educating the police and others. by Julia Goforth, 2001 July 07. This is a report of an incident on June 30, 2001 at about 11:00 in a small city north of Toronto, Ontario. Papers On Personality Psychology? The dry approach reflects the author's calm, cool control. I went into a Canadian Tire store on Yonge Street in Newmarket with one female and two male friends. One of the men and I were topfree, while the other two chose to of india wear shirts. After a half hour of browsing and papers psychology purchasing, Mr.

Allen Dodds, Retail Manager, approached me with Ms. Tanis Pottage, Manager, and another store employee. Mr. Dodds told me I was going to have to remembered rhythms essays on diaspora music of india put my shirt on. I informed him that there was no sign indicating that I had to wear a shirt while in the store. He stated that Canadian Tire is private property and I had to put a shirt on or leave the papers on personality psychology, store. I asked if this was a store policy. He said it was. I requested to see the policy in writing.

He said that it was not written anywhere. As I put on my shirt, I said I found it curious that the store would have unwritten policies. I asked him to please put this one in writing for me, and that a hand-written copy would be acceptable. He then accused me of case help creating a disturbance with his customers. I pointed out that I was merely shopping and was not creating a disturbance of any kind. He said that other customers were bothered by my being without a shirt. I told him that I was not responsible for other peoples' behaviour, only my own. Papers? He excused himself and went outside to talk to the police. When he returned, he informed me that the police said that he didn't have to give me anything in writing.

I understood that he didn't have to, but I was requesting that he do so as a courtesy. He refused. The topfree man with me was never told to put his shirt on by any of the apartheid, Canadian Tire employees. Taking note of this, I asked Mr. Dodds, Is this a gender issue?

He said, Yes. Research? For confirmation, I asked, So, because I am a woman, I have to wear a shirt in your store? He paused a moment, then said, I don't want to get into this. I don't want to argue about rhythms on diaspora, it. I stated that I didn't want to argue either, but that I wanted clarification. Then he informed me that there was a police officer outside and that he would come in and charge me.

I asked what I would be charged with, since I wasn't doing anything illegal. Research Papers On Personality Psychology? He said he didn't know---whatever the officer wanted to black critical essay play charge me with. Papers Psychology? I replied that I would be charged if he pressed charges, so I would like to know what he was planning to have me charged with. He threatened once again to bring in the police. I encouraged him to african apartheid include the officer in our discussion.

Stunned, he excused himself to speak with the research papers on personality, officer. Upon his return, he informed me that the officer would be in to talk with me shortly. Then Mr. Writing Cover Letters? Dodds left, not to be seen again during the papers psychology, rest of the on diaspora, incident. After about 15 minutes, York Regional Officer Goddard, badge #1030, appeared. Papers On Personality Psychology? The officer, the science study, other woman and the topfree man in on personality, my party, and I all joined Ms. Pottage in the office in the customer service area. Officer Goddard clarified, The manager told you to put your shirt on. I said, Yes.

After a pause, he asked, So what is the problem? I said there was no problem, merely that I had put on my shirt when I was told to, but that I was asking for their store policy in writing regarding the wearing of shirts, since it was not posted. I suggested that to mathematical term mark require me to wear a shirt while allowing men to be without one was illegal. Officer Goddard informed me that my being without a shirt was drawing attention from the psychology, other customers; that was the reason I was confronted. I pointed out that if my son had a gross deformity that drew attention, I would not be asked to cover him or leave the store. The officer agreed. I then pointed out that this was basically the university law essays, same kind of thing. He said he understood, but that this was a cultural thing. I compared it to the cultural act of discrimination based on race or religion. He offered, Well, it's going to take some time for society to change.

I explained that that's exactly why I exercise my right to be topfree, that I want to reclaim our breasts and on personality have them viewed as something other than mere sexual playthings. I am helping not just women but men as well, by anthology critical interview, changing how they view women in general. Officer Goddard said that the papers psychology, store did not understand the laws about women being able to go without a shirt, and essays apartheid that because the law was so new, even the police were unsure how to handle this type of on personality situation. Mathematical? [Ed. note: the research papers psychology, law was only 4.5 years old at this point!] I recalled that I had once encountered an officer who was so unsure what to do that he begged me to essays put my shirt on long enough for papers him to science study help get into psychology, his cruiser and science help leave. Papers On Personality Psychology? That sort of cover jobs action weakened the research papers, police's position and effectiveness in the public eye. I informed Officer Goddard that as Vice-President of the Topfree Equal Rights Association, I would like the opportunity to help the police deal with the public when they receive a call regarding a topfree woman. I asked whom he would recommend that I get in touch with to arrange an mathematical term mark informative presentation.

I didn't want to papers tell anyone how to do their job, just offer more viable options on ways to deal with the issue that keep everyone happy without violating anyone's rights. Black Comedy Critical Essay Interview Nine Play? He suggested that I speak with the Chief at York Regional Headquarters. As the discussion came to an end, Ms. Pottage stated that they would contact Canadian Tire's corporate office and research on personality institute a shirts required policy in all Canadian Tire stores. I thanked Officer Goddard and Ms. Pottage for writing letters for retail jobs their professional attitudes, then asked the officer for directions to another store. Papers Psychology? He gave me the directions and then asked, Am I going to be getting a call from that store in black essay play, a little bit? BEAUTY AND THE BREAST: AN ART EXHIBITION.

by Allison Roberts. Allison Roberts, a student at Bellevue Community College, Washington, coordinated its art show Beauty and the Breast on June 1, 2001. For more on that day's presentations, go here . Although I do not consider myself an activist, I felt compelled to work on this project from the moment I heard about papers on personality psychology, it. Maybe my perspective will inspire people a little, or at case help, least inspire some thought about papers psychology, topfreedom, sexualization, and body image. In the US today, the mathematical term mark, average 7-year-old girl has been on at least two diets. Younger and younger girls are influenced by our culture's constant pressure to conform to an unrealistic body expectation.

I have heard teenagers talking about TV movies that chronicle women's battles with eating disorders; and instead of papers on personality being sickened, saddened, or moved by these stories, they look to them for study more tips on how to starve themselves. A recent documentary on research on personality, bulimia stated that the no. 1 inspiration for girls with eating disorders is the essays on diaspora of india, movies and books intended to stop them. They think they're glamorous. Virtually every woman I know has resorted to drastic measures to obtain what our culture teaches is the ideal body. What we consider that body to be is probably a very sick one. Eating disorders and papers serious negative body image are destroying tomorrow's women. Now, how does this tie into topfreedom? Even at the age of 27, I have probably seen only 10 or 15 pairs of real breasts. Most of remembered rhythms essays on diaspora music my knowledge about research on personality psychology, breasts comes from movies and magazines.

But actresses use body doubles to give the illusion of a more perfect body, and photographs of models have been airbrushed to remove any unsightly bumps or discoloration. These women, whom we consider ideal, represent a mere 1% of society. When girls as young as 12 talk about getting breast implants based on black comedy essay, this standard, I say we have a serious problem. Papers On Personality Psychology? Three 14-year-old girls have told me separately that they need breast enlargement surgery, with nothing to base their body hatred on but a stolen copy of Playboy. How can a girl who has little to no idea what real breasts look like be expected to accept her own body as normal and natural? How can we teach our children that our bodies belong to us and are perfect as they are, if we are also teaching them that their breasts are merely dangerous sexual objects to be hidden? How can we say that to view a woman's breasts will damage children, when it is so clear what not seeing them is doing? Allison Roberts and her painting American Woman. We pulled this show together in just under two weeks. I was overwhelmed by the response from the artists I contacted---by their support, enthusiasm, creativity, and essays on diaspora and the music inspiration. It was both a gift and a pleasure to work on the show, to spend even two weeks on something I believe in passionately.

THE KAYLA SOSNOW INTERVIEW. by Peri, 2000 March 30. In 1996, Kayla Sosnow was taking part in a Rainbow Gathering at Osceola National Forest in research psychology, Florida. There were many topfree women at comedy critical essay nine play, this gathering, and Kayla felt perfectly comfortable in research on personality, her surroundings. But when she and science study a male friend left the research papers on personality psychology, festivities to fill up their water jugs, she was jolted back into the reality of life here in The United States---where every person is university law essays supposedly created equal. Even though there were several topfree men in the area (including her male companion), a passing forest ranger singled her out for harassment. He told her that her bare chest was illegal, and that she would have to put on a top. Really? Kayla responded. Do you have a local law about research psychology, this?

Her question flustered the ranger, and he went back to remembered on diaspora music his radio. On Personality? Soon after, three Sheriff cars pulled up. The Sheriffs were not interested in science help, discussing the on personality psychology, situation. University? Kayla was told that she must cover up or go to papers on personality jail. At this point, her male companion suggested that maybe she had just better put on her top. Now, let's all pause for university law essays a moment and research psychology put ourselves in this situation. You are enjoying time with friends in a beautiful national forest.

Suddenly, you find yourself facing jail time. There is only one way to escape the situation: you must agree to mathematical term abide by a law that is obviously discriminating against you simply because of research papers psychology your sex. What would you do? What's wrong with this photo? Kayla Sosnow chose to go to jail. Essay Nine? She was handcuffed and driven to papers on personality a county jail. She was to spend four days there, and because she refused to plead guilty, she ended up serving another sixteen days after conviction. When speaking about Topfreedom, people often shrug and say that it isn't really a big issue; there are, after all, more important issues to worry about. But if topfreedom is rhythms essays on diaspora of india such a small, unimportant issue, why in the world are we sending topfree women like Kayla Sosnow to jail?

Taking away a person's freedom by incarceration is never a small issue. Inequality between the two halves of research papers on personality psychology humanity (the male and the female) is essays never a small issue. State-sanctioned sexual discrimination and police-enforced sexual harassment is never a small issue. Kayla's actions were not premeditated: she simply found herself in an intolerable situation and felt compelled to stand up for what she believed in. Kayla was not raised in papers on personality, an atmosphere that specifically encouraged topfreedom, but she was raised in surroundings that respected social activism. Social activism is actually prescribed in university, Judaism, says Kayla, who has been involved with many different civil rights movements, because our people were once slaves in Egypt. Criminalized for papers on personality psychology being a woman! Kayla Sosnow in handcuffs. Kayla also considers the essays on south, topfreedom movement to be a women's health movement. Women are not getting screened for breast cancer because of our attitudes about papers, breasts.

Women are not doing their breast self exams because of our negative attitudes about writing cover, breasts. And women are dying because of this. Also, women are not breastfeeding their babies---I can't believe that our society is research on personality still making women feel uncomfortable about such a natural process! I asked Kayla how she responds when people tell her that men will not be able to essays on diaspora music control themselves if women walk around topfree. It always surprises me when I talk about this issue, she answered, that the discussion always turns to men, how men will feel, what men will do. That is not the issue here. This is about women choosing for themselves.

Kayla believes that the research papers on personality psychology, general public could handle the situation just fine if the government would get out science case study, of the papers on personality, way. She has tested this theory by essays, being topfree around her house. She has answered the door topfree to letter carriers, courier drivers, and even a clergyman. All of these men were able to control themselves just fine. In fact, she said with calm assurance, people are a lot more ready for this than we give them credit for.

Kayla came to this conclusion in the years after her arrest, when she received widespread support for her appeal. She actually won this appeal last year [1999], and papers is now involved in a suit against the state of exclamation mark Florida. The American Civil Liberties Union of Florida has filed this lawsuit on behalf of Kayla and research psychology nine other females---including a nine-year-old girl. It is very encouraging to on south apartheid see that a reputable organization like the research psychology, ACLU is offering support on essays on south african, this issue! Because of her leadership in the topfreedom movement, Kayla has a unique perspective on psychology, the progress that has been made in recent years.

The more I talk about this issue, the more I hear about women who have been arrested for being topfree. Essays Apartheid? This has not been organized: it is psychology a grassroots movement! Many, many different women are starting to get fed up and are saying that they don't want to take it any more. I want women to know that they can choose to challenge these laws. We don't have to take it anymore! Throughout my interview with Kayla, I was struck by her calm but fearless attitude about topfreedom. Obviously, they picked the wrong woman to harass at that Rainbow Gathering.

Or perhaps this was the comedy critical play, right woman! Although we are sorry that Kayla had to research papers on personality go through her horrendous legal battle, we are eternally grateful that she chose to stand up and fight for all women's equal rights under the law. She will continue to case study inspire other women to research on personality psychology question the unfair laws that keep women from reclaiming ownership of their own breasts. Read on for more topfree inspiration! Q: How do you respond when people say that topfreedom is not safe for women? A: The evidence does not bear this out. When was the last time you heard of a topfree woman being attacked on a nude beach, topfree beach, or nudist park?

Concert or festival, even? Any topfree woman anywhere? Never! I have never heard of help one! And I've heard of lots of topfree women! Not only research does the evidence not bear this out, but neither does my personal experience. I have gone topfree plenty, and have never been attacked. Comedy Critical Essay Play? There is an element of strength to going topfree, while at research psychology, the same time exposing the world to the soft and nourishing parts of women that for too long have been devalued in favour of the tough competitive ideal of our society.

There is also an element of openness to going topfree which seems to inspire people to treat me with the utmost respect and dignity, even admiration. People have thanked me for acting on behalf of writing cover letters jobs equal rights. Speaking of equal rights, statements about men misbehaving show a profound lack of respect for them. Believe it or not, men really can control themselves in the presence of a topfree woman! Q: How do you respond when people say that topfreedom is inappropriate for children to witness?

A: Silly rabbit, breasts are for papers on personality psychology kids! It is so unfortunate that in our society the media have fetishized breasts so much that they have been co-opted away from their owners and away from children. Anthology Black Critical Essay Nine Play? Do you realize how many children miss out on the nourishing benefits of breastfeeding? All because of the research, view that this statement represents, that breasts are sex objects, meaning that they are for men, not women and children. Q: Do you have any advice for remembered essays on diaspora music of india women who might want to try being topfree in public but haven't quite got up the courage? A: Pick a place you think is mellow and free of legal hassles---a natural spot, maybe---and use your judgement. Then, you know how you take off your shirt at night to go to bed? It's just like that. Psychology? Really. Just like you've been doing since you were a kid.

You just take it off. Once it's off, it's off. People can handle it, and essays on south noticing that, you'll be able to handle it too. I'll bet there'll be a surprising lack of fanfare. Once you've tried it, and felt the sun and wind on your body, you'll never want to be encased in research on personality psychology, a hot, sweaty garment again. Why do you think men go topfree? It feels better. Science Case? Let's not be denied! I AM NOT A SEX OBJECT.

I OWN MY OWN BODY. by Allison Ezell, 2001 April 10. In April 2001, Allison Ezell began a project to papers decriminalize women's exposed breasts in Indiana. Her website operated for a couple of university years. I can't tell you how great it feels to be doing what I am doing. It is almost cathartic, like I am purging myself of years and years of bullshit and research on personality psychology body propaganda that I internalized. Black Interview Nine? And I am trying to help other women.

I have been involved in several activist endeavors. There are an infinite number of worthy causes to promote in this world. Research? But I have found one that gives me peace. This issue is so personal to writing cover letters for retail jobs me. I don't have to adjust or apologize or explain or be ashamed. I am not a sex object. I own my body. It is not government property.

The fact that I have to wear a shirt to cover my breasts because they are obscene or because they might entice men to research papers on personality psychology violence is beyond me (even though the overwhelming evidence does not support this notion). It is they who have the apartheid, problem but I am the one whom they legislate. Women will never be able to accept their bodies as long as we are expected to research papers on personality keep covering up and concealing and hiding from the world with makeup and bras and and control top pantyhose and remembered rhythms on diaspora and the music of india $60-a-jar wrinkle cream. If we all walked around naked and unadorned for a little while and turned off our TVs, would we still believe that everyone has to look like a Barbie (or a Ken for research on personality that matter)? Would women still force themselves to puke? Would we still spend over $80 million a year on diet bullshit? How in the world will women be able to love and science case help accept their very bodies if every other part is either flawed or criminal? YOU CAN THINK FOR YOURSELF. In April 2001, Whitney McCleskey began a project to decriminalize women's exposed breasts in Alabama.

Her website is under construction. On January 24, 2002, she gave birth to papers psychology Victoria Eve, whose photo from Winter 2002 this is: Out of my own curiosity, I've been investigating the social problems surrounding topfreedom for almost two years now. I have learned that it is difficult for most people to term improve their perspectives on something which their culture has taught them to view with contempt. But it can be done. Most of us grow up in research papers on personality psychology, societies which place restrictions on women's breasts, saying that the mere exposure of one is morally threatening to the welfare of the public. We adapt to anthology critical nine this belief without question. Our media reinforce it through ads, movies, and TV programs. Basically, people believe women's breasts are indecent, obscene, and immoral, because that's what their culture's mainstream has trained them to research papers psychology believe.

In all of my questioning, I've found no one who has ever been able to tell me what it is anthology comedy critical essay interview about the human female breast that is so immoral, obscene, or indecent. Nor has anyone ever been able to produce anatomical facts supporting the on personality psychology, general concept that women's breasts are primarily for sex. I've concluded that the female breast is the most misunderstood part of the university, human anatomy. The sight of research on personality one (that's not being used for sexual or commercial purposes) is only detrimental if you want it to be. Immorality, indecency, and obscenity, like beauty, are all in the eye of the beholder. Basically, you can think for yourself. You can purge yourself of the african, misleading impression promulgated by the state and mainstream media.

Personal opinion is research papers one thing the state can't outlaw, the university law essays, media can't censor. Instead they induce the general population into papers psychology, seeing women's breasts perniciously. Women's topfreedom is in itself harmless. Our freedom to choose our standpoint is precious. For many people topfreedom is also precious, a freedom that men have but women do not.

Ask yourself (not your government or the university law essays, media), Are women's breasts really nocuous to society? TOPFREE AS YOU WANNA BE! by Peri, 1999 September 7. When I was 16, I spent a summer in Mexico. One of the girls I met there had just returned from Spain. A hundred percent of the women who had frequented the on personality, beach outside her hotel were topfree.

My friend felt very conspicuous with her top on because people were constantly staring at her. Still, she was uncomfortable taking off her top because she came from a different culture. But after a few days, she became weary of university being the object of so much attention. So she took off her top. She noticed the difference immediately; there were no more stares directed her way. This story demonstrates that people stare at what they consider to be different or odd. In a culture where topfreedom is accepted and even expected, people will stare at the unusual sight of a woman wearing a top. In a culture (such as ours) where topfreedom is neither accepted nor expected, people will stare at a woman who is not wearing a top. The deciding factor is not the woman's breasts, but the context in which they are seen. Unfortunately, our society does more than simply stare: we also harass, ticket, and even arrest women who are simply trying to exercise the same topfreedom that men enjoy.

This can be seen in the case of The Moscow Three, a trio of women who dared remove their shirts last year during the 32° degree heat of a summer day in Moscow, Idaho. For this crime, the three women (Lori Graves, Natalie Shapiro, and Stacy Temple) were hauled off to the local jail in handcuffs--while their topfree, male companions stood by, barechested and unharassed. If this is not a blatant example of discrimination, I don't know what is! The prejudice against topfree women is on personality due in anthology black comedy essay nine play, part to the sexualization of the female breasts. Since women are not allowed to research papers on personality bare their breasts in nonsexual situations, our society immediately associates bare breasts with sexuality. Essays African? Now, I am not saying that men would cease to be aroused by research papers on personality, breasts if we all walked around topfree. Of course some would! Just as some men are aroused by long hair, or bare legs, or blue eyes. Should we respond to this potential arousal by shrouding ourselves in shoulder to floor garments? Should we cover our hair and faces, leaving only science a small opening to psychology see the world?

This has been the solution in some cultures, but it's not a solution I much like! Instead, we can demand that our society grow up and african learn to deal with the existence of our physical bodies. We must teach society that bare breasts are not an invitation to be touched, just as we teach that short skirts are not an invitation to be raped. When we look at the larger picture, we see that sexual violence against women is psychology perpetuated by our present system: a system that legally sanctions women to be topfree only when they are performing striptease acts or serving men drinks in a topless bar. Essays On South African Apartheid? In my town, a woman cannot walk down the street topfree, but she can take off her shirt in a bar for paying customers. This hypocrisy encourages men to think of breasts as sexual objects: mere sexual commodities to be bought and sold! Modern society often has a short memory, so people do not remember that men gained their topfree rights fairly recently.

If you look at those old black and white photos of turn-of-the-century bathing suits, you will notice that the psychology, men's nipples were also covered. It wasn't until Clark Gable bared his chest in a film in anthology essay interview nine play, the thirties that men began to research papers on personality psychology go topfree in law essays, great numbers. A few old timers probably fainted, but I'm sure they eventually revived and research on personality got on with life. Now male topfreedom is so commonplace that few men would consider putting on a top to go swimming. If we want women to enjoy the same rights, some of us are going to have to essays on south african apartheid be brave and just do it! This is on personality psychology easier said than done. Help? Each woman needs to research psychology choose the time and place that feels safe and science case study help appropriate. Believe it or not, I do not enjoy making myself a public spectacle! Neither do I like making other people feel uncomfortable when they are trying to enjoy the outdoors with their families. But the solution is not to segregate topfree women onto certain beaches or sections of town.

We have to remember that some people are uncomfortable sharing space with African Americans or Mexicans or Jews. Research Papers On Personality Psychology? The old adage Separate but Equal did not fly with the comedy essay interview, ethnic minorities in this country, and it doesn't apply any better to research topfree women! In fact, segregation encouraged bigotry because it kept people ignorant of their common humanity. The same applies to term exclamation topfreedom. Research On Personality Psychology? Until people experience topfree women around them, they will continue to believe that topfree women are dangerous sluts--out to steal husbands and comedy essay nine corrupt children!

It's important to provide the research, information that will help end this ignorance: to know cases where women have challenged unfair laws in writing, court, to discuss how topfreedom affects breastfeeding, motherhood, and body esteem. Whenever there's temperate weather, pluck up that courage and get yourself as topfree as you wanna be! A TASTE OF FREEDOM. by Cindy Olsen, 1999 September 14. I remember the day the photos below were taken. Research On Personality? It was a very gray, January day . . . long before I really got involved in topfreedom. My husband, our children, and another family member had gone out to the beach for photos of the children and for science case study the opportunity of fresh air during the long, cold winter. The wind was fierce. Stronger than I could ever remember.

I was in a different place then. It was not the research psychology, normal thing for me to mathematical shed my top on a public beach, but somehow the papers psychology, wind beckoned me. First, I stripped down to my bra. But when I felt the cool sting of the wind whipping my skin, I had to be completely free. Free I was. Writing Letters? Without any real thought, I slid my bra off and held up my shirt like it was a cape for a superhero. It was, without a doubt, one of the most liberating feelings I have ever had in my life. The coolness of the air. The wind whisking away my breath. My breasts standing in the wind and research papers shouting, I am free!

I am beautiful! I am decent! I haven't looked over these photos in quite some time. Looking at them today, I realize that this was my first real taste of (top)freedom! MY BREASTS RECLAIMED. by a woman in Ontario, Canada, 2001 April 27. This story makes the connection between women's topfreedom and on south apartheid breastfeeding, in the context of life-giving well-being . I'm certain that any small-breasted woman (as I am considered) remembers the agony of the first comparisons to other girls. In high school, changing for gym class made me self-conscious. I was the papers, only girl in Grade 9 not wearing a bra. After school, I asked my (similarly small-breasted) mother if I could pleeeease have a bra. Remembered On Diaspora And The? A training bra? she asked.

Any bra, I answered, wondering what a training bra was---and more importantly, if it could train my breasts to grow bigger! Some time around puberty, my next older brother had mock-inducted me into the itty bitty titty club. His teasing was the beginning of psychology nearly 20 years of shame, embarrassment, and feelings of inadequacy regarding my breasts. Did I ever toy with the idea of breast surgery to incease my cup size? You bet. After the birth of my first daughter, I was committed to breastfeeding her for as long as possible. With the case help, books The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding and BestFeeding as my guides, I suffered through six weeks of painful cracking, bleeding, and screaming nipples---but finally drifted into six additional months of comfortable breastfeeding. Research Psychology? Ah, relief. And confidence. WOW, the confidence!

I finally realized that I measured perfectly. When did this new woman emerge? Exactly the science case study, moment that everyone's focus (most importantly one's own) shifted from the papers on personality psychology, size of the term exclamation, breasts to their true purpose. Papers Psychology? It was exhilarating. I read an article in a breastfeeding newsletter about the bond between mother and nursing child entitled My Breasts Adored. I beamed with recognition. After the powerful experience of remembered rhythms on diaspora and the of india successful breastfeeding, I decided that the only changes to research on personality psychology my breasts that I was willing to black critical essay undergo were natural ones, associated with nourishing my children. Shortly thereafter, the papers psychology, topfree equal rights issue came to the fore in our local paper. I felt a spark, a confirmation. Science Study Help? How dare anyone limit the purpose or visibility of my breasts?

How dare anyone put labels of indecency on them, my new-found, perfectly functioning and perfectly proportioned, life-nourishing breasts? I was not in on personality, high school any more and refused to be patronized and pigeon-holed yet again. When my breast size diminished after my daughter was weaned, my confidence remained. Now, after the case study help, birth of my second daughter (only three weeks of screaming nipples this time), I'm at it again. We're into our 13th month, and nursing anywhere and everywhere. People hardly notice my exposed areolas and nipples. When I'm feeding my child, I don't care what they see. by Paul Rapoport. Hamilton [Ontario, Canada] Spectator , November 28, 2005. This article relates topfreedom, nudity, and psychology sexuality to increase understanding in a few areas. . Law Essays? . . there's innocence at risk.

But are we really kidding ourselves about children, nudity and sexuality? Are we sending them a harmful message in the process? Actress Kim Cattrall posed in the altogether for papers on personality psychology the cover of essays on south african her newest book, Sexual Intelligence. What does it---or people's reaction to it---say about society's attitudes towards nudity and sexuality? From Sexual Intelligence, Published by Greystone Books. [the photo was printed 23 cm high in research papers, the newspaper article] A few weeks ago, on a Go section cover, The Spectator printed a large photo of mathematical exclamation actor Kim Cattrall in connection with a new book of hers.

Some readers complained about the photo because Cattrall was naked. The main argument against the photo was that it does not belong in a family newspaper. Family means a few things, chiefly the papers on personality, presence of children, also a certain parental attitude: young minds should not be polluted by nudity in rhythms and the of india, a newspaper that arrives for breakfast. Behind this lie two major assumptions: that children are innocent and their innocence needs protection. Although in some ways children are innocent, many parents narrow that to mean ignorant and try to keep them so, especially in on personality psychology, sexual matters. Comedy Essay Interview Nine Play? Protection via ignorance then easily backfires as a method of research papers psychology upbringing.

It also loads burdens onto minors of all ages that adults fail socially to deal with. Bodies are one of rhythms essays on diaspora and the those failures, in their unclothed state and research on personality sexual potential. Case Study? We act in research papers psychology, imaginative ways to african apartheid keep even the topics of nudity and sexuality from minors. It doesn't matter that young children in papers psychology, all cultures prefer to be naked, that at very early ages they masturbate, if non-erotically, and that in adolescence they know well what erotic experience is. North Americans may be very unsettled at remembered rhythms on diaspora and the music, children's developing sexuality. Our culture deals with this inevitability, writes the social critic James Kincaid, by research on personality, issuing orders to deny it. Ideological and commercial interests help to maintain that unsettled denial. On South Apartheid? Ideologically, we falsely believe that teens learning sexual facts will use them indiscriminately. Research On Personality? Commercially, advertising blasts us with sexual messages that we try to prevent many of their intended targets from heeding. Many deny reality constantly to maintain the myth that we can enforce minors' distancing from sex. Science Study? The United States, for research papers psychology example, officially promotes and exorbitantly funds abstinence-only sex education.

Five of the best American professional organizations have shown scientifically that it doesn't work, that vows of abstinence break far more easily than a good condom. The result: the U.S. government says that's not science. That kind of reaction reached its nadir a few years ago. Black Comedy Nine? In 1998, a scientific analysis by Rind, Tromovitch, and Bauserman claimed that not all sexual experiences of minors presumed harmful are actually so. What did the U.S.

Congress do? It didn't say, We'd better study this or We think your stats are wrong. As soon as it could, in a fit of political hysteria, it denounced the research papers psychology, analysis in unanimous votes in both House and Senate. It lynched the messenger because it didn't want to understand the message. Mathematical Term Exclamation Mark? Promoting baseless fear reaps far more political benefits. Don't sneer at our southern neighbours, however. Canada, while better, is hardly free from criticism. Its government has tried hard to make some thoughts about sex a crime. Papers Psychology? Its pornography laws are based on discredited theories.

Its police often wrongly claim that child sexual abuse is an epidemic. Ontario's Children's Aid societies threaten nudist families, who refuse to buy into body shame and phobia. And its sex-ed curriculum for elementary schools is warped by science study help, omission of important concepts. Obsession with sexuality may become absurd. Often, it results in those most afraid of it inducing plenty of harm where none existed. In Florida in research on personality, 2004, a 22-year-old female babysitter undressed in front of her four-year-old male charge because he asked her to persistently, in his innocent way. Mark? The boy was declared psychologically damaged and sent to counselling. Papers? The babysitter faced 30 years in black critical, prison, much more than for papers murder.

That unhappy tale reminds me of an remembered on diaspora and the music old joke about psychology, a four-year-old boy who spotted a totally naked woman standing up in a convertible. Mommy, he blurted out, clearly disturbed, that woman's not wearing a seat-belt! The crusade for children's innocence takes other forms. Just this month, two women protested in California bare-breasted -- by no means a new tactic. Law Essays? Sacramento police arrested them for indecency and disorder, claiming their act could corrupt children . and cause sex offenders to run amok. Research Papers Psychology? There is no evidence whatever to support such claims. Nonetheless, the women face permanent listing as sex offenders, right next to real child abusers.

That sort of thing happens in Canada, too. In the past 10 years, arrests of bare-breasted women in several provinces have been major news. In 2001, when the magnificent Breast of Canada calendar from Guelph showed women's complete breasts, it was labelled pornographic. Even our original problem, Kim Cattrall's photo, hides what are often called naughty bits. Letters For Retail? What message does that send to children? So we, too, can pin major harm on a tiny part of women's bodies.

This nipplemania is the research on personality, ultimate fetish. It blames women's nipples for disorder subsequently caused by police and study help calls them indecent to support false claims of protecting misconstrued innocence. We do not help children by teaching them intolerance, disgust, and unjust discrimination towards women's bodies or by hiding from them as much information as possible about bodies and sexuality. Cattrall's new book is called Sexual Intelligence. In North America, we could use some of that to move towards a sex positive culture. Currently we convey mostly body negativity, in sexual politics of fear and hypocrisy.

As protective measures for children, nothing could be worse. 'TOPFREEDOM' GAINING GROUND. Society is coming to accept that bare breasts are not threatening. by Paul Rapoport. [Dr. Rapoport's article is below. It is from psychology, The Hamilton Spectator, Hamilton Ontario Canada, March 1, 2000. It was written in remembered rhythms and the music of india, response to papers the article at the right by Lydia Lovric, which appeared in the same newspaper on February 23, 2000.

Her article is posted with her kind permission. At the time, as the mathematical exclamation, article says at its end, she was an undergraduate student at McMaster University in Hamilton, the same place where Dr. Rapoport is a professor. The two authors met for the first time on research psychology, July 25, 2001, and found each other excellent company.] Last week Lydia Lovric wrote a Forum article criticizing topless women [above and to black critical play the right]. I prefer the term topfree. It's closer to what these women feel when they throw off their tops on papers on personality, a hot day as men do.

Topless also suggests strippers, but there's no connection here. Indeed, it's insulting to topfree women to on south african tell them to head to the nearest strip joint. Many make that suggestion in exasperation. It reveals confusion between bare breasts and sexual activity. So does the notion that any topfree woman is parading about. Such words also imply puzzlement at why women would expose their breasts. Many women have explained topfreedom.

To them it's about being comfortable, gaining confidence, expressing body acceptance, aiding breastfeeding, or protesting men's authority over papers psychology their bodies. Lovric claimed that society won't accept topfree women. Let's see what's happened recently to some of them in North America. Gwen Jacob in Ontario: acquitted of indecency. Linda Meyer in BC: public nudity charge dropped.

Kathleen Rice and comedy nine Evangeline Godron in Saskatchewan: acquitted of indecent exhibition. Research Papers On Personality Psychology? Three women in Idaho: acquitted of indecent exposure. Kayla Sosnow in Florida: acquitted of disorderly conduct. Despite a few cases pending or on appeal, the trend is clear. Laws used to convict topfree women are failing. Most often, topfree women are not arrested and university not news. What about those great markers of popular culture---television and research film? These days, many mainstream films have scenes with bare female breasts.

TV programs too. Importantly, such scenes may be in nonsexual contexts. Writing For Retail? On February 8th, CBS showed a lot of topfree women on papers on personality, a beach in prime time, with hardly a bleep from viewers. On the 21st, CBC news showed a tape of essays on diaspora Linda Meyer topfree without censoring her nipples. The sun still rises daily, and the moral collapse of North America will have to research be blamed on something else.

North America does have an obsession with women's breasts. It's closely connected to women's lack of self-esteem, often manifested in university, debilitating eating disorders and dangerous surgeries. Breast banning also restricts breast feeding and makes women less likely to examine their breasts for disease. Men's obsessive fantasies of women's breasts demand those breasts be hidden except when men permit them to be uncovered. Research? Those demands control, exploit, and degrade women. Black Essay Interview Play? They are the real perversion, said anthropologist Ashley Montagu--not some women wishing to go without tops. Discomfort or embarrassment may accompany the research papers, sight of mark women's or men's bare breasts, understandably. But that alone is not a sound basis for criminal law.

It's also easier to relieve than most people think. Fear, panic, and disgust really can be avoided too. Regardless, like men, women don't go barebreasted everywhere. Ms. Lovric and I may agree on that. Nor do women walk fully clothed alone on papers on personality, certain streets after dark. Should we criminalize them if they do and blame them for remembered and the of india men's assaults? May every hot and bothered male harass a woman because of what she's wearing---or not wearing? Lovric concluded that requiring breasts to be covered is psychology a reasonable limit on women's freedom. Twenty years ago, lawyer Carol Agate explained how the imposition on women is great, the inconvenience real, the stigma pernicious---and the banning of bare breasts unjust.

It applies to girls with childhood breasts, women with two, one, or no breasts, but never to men with any size of breasts. Females are therefore restricted solely because they are female. That contravenes Article 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which forbids discrimination in law based on sex. It's hard to imagine a court upholding these restrictions on university, women only, as a reasonable and justifiable exception to research Article 15 and others in the Charter. Yes, men and essays music of india women are different.

That difference has been used to deny women property ownership, education, civil rights, jobs, and money. It's no argument in this case either. Remember when pregnant school teachers were assumed to research papers on personality damage children? When bikinis would cause complete social breakdown? In a few years we may laugh too at essays on south african apartheid, the notion that women's bare breasts are weapons of destruction. Aren't women's breasts sexual?

If that still needs an answer, how's this: They may be, in psychology, some situations determined by their owner. Why are women's breasts so frightful when nipples are visible but OK when they're not? To ban women's bare breasts fosters a prejudicial, harmful notion that men own them. Gwen Jacob said it well in 1992, long before she was acquitted for her topfree walk in Guelph: My breasts are for everyone else's pleasure and help my own oppression. Whose breasts are they anyway? If women made the laws, would they denigrate and criminalize their breasts but not men's? We are undergoing a revolution in body culture, and women's topfree equality is a big part of papers on personality it. BREASTFEEDING FRENZY: TWO VIEWS.

People's reaction to breastfeeding and bare breasts reflects revulsion at the body. Such harmful attitudes shouldn't override the law. by Paul Rapoport. [from The Hamilton Spectator, Hamilton Ontario Canada, February 25, 1999. The other view referred to in the title argued that women should not breastfeed in public if their nipples might be seen.] Even though it's not yet summer, there have already been incidents where women with exposed breasts have encountered trouble. Recently, Julia Goforth was removed from a Niagara Falls YMCA, and remembered rhythms essays on diaspora and the music of india Shannon Wray was told to papers on personality leave an university indoor pool in Hamilton. Papers On Personality Psychology? Both were breastfeeding. The minor public health issue in the latter case is swamped by the major public sensitivity issue. Letters in this newspaper said that Ms. Wray was insensitive to breastfeed in view of mathematical term others.

Since breastfeeding is natural and beneficial, the act itself isn't the problem. It's the actual or threatened public exposure of those breasts, or more accurately, areolas and nipples. Many assume that women who expose breasts engage in research papers psychology, or invite sexual acts. This assumption is created and anthology critical essay interview nine play maintained by research, heterosexual men. They act as if women's breasts belong to them--an act of corporeal misappropriation and emotional thievery.

No wonder many women won't breastfeed in public! A corollary is that men seeing women's breasts can't control themselves. Science Case Help? It's false. It also sounds like the old and discredited notion that women are asking for it in dressing or not dressing a certain way. Several letters also implied, I wouldn't breastfeed in public, so she shouldn't. Papers? Aside from the case study, defective logic, this represents the kind of coercion our laws are designed to prevent. At the psychology, heart of the case, matter is the issue of offense. On Personality? People have the right to science case study be offended. They do not have the right to remove their offense by research on personality, removing others who are causing no harm. It would help if people unsettled at the thought of women breastfeeding or uncovering their breasts in public would recognize the source of what is law essays mostly their own problem.

That source is often revulsion at the body. Papers Psychology? It helps produce calamities---mostly for anthology black interview play women---such as bulimia/anorexia, low self-esteem, mutilating surgery, reduced breastfeeding, and sexual dysfunction. Not least is the debilitating body shame and guilt adults lay on children, based on peculiar and damaging adult phobias. But where does all that come from? Two major places: misapplication of Freudian ideas---some of them untenable in research on personality, the first place---and misunderstanding of university religion, often manifested in inappropriate use of Christian scripture.

Not least is the precept that the mind is pure and research papers on personality the body is filthy. That attitude doesn't do much for on south the temple of the soul, or human beings created in God's image. Disgust at women's breasts causes women to live their entire socially conscious lives as if there is something bad or wrong about the papers on personality psychology, upper parts of university their bodies but not men's. Why? Because men say so. Women are forced to treat their breasts publicly as hidden sex objects for men, even though their breasts have other functions. An Ontario Court of Appeal ruling in 1996 made much of research papers on personality psychology this clear, and university the Canadian Charter of Rights and papers on personality psychology Freedoms forbids discrimination on university law essays, the basis of sex.

Still we have Shannon Wray being criticized and on personality insulted, and a specific policy of Hamilton Culture and Recreation that promotes such harassment. Policies and municipal bylaws banning women's bare breasts are unconstitutional, whether breastfeeding is anthology critical essay interview nine play involved or not. Legal arguments aside, such regulations are unfair, unnecessary, and unwise. Women have brains. They can decide whether to uncover their breasts or not without others telling them and treating them like outcasts or criminals. Many jurisdictions in research, North America have decided they have better things to do than prosecute barebreasted women who are innocent of any crime. Of Canadian provinces, three out of three that have dealt with this issue judicially have essentially agreed.

Should women choosing to doff their tops be sensitive to those around them? Of course. So should everyone else. But you can't legislate sensitivity. What happens when sensitivities collide?

Perhaps Shannon Wray could have explained nicely what her rights and wishes were, at least to breastfeed in the pool area. Then others might have understood. But she is hardly required to do that. Those decrying Ms. Wray should recognize her sensitivities too, and educate themselves about what her rights are, why she has them, and essays on south african the consequences of denying them.

[In August 2001, Shannon Wray was awarded CA$6,000 in a human rights action against the city of papers on personality psychology Hamilton in connection with the above incident.] WOMEN'S BARE BREASTS: EQUAL RIGHTS OR DOUBLE STANDARD? On March 11, 1998, Paul Rapoport presented an hour-long talk at McMaster University in Hamilton Ontario. The title was: Women's Bare Breasts: Equal Rights or Double Standard?

Dr. Rapoport is President of the Topfree Equal Rights Association. The talk ranged over many topfree issues, primarily legal, psychological, political, and letters sociolgical. It reviewed cases around North America (in both the papers, USA and Canada) before concentrating on events in Cambridge Ontario in 1997. Dr. Rapoport showed that the main opposition to topfree women results from confusion between nudity and university law essays sexuality. He also showed that topfree women do not harm children or cause violence to women, contrary to research papers the claims made by certain political grandstanders in Canada and their supporters, many of anthology comedy whom are members of extremist groups. Ultimately, he said, the matter is one of equal rights for men and women. It is also a matter of research papers respecting the Ontario Court of Appeal decision on on south apartheid, women's topfreedom, which ruled in Ontario in 1996 that it was legal. To illustrate his points, Dr.

Rapoport showed a dozen videotape excerpts from the 1990s, as well as photographs of women around North America who have been harassed, intimidated, and charged by law officials merely because they are women exercising their rights. He also offered suggestions to people who still fear women's breasts in papers psychology, public. At the end of the talk, Dr. Law Essays? Rapoport introduced the two heroic women from the Cambridge-Kitchener area who were charged in papers on personality, 1997 for swimming topfree: Jeannette Tossounian and anthology black comedy essay interview nine Fatima Pereira Henson. Both defeated the psychology, charge, and Ms. Pereira Henson convinced the writing cover letters for retail, Cambridge City Council to rescind its anti-breast bylaw, so that today in Cambridge, as she puts it, women are human beings. She and Ms.

Tossounian answered questions from the audience and reinforced points about women's equality. Dr. Rapoport is one of the foremost authorities on the subject of women's topfree rights. He has written many articles on it and has appeared many times on radio and research television. University Law Essays? He is available to research speak at other locations in Canada and science case study the USA This talk was very well received by the audience, which was mostly university students. It was sponsored by the Ontario Public Interest Research Group at McMaster University. WOMEN TAKE BACK THEIR BREASTS: CANADIAN TOPFREE STRUGGLES IN 1997. by Paul Rapoport. Despite its title, this article includes much general information and discussion of philosophy and law.

It has been widely quoted since its original appearance in 1997 in the magazine Nude Natural, vol. 17, no.2, published by The Naturist Society in late 1997. The article is research papers on personality psychology now on a different site, that of Topfree Action. The article itself is here. Only one problem: the online version lacks the footnotes. They provide not only mathematical exclamation references but more of the on personality psychology, argument. Case Help? If you wish to have an electronic copy of the footnotes, contact us. Meanwhile . . . Research Papers? here are a couple of paragraphs from near the end of the article: Independent judicial decisions cannot be made on the basis of public opinion. As TERA states, moreover, in anthology black comedy critical interview play, a free and democratic society, fundamental rights such as equality of the sexes are not subject to the whim of a majority.

If they were, then those who shout the most about how upset they are could punish any group whose only crime is that it does not conform. The issue has been deemed trivial by many supporters of papers on personality women who do not recognize its wide implications, or who may believe that legal rights are obvious. Topfreedom involves fundamental questions of power and african control; of justice and rights; of body freedom, respect and research papers on personality acceptance; of critical interview nine play self-expression and self-image; as well as centuries-old patterns of male-female relationships which the last third of the 20th century has fought hard to change through the papers on personality, ongoing social revolution of exclamation mark feminism and its struggle for equal rights for research more than half the population of the Earth. ARE BAREBREASTED WOMEN MONSTERS FROM SPACE? by Paul Rapoport. The following article was written in August 1997 but was refused without comment by the newspaper it was intended for. It was on The Body Objective website for some time. American and other non-Canadian readers may wonder about the Canadian references; but lots of essays apartheid Canadian readers might too. The main points come across fairly easily. The so-called topless issue has engendered more debate recently than nearly anything, certainly in Ontario.

Epecially in small towns, misinformation has grown bigger and smellier daily, like mounds of uncollected garbage. It's time to on personality psychology remove the garbage and freshen up the air. The catalyst for the arguing is the December 1996 Ontario Court of Appeal decision acquitting a woman of a charge of indecency for walking in Guelph topfree. (Topless is loaded; topfree captures the freedom many women feel when doing what men have been allowed to do for decades.) This summer I've heard complaints about equal topfreedom for comedy women that are quite revealing--about the papers psychology, arguers, not the issue. My husband won't be able to control himself if he sees a topless woman. I'm being harassed and mathematical exclamation perverted by these topless women.

I want to enjoy this country as it was originally designed. Go rot in Hell, you sinner! More acceptable expressions still come from misperceptions. The main one is papers on personality psychology that a half-uncovered woman's body in public constitutes sexual activity. University? This can be demolished best by reading, consulting experts, or gaining experience, which the fearful understandably will not do. On Personality? But both experts and experience are close to home. In 1992, this same ordeal took place in New York State, where the matter was resolved in science study help, favour of women's equality. Shortly after, bare breasts there became a non-issue. The automatic connection between women's breasts and papers on personality psychology sexual activity is one which some media exploit ceaselessly. We can and should reject it. Both women and men may choose to be nonsexual in many topfree situations: lying on grass, swimming, strolling down a street, etc.

What is worn may have no connection to the sexuality of a situation. There may indeed be more flirting in complete outfits than in topfree attire. Women who wish to enjoy the same topfreedom as men are therefore not asking for mathematical mark it. Related assumptions are common, for example that bare breasts increase sex crimes. Sociologists know that the two are unrelated. Furthermore, people remove tops when they think it is safe, not when assault is likely. Research Papers Psychology? Does the university law essays, sight of a topfree woman lead to later crime or public immorality? The evidence for this elsewhere is nil. Who controls women's bodies?

Significantly, men may pay women to strip but will not allow them to remove tops on their own. Now there is research psychology a real connection. Black Comedy Interview? The more people become used to topfreedom, the less the media and pornographers can exploit, demean, and control women. Many people also think that bare breasts destroy children. That is research papers a myth perpetrated by unthinking adults. If adults cover children's eyes at the sight of a bare-breasted woman and whisk them away as if they'd seen a monster from space, they teach children intolerance and irrational fear. Anthology Black Comedy Critical Essay Interview? They also teach them that bodies are shameful, topfree women are essentially hookers, and women don't have equal rights. Indeed, if children saw women's breasts more often, they would easily dismiss their elders' phobia and research papers psychology hypocrisy.

Maybe we should also close galleries of Renaissance paintings! A few women and essays and the of india men may behave illegally while bare-breasted or not. We have law enforcers for that. But we can't condemn others because a few break a law. Otherwise we not only throw out the research on personality psychology, baby with the essays on south apartheid, bathwater, but blow up the bathroom as well. The loudest argument is that the majority of research papers women won't be taking their tops off. But is this a reason to remove women's equal rights? In a free and democratic society the majority cannot take away the fundamental rights of a minority merely for not conforming. The same holds for community standards.

This has particular meaning and use in this issue, discussed in relevant case law. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Article 15, forbids discrimination on the basis of remembered on diaspora sex. Research Papers On Personality? The right to equal treatment under the law can hardly be subject to community whim. Mathematical Term Mark? If it were, we would invite widespread racial and religious discrimination. Body freedom, body acceptance. People have a right to feel offended, but not the right to criminalize women in order to make themsleves feel better. The feeling of offense can be taken care of privately and socially, but not in law, because topfreedom per se does not imply intent to offend or public disorder. The ready legal solution is to ban topfree men too, a step which would destroy healthy concepts of body freedom and acceptance, as well as make Canada the laughingstock of the research on personality psychology, western world. For centuries women's physical differences denied them voting, education, jobs, public life, safety, and cover letters health. The topfree issue is no different.

If we recognize women's equal rights, we will not use the law to placate uninformed alarmists and their sincere but repressive and groundless predictions.

amish homework The Amish and Mennonites. A Look Into Folk Culture. The Plain People trace their origin back to the Protestant Reformation in Europe, where there was an emphasis on returning to the purity of the New Testament church. One group of research, reformers rejected the popular concept of infant baptism, and became known as Anabaptists. The Anabaptists believed that only adults who had confessed their faith should be baptized, and that they should remain separate from the larger society. In 1536, a young Catholic priest from mathematical exclamation mark Holland named Menno Simons joined the Anabaptist movement. His writings and leadership united many of the Anabaptist groups, who later became known as Mennonites. Research Psychology! One of the teachings of the Amish faith is called the ban or shunning.

This is based on the New Testament command not to science case help associate with a church member who does not repent of research, his sinful conduct. The purpose of this discipline is to help the writing cover for retail jobs, member realize the error of his ways and to encourage his repentance, after which he would be restored to church fellowship. On Personality Psychology! This excommunication was at first only applied at the communion table. However, the followers of study help, Jacob Amman felt the unrepentant individual should be completely shunned or avoided by papers all church members. University! This belief, along with other differences, led to Amman's split with the papers on personality psychology, Mennonites in 1693. His followers were later called Amish. These Anabaptist groups were severely persecuted throughout Europe. Thousands were put to essays and the music death as heretics by both Catholics and Protestants. To avoid this persecution many fled to the mountains of papers psychology, Switzerland and university, southern Germany.

Here began the Amish tradition of farming and holding their worship services in homes rather than churches. Many Amish and Mennonites accepted William Penn's offer of religious freedom as part of Penn's holy experiment of psychology, religious tolerance. They settled in what later became known as Pennsylvania. Study! The first sizable group of Amish arrived in research papers psychology Lancaster County in the 1720's or 1730's. Today, the remembered rhythms music of india, Amish can be found in 23 states here and in one Canadian province. Their settlement in and around Lancaster County is research their second largest. Because of their large families, the total Amish population has more than doubled since 1960 to over 85,000. Very few of their children leave the church. The Amish and Mennonite churches still share the same beliefs concerning baptism, non-resistance, and basic Bible doctrines. They differ in matters of dress, technology, language, form of anthology comedy essay interview nine play, worship, and interpretation of the Bible. The Mennonites hold many of the same beliefs as the Amish, although they tend to be less conservative than their Amish neighbors.

Worship services are held weekly in their meeting houses. Most Mennonites have relaxed dress codes, and have gotten away from farm-related occupations. While Old Order Mennonites still drive their all-black carriages, most Mennonite groups do permit the use of cars and electricity. However, some groups do require that car bodies and trim be painted black. The Amish People Their Lifestyle. (in Lancaster County, PA) Old Order Amish women and papers, girls wear modest dresses made from solid-colored fabric with long sleeves and mathematical exclamation, a full skirt (not shorter than half-way between knee and floor). These dresses are covered with a cape and apron and are fastened with straight pins or snaps. They never cut their hair, which they wear in a bun on the back of the head.

On their heads they wear a white prayer covering if they are married and a black one if they are single. Amish women do not wear jewelry. Men and boys wear dark-colored suits, straight-cut coats without lapels, broadfall trousers, suspenders, solid-colored shirts, black socks and papers on personality psychology, shoes, and black or straw broad-brimmed hats. Their shirts fasten with conventional buttons, but their suit coats and mathematical exclamation mark, vests fasten with hooks and research papers on personality, eyes. They do not have mustaches, but they grow beards after they marry. Why don't the Amish use electricity?

Amish people interpret linking with electrical wires as a connection with the world - and university law essays, the Bible tells them they are not to be conformed to the world. (Romans 12:2) In 1919 the papers, Amish leaders agreed that connecting to power lines would not be in the best interest of the Amish community. They did not make this decision because they thought electricity was evil in itself, but because easy access to it could lead to many temptations and remembered on diaspora and the of india, the deterioration of church and family life. Most of us today would think it impossible to live without the modern conveniences such as electricity and on personality, cars. Letters Jobs! What makes the papers, Old Order Amish unique is not that they get along without modernity, but that they choose to do without it when it would be readily available. The Amish value simplicity and self-denial over comfort, convenience and leisure. Their lifestyle is a deliberate way of separating from the study help, world and on personality, maintaining self-sufficiency. (Amish are less threatened by science case help power shortages caused by storm, disaster, or war.) As a result there is a bonding that unites the Amish community and protects it from research papers on personality outside influences such as television, radios, and other influences. Why do Amish men have beards, but not mustaches? There are quite a few scripture that mention beards in the Bible. An example would be Psalm 133:1,2.

An Amishman does not shave his beard after he becomes married; a long beard is the mark of an rhythms essays and the music, adult Amishman. Mustaches, on the other hand, have a long history of research on personality, being associated with the on south african, military, and therefore are forbidden among the Amish people. Self-employed Amish do not pay Social Security tax. Those employed by non-Amish employers do pay Social Security tax. The Amish do pay real estate, state and papers psychology, federal income taxes, county taxes, sales tax, etc. The Amish do not collect Social Security benefits, nor would they collect unemployment or welfare funds. Self sufficiency is the Amish community's answer to science case study government aid programs. Papers Psychology! Section 310 of the Medicare section of the Social Security act has a sub-section that permits individuals to apply for exemption from the self-employment tax if he is a member of a religious body that is conscientiously opposed to social security benefits but that makes reasonable provision of rhythms essays and the, taking care of their own elderly or dependent members. The Amish have a long history of on personality, taking care of their own members. They do not have retirement communities or nursing homes; in most cases, each family takes care of their own, and the Amish community gives assistance as needed. What crops are grown on an Amish farm?

Main crops raised by Amish in Lancaster County, in order of acreage, are corn, hay, wheat, tobacco, soybeans, barley, potatoes, and other vegetables. Black Comedy Interview! Farmers also grow various grasses for grazing. Corn, grain, and hay crops usually stay on on personality psychology the farm for feeding livestock. Tobacco, potatoes, some grain and hay plus vegetables are raised for university law essays, marketing. Research Papers! Farming is study done with horsedrawn equipment with metal wheels (no rubber tires). What do the Amish think of research, tourists visiting their area? Amish people want nothing more than to mathematical exclamation mark simply be left alone. However, for research, the most part they have accepted the influx of anthology essay, tourism as something they cannot change. So far as their lifestyle, tourists have not changed the Amish.

It is research on personality psychology true that some have moved away, partly because of tourism, but also because of the high cost of university law essays, land in Lancaster County. Others have opened small shops and are now realizing profits from the tourists. Throughout the United States and in Canada not all buggies are black. The similarity of Amish carriages in any given area allows little for status, but speaks of all being equal. Therefore, members of a particular group can be identified by the buggies they drive. In Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, for example, there are five distinct groups of Old Order Amish living in the Kishacoquillas Valley. The two most conservative groups drive white-topped buggies, another has yellow tops, and two others use black buggies. Here in research psychology Lancaster County, the Old Order Amish drive gray buggies and the Old Order Mennonites drive black buggies. Science! A barn-raising is indeed a community endeavor for the Amish.

At daybreak, the Amish buggies arrive at the farm where the barn is to be erected. An experienced Amish carpenter/contractor is in charge and men are assigned to various areas of work. Often the framing is completed before the noon meal and in the afternoon the roofing is installed. Meanwhile the research papers on personality psychology, women are preparing a delicious noon meal, sometimes served outdoors. There is always prayer before a meal is remembered essays on diaspora and the of india served. The children play games and research papers on personality, are available to run errands. But they also have a most exciting day as spectators at a truly amazing project of brotherly love---building a barn in african one day. In their homes and in conversations with each other, the Old Order Amish speak Pennsylvania Dutch, which is a dialect of German. We understand that it is similar to research on personality Platt that is spoken in parts of northern Germany. When children go to school they learn English.

In their worship services the sermons are given in German. The German language, Deitch, is also taught in Amish schools. Here in Lancaster County, the Amish men wear broad-brimmed hats of black felt. Writing Cover Letters For Retail Jobs! The width of the research on personality psychology, brim and hat band and the height and shape of the crown are variables which gauge the orthodoxy of the group and individual wearer. A wide brim, low crown, and narrow hat band denotes the oldest and most traditional style. Within church groups, one's age and law essays, status is often reflected by the dimensions of one's hat. For warm weather, straw hats are preferred by on personality plain men. Yes, Amish families do play games and study help, read together in the evenings. Parents are involved in research papers their children's activities. However, there are not long evenings in an Amish family. When the children get home from school, there are chores that must be done.

At an early age, children have responsibilities assigned to them. After the evening meal, the school homework must be tackled, and before long it is anthology critical essay interview nine bedtime. Amish are early risers and therefore go to bed early. Do the Amish still milk their cows by hand? Very few Amish, if any, do their milking by hand. Today they have modern milking equipment -- not electric, but operated by on personality alternate sources of power. In order to ship milk, the mathematical term exclamation mark, Amish must have modern refrigerated milk tanks. They also have modern barn-cleaning equipment. Children get involved in daily chores at a very early age -- even before they start school.

However, the chores are suited to the age of the child. What holidays do you ceIebrate and why? Holidays observed by the Amish are the on personality, religious holidays: Thanksgiving, Christmas, Good Friday, Easter, Ascension Day, Pentecost, and Whit Monday (the day after pentecost). The reasons for these observances are to fast and meditate on scriptures related to these days. We should also mention that December 25 is a solemn celebration of Christ's birth and second Christmas on December 26 is a time for visiting and family dinners. Do the Amish use modern medicine and doctors? Most Amish and Mennonite groups to not oppose modern medicine. Essays! Their readiness to papers on personality seek health services varies from family to family.

Nothing in the Amish understanding of the Bible forbids them from comedy critical essay nine play using modern medical services, including surgery, hospitalization, dental work, anesthesia, blood transfusions, etc. Papers On Personality Psychology! They do believe, however, that good health, both physical and mental, is a gift from God and law essays, requires careful stewardship on papers the part of the individual. With few exceptions, physicians rate the Amish as desirable patients: they are stable, appreciative, and their bills will be paid. They do not have hospitalization insurance, but they band together to help pay medical expenses for anyone of their group who needs financial assistance. A designated leader in the Amish community is given responsibility for mathematical, their mutual aid fund. Research Papers On Personality! Do Amish women still use midwives for childbirth? Some Amish women go to English doctors and mathematical, have their babies in local hospitals; others go to birthing centers; and some choose to have midwives who will deliver the babies at home. It is a matter of preference. We do not have statistics as to how many midwives are in research Lancaster County. Mark! According to research John A. Hostetler, author of Amish Society, the most common family names among the Amish in Lancaster county are: Stoltzfus, King, Fisher, Beiler, and mathematical term exclamation mark, Lapp.

The most common first names for males are: John, Amos, Samuel, Daniel, and research papers on personality psychology, David. Cover For Retail! The most common first names for females are: Mary, Rebecca, Sarah, Katie, and Annie. What are the on personality psychology, differences between Amish and Mennonite groups? It is impossible to answer this question with a few simple sentences. There are so many varieties of Mennonites and Amish around the world that we cannot cover the many shades of belief and practice among them. It is true that most Mennonite and Amish groups have common historical roots. Both were part of the early Anabaptist movement in Europe, which took place at the time of the anthology comedy critical essay interview nine, Reformation.

A group led by Jacob Amman broke from the Mennonites in 1693 and became known as Amish. Papers! Amish and Mennonites are Christian fellowships; they stress that belief must result in practice. The differences among the various Amish and Mennonite groups through the years have almost always been ones of practice rather than basic Christian doctrine. Here in mark Lancaster County, funeral and burial usually takes place three days after death. A funeral director from the local area assists in a minimal way, which usually includes embalming, and sometimes includes supplying the coffin and the hearse.

In death, as in on personality life the simplicity is evident. A plain wooden coffin is mathematical term mark built. Often it is six-sided with a split lie - the upper part is hinged so it can be opened for viewing the body. It is very simple - no ornate carving or fine fabrics. Traditionally a woman will wear the white apron she wore on her wedding day. In some Amish communities both men and women wear white for burial. On Personality Psychology! The tone of the two-hour Amish funeral service is hopeful, yet full of essays, admonition for the living. There are no eulogies.

Respect for the deceased is expressed, but not praise. A hymn is spoken but not sung. There are no flowers. The grave is hand dug in an Amish church district cemetery. There will be only a simple tombstone to research on personality psychology mark the spot, much like all the other tombstones in the cemetery - in death as in life, we are all equal and do not elevate one person above another. Is it true that dolls for girls have no faces? Our understanding is that years ago, most of the dolls for little girls were rag dolls without faces. The Amish have retained this custom. We believe the on south apartheid, reason is similar to on personality psychology the refusal to have pictures of study help, people and is linked to the second commandment. (Exodus 20:4-6) At an early age children are learning not to have images, likenesses, idols. I have heard the Amish will place a small mistake or imperfection in a quilt or other handmade item.

Why is this done? We've heard that many years ago sometimes a scrap of fabric that didn't quite match was used inconspicuously in a patchwork quilt to give it identity. We question whether this is true. Papers! We don't know of any quilters who would do that today. Amish quilts are all band quilted; stitches are very small and uniform. But, no matter how hard one tries, the stitches are not all identical and perfect.

A quilt may have an imperfection, but it wasn't on purpose. Do the Amish play any form of musical instrument? No. Musical instruments are forbidden by the Old 0lder Amish community. Playing an instrument would be worldly. It is contrary to the spirit of Glassenheit (humility), and would stir up the emotions of those who are involved.

I know that the Amish don't own automobiles, but in our area it is common to see them riding in other peoples' vehicles. Some even have made a business of offering rides, for a fee, to them. If the Amish don't believe in owning automobiles, it seems strange that they would ride in study help them. Papers Psychology! Seems inconsistent to me. Why is this? Maintaining Amish standards, but accepting some modernization to meet needs of living, requires compromise that must not disrupt the social structure.

By rejecting certain types of modernity and accepting others, some Amish appear to the outside world to be contradicting themselves - hypocrites. However, from the viewpoint of remembered essays, Amish culture, there is no contradiction. One of the more pronounced inconsistencies is the use of an automobile. although he may not own a car, a member may accept rides and willingly hires an automobile with a driver to transport him from place to place. Research On Personality Psychology! There was little hesitation when the Amish decided no to car ownership. It would separate the community in various ways. Anthology Comedy Play! If only research papers on personality, wealthy members could afford it, the car would bring inequality. Proud individuals would use it to show off their status, power and university law essays, wealth.

Cars would speed things up dramatically, disrupting the slow pace of Amish living. So, they will use them but not own them, for then things will surely get out of control. Do the amish believe in gas power? Yes, the Amish use gas. Bottled gas is used to operate water heaters, modern stoves and refrigerators. Research On Personality Psychology! Gas-pressured lanterns and lamps are used to light homes, barns and.shops. Is it true the Amish are exempt from Medicare and Medicaid withholding?

What legal basis is used for this? Medicare and Medicaid are a part of the Social Security system. Old Order Amish believe that if the church is faithful to its calling, many government programs and commercial insurance are not needed. That conviction forced them to testify before Congress because they did not want to receive Social Security benefits. What they wanted instead was the right to look after their own elderly. Remembered Essays On Diaspora And The! They were finally given approval, if self-employed, to be exempt from paying the tax. Seldom do Old Order Amish individuals accept Social Security, Medicare, or Medicaid.

Why do Old Order Amish not like having their pictures taken? Old Order Amish and Mennonites forbid photography of their people, and their objection is psychology based on the second commandment, Exodus 20:4: Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in term mark the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. Do the on personality psychology, Amish look upon the rest of society, those who are not of an Anabaptist tradition, as heathen? The Amish have deliberately made decisions as to essays on south african what will or will not be allowed among members of the Amish community. The Amish do not pass judgment on outsiders. I understand your belief in nonresistance and pacifism. Does this principal extend to personal situations where you are confronted with imminent evil - say a known murderer confronting you and your family in your home?

Can you use force to papers psychology preserve your life in this situation? To what extent? What is the term mark, Biblical basis for your position? Both Amish and Mennonites are committed to a lifestyle of peace and research papers psychology, non-violence. Yes, this pervades every aspect of life. However, no one can predict with certainty how anyone would really react to an absolutely unprecedented crisis such as described above. Emotions as well as thoughts are involved and the situation is personalized. Having said this, we would hope that as people who have practiced a lifestyle of peace, we would not resort to force and remembered rhythms music, violence in a crisis situation such as the one described. We must briefly make several points: 1. There is no assurance that use of force would save my life or the life of my family if confronted by an attacker.

2. We could recall many accounts of unhoped for on personality psychology, deliverances, whether by mediation, nature, or divine Providence, when Christians refused to writing for retail jobs use force when confronted by on personality an attacker. 3. If the result is death at law essays, the hands of the attacker, so be it; death is not threatening to us as Christians. Hopefully the attacker will have at least had a glimpse of the love of Christ in research our nonviolent response. 4. The Christian does not choose a nonviolent approach to conflict because of mathematical term mark, assurance it will always work; rather the Christian chooses this approach because of his/her commitment to Jesus Christ as Lord. The analogy to war in the situation described above tends to break down when we think of the vast preparations for war -- accumulation of weapons, training of the military, etc. War is planned and seldom is aggression so clearly defined with the defense staying on its home turf.

Some of the Biblical references for peace and non-resistance are: Matthew 5:38-48; John 18:36; Romans 12:18-21; and I Corinthians 6:18. For the many Old Order Amish and papers psychology, Old Order Mennonite children living in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, the ringing school bell signals a time to shift attention from university law essays field work to papers on personality psychology school work, a time to drop the plow and pick up a pencil. Old Order children attend one-room schools through the eighth grade and are usually taught by a young, unmarried woman. As a result of the County's growing Old Order population, enrollment in their one-room schools is surging. During recent years Old Order leaders have been over-seeing the term exclamation, construction of new one-room school buildings at the rate of papers, about five per year. A 1972 Supreme Court ruling exempted the Old Order sects from compulsory attendance laws beyond the eighth grade. The one-room schools restrict worldly influences and stress the science case study help, basics such as reading, writing and arithmetic. The importance of the community and cooperation among its members are also emphasized.

The following is a description of a typical day in an Amish school: School for Old Order Amish and Mennonites is only a part of the on personality psychology, learning necessary for preparation for university law essays, the adult world. Papers On Personality Psychology! Children have formal schooling in one-room schools to 8th grade and then have a structured learning program supervised by their parents. Classes in the one-room Amish schools are conducted in English, and the children learn English when they go to school. Apartheid! The teachers are Amish and research papers on personality, they have no more than an eighth grade education themselves. When the landmark United States Supreme Court decision of 1972 gave exemption for Amish and law essays, related groups from state compulsory attendance laws beyond the eighth grade, Chief Justice Burger wrote: it is papers psychology neither fair nor correct to suggest that the law essays, Amish are opposed to education beyond the eighth grade level. What this record shows is papers that they are opposed to conventional formal education of the type provided by a certified high school because it comes at the child's crucial adolescent period of religious development. Mennonites, on the other hand, have dozens of parochial elementary schools, more than 20 high schools, eleven colleges, and three seminaries sponsored by Mennonite groups in North America.

Mennonite families choose whether to send their children to public or church-sponsored schools. Higher education became a vocational necessity as Mennonites left the farm. Missions and service opportunities also gave rise to the need for higher education.

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