Cosmetics business plan

A Step-by-Step Guide to business, Writing Winning Essay Contest Entries. Custom Writting. Did you know that you can win prizes with your writing? Essay contests are a fun way to turn your creativity and your command of the written word into great prizes. If you#39;d like to up your game and increase your odds of having your entry chosen as the winner, follow these ten steps for winning essay contests. The very first thing that you should do to help yourself win essay contests is to read the rules thoroughly. Overlooking one small detail could be the difference between winning the contest and wasting a perfectly good essay. Pay special attention to the start and closing dates, the entry frequency, and any essay requirements like word or character count, the contest#39;s theme, and any other details the sponsor requires. It might help you to print out the sweepstakes rules and cosmetics business highlight the most important elements, or to write down notes and keep them close at hand. Essay. If you summarize the relevant rules in a checklist, you can easily check the requirements off when you have finished your essay to ensure you haven#39;t overlooked anything.

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Read your essay aloud to business plan, them and check their reactions. Did they smile at should be in the introduction of a the right parts? Did it make sense to them? This is also a good time to cosmetics, ask a friend to double-check your spelling and grammar. Even your computer#39;s spell check programs make mistakes sometimes, so it#39;s helpful to heros, have another person read it through. If you#39;ve been following these directions, you#39;ve already read through the contest rules carefully, but now that you#39;ve written your draft and cosmetics business had some time to should the introduction of a, think things over, it#39;s a good idea to cosmetics, double-check to make sure you haven#39;t overlooked anything.

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Bibliometrics, Citation And Citation Analysis. Chapter 3: Bibliometrics, Citation and Citation Analysis. Dr. Ranganathan S. Cosmetics Business Plan? R. (1969) coined the term 'Librametry' and presented his concept in ASLIB conference held at walk Leamington Spa. He used the term to include statistical approaches to study library and its services. However, the practice of using quantitative method to measure information sources were made even before Dr.

Ranganathan but under different terms or without any particular term but 'Statistical Analysis' was in common use before the term Librametry. Cole and Eales (1917) graphically mapped the literature and called this method of analysis as 'Statistical analysis'. Hulme (1923) studied the literature and called it 'statistical bibliography', but the terms were found to be clumsy as it could easily be mistaken. Later the term was coined as bibliometrics by Pritchard (1969). 3.2 Different Terminologies in Use:- Many attempts have been made to define the term bibliometrics and its analogous terms since the use of the term 'statistical bibliography' by Hulme (1923), and according to him 'the purpose of statistical bibliography is to throw light on the process of cosmetics written communication and the nature and course of development of a discipline (in so far as this is displayed through written communication) by means of counting and what should the introduction of a analyzing its various facets of written communication'.

Raising (1962), in his article clearly defined the term statistical bibliography as 'the assembling and interpretation of statistics relating to books and periodicals to demonstrate historical movements and to determine national and cosmetics plan universal research, use of books and journal, and to ascertain in many local situations the general use of books and journals'. This definition is also treated as one of the classical definitions of bibliometrics. Heros Walk Essay? The term Bibliometrics was first coined by Pritchard (1969) in preference to plan existing terminology 'statistical bibliography' as he felt there is fair likelihood to misinterpret it as bibliometrical methods to space homework books and plan other media of communication'. Toefl Kaliplari? According to Fairthorne (1969), statistical bibliography was 'Quantitative treatment of properties of recorded discourse and behaviour appertaining to it'. British Standard Glossary (1976) of documentation explained the term bibliometrics as 'the study of use of documents and cosmetics plan patterns of toefl essay publication in which mathematical and statistical methods have been applied' which is basically similar to Pritchard's original definition of bibliometrics.

Hawkins (1977), in his on-line bibliometrics study interpreted bibliometrics term as 'The quantitative analysis of the bibliographic features of a body of cosmetics business literature'. Nicholas and Ritchie (1978), in their books entitled 'Literature on Bibliometrics' opined that bibliometrics provided information about the structure of knowledge and how it is communicated? They further added that bibliometrics studies fall mainly into two broad groups, describing characteristics or features of a literature (descriptive studies) and what the introduction of a those examining the relationship formed between the components of literature (behavioural studies). More recently Plotter (1981) had defined bibliometrics as 'the study and measurement of the publication patterns of all forms of written communication and their authorship'. Schrader (1981), has also tried to define the term in a more simplified manner and stated that bibliometrics is 'the scientific study of recorded discourse.' Broadus (1987b) presented a historical overview of various definitions of bibliometrics and proposed an cosmetics business plan, alternative definition for custom writting, bibliometrics. According to him, bibliometrics is the quantitative study of physically published units or of cosmetics plan bibliographic units or of essay causes french revolution surrogates of either. More explicitly Sengupta (1990), defines the term as 'organization, classification and cosmetics business plan quantitative evaluations along with their authorship by mathematical and statistical calculus'. A more elaborate concept of bibliometrics has been recently explained by Egghe (2000), as 'development and french revolution application of mathematical models and techniques to all aspects of communications.' From these definitions it is business concluded that statistical bibliography is replaced by bibliometrics and it means study of measurement of the publication patterns of all forms of written communication and their authorship by means of using citation studies. 3.3 What is Bibliometrics? The term 'bibliometrics' was first used by Pritchard (1969) in his article 'Statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics' published in the 'Journal of Documentation'. 'Biblio' means book and 'Metric' means a scale or measure. Bibliometric means application of statistical studies in library and information science.

According to Pritchard (1969), bibliometrics is defined as 'the application of mathematics and statistical methods to books and other media of communication.' Potter (1981) defines bibliometrics as 'the study and measurement of the publication pattern of all forms of written communication and their author'. In Bibliometrics and Librametry as an area in which studies 'information process and information handling in libraries and information canters by quantitatively analyzing the characteristics and behaviour of custom writting documents, library staff, and library users.' The study of bibliometrics and Librametry include bibliometric distribution, citation analysis, library use studies, etc. It is business plan also a quantitative study of literatures as reflected in bibliographies. Bibliometrics is the causes revolution use of quantitative analysis and cosmetics statistics to describe patterns of publication within a given field or body of space homework literature. Bibliometrics is a set of methods to quantitatively analyze scientific and technological literature (Bellis 2009). The commonly used bibliometric methods are citation analysis and content analysis. Content analysis or textual analysis is cosmetics plan a methodology used in short essay causes, the social sciences for cosmetics plan, studying the content of custom writting communication. Earl Babbie (2010) defines it as the study of cosmetics business recorded human communications, such as books, websites, paintings and laws.

According to thesis Farooq Joubish (2011), content analysis is considered a scholarly methodology in the humanities by which texts are studied as to cosmetics authorship, authenticity, or meaning. Later subject includes were philology, hermeneutics, and semiotics. Essay? Lasswell (1951, p.525 ) formulated the core questions of content analysis and stated that 'Who says what, to whom, why, to what extent and with what effect? Ole Holsti (1969) offers a broad definition of content analysis as any technique for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of messages. Kimberly (2002) offers a six-part definition of content analysis:Content analysis is a summarizing, quantitative analysis of plan messages that relies on the scientific method (including attention to objectivity, inter subjectivity, a priori design, reliability, validity, generalisability, replicability, and hypothesis testing) and is not limited as to the types of variables that may be measured or the context in short causes revolution, which the messages are created or presented. Garfield (1983) and Richard (2010) defined citation analysis as 'the examination of the frequency, patterns, and graphs of citations in articles and cosmetics business plan books'. Content analysis uses citations in scholarly works to establish links to essay other works or other researchers.

Citation analysis is one of the most widely used methods of bibliometrics. Martyn (1976), defined citation analysis as, 'Analysis of the citations or references or both which forms of part of the scholarly publication.' According to Baughman (1974), 'Citation study is a systematic enquiry into the structural properties of the literature of the subject' he explains that the structure of literature is of a good quality. Bibliometric method is plan most often used in the field of library and information science; as well it has an space homework, equal applicability in other areas also. Cosmetics Plan? In fact, in barton, many research fields use of bibliometric methods is business carried out to explore the impact of their field, the impact of a set of toefl essay researchers, or the impact of cosmetics plan a particular paper etc. Bibliometrics are now used in quantitative research assessment exercises of academic output (Henderson et al 2009). The UK government is considering using bibliometrics as a possible auxiliary tool in essay kaliplari, its Research Excellence Framework, a process which may assess the quality of the research output of UK universities and on the basis of the cosmetics assessment results, allocate research funding (http://www.ref.ac.uk/) Bibliometric methods have been used to trace relationships amongst academic journal citations. Heros Walk? Citation analysis, which involves examining an item's referring documents, is used in searching for materials and analyzing their merit. Citation indices, such as Institute for Scientific Information's Web of Science, allow users to search forward in time from a known article to more recent publications which cite the known item.

Today citation analysis tools are easily available to compute various impact measures for scholars based on data from citation indices. These have various applications, from the identification of expert referees to review papers and business grant proposals, to providing transparent data in support of academic merit review, tenure, and promotion decisions. Nicholas (1978) in his article 'Literature and Bibliometrics' explained the importance of space homework citation analysis and its applications in LIS. He pointed out that information scientists and librarians use citation analysis to quantitatively assess the cosmetics core journal titles and watershed publications(less used or border lined publications) in particular disciplines; interrelationships between authors from different institutions and schools of thought; and related data about the academia. Some more pragmatic applications of this information includes the planning of essay revolution retrospective bibliographies, finding the age of material used in a discipline (Half life) , and comparison between use of recent publications versus older ones, comparing the coverage of secondary services which can help publishers gauge their achievements and competition, and can aid librarians in evaluating the effectiveness of their stock. There are also some limitations to the value of citation data. They are often incomplete or biased; data has been largely collected manually (which is expensive), though citation indexes can also be used; incorrect citing of sources occurs continually; thus, further investigation is required to cosmetics plan truly understand the rationale behind citing to allow it to be confidently applied. Thus it is revealed that bibliometric method is very useful to analyze the impact of literature in any subject areas and in LIS it is useful to space homework decide the policies for different activities like acquisition, organization, stacking, introduction of new service, ranking of periodicals, half life of literature in any subject discipline formatting and collection development policies and related policies etc. 3.4 Laws of Bibliometrics:- The three most commonly used laws in bibliometrics are.

1) Bradford's Law of Scatter: - which describes how the literature of a subject area is cosmetics business distributed in its journals and which forms the basis for calculating how many journals contain a certain percentage of published articles? 2) Lotka's Law of Scientific Productivity: - A formula for measuring / predicting the custom writting productivity of scientific researchers. 3) Zipf's Law of Word Occurrence: - which describes the frequency of the appearance of certain words or more specifically, suggests that people are more likely to select and use familiar rather than unfamiliar words. Among all these three laws, Bradford's Law is more useful to business LIS professionals and related to citation analysis. 3.4.1 Bradford's Law of Scatter:- Bradford (1934), pointed out toefl essay kaliplari, that if scientific journals are arranged in order of decreasing productivity of articles on a given subject, they may be divided into a nucleus of periodicals more particularly devoted to the subject and several groups and zones containing the same number of business articles as the nucleus when the of clara number of periodicals in the nucleus and succeeding zones will be 1: n: n2.

Bradford's Law states that journals in a single field can be divided into three parts, each containing the same number of articles: * A core of cosmetics journals on the subject, relatively few in number, that produces approximately one-third of all the articles; * A second zone, containing the same number of articles as the barton first, but a greater number of journals, and. * A third zone, containing the same number of articles as the cosmetics second, but a still greater number of journals. The mathematical relationship of the number of essay journals core to the first zone is a constant n and to the second zone the business plan relationship is n. Bradford expressed this relationship as 1 : n : n. Bradford formulated his law after studying a bibliography of geophysics, covering 326 journals in the field. He discovered that 9 journals contained 429 articles, 59 contained 499 articles, and what be in 258 contained 404 articles. So it took 9 journals to business plan contribute one-third of the articles, 5 times of 9, or 45, to produce the of a next third, and 5 times 5 times 9, or 225, to produce the last third.

Bradford's Law serves as a general guideline to librarians in plan, determining the number of core journals in any given field. Custom Writting? Bradford's Law is not statistically accurate, but it is still commonly used as a general rule of thumb. 3.4.2 What is Citation:- Citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). Business Plan? More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression (e.g.

Newell84) embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an space homework, entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to cosmetics business plan the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears. Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and heros walk essay the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not). A prime purpose of a citation is plan intellectual honesty to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources and to allow the reader to determine independently whether the what the introduction referenced material supports the business plan author's argument in the claimed way. 3.4.3 What is Reference:- Reference is derived from Middle English referren, from Middle French rfrer, from Latin referre, to carry back, formed from the prefix re- and ferre, to bear. A large number of words derived from this root, including referee, reference, referendum, all retaining the basic meaning of the original Latin as a point, place or source of origin. A referee is the provider of this source of origin, and a referent is the possessor of the custom writting source of origin, whether it is knowledge, matter or energy. Business Plan? Because of its meaning, the word reference is used in every sphere of human knowledge, adopting shades of meaning particular to the contexts in which it is used.

References can take on should the introduction many forms, including: a thought, a sensory perception that is audible (onomatopoeia), visual (text), olfactory, or tactile, emotional state, relationship with other, space-time coordinate, symbolic or alpha-numeric, a physical object or an cosmetics business plan, energy projection; but, other concrete and abstract contexts exist as methods of heros walk essay defining references within the scope of the various fields that require an origin, point of departure, or an original form. Plan? This includes methods that intentionally hide the reference from some observers, as in cryptography. Citations are measured to find the different use patterns like author, chronology, geography, subject, forms etc in LIS. An essential part of thesis barton research papers, particularly in science is the list of references indicating towards prior publications. Ziman (1968) has rightly indicated 'a scientific paper does not stand alone; it is embedded in the literature of the subject'. Similarly Nann (1976) defines 'A reference is the cosmetics business acknowledgement that one document gives to another; a citation is the acknowledgement that one document receives from another'. Malin (1968) says 'A citation implies a relationship between a part or the kaliplari whole of the cited document and a part or the whole of the citing document.' From these statements of stalwarts it is very clear that citation has an plan, importance while publishing scientific or research communications. It is must to cite the toefl essay kaliplari author from which data is used.

The research activity built on citing papers and using previous knowledge. The use of citation and its study reveals many concepts useful for developing libraries properly. Citation analysis is the area of business bibliometrics which deals with the study of their relationships which might be useful for bridging research. Weinstock (1974) identified reasons for citing and quoting references in research study as under. 1. Giving homage to pioneers. 2. Giving credit for related works (Homage to barton Press.)

3. Identifying methodology, equipment etc. 4. Providing background reading. 5. Correcting one's own work. 6. Correcting the work of others. 7. Criticizing previous work and adding quality and innovation. 8. Substantiating claims.

9. Alerting to forthcoming work. 10. Providing leads to poorly disseminated or poorly indexed or uncited work. 11. Authenticating data and classes of fact-physical constants etc. 12. Identifying original publications in which an idea or concept was discussed. 13. Identifying original publication or other work describing a concept or term (e.g.HODGKIN'S Disease Pareto's Law, Friedel-Crafts reaction etc.) 14. Disclaiming work or ideas of others. (Negative Claims)

15. Business Plan? Disputing priority claims of be in the introduction of a others. Business? (Negative Homage) Apart from these points references appended in the research study is valid indicator of its significance. The facts stated in the research needs to be supported by earlier citations (studies) and there is always a relation between citing theses or book or an article indicating similarity of the research. 3.4.4 Importance of Citations:- Ziman (1968), Price (1968), Narin (1976), Marin (1968) had opened that citations plays an space homework, important role in research. Father they added that scientific paper or scientific research does not go alone, but it is embedded in the subject of literature, as a reference (citation) which is acknowledgement for the use of information by the another author who cites in his writing. The relation of cited and cosmetics business citing document stating 'a citation implies relationship between a part or the short essay causes french revolution whole of the cited document and cosmetics a part or the whole of the citing document.' Citation analysis is the area dealing with the bibliometrics and deals with study of relationship of cited and citing document and such studies are essential to track the scholarly development in any subject field. 3.5 Citation Analysis:- When one author cites another author, a relationship is established.

Citation analysis uses citations in scholarly works to toefl essay kaliplari establish links. Cosmetics Business Plan? Many different links can be ascertained, such as links between authors, between scholarly works, between journals, between fields, or even between countries. Citations both from and to space homework a certain document may be studied. Plan? One very common use of citation analysis is to determine the impact of a single author on a given field by counting the causes revolution number of business plan times the author has been cited by others. One possible drawback of this approach is that authors may be citing the essay causes french revolution single author in a negative context (saying that the author doesn't know what s/he's talking about (Osareh 1996).

3.5.1 Co-citation Coupling:- Co-citation coupling is a method used to establish a subject similarity between two documents. If papers A and cosmetics B are both cited by paper C, they may be said to be related to one another, even though they don't directly cite each other. If papers A and B are both cited by many other papers, they have a stronger relationship. The more papers they are cited by, the stronger their relationship is. 3.5.2 Bibliographic Coupling:-

Bibliographic coupling operates on a similar principle, but in a way it is the mirror image of co-citation coupling. Bibliographic coupling links two papers that cite the same articles, so that if papers A and B both cite paper C, they may be said to be related, even though they don't directly cite each other. The more papers they both cite, the stronger their relationship is. 3.6 Reasons to conduct Bibliometric Studies:- Historically bibliometric methods have been used to trace relationships amongst academic journal citations. The bibliometric research uses various methods of citation analysis in order to establish relationships between authors or their work. The Bibliometric studies are conducted to identify the peers, social change and the core journal, etc. indexing and Thesaurus, research, formulating search strategies in case of automated system, comparative assessment of the secondary services, Bibliographic control, preparation of retrospective bibliographic and thesis of clara library Management.

Collection development includes planning, implementation and evaluation of collections (Baughman, 1977): Planning is to map information needs, to develop aims and make decisions about priorities. Knowledge about the structure of a subject field and about the information resources used in the field is needed for planning the plan collection. Bibliometric methods such as citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, co-word analysis and co-citation analysis can be used to map the knowledge structure and the use of literature. Kaliplari? Implementation of the collection includes library routines, communication and information provision. A working indexing language, which reflects the modern terminology, is needed to organise the business collection. Knowledge about the important themes in a field gives a base for developing the terminology. These themes are based on the knowledge structure received by bibliometric methods. Collection Evaluation is analysis and assessment of the collection according to its aim and functions. Different bibliometric methods such as citation analysis, analysis of the scattering of articles to journals and should of a analysis of the obsolescence of cosmetics business plan literature are used for this purpose.

Application of custom writting bibliometric research identified by Wallace (1989), indicated that the use is for developing libraries. - Improving the business bibliographic control of literature. - Identifying a core literature especially journals. - Classifying a literature. - Tracing the spread of ideas and growth of a literature. - Improving the efficiency of information handling services. - Predicting publishing trends and needs. - Describing patterns of book use by what should the introduction, patrons. - Developing and evaluating library collections. 3.7 Strengths of business Bibliometrics as a Research Approach:- Bibliometric studies are useful and have a quantitative base.

The method helps analysis status and strength is in: ' Methods are objective and repeatable. ' Results have a wide range of potential practical value. ' Does not require human subject interaction. ' High reliability in data that are collected unobtrusively, from the published record, and can be easily replicated by others. 3.7.1 Limitations of bibliometrics as a research approach:- Following few limitations of the study are observed by. Results are only valid to extent that citations are assumed to represent significant link between citing and cited documents. ' Technical issues related to data obtained from thesis of clara citation indexes and cosmetics plan bibliographies. ' Variations and misspelling of author names, authors with same name, incomplete coverage of non-English publications.

3.8 Application of Bradford's Law in Library and Information Science Research:- Bradford's law is toefl kaliplari used to solve problems in journal collection management as well as resource development in any libraries. The basic concept is to conduct Bradford analyses of business plan journals i.e. to sort the journals in Bradford zones and thus identify which belong to the core and which does not. Any Bradford analysis involves three steps. 1. Identify many or all items (usually articles) published in this field; 2. Of Clara? List the cosmetics business plan sources (usually journals) that publish the articles (or items) in rank order beginning with the source that produces the most items;

3. While retaining the order of the custom writting sources, divide this list into groups (or zones) so that the number of items produced by cosmetics business plan, each group of sources is about the same. The 'most obvious potentials' of Bradford analyses are: ' Defining the core. ' The law of diminishing returns. ' Calculation of of a cost based on various coverage. ' Setting priorities among journals. Bradford's law is cosmetics plan used to solve practical problems related to information seeking and retrieval. Custom Writting? An automatic option for sorting the plan output from online searches of journal literature, which he argued would help online users. Short Essay Causes Revolution? 'Computerized sorting of hits by the journals in which they appear, and then of journals, high to low, by the number of hits appearing in cosmetics business, each'. Special libraries and information officers make good use of data generated using bibliometric techniques in selecting and maintaining collections of the most needed serials. Bradford's law, Lotka's law, Zipf's law, and citation analysis have contributed to the introduction the effective operation of special libraries' From the various studies it is analysed major thrust areas of research in Library and Information Science are using application of bibliometrics and the reasons are: 1. Identify the quantum and structure literature on a specific subject during a particular period.

2. Cosmetics Business Plan? Examine the growth literature output in a subject during a period of heros time. 3. Cosmetics Business? Identify the source and country-wise distribution of research literature in a particular subject. 4. Compare and should be in of a measure the growth rate of literature on a particular subject in various countries. 5. Cosmetics Business Plan? Analyze the authorship pattern of literature on a particular subject published from various countries. 6. French Revolution? Analyze the degree of single versus multiple author publication and study the trend in authorship pattern. 7. Apply Lotka's authorship productivity concepts on the frequency distribution of authorship productivity. 8. Track the development of cosmetics business plan research literature on space homework a particular subject and its language of publication during the period of coverage and analyze the trend in the language of publication.

9. Study the language of the publication in the context of quantum of pages. 10. Study the cosmetics plan frequency distribution of applications in the context of country-wise breakdown. 11. Analyze quantitatively the annual literature output on a specific subject. 12. Identify the variety of research publication on custom writting a particular subject. 13. Analyze the trend among the cosmetics various types of publication. The recent developments and methods used and developed the techniques: 3.8.1 The impact factor:-

The impact factor, often abbreviated as IF, is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to articles published in science and social science journals. It is frequently used as a proxy for essay, the relative importance of a journal within its field. In case of journals with higher impact factors deemed to be more important than those of lower ones. The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the business Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), now part of Thomson Reuters. Impact factors are calculated yearly for those journals that are indexed in Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports and listed in . In a given year, the impact factor of a journal is the average number of citations received per paper published in that journal during the two preceding years.[ For example, if a journal has an thesis of clara barton, impact factor of plan 3 in heros essay, 2008, then its papers published in 2006 and 2007 received 3 citations each on cosmetics average in 2008.

The 2008 impact factor of a journal would be calculated as follows, 2008 impact factors are actually published in 2009; they cannot be calculated until all of the 2008 publications have been processed by the indexing agency. A = the of clara barton number of times articles published in 2006 and 2007 were cited by indexed journals during 2008. B = the total number of citable items published by that journal in 2006 and 2007. (Citable items are usually articles, reviews, proceedings, or notes; not editorials or Letters-to-the-Editor.) 2008 impact factor = A/B. If is used by many libraries as a tool for business plan, selecting Journals for subscription, similarly researcher try to contribute in using it journals for credits. New journals, which are indexed from their first published issue, will receive an toefl essay kaliplari, impact factor after two years of indexing; in this case, the citations to the year prior to Volume 1, and the number of articles published in the year prior to Volume 1 are known zero values. Journals that are indexed starting with a volume other than the cosmetics business first volume will not get an impact factor until they have been indexed for three years. Annuals and other irregular publications sometimes publish no items in a particular year, affecting the count. Should? The impact factor relates to a specific time period; it is cosmetics possible to calculate it for any desired period, and the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) also includes a 5-year impact factor.

The JCR shows rankings of journals by impact factor, by heros walk essay, discipline such as organic chemistry or psychiatry. The terminology used later and becomes popular is Infometrics which covers: The h-index is an index that attempts to measure both the productivity and impact of the published work of a scientist or scholar. The index is based on the set of the scientist's most cited papers and cosmetics business the number of citations that they have received in other publications. The index can also be applied to the productivity and impact of a group of scientists, such as a department or university or country. The index was suggested by Jorge E. Hirsch, a physicist, as a tool for determining theoretical physicists' relative quality and essay is sometimes called the Hirsch index or Hirsch number. The h-index can be manually determined using citation databases or using automatic tools.

Subscription-based databases such as Scopus and the Web of Knowledge provide automated calculators. Harzing's (2011) Publish or Perish program calculates the h-index based on Google Scholar entries. In July 2011 Google trialed a tool which allows a limited number of scholars to keep track of their own citations and also produces a h-index and an i10-index (Google Scholar Blog, 2011), the I10 index indicates the number of cosmetics plan academic papers an author has written that have at least ten citations from others. Space Homework? It was introduced in July 2011 by cosmetics, Google as part of their work on Google scholar. A search engine dedicated to custom writting academic and related papers. Each database is business plan likely to produce a study different h for the same scholar, because of of clara barton different coverage: Google Scholar has more citations than Scopus and Web of Science but the smaller citation collections tend to be more accurate. In addition, specific databases, such as the Stanford Physics Information Retrieval System (SPIRES) can automatically calculate h-index for researchers working in High Energy Physics. Infometrics is the study of cosmetics business quantitative aspects of information. Causes? This includes the production, dissemination and use of cosmetics all forms of information, regardless of its form or origin. As such, infometrics encompasses the fields of. ' Scientometrics, which studies quantitative aspects of science; ' Webometrics, which studies quantitative aspects of the World Wide Web; ' Cybermetrics, which is similar to webometrics, but broadens its definition to include electronic resources; ' Bibliometrics, which studies quantitative aspects of recorded information.

Scientometrics and webometrics are the latest methods. Scientometrics covers quantitative fashion of the development of science and of the mechanism of scientific research. ' Emphasizes investigations in which the development of science and of the mechanism of scientific research is studied by means of (statistical) mathematical methods. ' Publishes original studies, short communications, preliminary reports, review papers, letters to toefl kaliplari the editor and book reviews on scientometrics. ' Includes the Journal of Research Communication Studies. Scientometrics is concerned with the quantitative features and characteristics of science and cosmetics business scientific research. Emphasis is placed on investigations in which the development and mechanism of science are studied by statistical mathematical methods.

The journal publishes original studies, short communications, and preliminary reports, and review papers, letters to the editor and book reviews on scientometrics. Due to its fully interdisciplinary character, the journal is custom writting indispensable to research workers and research administrators. Cosmetics Business Plan? It provides valuable assistance to librarians and space homework documentalists in cosmetics plan, central scientific agencies, ministries, research institutes and laboratories. Scientometrics includes the Journal of Research Communication Studies. Consequently its aims and scope cover that of the latter, namely, to bring the results of such investigations together in one place. Bibliometrics and scientometrics are two closely related approaches to measuring scientific publications and french science in general, respectively. Plan? In practice, much of the work that falls under this header involves various types of citation analysis, which looks at how scholars cite one another in publications. This data can show quite a bit about networks of scholars and scholarly communication, links between scholars, and the development of custom writting areas of plan knowledge over time.

Bibliometrics are also one of the key ways of measuring the impact of scholarly publications. What Be In The Introduction? If an article is published in cosmetics, a journal with a high impact factor, which is determined in part by the number of citations to articles within a particular journal, this raises the publishing profile of the author. Toefl Essay? The number of cosmetics business plan citations to custom writting that article over time is also a key measure of the productivity and the impact of that scholar. These techniques are very well developed for traditional citations among journal articles, but are much less clear for new types of cosmetics business plan outputs, including data sets, websites, and what should be in the introduction digitized collections. For items such as these, when researchers have used the materials to support their publications, they often don't have clear methods available to them to cite the material. Many of the style guides do not have clear guidance for how to cite a database, for instance, or whether to cite a digitized resource in a way to identify its digital location, or that cites the original item, whether or not the researcher actually consulted it.

3.9.2 Webometrics (Cyber metrics):- The concept of webometrics is based on bibliometrics, because like the plan bibliometrics study, one can measure the different quantitative aspect of the should be in the introduction of a web in cosmetics plan, webometrics study. Secondly it is based on Infometrics. The Infometrics study is such type of study, which measures the quantitative aspect of any type of information and through webometrics study one can get the information about web (web site). That's why the above phrase is used. The science of webometrics (also Cyber metrics) tries to measure the World Wide Web to of a get knowledge about the number and types of hyperlinks, structure of the World Wide Web and usage patterns. According to Bjrneborn and Ingwersen (2004), the definition of webometrics is the study of the quantitative aspects of the construction and use of business plan information resources, structures and technologies on the Web drawing on bibliometric and Infometrics approaches. The term webometrics was first coined by Almind and Ingwersen (1997).

A second definition of webometrics has also been introduced as the study of web-based content with primarily quantitative methods for social science research goals using techniques that are not specific to short essay revolution one field of study (Thelwall, 2009), which emphasizes the development of applied methods for use in the wider social sciences. The purpose of this alternative definition was to help and publicize appropriate methods outside the information science discipline rather than to replace the original definition within information science. Similar scientific fields are bibliometrics, infometrics, scientometrics, virtual ethnography, and web mining. One relatively straightforward measure is the Web Impact Factor (WIF) introduced by Ingwersen (1998). The WIF measure may be defined as the business plan number of web pages in a web site receiving links from other web sites, divided by the number of web pages published in the site that are accessible to the crawler.

However the use of WIF has been disregarded due to the mathematical artifacts derived from power law distributions of these variables. Space Homework? Other similar indicators using size of the institution instead of number of web pages have been proved more useful. There is business plan one electronic journal, Cyber metrics published since 1997 by the Spanish National Research Council that is devoted entirely to this discipline. Kaliplari? Cyber metrics is a branch of knowledge which employs mathematical and statistical techniques of cosmetics quantity web sites or their components and concepts, measure their growth, stability, propagation, and use examines the authenticity of content, establish laws governing these factors, studies the efficiency of cyber information services and systems, services and products and should of a assesses the impact of cyber age on society. Citations in scholarly works are used to establish links to other works. It is one of the most widely used methods of bibliometrics and studies reference to and from documents Gooden (2001). Cosmetics Business? The benefit of bibliometrics and citation analysis is expressed by Van Raan (2003), which is reinforced by the studies (Lal and Panda, 1996, Aksnes 2006) that have used this method of research enquiry to what should be in of a evaluate a library collection. Cosmetics Plan? Citation analysis reveals interesting information about knowledge producers in terms their information seeking behaviour and usage of various information sources.

It can highlight the familiarity, awareness and usage of knowledge producers regarding the kaliplari online and print information sources. Citation analysis examines the frequency, patterns and graphs of citations in articles and books (Garfield, 1983). Business? This chapter satisfy the objective set for the study i.e. 'To study the significance of citations as well as citation study and bibliometrics'. This chapter elaborates the toefl detailed study of cosmetics citations, reference, need of space homework citation study and laws etc. ' Aksnes, D.W. (2006), Citation rates and perceptions of scientific contribution. Journal of the business plan American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57(2), p.169-185. ' Bellis, De Nicola (2009). Essay? Bibliometrics and citation analysis: from the Science citation index to Cybermetrics.

Scarecrow Press, p.417. ISBN 0-8108-6713-3. Located at http://books.google.com/books/about/Bibliometrics_and_citation_analysis.html?id=ma4YjaKyM9cC accessed on 23.08.2011. ' Bhughman J C (1974), A structural analysis of the literature of sociology, Library Quarterly, Vol. 44 (Oct), p.293-308. ' Birger Hjrland and Jeppe Nicolaisen 'Bradford's Law of Scattering: Ambiguities in the Concept of Subject Royal School of plan Library and Information Science, Birketinget 6, DK-2300 Copenhagen S., Denmark @db.dk. ' Bradford, S.C.

Sources of information on specific subjects. Engineering, 1934, 137 (3550), p.85-86. ' British Standards Institution. Custom Writting? British standards of documentation terms. BSI; London; 1976, p.7. ' Broadus R N (1987a), early approaches to bibliometrics, journal of the American society for information science, 38, p.127-129.

' Cole, F J and Eales Nellie B (1917), the history of comparative anatomy: a statistical analysis of the literature, Science Progress (11), p.578-596. ' Earl Babbie (2010), the practice of social research, 10th edition, Wadsworth, Thomson Learning Inc., ISBN 0-534-62029-9. ' Egghe L (2000), Lectures Potter, W G (1981) Introduction to Bibliometrics. Library Trends Vol 30, p.5. ' Egghe L (2000).

A heuristic study of the first-citation distribution. Scientometrics 48(3), p.345-359. ' Fairthorne, R. A. Cosmetics Plan? (1969), Empirical hyperbolic distributions (Bradford-Zipf-Mandelbrot) for bibliometric description and prediction, Journal of Documentation, 25, p.319'343. ' Fairthrone R A (1969), Empirical hyperbolic distributions for bibliometric description and prediction, Journal of Documentation, 25, p.319. ' Farooq Joubish and Ashraf Khurram (2011), outlook on some concepts in the curriculum of social studies, World Applied Science Journal 12(9), p.1374-1377. Space Homework? ISSN 1818-4952. ' Garfield, E (1974), Citation Indexing: Its theory and application in science, Technology and Humanities, New York, Wiley, ' Garfield, E. Cosmetics Plan? (1983). Citation Indexing - Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology and Humanities.

Philadelphia: ISI Press. Retrieved November 4, 2011 from Located at short essay french revolution http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/ci/contents.pdf. accessed on 12.04.2011. ' Garfield, E.(1983) Citation Indexing - Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology and Humanities Philadelphia's Press. ' Gooden, A.M. (2001). Business Plan? Citation analysis of chemistry doctoral dissertations: An Ohio State University case study.

Retrieved October 13, 2008 Located at short causes french http://www.istl.org/01-fall/refereed.html accessed on 27.12.2011. ' Google scholar blog (2011), Google scholar citations open to all, Google. Located at http//en.wikipedia.ogr/wiki/I10-index accessed on 03.09.2011. ' Hawkins D T (1977), Unconventional uses of on-line information retrieval system on line British metric studies. Journal of American society for information science, 28(1), p.13-18. ' Henderson, M., Shurville, S. and Fernstrom, K. (2009). Cosmetics Plan? The quantitative crunch: the custom writting impact of bibliometric research quality assessment exercises on academic development at small conferences, Campus-Wide Information Systems, Vol 26, No. Business? 3, p.149'167. ' Henderson, M., Shurville, S. and Fernstrom, K. (2009).

The quantitative crunch: the impact of bibliometric research quality assessment exercises on essay causes revolution academic development at small conferences, Campus-Wide Information Systems, Vol 26, No. 3, p.149'167. ' Higher Education Funding Council for England, Located at http://www.hefce.ac.uk/Research/ref/. and http://www.ref.ac.uk/ accessed on 12th May 2012. ' Hjreppe, P (1982), Supplement to bibliography bibliometrics and citation indexing, 4, p.241-273. ' Hjreppe, R (1980), a bibliography of bibliometrics an dictation indexing and analysis, Royal institute of Technology library, Stockholm, Sweden. Located at http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/ palmquis/courses/biblio.html#Laws and http://www.netugc.com/librametric-bibliometric-scientometrics-informetrics accessed on 25.08.2012.

' Hulme, E.W. (1923), Statistical Bibliography in business plan, Relation to the Growth of Modern Civilization, Grafton, London. Custom Writting? p9. ' Kannappanavar, B U (1991), Citation analysis of the doctoral dissertation in library and cosmetics plan information science accepted by the universities in Karnataka, Karnataka University, Dharwad, p. 88. (Ph. D Thesis) ' Lal, A., Panda, S (1996). Research in plant pathology: A bibliometric analysis. Library Science with a Slant to Documentation and Information Studies, 33(3), p.135-147. ' Lasswell Harold (1951), the analysis of political behavior: An empirical approach, Rautledge, London, p.525. ' Lotka A J (1926), the frequency distribution of scientific productivity, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Vol. 16 (12), p.317-323. ' Malin M V (1968), the science citation index: A new concept in Indexing, Library trends, Vol.

16, p. 376. ' Martin, M U (1968), Science citation index: A new concept in indexing, Library Trends, Vol. 16, p.376. ' Martyn L A (1976), Use studies in library planning, Library Trends 24(30). ' Nann F et al (1976), Evaluative bibliometrics: The use of publications and citation analysis in essay, the evaluation of scientific activity, cherry Hill, N J, Computer Horizon Inc, p.334-337. ' Narin, Francis and cosmetics business et.

Al. (1976), evaluative bibliometrics: the use of essay causes french publication and citation analysis in the evaluation of scientific activity, Cherry Hill, New Jercy, Computer Horizon Inc. Cosmetics? p.334-337. ' Neuendorf, Kimberly A. Essay French Revolution? (2002), the Content Analysis Guidebook Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. ' Nicholas, David and Maureen Ritchie (1978), Literature and Bibliometrics London: Clive Bingley, p.28-29. ' Nicholas, David and cosmetics plan Maureen Ritchie (1978). Literature and Bibliometrics London: Clive Bingley, p.12-28. ' Ole R. Holsti (1969(, Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities. Space Homework? Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

' Potter W G (1981), Introduction to bibliometrics, Library Trends, Vol. 30, p.5. ' Pritchard A (1969), Statistical bibliography an cosmetics business plan, interim bibliography, New Western Polytechnic school of Librarianship, London. ' Pritchard A (1969), statistical bibliography; an space homework, interim bibliography, North-western polytechnic, school of Librarianship, p.60. ' Pritchard, A and cosmetics business plan Witting, G R (1960), Bibliometrics: A bibliography and index (1874-1959), Aaih Books, Westford, ' Raising L (1962), Statistical bibliography in the health sciences, Bulletin the medical library Association, 50, p.450-461. ' Ranganathan S. R. (1969) Librametry and its scope. DRTC Seminar (7) paper DA Bangalore: DRTC, ISI and Sarada Ranganathan Endowment of Library Science. Reprinted in : JISSI : The International Journal of Scientometrics and Infometrics; Vol.1, No.1 (1995), p.15-21. Essay Kaliplari? (ISSN-0971-6696) ' Rubin, Richard (2010). Foundations of library and information science (3rd ed.). New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55570-690-6.

Accessed at http://books.google.com/books?id=Pk1TSAAACAAJ accessed on 09.02.2012. ' Von Sara Ungern-Sternberg Applications in teaching bibliometrics, PhD, Senior lecturer, Abo Akademi University, Department of Library and Information Science, FINLAND. ' Schrader, Alvin M. (1981) Teaching Bibliometrics, Library Trends 30, p.151-172. ' Sengupta I N (1990), Bibliometrics and its application in cosmetics, information science and libraries, Atlantic, New Delhi, p.256. ' Swapna Kumar Patra and custom writting Prakash Chand (2006), 'Library and business Information science Research in India: a Bibliometric Study' Annals of Library and walk Information Studies, Vol 53, December, p.219-223.

' Van Raan, A.F.J. (2003). The use of bibliometric analysis in research performance assessment and monitoring of interdisciplinary scientific developments. Technikfolgenabschatzung, Theories und Praxis/ Technology Assessment- Theory and Practice, 12(1), p.20-29. ' Weinstock M (1974), Citation Index, Encyclopedia of library and cosmetics business plan information science, Vol.5, New York, Dekker, p.19. ' Ziman John M (1968), Public knowledge: An essay concerning the social dimension of custom writting science, Cambridge, Cambridge university press, p.58. ' Zipf, G. K. (1949) 'Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort' Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley Publishing co, p.34. Chapter 4: Progress of Education and Research in LIS. Chapter/ Section Description Pages.

4.1 Introduction 104. 4.2 LIS Education : Global Overview 104. 4.3 Library and Information Science Education in India 105. 4.4 Historical Development 107. 4.5 Present Scenario of LIS Education in India 108. 4.6 Objectives of cosmetics business Library and space homework Information Science Education 109. 4.7 Levels of Education 110. 4.8 First Course of cosmetics business plan Library Science in India (Certificate, Diploma and Training Courses) 112. 4.9 Post Graduate Diploma Courses 113. 4.10 Degree Courses 114.

4.11 Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC) 114. 4.12 Five Year Integrated Course in LIS 115. 4.13 Present Status of LIS Education in India 115. 4.14 Specialization 116. 4.15 Syllabus 116.

4.16 ICT as an Integral Part 116. 4,17 Practical Exposure 117. 4.18 Problems with Present LIS Education and Research 117. 4.19 LIS Research in toefl, India 117. 4.20 LIS Research: Global Overview 119. 4.21 Research Trend in Indian Universities 128. Chapter 4: Progress of Education and Research in business plan, LIS. Higher education in each country has its own unique form of heros walk essay system and varies from streams or branches of knowledge. Higher education is imparted by universities and in colleges having equal facilities.

Academics in higher education plays an important role in making the society strong as stated different policies are adopted in different countries similarly LIS is a specific subject discipline which support in business, all educational branches through library systems. Schools of library science provide useful professional education universally and develop library and information professionals to manage the libraries efficiently. The LIS schools have more emphasis towards developing technical and managerial skills through the LIS education. Thesis Of Clara? Following paragraphs briefly narrated the status of LIS education. 4.2 LIS Education: Global Overview: Tsuji et al (2006), pointed out business plan, it in his study that the main theme in LIS education Japan was developed qualified librarians (Shisho) and assistant librarians (Shisho-ho) for public libraries and as well as qualified teacher librarian (shisho-kyouyu) for school libraries.

There is no formal education system for walk, academic and special libraries. In education field life line learning, library management, information reference service, information retrieval, library organization, copy right, information literacy etc. were more focused. Wilson (2012), in cosmetics business plan, his article 'Fifty years of french revolution LIS education' in USA and conducted a survey of plan research productivity and LIS educators during the period 1959-2008. Thesis Of Clara Barton? Author narrated the cosmetics progress of LIS education in USA and stated that prior to 1960s practicing librarians were teaching LIS education according to syllabus and examination conducted by library associations and similar status was also in barton, Australia and Library Association Australia (now Australia library and information association (ALIA) was taking care of the education system.. Cosmetics Business? Latter LIS education moved to higher education institute since 1980. Chu (2006) in his paper 'Curricula of LIS programs in the USA: A content analysis' in heros walk, which the cosmetics syllabi was reviewed by the introduction, author from 45 ALA accredited LIS master programs in cosmetics business, USA.

This study brought to the notice that more elective courses offered in LIS education in USA, while number of core requirement is reduced to few. Toefl Essay Kaliplari? Author has also pointed that 10% of the LIS courses in USA are designed in such a way to deal will emerging subject and cosmetics latest development in space homework, the field of LIS. Cosmetics Business? Thus subjects covered in short french, the syllabus deals with knowledge organization, reference and information sources services, management, research in LIS, ICT, collection development, information use etc. As indicated by author in USA education system is giving more emphasis on elective subject like ICT, librarianship, resources and services, technical services etc. to manage latest situation. Now LIS courses clusters were introduced, which covers: - Information seeking behaviour. - Digital publishing etc. 4.3 Library and Information Science Education in India:- LIS education in India is completing a century of its existence during the period progress have been achieved in developing LIS education to tune with current practices. Plan? Radhakrishanan Commission, Kothari Commission, National Knowledge Commission, UGC, NAAC put more efforts in education sector including LIS by establishing advisory commission for libraries, national policy for library etc. Curriculum Development Commission (CDC) continues grading and upgraded of heros essay LIS education in India.

The progress from certificate courses to research level through regular and distance mode took leading developing education in India (Joshi, 2010). There has been enormous growth in business, education and higher education around the globe. Every country worth its name and has developed a system of education and toefl essay kaliplari infrastructure to educate its people, and cosmetics plan India is no exception. There has been a fast growth in institution of higher education since the dawn of twentieth century and custom writting more particularly, after India attained independence in plan, 1947. The new India started its development program to achieve the new educational, cultural and economic objectives at short essay revolution the national level. Such developments at business these institutions contributed to the development of more libraries, which in turn had to accept new responsibilities to meet society's changing needs and space homework demands. Libraries are recognized to cosmetics play an important role in education, scientific research and social-economic development of thesis barton a country. Cosmetics? This envisages the need for professionally qualified personnel to manage and what be in the introduction of a run the libraries and information centres effectively and efficiently.

In order to feed the growing number of libraries, more trained library professionals were needed. For this purpose, library science departments started springing up, and cosmetics business library science developed into a distinct field of thesis barton specialization with its own normative principles, theories, techniques, and practices that were deemed sufficient to meet the growing dimensions of library services. Handling of recorded knowledge in modern libraries has given birth to the functional aspects of collecting, organizing and promoting the use of reading materials relevant to the users through information transfer activities. These activities, no doubt, assist in defining the spectrum of studies for librarianship. Cosmetics Business? The basic tenet of LIS education is to provide balanced training, integrating theory with practical exercises, and to cover all aspects of professional work with equal emphasis embracing new frontier of librarianship. LIS education aims at providing trained manpower to thesis manage different types of libraries, information and documentation centres which, over a period of time have undergone changes in terms of needs, functions, types and cosmetics range of services offered as well as tools and techniques being used when offering the services. Space Homework? Research in library and information science in business plan, India is custom writting not deep rooted.

In the beginning it was in the form of a trial and error method. Cosmetics? It was Padamashree S R Ranganathan (1889-1972) father of library science who lifted trail librarianship to french the level of a science with the cosmetics business formulation of laws of library science, and establishment library schools and research centres. He even graded them as normative principles, fundamental laws, canons, principles and postulates. Ranganathan cut new grounds and blazed new practices in library and information science initially by solo research. This is evidence from the published literature that Ranganathan era's is characterized by a period of toefl kaliplari intellectual contribution to the library and information science, particularly library classification.

The root of the library and information science research in India were off shoots from the country first LIS intellectual workshop (i.e., Department of business plan Library and Information Science, University of Delhi) instituted by Dr S R Ranganathan a day of library science profession in India in 1946. The first research degree in the library and information science in the country and even in the commonwealth countries was awarded by the University of Delhi in 1957 to D B Krishna Rao for essay, his thesis 'Facet Analysis and Depth Classification of Agriculture' under the supervision of Dr. S R Ranganathan. 4.4 Historical Development:- The modern period in the history of cosmetics education for of clara barton, librarianship began in the mid-1800s as librarians around the world recognized that systematic education and training were required so that proper order could be brought to the collections that had been growing in all libraries. The need for cosmetics business plan, professionally qualified personnel to manage these libraries effectively and efficiently was duly recognized during the first half of the present and consequently, the library education programme had been started at several places much before Independence. The history of the education of library science in India may be traced far back as the space homework year of 1911 with the starting of a short term training programme in library science in the Baroda State, under the patronage of cosmetics business Maharaja Sayajirao Gaikwad of Baroda, who, impressed by the splendid work done by public libraries in the West, secured the services of an causes, American librarian Mr. Business? W. Custom Writting? A. Borden as Director of the State Library Department. Mr. Bordon had been a pupil of Mr.

Melvil Dewey, who established the first library school in the Columbia College, New York in 1887. In 1915, another student of Dewey, Mr. Business? A Dickenson, the then librarian of short french Punjab University, Lahore started a three months apprentice training programme for working librarians. Cosmetics Business Plan? Before Independence, only five universities namely the Andhra University, Banaras Hindu University, Calcutta University and Madras University were offering diploma course in library science. Library education was given a new status and design by Professor S. R. Ranganathan in 1920, when the first systematic programme in library education was started under the auspices of the Madras Library Association in collaboration with the Madras University. This library school was subsequently taken over by the Madras University in 1931 and in 1937 the short causes french revolution course was converted into Postgraduate (PG) Diploma in Library Science. This was the first diploma programme in Library Science in India. University of Delhi was the first university to establish a full-fledged Department of Library Science just before independence in 1946, and started admitting students to the PG Diploma in 1947. In 1951, the diploma was changed to Master in Library Science (M.Lib.Sc).

Later, between 1956 to 1959, six new LIS departments were established at Aligarh Muslim University, M.S.University of Baroda, Nagpur University, Osmania University, Pune University and Vikram University. Since 1960s, the number of LIS departments has continued to increase. After Independence the stimulus for the growth and development of libraries and library science education has come from the progress in and extension of education, scientific research and programmes of cosmetics socio-economic development which started in 1951 with the commencement of the short causes revolution First Five-Year Plan. As a result of these developments, Library and Information Science today is a well-recognized discipline of study and research at the post-graduate level in more than hundred universities in the country. Cosmetics Business Plan? The Baroda and Nagpur universities started training course in library science in 1956 and essay the Vikram University in 1957. 4.5 Present scenario of business LIS Education in short causes, India:- Since its inception decades ago, LIS education has grown and developed into a full-fledged multi-disciplinary subject. LIS courses at cosmetics bachelors, masters and research level are being impacted by different institutions ' university departments, colleges, library associations and specialized institutions. There are now 96 universities in India imparting Library and Information Science education as independent departments in different levels. The list is shown in appendix. Apart from these departments, there are also specialized RD organizations imparting library and information science education.

Worth mentioning is the two years Associateship in Documentation and Information Science (ADIS) imparted by Documentation Research and Training Institute (DRTC), Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore (Karnataka) and National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR) formerly INSDOC, New Delhi which is equivalent to Mater degree of Library and Information Science (LIS). Walk? In addition to, these universities/departments there are several other open universities imparting library education as distance education. The professional associations such as Delhi Library Association (DLA) and the polytechnic institutions throughout the country are also imparting LIS education as lower level such as Certificate/Diploma in Library and Information Science. With the cosmetics plan realization of the importance of higher education and research, research in Library education is not lagging behind like other disciplines. The University Grants Commission (UGC) and the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) are promoting to research activity in library and information science by awarding scholarships to research and doctoral students. 4.6 Objectives of Library and Information Science Education:- The goal of library and information science education is the preparation of personnel for the task of successful performance at heros walk essay different levels of competence in different types of libraries with an insight into the role of these libraries in a fast changing society. It should impart a thorough grounding in the intellectual foundations of the profession and competence in business plan, the technical and technological skills required for their day-to-day practice in different positions. Custom Writting? In other words, education for library and cosmetics business plan information science should be both knowledge and theory oriented task or practice oriented. The two aspects of theory and practice blend harmoniously in a sound programme of library and information science education because on this aspects LIS education depend the space homework effectiveness and success of the programme. In achieving this objective the methods of teaching and cosmetics plan evaluation employed are as important as the quality of the faculty.

The main objectives of LIS profession are to toefl essay provide training for building up leadership qualities among the LIS profession develop knowledge on the latest techniques of cosmetics plan information storage, transfer and retrieval of information help to acquire necessary skills in handling information, accessing and application of electronic resources, tools and media; and of a help to know the latest developments in the Information Technology (IT) To sum up, the basic aims of cosmetics business library and information science education may be as follows. ' To develop necessary technical skills; ' To develop administrative skills; ' To develop service orientation; ' To develop thorough knowledge of the introduction of a various sources of information, necessary to give traditional and modern library services. ' To develop professional awareness. 4.7 Levels of Education:- Out of the 96 university departments, 56 departments conduct one-year Bachelors degree and one year Masters Degree in Library and Information Science at cosmetics business plan the postgraduate level. Thirteen of space homework these universities conduct two years integrated Masters Degree in Library Science. These programme further leads to M.Phil. and PhD levels. The levels of LIS education in India are discussed as follows in brief: 1.7.1 Certificate/Diploma in Library Science (C/D. Lib. Sc.):-

Many polytechnic colleges, schools and business plan Library Associations impart the low level of library science courses in India having duration of six months to one year. The basic qualification for these courses is 10+2. This course prepares students for low level professional positions in libraries such as Library Attendant, Library Clerk, etc. 1.7.2 Bachelor of Library and barton Information Science (BLIS) after any graduation:- This is cosmetics business a one-year post graduate degree course. The basic eligibility is a three years degree from any discipline. This course prepares students for essay causes revolution, junior professional positions at all types of libraries and they perform technical libraries. 1.7.3 Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS):- In the early 19th Century, young people learned librarianship by working under the more experienced practitioners.

But, gradually the tasks performed by librarians became more complex and more dependent on technology. As a result, the study of library science has moved from the cosmetics business plan work-setting to professional schools in Universities. The first ever library school was started by Melvil Dewey in USA in 1887 at Columbia College (now Columbia University). In 1889 the programme moved to heros walk the New York State Library in Albany when Dewey became the Director there. The success of Dewey's training programme and cosmetics business the publication of Training for Library Service, a book by the economist Charles Williamson in 1923, led other universities, institutes of technology, and large public libraries to establish their own professional degree programmes in library science. Master of Library and Information Science is imparted as a one-year post graduate degree course in some universities while in some, it is thesis of clara barton conducted as a two years integrated course. Many universities which offered one year BLISc and MLISc courses are now switching to two years integrated MLIS course in the line of other masters degree courses.

The North East Hill University (NEHU), RTM Nagpur, Punjab University Chandigarh, Karnataka University, Dharwad, etc are now offering two years MLISc course. This course trains persons for senior professional position in libraries, documentation centres and/or information centres and teachers as well. 1.7.4 Associateship in Documentation and Information Science (ADIS):- The Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC), Bangalore (Karnataka) offers two years Associateship in Documentation and Information Science (Now know as Master of Science in Information Science). The National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources (NISCAIR), New Delhi , formerly INSDOC also impart two years documentation programme i.e., Associateship in Documentation (AID) after graduation.

The course offered by the DRTC and NISCAIR have upper age on the courses as offered by plan, the university departments in terms of ICT syllabus and intake of the enrolments. 1.7.5 Master of Philosophy in Library and Information Science (M.Phil):- In Library and Information Science prepares a student for further advanced research in LIS. The basic eligibility for admission for this programme is minimum 55% MLISc or any equivalent degree recognized by the UGC. Custom Writting? With candidates having more qualifications are being preferred for plan, superior position, many students are opting for M.Phil. Courses to better equip them for better positions and develop research activity. 1.7.6 Doctor of Philosophy of Library and Information Science:- This is an advanced level of research programme being offered after the completion of MLISc or M.Phil.

The general aim of a research degree, whether M.Phil. Walk Essay? or Ph.D. is to provide training in cosmetics business, doing research as well as to develop in the candidate a critical and custom writting analytical process of thinking with the purpose that they would be able to provide leadership in the profession. They would also be able to help librarians and information scientists to business plan develop techniques and skills required to meet their requirements of the fast changing society. They should be able to identify the needs, set objectives, identify and analyze the problems and find appropriate solutions. They would also be in a position to participate in the planning, organization and implementation of programmes at various levels. 1.8 First Course of Library Science in India(Certificate, Diploma and Training courses):- In India the existence of in service training was initiated by John Macfarlane, the first librarian of the Imperial Library (Now National Library) at Calcutta from essay french revolution 1901-06, as mentioned in some reports. In subsequent years, the training programme was opened to the staff of other libraries and even those interested in librarianship who deals with books and cosmetics other documents. 1.8.1 Baroda School:- In 1911, Sayajirao Gaikwad (1862-1939), the ruler of Baroda state called the American librarian Mr.

William Allenson Borden (1853-1931), a disciple of Melvil Dewey to create a cadre of men for the newly established libraries in the state library system. In 1912, he initiated the first training school in library education in India. Essay Causes Revolution? In 1913, another training class for working librarians of town libraries was started. These classes continued even after the departure of Borden. 1.8.2 Lahore School:- In 1912, the business plan Punjab University called another librarian Mr. Asa Don Dickinson (1876'1960) from essay USA. Business? He started the what should be in the introduction second educational course of three month duration in plan, library science in the year 1915.

This happens to be the first university course in India. Mr. Asa Don Dickinson later becomes the Librarian of Panjab University, Lahore (now Pakistan) during 1915'1916. 1.8.3 Andhra Desha:- The Andhra Desha Library Association (founded in 1914) started conducting 'training classes for the library workers' at Vijayawada in 1920. The classes covered a module on running adult education classes in addition to library technique. 1.8.4 Mysore State:- In 1920, a course for the training of librarians was conducted at Bangalore under the 'program of library development' initiated by the then Dewan of Mysore Mr. M. Visweswaraya. 1.8.5 Madras Library Association:-

A summer school for college librarians and lecturers in charge of short french revolution college libraries in cosmetics business plan, Madras was held in 1928 and repeated in 1930. The Madras Library Association also organized a regular certificate course in space homework, library science from 1929. Then in 1931, University of Madras took up the cosmetics business training course of essay MALA in 1931 and cosmetics business started offering the course on a regular basis. 1.8.6 Andhra University:- Andhra University started a certificate course in 1935, which was letter abandoned. 1.8.7 Imperial Library, Calcutta:- The Imperial library, Calcutta started a training class under the supervision of its librarian Mr.

K. M. Asudulah in thesis barton, 1935. It was a full time regular Diploma course in librarianship at the Imperial Library, Calcutta (now National Library, Kolkata). It continued till 1946. 4.9 Post Graduate Diploma courses:- University of Madras, in 1937, introduced a one year Post Graduate Diploma course in place of the certificate course of three month duration. This was the first P G Diploma in library science in India. The second university to plan start a post graduate diploma course was the Banaras Hindu University in 1942. University of Bombay initiated a diploma course similar to of clara Banaras Hindu University in 1943.

A training course for the staff working in various government organizations was started in business plan, 1953. This course was recognized as equivalent to the university diploma courses. 4.10 Degree Courses:- In 1947, Aligarh Muslim University started B.Lib. Custom Writting? Science Course for the first time in the country. University of Delhi was the first university to business plan establish a full fledged Department of Library Science in 1946. It also instituted the first post diploma degree course in 1948. In 1949, the structure was changed. The programme of Master of Library Science was introduced as a two year course with the first year leading to Bachelor of Library Science. In between 1956-59, six new LIS departments were established at Aligarh Muslim University, MS University of Baroda, Nagpur University, Osmania University, Pune University and Vikram University.

In 1960, Madras University replaced its full time one year diploma course to B.Lib.Sc. Heros Essay? Degree course. By mid 1960, many other universities had fallen in the line of university of Madras following the recommendation of Review Committee Report of UGC in introducing different degree courses. The Government Polytechnique for women, Ambala, Bangalore, Chandigarh, Delhi, Jullandhur, and Rourkela started post matric (class X) diploma courses of two years duration in late 1960s. 4.11 Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC):- In 1962, Dr. S. R. Business? Ranganathan established Documentation Research and Training Centre at Bangalore. Previously DRTC courses were of should be in 14 month duration which was later on moved to two years programme. INSDOC conducted a short term course for Asian Documentalists in 1963. In 1964, it started a one year post graduate course in Documentation and Reprography leading to 'Associateship in Documentation and Reprography'.

In 1977, the cosmetics business plan programme was renamed as 'Associateship in Information Science (AIS)'. On September 30, 2002, INSDOC merged with the National Institute of Science Communication (NISCOM) and was renamed as National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources (NISCAIR). Essay? At present, it is conducting 'Courses in Information Science'. The DRTC and NISCAIR concentrate on the training of cosmetics plan professionals for what should the introduction, special and industrial libraries and information centres. Their course contents are biased toward information science and technology. The programme of these two institutes are class apart from other similar programmes offered by cosmetics business, various institutes. In India advanced professional education has remained attached to universities, though there are some regional library associations conducting certificate courses of a few months duration and women polytechnics offering post-masters two year diplomas in library science to train paraprofessionals. What Be In The Introduction? At present, about 107 institutions, mostly university colleges and polytechnics, have library science education courses. Out of these, M. Lib. I. Sc. course is being offered by more than 75 universities.

4.12 Five Year Integrated Course in LIS:- In 2010, University of Calcutta introduces five year integrated course in Library and Information Science and thus becomes the first university to launch such course in LIS domain. The entry qualification for this course was set at Higher Secondary (10+2) in Arts / Science or Commerce. Launching of this course will force the plan learners to what should the introduction choose the LIS by choice and not by chance. It will again help the students to cosmetics business grasp and understand the contents for LIS in a better and exhaustive way. 4.13 Present Status of LIS Education in India:- Only few departments and associations now provide Certificate Courses in Library and Information Science (CLIS) and Diploma in Library and Information Science (DLIS). The others provide BLISc and MLISc courses. In most of the universities, the prerequisite for admission into the Bachelor or Master degree course in thesis barton, Library and cosmetics business plan Information Science is 10+2+3 years of education from any faculty (arts, science, commerce etc). The majority of the universities generally conduct two separate courses for what should be in, the Bachelor's degree followed by the Master of Library and Information Science of one year (or two semesters) duration each. In recent years, some institutions have offered two years of integrated courses of plan four semester duration.

The University of Calcutta went a step ahead and introduced five years integrated course in LIS with entry qualification as 10 +2. Similarly IGNOU and YCMOU are also playing major role in imparting LIS education along with deemed and formal universities. Students in most schools of library and information science have the opportunity to develop at essay causes french least some degree of specialization. Some may take advanced courses in particular library functions, such as reference work, while others may take courses related to business plan a particular type of library, such as a course in medical librarianship or public librarianship or academic librarianship. In simple, there are many different courses available in LIS. French? It makes the professionals available to work at all levels of library irrespective of type, structure and function. The University Grants Commission (UGC), from cosmetics plan time to time recommended the broader outlines of courses of Library and Information Science. The latest effort has been through a UGC Curriculum Development Committee (1993). Space Homework? The UGC and other higher bodies now give emphasis to cosmetics business semester system rather than annual system, and credit-based rather than marks-based system.

Every university being autonomous is space homework free to frame its own course of studies, and syllabi of many universities / schools are quite modernized. All programmes to educate librarians share certain characteristics. Programmes typically offer courses in the history of books and librarianship to give students a background in the profession's past. It also includes courses in knowledge organization (classification, cataloguing, bibliography, indexing abstracting, Metadata, semantic syntactic analysis, controlled vocabularies, etc.), collection development (acquisition), information seeking behaviors of cosmetics business users, search strategies, library services (dissemination of the acquired library materials, reference), and management of the collection (preservation conservation of documents). It also includes contents related to scholarly communication (bibliometrics, Infometrics, scientometrics, webometrics), digital libraries and essay ICT. 4.16 ICT as an Integral Part:- Technology is entering in a very big way in every sector and in LIS where it has been used extensively to store and retrieve information in different forms and structures. Cosmetics Plan? This new dimension is reflected in the course structure of almost all universities that provides courses in LIS. The courses include topics that impart new skill in organizing web resources, and providing web-based services.

4.17 Practical Exposure:- All courses provide scope of practical knowledge rather than restricting to only theory. Even some universities make it compulsory for essay french, their learners to undergo some apprenticeship before practicing the librarianship. 4.18 Problems with Present LIS Education and Research:- 4.18.1 Limited Accommodation Capacity:- All universities which provide Library and Information Science courses witness a great flow of learners. But they are able to accommodate only a limited number of such desired students. 4.18.2 A Very Competitive Entrance Examination:- In most of the universities, students desire to study the LIS has to go through a very competitive entrance examination for admission.

4.18.3 Limitation as a Professional Subject:- LIS is a professional course and so it has the limitations of any other professional courses. The non-inclusion of Library and Information Science in UPSC, Civil Service / State Public Service Commission examination, SET / SLET is a very common. The other problems include lack of a standard cohesive syllabus of cosmetics business LIS and low level of awareness among the general people about this course. 4.19 LIS Research in India:- The LIS research briefly means the collection and analysis of original data on a problem of librarianship, done within the library school according to scientific and space homework scholarly standard. Research in this connection broadly includes investigation, studies, surveys, academic work at the doctoral, post doctoral and research staff level, It also includes in house or action research by practicing librarians, information personnel and documentalists, etc. The aim of research in LIS, like any other discipline is to contribute towards the advancement of subject and contribution to the existing knowledge. 4.19.1 Dr. S. R. Cosmetics? Ranganathan's Effort:-

The era of LIS research in India started with S. R. Ranganathans efforts. He performed individual research for several years. His works that lead to should the introduction of a some of the fundamental and theoretical principles have dominated the research activities for five decades. His idea of classification and cataloguing becomes the area of research in different library schools all over the world. The library and business academic community of those days, even today also respect him as a pioneer researcher in LIS. Some of his worth notable contributions are.

a) Five laws of library science. b) Colon Classification. c) Prolegomena to library classification. d) Classified Catalogue Code. e) Documentation and its facets. f) Library administration, etc. In India research activity to toefl essay reflect in two programs. 4.19.2 M. Phil Programme:- i) University of business Delhi:- University of Delhi was the first to introduce M. Phil programme in Library and Information Science in 1980. Today more than 11 universities offer the french revolution M.Phil programme. The duration of M. Phil programme in almost all universities in this country is one year. 4.19.3 PhD Programme:- i) University of Delhi:- The credit for introducing the doctoral degree programme in library science in India goes to Dr.

S. R. Ranganathan (1892'1972). In 1951, he started PhD program in Delhi University in 1958. The university offered first doctoral degree in Library science to D. B. Krishan Rao for his 'Facet Analysis and Depth Classification of Agriculture' under the guidance of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan. In 1977, Panjab University, Chandigarh offered the second Ph.D. Today more than 125 Universities in India have Ph.D. research facilities. ii) Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC):- In 1962, Dr. S. R. Ranganathan established Documentation Research and Training Centre at Bangalore. Since its inception, it has been carrying out research studies on documentation and related areas. iii) Library Associations:-

The contribution of library association of India towards research activities is negligible but they restrict their activities in the field of publication of business journals, organization of seminars, conferences and workshop, etc. for making ground to do research in LIS. IATLIS, NASSDOC, ILA, IASLIC are the mentionable among them. iv) Funding of LIS Research in India:- The University Grants Commission (UGC) is promoting LIS research by awarding different kinds of fellowships to the students. Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) and Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre (DESIDOC) are also promoting LIS research programme by awarding scholarship to doctoral students. v) D.Litt Programme:- In 1992, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar awarded D.Litt. to Dr. B. B. Shukla. It claimed to be the first such degree in library science all over essay the world.(Kumar, 1998) 4.20 LIS Research : Global Overview:- Rochester and Vakkari (2003) conducted various national studies of different countries to analyse the trends in LIS research at plan global scenario and record the research trends in LIS research at global level based on the analysis.

The different national studies in research were conducted by these two authors as an assignment of IFLA project during 1997-1998 and compared national and toefl international trends in LIS research and recorded the development in research. The countries covered in cosmetics plan, the analysis were basically European countries Japan, China, UK, USA etc. The analytical study conducted and results reported by IFLA provided a descriptive account of research conducted in various prominent countries of the essay world. The author's analysis on cosmetics the research activity and broad subject in which prominent research covered during the period 1965-1995 indicated that the major focus in LIS research at International level was concentrated mainly of the following topics. 1. Information storage and retrieval (87) 2. Library and information services (77) 3. Information seeking behavior (8)

4. Other LIS topics (25) Thus out of 197 research studies it was reflected that ISR, LIS services and ISB were in prominent areas. Though these are common during the period the trend was almost similar in other countries also. Short French Revolution? European countries covering Finland, Spain etc had research activity in library services, information seeking behaviour, information services and retrieval where as in UK the same situation was reported. In Spain 1995 LIS degrees were recognized as academic degrees in universities. Information science research took leading position in European countries. The research trends in Australia reflected in LIS services, information seeking and history were more prominent (74). In China principals in LIS , LIS services, information industry were the cosmetics major research areas, were more considered but library and causes french revolution information services area was more popular. The most popular sub topics on which research was conducted more during 1965-1995 in China were : ' Library management and administration. In China during the period 1979-1985 it was known as revolver phase of cosmetics business plan LIS research, 1986-1990 flourishing phase and 1991 onward developing stage and information service, library education were the prominent areas.

A comparative study conducted Vakkari (1996) for LIS research in Scandinavia countries like Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway; Spain etc. also reflected European trends in LIS research. Thus it was reflected that major countries noted below during this period involved more in research concentration at broad information topics. It was found that research at international level had orientation towards solving information problems. In LIS many authors reviewed the french revolution research methods used by LIS scholars for conducting effective research and noticed that the among the cosmetics different methods in which descriptive research covering survey (66), historical conceptual research element (79) as well as discussions, mathematical methods, literature review were the prominent methods. In UK, LIS research was examined by Layzell Ward (1998) and pointed out the research trends and informed that research output was low initially and space homework increased latter after establishment of library association which setup research committee 1946 and from 1960 Government funding made available for LIS research. Since the establishment of British Library 1994 the growth in research gradually increased after 1980 and information technology, information storage and retrieval become more popular topics. From the above global study it is noticed that LIS research progress was slow and different topics were grouped in to three areas based in traditional practices and since 1990 area were shifted towards modernization covering : 1. Library history: Library profession, Library administration, Library education, Analysis of libraries, Publishing and book industries.

2. Library and information services: Circulation, Collection development, Information and seeking behavior, User education. 3. Information storage and retrieval: Cataloguing, classification and indexing, Information retrieval, Bibliographic databases. 4. Information seeking behavior: Methods of information dissemination, Information sources, Information seeking behavior in different subject, Information use, Information management. 5. Scientific and cosmetics business plan professional communication: Scientific publication, Citation pattern and structures, Methods of communication. At the end of 2001 centre for information research at university of central England, Birmingham examines the research landscape in LIS domain. They have reviewed LIS research 2002-2005 and recorded potential gaps in LIS research activities. Essay? The survey using questioners covered LIS organizations links public library, universities libraries, schools and colleges, government libraries etc. the survey was focused on core areas in LIS. The centre reported that in LIS research domain may be local regional, national and international have a practice or academic focus. Hayns et. Cosmetics? al (2000), pointed out that strategic research, basic research, exploratory research, action research, applied research are the major types of research. Strategic research deals with practical applications, basic research relate to theoretical investigation and helps in toefl kaliplari, understanding principals of information management where as exploratory research generate new ideas with practical applications.

Applied research creates applications or products as well as transferable knowledge. Action research covers findings solutions to problems at work places worked of different services in 1984 Stewert felt that research area in LIS. This covers resources and services, new technologies, management of change, library services, staff skills, literacy, staff motivations etc. thus the prominent areas in LIS research was predicted was information retrieval, library co-operation, digital resources, information services, preservation and access to knowledge, information providers, public library etc. Till 1995 prominent research was conducted in above areas using different research methods for conducting research in LIS like, historical method, survey method, qualitative, evaluation, action (case) research method, content analysis, citation analysis, bibliometric methods, secondary analysis (Literature review) and experimental research, bibliographic methods etc. The data collection techniques used by researcher while conducting the study during 1965-1995 mainly covers questioner, observation, interview, content analysis, citation analysis, historical resources analysis and secondary analysis. In UK research conducted mainly in the area public library, library management, user studies, technical processing, information storage and retrieval etc. (Meadows 1994, 1995). Peritz (1977) conducted a study in which analysed research articles published in 39 core journals published during the period 1950-1975 from LIS to find out the publishing trends in the stream. Author analysed about 900 journals articles and recorded the plan research trends. Similar study was also performed by Atkins (1988) and he analysed subject trends in LIS research carried out during the period 1975-1984 using questionnaire.

The purpose of the what be in the introduction of a author in conducting this study was to find past, present and future trends in LIS research. Atkins in his study presented a table indicating popularity of the subject in which research articles were publish and these were treated as a base to conduct LIS research. The areas isolated by him are : 1. Library management. 2. Information retrieval. 5. Cosmetics Business? Public library. 6. Library automation. 7. Library history. 8. Heros Walk? Library finance. 9. Collection development. 10. Information services.

15. Citation studies. 16. Special libraries. 17. Research libraries. 18. Library education. 19. Business? University library. 20. Library building. 21. Special collection. 22. National library. 23. Library security.

The author opined that in toefl essay kaliplari, developed countries till 1980 traditional concept were considered and cosmetics business plan since 1980 emphasis was given on latest trends related topics which were in currency like databases, ICT applications. The growth of OCLC, RLIN and WLN gave more attention towards research in the advanced topics and modernization, automation, database developments etc were considered more by the researcher. 'Citation analysis' was the subject area proved more popular and reported more studies as compared to other topics in short, LIS, due to plan its applications in the field to space homework manage libraries and provide better services to users and uses in plan, library at its highest potential. Mcnicol and Nankivell (2003), in causes revolution, their study 'The LIS research landscape: A review and prognosis' conducted a survey of research in LIS covering the cosmetics business plan period in two parts 1997-2002 and 2002-2005. What Should Be In Of A? The comparative analysis of the study leads to cosmetics business plan find out trends in research in LIS. This study highlighted LIS research landscape to space homework identify trends and analysis as well as the gaps in research. Slewart (1984) in cosmetics business, his study prepared a research agenda and indicated few research areas in what should be in the introduction, LIS which are not yet considered. 1. Resources utility and user and services requirement. 2. Plan? New technologies.

3. Custom Writting? Management change. 4. Library services. 7. Retraining staff. 8. Cosmetics? Restructuring libraries. Sumsion (1994), also focused on the following research topics and also opined that there is a need to work on the current development to get the quicker solution . 1. Library principals. 2. Identify trends.

3. New user needs. 4. New type of services. Pluse and Prythech (1996), studied and analysed LIS research conducted during 1990-1996 and thesis identified few prospective areas like: 1. Operational management. 2. Standards and benchmarking. 3. Cosmetics Plan? Use of internet.

5. Staffing pattern. Few authors pointed out areas of research conducted in short french revolution, UK, USA during period 1996-2002 after a study and reported few of the prominent areas considered more in developed countries are: 1. Information retrieval. 2. Information skill. 4. Professional development. 7. LIS education. 8. Plan? User development. 9. Electronic services. Thus research conducted in developed countries during 1996-2002 indicated increasing trends and it was highest since 2001. Further while indicating future research development themes for research activities suggested were,

1. Custom Writting? Electronic information. 2. Information policy. 3. Multimedia policy. 4. LIS education. 5. Business information.

Electronic resources and information services based on digital media is the need of the time including internet resource management. Few prominent subjects presented to undertake future studies are: 1. Impact of digital resources. 2. Digital library development. 3. Plan? ICT and school library. 4. Use of electronic resources. 5. Community building. 6. Controlled vocabulary.

7. Information searching. 10. Semantic web and controlled terminologies. The editorial of library and information science research (1997), in which research agenda beyond 2000 was highlighted by Burke and others and focused the areas in LIS research before 1997 and next bilinear were also highlighted. Information seeking and information retrieval, storage and preservation technology, information quality was covered more. The opinion of editorial board covers the major topics like economics, manage rising cost of journals, electronic publishing, information retrieval, internets and essay its impact on libraries, bibliographic information resources, library services, quality information services, information need/assessment, managing organizational change due to cosmetics application of information technology, digital information services, web technology, value added information services are the major core areas to be looked in to 2000 onwards. Samdani (2011), in his article narrated the status of of clara barton doctoral research in LIS in Pakistan and appended the views indicating the LIS research was started in 1967 from cosmetics business university of essay french Karachi. In Pakistan seven universities and one private university is offering doctoral research programme in LIS. Plan? During 1967-1971 only five candidates admitted for research program and only one i.e.

M A H Chishti completed his thesis and awarded degree in 1981 entitled 'Islamic libraries (749 AD-1257 AD)'. In 1992 second PhD degree was awarded to space homework Nasim Fatima under the guidance of Dr. Jamil Jalibi from university of Karachi entitled 'cataloguing and standardization of Urdu manuscripts'. The third degree awarded to Munira Ansari in 2005 entitled 'Information needs and information seeking behaviour of the media practitioners in Pakistan'. The fourth degree awarded to Shamshad Ahmed in 2009 for entitled 'A study of library and archival record in directorate of cosmetics Sindh archives Karachi'. Space Homework? The ongoing research activity involve 13 candidates in research programme and their topics are information generating and cosmetics handling, health science libraries, news paper library, digital library, library and information science education curriculum, reference and information sources etc. Space Homework? It is business plan review that university of Karachi four PhD degrees awarded and 13 ongoing PhD research work. From university of Panjab, Lahor initiated doctoral research program in 1971. First degree awarded in 2004 and second degree awarded in 2005.

The topics were funding model in library and collection management in what the introduction, libraries, at present till 2009, three students have submitted the cosmetics business plan thesis. In university of Sindh research programme started in 2001 first degree awarded in 2005 and presently four students have registered for ongoing research program and their topics school libraries, college librarianship, user survey/user satisfaction, digital libraries etc. Custom Writting? From Islamia University started doctoral program in 1986 and first degree awarded in 1991 for university library and presently three students have registered for business, PhD ongoing research program. From university of Balochistan only one candidate having registered in 2003. University of heros essay Peshawar, Urdu university of Karachi, Hamdard University, Karachi research has been reflected only at initial stage. Business? It is thus reported that 19 PhD degrees in LIS were awarded during 1964-2010. From foreign university thus 1964-2010, 28 PhD degrees were awarded in 46 years duration, almost single degree in a twice year. During 2004-2010 total ten PhD were declared and this is the real contribution of Pakistan. Toefl Essay? The topics were covered academic library, collection management, library education, classification, cataloguing, library funding, school library, university library, user education etc. as compared Indian progress is excellent. Miwa (2011), in plan, his article trends in Japanese LIS education is highlighted in custom writting, which more trace was given on LIS education to maintain quality.

The problem areas indentified were public library, academic library, special library, research activities, ICT, professional system etc. it has also same educational pattern followed in India i.e. any bachelor degree, bachelor degree in LIS, master degree and business doctoral in toefl, LIS. In Sri Lanka (Chamani 2008), the cosmetics plan major research covered till 2008 were library professional, library history, publishing, LIS education, Information system, information storage and retrieval, information seeking behaviour etc. The review of LIS research in different countries highlighted that till 2005 almost traditional research was focused more but since 2005 more research is covering latest trends in the profession. From the review of India the same picture is reported except the ICT and technology based research initiated since 2009 onwards. 4.21 Research trend in Indian Universities: The research activity in custom writting, Indian universities is gathering momentum as there is a greater demand for the research in the discipline. During the recent past, quite a number of research activities have been carried out in the universities and cosmetics business research institutions in various parts of the world. In India, due to the establishment of walk University Grants Commission (UGC), AICTE and other similar bodies and their active support, many students are caring out business, M. Phil. and PhD degrees. During pre-independence, there were only few doctorate degree holders, but after independence the research output increased drastically in every field. Space Homework? In India about 125 universities and research institutions are offering PhD programs in LIS.

Many researchers made an effort to collect data from different universities and analyzed it to fix the cosmetics business plan research productivity of the various universities in India (Chandrashekara 2009). The credit for the formal institution of the doctoral degree program in library science in India goes undeniably to french revolution Dr. S.R. Ranganathan (1892'1972). In 1951, he started library science education at the University of Delhi. The University of Delhi awarded the first de jure degree in library science in 1957 to D.B. Krishan Rao who worked on 'faceted classification for agriculture'(Chandrashekara 2009, Gupta 2010). Doctoral research remained in the wilderness when Ranganathan shifted to Delhi in 1955. Cosmetics Plan? In 1960s and 1970s some doctorates in library related topics were earned by library professionals under the guidance and supervision of faculties belonging to the disciplines such as sociology, history, law, economics, management, and the like. The purpose of reviving and furthering doctoral research facilities was assumed by space homework, J. S. Sharma (1924'1993), the cosmetics plan then university librarian and should the introduction head of the library science department of the Panjab University, Chandigarh.

Under his guidance, the cosmetics business plan second de jure (de jure means devoting something and someone) Ph.D. in library science was awarded in 1977 after a gap of two decades. Toefl Essay Kaliplari? Many universities followed with mostly individual efforts and enthusiasm and doctoral research raised since 1980s and gradual improvement in facilities paved ways for India to maintain its third world leadership in library research and library literature. PhD programs thereafter, mushroomed even despite the business plan lack of facilities or adherence to standards (Satija 1999, Gupta 2010). Chandrashekara (2009) collected the data from various authorized sources for the degrees awarded in essay kaliplari, Indian universities from 1957 to 2008 in LIS discipline and analyzed in proper manner in his paper. His results indicated that during the period 1957 to 2008 about 802 theses were submitted and awarded the degrees to the researchers. From his analysis it is very clear that LIS researches gained momentum since 1991 to plan 2008 and on an average degree awarded per what be in of a year were 36 and from 1957 to 1990 only 8 per annum average degrees were awarded. Cosmetics Business? The drastic change is reported since 2003 onwards and on an average 43 degrees were awarded per year in Indian universities. Even author had grouped decennial growth of research degrees awarded in thesis of clara, Indian universities. The trends resulted from the data presentation indicated that the real growth starts from cosmetics business plan 1980 to 2008 and custom writting during 1950 to 1979 only 15 degrees were awarded. The analysis of degrees awarded in different states and arranging them the top 10 states in India conducted LIS research are Karnataka (169), AP (96), MP (80), MS (58), West Bengal (56), Punjab (45), Orissa (43), UP(42), Rajasthan (41), TN (31) and other states contribution is cosmetics business plan (141). The analysis made by Chandrashekara and Ramashesh (2009) regarding the thesis of clara barton research conducted in cosmetics, India during the period 1957-2008 and found that research activity in heros walk essay, Karnataka state is leading and Maharashtra is cosmetics plan ranked at 4th position.

The library and information science deals with all aspects of information and knowledge which includes acquisition of materials, classification and cataloguing, searching tools, information retrieval, library services, preservation and conservation of documents and so on. The library and information science closely related to all other subjects. It forms its own foundation by taking the help of some other subjects. Custom Writting? Dr. S. R. Ranganathan is a pioneer in cosmetics, the field of Library and Information Science in the world and India in particular.

He contributed in almost all aspects of the library science. Nowadays many university and what of a colleges provides different courses in Library and Information and its related subjects. It ranges from certificate course to PhD. The research trends indicated the growth at global level and also in India. Business? This chapter satisfies the objective 'To study research growth and research trends in LIS and compare it with current developments in LIS'. This chapter summarizes the progress in LIS education, LIS research at global and national level. ' Asundi, A Y and Karisiddappa C R (2007) Library and Information Science Education in India: International perspective with special reference to Developing Countries. DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology Vol. 27(2) March, p.5-11. ' Atkins Stephen E (1988), Subject trends in library and information science research, 1975-1984, Library Trends, Spring, p. 633-658. ' Barman Badan (2012), Library and information science education, Accessed at http://www.netugc.com/library-and-information-science-education-in-india dated on of clara 14.04.2012.

' Burke R M and business others (1998), A research agenda beyond 2000, Library and information science research, Vol. 19(3), p. 209-216. ' Chamani G (2008), library and information science research literature in be in of a, Sri Lanka: A bibliometric study, journal of the university librarians association of Sri Lanka, Vol. 12. ' Chandrashekara, M and cosmetics business Ramasesh, C P (2009) Library and Information Science Research in India. Asia Pacific Conference on custom writting LIS education and practice, p.530-537. ' Gupta, D K and Bhardwaj, K (2010) Library Management Research in Indian Universities. Annals of Library and plan Information Studies. Kaliplari? Vol.

57(Dec), p.333-338. ' Higgins, S E(2007) LIS education and research area for developing countries. 5th International CALIBER. Punjab University Chandigarh. 8-10 Feb. ' Jarvelin, K. and P. Vakkari. 1993. The evolution of business library and information science 1965-1985: a content analysis of journal articles. Short French? Information Processing and Management, 29(1): 129-144. ' Joshi Manoj K (2010), Library and information science education in India: Some government initiatives, DESIDOC journal of library and business plan information technology, Vol. Be In The Introduction Of A? 30(5), Sept., p 67-73.

' Kumar PSG (1998), Doctoral studies in library and information science in cosmetics, India: A study, DESIDOC Bulletin of information technology, vol.18(1), p5-9. ' Layzell Ward (1998), Layzell Ward, P. (1997). The nature of UK research literature: Some thoughts arising from a bibliometric study. IFLA General Conference in Copenhagen, 1997. Kaliplari? Library Theory and business Research Section Open Forum paper accessed at http://ifla.queenslibrary.org/IV/ifla63/63rocm.htm accessed on 12.06.2012. ' McNicol; Sarah and of clara Nankivell, Clare (2003) LIS Researchers and Practitioners: a Research Culture, Library and Information Research News 26(83), pp. 10-16. ' Miwa M et. Plan? al. (2011), Global LIS: An effort to describe trends in Japanese LIS education for global collaboration, Asia Pacific conference on Library information education and practice 2011. ' Naukri24 (2012), Library and information science education in custom writting, India, Accessed at http://www.news24online.com/Library-and-Information-Science-Education-in-India--Options,-Opportunities-and-Places_career24_23.aspx accessed on 14.04.2012.

' Peritz (1981), the methods of library science research: some results from a bibliometric survey, Library Research2, p. 251-268. ' Pluse, John M., and Prythech, Ray (1996), Research in Public Libraries, Final Report of the Project on Research in Public Libraries, British Library Research and Innovation Report 8, London: BLRIC. ' Rath, P (2010) Information and communication technology - Application in higher education with special reference to north Eastern region. Located at www.caluniv.ac.in/news/prabhakar.doc accessed on cosmetics business plan 23.07.2011. ' Rochester Maxine, and Vakkari, Pertti (1998), 'International LIS research: A Comparison of National Trends', IFLA Journal 24(3), pp. 166-175. ' Rochester Maxine K (1995), Library and information science research in Australia 1985-1994. A content analysis of research articles in the Australian Academic and Research Libraries 26, p. Space Homework? 163-170.

' Rochester Maxine K and Vakkari Pertti (2003), International library and information science research: A comparison of national trends, IFLA professional reports, Nr. 82. ' Samdani R A and Bhatti R (2011), doctoral research in LIS by Pakistani professionals: An analysis, Library philosophy and practice, accessed on http://inillibunl.edu/lpp accessed at 25.02.2012. ' Sumsion John (1994) strategic research areas and possible research models for cosmetics business, UK public libraries, Library Review, Vol. 43(4), p 7-26. ' Tsuji Keita, Yoshida Yuko and Miva M (2006) Survey on faculty of Library and Information Science education in Japan, Graduate school of library, Information and Media Studies, University of Tsukuba, 2-3, Kasuga, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8550. If this essay isn't quite what you're looking for, why not order your own custom Science essay, dissertation or piece of coursework that answers your exact question? There are UK writers just like me on hand, waiting to help you. Each of us is qualified to a high level in our area of expertise, and we can write you a fully researched, fully referenced complete original answer to your essay question. Just complete our simple order form and you could have your customised Science work in of clara, your email box, in as little as 3 hours.

This Science essay was submitted to us by a student in cosmetics business plan, order to help you with your studies. This page has approximately words. If you use part of this page in your own work, you need to provide a citation, as follows: Essay UK, Bibliometrics, Citation And Citation Analysis . Available from: http://www.essay.uk.com/free-essays/science/bibliometrics-citation-citation-analysis.php [03-10-17]. If you are the original author of space homework this content and no longer wish to have it published on our website then please click on cosmetics plan the link below to request removal:

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Writing Better University Essays/Referencing. By referencing the sources you use in your essay, you do a number of business plan, things. First of all, you comply with an academic convention. Thesis Of Clara. Secondly, you make your essay look more professional. In fact, it not only looks more professional, but its argument becomes more powerful. Thirdly, you allow others to check your sources.

This is cosmetics often only a hypothetical issue, but a look through the list of your references will allow others to judge your argument quickly. Fourthly, you acknowledge your sources and thus admit that like everyone else, you’re a dwarf on the shoulders of the giants. The essential bits of space homework, referencing require you to provide enough information to others so that they can identify the source. What exactly is meant by plan, enough is short french open to debate, and this is also where conventions come in. Essential is that you do provide references. Ideally, you would do so properly. It’s not so difficult, and the sooner you get into the habit of cosmetics, referencing, the better.

There are two forms to do the referencing: including them as footnotes, or use a variation of the Harvard system. Your institution may have a preference, or even a house style. In most cases, your markers will be happy with a consistent and custom writting appropriate system. The Harvard system is business also known as author/date, and will be described here in more detail. Within your essay, whenever you make a statement that is essentially based on custom writting, somebody else’s work, you should attribute the source. Cosmetics Business. You do this by stating the thesis of clara barton author(s) and the year of the publication you consulted.

Where the name of the cosmetics plan author occurs naturally in the text, it does not need to be repeated. The references are usually included at the end of a sentence, or where inappropriate in a place where the text flow is barton not interrupted too much, such as in front of a comma. This may be necessary, for example, if only the first half of your sentence is based on someone else’s work. Switzerland seems to business plan be the ideal place for studying the effects of custom writting, direct democracy, since no other country has gone as far in terms of cosmetics business plan, implementing such means (Franklin, 2002). The name of the author is included in brackets, together with the year of publication.

Some styles put a comma between the two, others just a space: (Franklin 2002). Where there are two authors, both names are included: (McLanahan Sandefur, 1994). Toefl Kaliplari. Some styles prefer the word and , others prefer the ampersand ( symbol). Where there are more than two authors, the name of the first author is given, followed by et al. (which literally means and business others ): (Almeder et al. , 2001). Some styles put et al. into heros walk essay italics, others don’t. If you have two or more references for the same argument, you should separate the cosmetics business plan references with a semicolon (; symbol): (McLanahan Sandefur, 1994; Steinberg, 1999). If there are very many references to an argument, use your own judgement to select the most relevant ones. What should you reference? Basically references should be included to any argument made by someone else, including numbers you cite.

However, statements of general nature need not be attributed to anyone. A statement that the sky is blue alone does not require a reference. However, if you state that the sky is blue because of a specific reason, then you should include a reference. If you use the exact words of an author (quotation), you’ll need to give the number of the walk essay page where you copy from. This is business plan needed so anyone can quickly check the original words, should he or she feel so.

See the separate section on quotes. It’s not uncommon that you want to use the arguments of say Max Weber, even though you have not actually read this particular book. Strictly speaking, you should not reference Weber’s work for such a statement, because you have not actually read it. Can you really be sure this is what Weber said or meant? The technically correct trick is to add cited in after the reference: (Weber, 1918, cited in Hamilton, 2002). You should always reference the of clara barton work you consulted, and this includes the year of business, publication. Many books are published in their second and third editions, so giving the correct year can be helpful. Similarly, even if a book is merely a reprint by a different publisher, give the toefl year of the cosmetics business edition you consulted.

The page numbers may differ. If it’s just a second print of the exact same book, use the heros original date. Some readers find this unsatisfactory, since Weber surely did not publish anything this year. The convention to circumvent this issue is to business plan give both years: the kaliplari year of the original publication, together with the one of the work you consulted. Sometimes slashes are used between the dates (/ sign), others prefer the used of square brackets ([ and ] sign): Burke (2004/1774) or Burke (2004 [1774]).

Another small issue occurs where an author published more than one book or article in a single year, and cosmetics you want to cite more than one of them. The trick here is to add letters from the alphabet after the year to identify which of the of clara works you refer to. Use the letter a for the first of your references, the letter b for the second and so on: (McManus, 1994a) and business (McManus, 1994b) are two different works. To sum it up, inside the text, you give the family name of the toefl author, followed by the year of the publication. Always cite the business plan text you consulted, because in the end it’s your responsibility that the references are correct. At the end of space homework, your essay you should include a list of references. Such a list of references provides more details than just the name of the author and the year of publication. It’s this list that allows identifying the work cited. Each work you cited in the essay is cited once, and listed in alphabetical order. Note that a bibliography and list of references is not technically the same.

A bibliography is a list of relevant sources that may or may not be cited in business the main text. References are the sources you cited, even if they are rather trivial. Short Essay Causes. Use the cosmetics business heading references for your references. For books, you put the family name of the author(s) and their initials, followed by the year of publication in custom writting brackets, the title in italics, the place of publication, and finally the name of the publisher. If there are editors, give their names instead of the authors’. If there is a subtitle to the title, this is usually separated using colons (: sign). Where there are more than four authors, it’s common to use et al. after the first three, but some styles insist on citing all authors. Sometimes a book is co-published by two publishers, and this can be indicated by using a slash (/ sign). Where you give the editors rather than the actual authors, you indicate this by adding (eds) after their names, or (ed.) if there is only one.

The title is capitalized. For example: Anderson, C. Zelle, C. (eds) (1998) Stability and Change in German Elections: How Electorates Merge, Converge, or Collide , London, Praeger. Cosmetics Business Plan. Granovetter, M. (1974) Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers , Chicago, Chicago University Press. Grass, G. Custom Writting. (1963) Katz und Maus , Neuwied am Rhein, Rowolth/Hermann Leuchterhand. Hall, S. Cosmetics Plan. (ed.) (1997) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices , London, Sage.

Halsey, A., Heath, A. Ridge, J. Heros Essay. (1980) Origins and Destinations , Oxford, Clarendon Press. Chapters in a book are cited separately, especially if the book is edited. You give the family name of the author and his or her initial, the cosmetics year, the name of the chapter in single speech marks (‘ and ’ sign; not capitalized), followed by the word in toefl , and the name and year of the editor(s). If you cite only one chapter, you can give the whole reference at the end; otherwise it’s enough to give the name and cosmetics plan year of the editor. In this case, however, the book itself needs to be included in the list of references, too. For example: Allen, J. (1995) ‘Global worlds’ in Allen, J. Massey, D. (eds) (1995). Hardin, R. (1990) ‘Public choice versus democracy’ in Chapman, J. Custom Writting. Wertheimer, A. (eds) (1990). Leroy, P. Verhagen, K. (2003) ‘Environmental politics: Society’s capacity for cosmetics, political response’ in Blowers, A. Hinchliffe, S. (eds) (2003) Environmental Responses , Chichester, Wiley. An entry in a printed encyclopaedia or a dictionary can be cited if it was a chapter in a book.

The editors are often given on the front of the reference book. For example: Jackman, R. (2001) ‘Social capital’ in space homework Smelser, N. Cosmetics Business. Baltes, P. (eds) (2004). Journal articles are cited in a way that is quite similar to chapters in a book. The main difference really is what should of a that details about the volume and page numbers are included, too. Cosmetics Business. The reference starts with the name and initial of the author, the year in brackets, the title of the article in single speech marks (not capitalized), followed by the name of the journal in italics (capitalized), and further details. The details of journals are commonly abbreviated as follows: the volume number followed by a colon and the page numbers of the heros article. Cosmetics Plan. If there are different numbers to a volume, this is indicated by including it in brackets before the thesis barton colon, if known. Online journals may not have page numbers.

For example: Burt, R. (1987) ‘Social contagion and plan innovation: Cohesion versus structural equivalence’, American Journal of toefl essay, Sociology , 92:1287–335. Thoits, P. Hewitt, L. (2001) ‘Volunteer work and well-being’, Journal of Health and Social Behaviour , 42(2):115–31. Business. Small, C. (1999) ‘Finding an invisible history: A computer simulation experiment (in virtual Polynesia)’, Journal of heros walk essay, Artificial Societies and Social Simulation , 2(3). Valente, T. (1996) ‘Social network thresholds in the diffusion of business, information’, Social Networks , 18(1):69–89. Pages on the internet should be cited where used. Be In The Introduction. You should bear in mind the quality of the site before citing from it, but if you use a web site, reference it, too. There are many internet sites that are perfectly acceptable as sources for your essays. The reference includes the name of the author and cosmetics business plan initial, the year in short causes revolution brackets, the business title of the short essay causes french revolution document in italics, the word online in square brackets, the place of publication, the publisher, the cosmetics words available from custom writting : followed by the URL, and the date when the document was accessed in brackets.

The date is important, because unlike printed works, web sites often change their content or even disappear. Many web sites include a copyright note at the bottom, giving you an indication when the content was written. For example: Moser, P. (2005) Politik im Kanton Zurich—eine Synthese [online], Zurich, Statistisches Amt des Kantons Zurich, available from: http://web.archive.org/web/20051224111845/http://www.statistik.zh.ch/statistik.info/pdf/2005_15.pdf [accessed 27th October 2005]. Chan, T. Goldthorpe, J. (2004) Social Status and Newspaper Readership [online], Oxford, Oxford University, available from: http://users.ox.ac.uk/ sfos0006/papers/news4.pdf [accessed 31st March 2005]. Newspaper articles are very similar to journal articles in the way they are cited. The key difference is that rather than the volume, the date is given. The reference therefore includes the name and initial of the author, the year of plan, publication in brackets, the essay french title in single speech marks, the name of the newspaper in italics (capitalized), the plan date, and finally the page where the article was found. For one page it’s customary to use the abbreviation p. Essay Revolution. , for articles running over two or more pages, the abbreviation pp. is common.

For example: Cockburn, P. Usborne, D. Cosmetics Business. (2004) ‘Burning with anger: Iraqis infuriated by short causes, new flag that was designed in cosmetics business London’, The Independent , 28th April, pp.2–3. Handouts from a lecture can be referenced and should be referenced if they are used as the basis of what you write. It’s normally a better idea not to use lecture notes, but try to find the original referred to in the lecture. Thesis Barton. Not only will you have more control over business, what was actually said, but also can your readers more easily access books and journal article than lecture handouts. The reference to a lecture handout includes the name and initial of the lecturer, the year in bracket, the title of the handout in single speech marks, the words lecture notes distributed in what be in of a followed by the name of the course in italics, the word at and the cosmetics business name of your institution, the place, and date of the lecture. For example: Burt, S. (2005) ‘Survey sampling and administration’, lecture notes distributed in Survey Research Methods at Cambridge University, Cambridge, 9th February 2005. Personal conversations are not commonly considered good sources, but if they are what you use as the basis of barton, your essay, you should include such conversations.

It’s usually a good idea to have another reference to a printed piece, but sometimes this is not an option. In terms of giving the reference, personal conversations are very easy: the name of the person you spoke to, the year in brackets, the words conversation with the author and the date of the conversation. For example: Smith, E. (2004) conversation with the author 6th July 2004. The same format can also be used for personal e-mail, or instant messengers. Business. Once again, bear in mind the credibility of your sources. With e-mail messages it’s customary to french include the e-mail address of the sender in brackets after the business plan name, but it’s essential that you obtain consent from the author. The subject line of the e-mail is often included as the title. With all forms of personal conversation, the issue of custom writting, consent is important. It’s always a very good idea to plan check with the author first.

There are sometimes cases that are not so straightforward as the toefl kaliplari average book or journal article. For everything there is a solution in the academic conventions. If you refer to musical works, television programmes, or pieces of art, check with your institution how this should be done. If everything else fails, remember the function of referencing, and provide a reasonable amount of information for others to chase the cosmetics work. Common problems include the lack of authors, unpublished documents, or lack of publisher. Where there is no author, often there is an organization. Thesis Of Clara. Put the name of the organization. If there is no-one, it’s customary to business put the word “Anon” instead of the author’s name. For example:

IDEA (1998) Women in the introduction of a Parliament: Beyond Numbers [online], Stockholm, International IDEA, available from: http://archive.idea.int/women/parl/toc.htm [accessed 28th February 2006]. UN Statistics Division (2006) Social Indicators [online], New York, UN Statistics Division, available from: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/inc-eco.htm [accessed 20th February 2006]. Sometimes the year of a document is not known. Where you have a rough idea, you can put a c before the date, such as in (c.1999). Where you just have no clue, there is no need to panic: simply put the word unknown instead of the year. Documents that are unpublished as such, for example a thesis or a draft article you were sent, should come with the indication that they are not published. This is easily done by including the word unpublished in brackets at the end of the reference.

With articles sent to you, you should always ask permission to cite; just like you would with an ordinary e-mail. Cosmetics. For theses it’s common to include the short causes kind of thesis after the title, such as PhD thesis or MA thesis . Plan. Where the name or place of the publisher is unknown a very simple solution is used: leave the information blank. This is particularly an issue with internet sites. Including the URL is in this case much more helpful than trying to guess the name of the publisher. Course materials provided to you are treated very similar to the lecture handouts. Give the name of the author, the year in brackets, the course code if there is one, the course title in italics (capitalized), the kind of thesis of clara barton, material and its title in single speech marks, place of publication, and cosmetics business plan publisher. For example: Peake, S. (2003) U216 Environment , Video 4 ‘Shanghai Boom’, Milton Keynes, The Open University. The Open University (2004) DD305 Personal Lives and Social Policy , CD-ROM 2 ‘Interviews and Interviewing’, Milton Keynes, The Open University.

The capitalization of titles may seem a bit confusing, but it follows a simple logic: it’s the main title that is what should be in of a capitalized. Business. In the case of a book, the main title is of clara barton that of the cosmetics plan book. In the case of journal articles, on the other hand, the what should main title is cosmetics business plan thought to be that of the journal itself. It might be confusing that within the journal, the title of an article often is capitalized. Capitalization is not very hard to achieve. Put in capital letters are all nouns, proper names, the first word, verbs, and adjectives. Short French Revolution. This is in fact almost everything. Not put in capital letters are words like and , in , or , or with . Unfortunately most word processors don’t capitalize properly when told to, and put every single word in capital letters, including the ands and withins that should not come with capital letters. Different publishers have different house styles, and cosmetics plan you might come across a title with a word you would normally spell differently.

This is space homework common with British and cosmetics plan American variants, but there are other words, too, such as post-modernity . No matter how strongly you might disagree with the spelling, you should always use the original spelling in the references. It’s perfectly fine to change them in your essay itself, but not in the references. A good manual of style, such as the Oxford Style Manual (Ritter, 2003) will be able to give you further guidance. Many course providers have their own preferences or house styles, and it’s advisable to follow these conventions. Where there are no house styles, using a system such as the one outlined in this guide in short causes french revolution a consistent manner will be well received. You’ll find full references to every work mentioned in this book at the end. It’s difficult to cosmetics plan write about referencing without mentioning plagiarism. Plagiarism describes the act or result where you take the words or ideas of somebody else and present them as your own. Plagiarism is considered serious academic misconduct and can be punished severely. Most importantly, however, your reputation is on the line. The origin of the word plagiarism gives you an idea what others will think of you when you plagiarize.

The word goes back to the Latin plagiarius , a thief and heros kidnapper—in particular a child snatcher and plan somebody abducting slaves. The modern use in academia brands you a literary thief (OED, 2005). There are a number of reasons why plagiarism occurs. Space Homework. The worst case is deliberate plagiarism (for whatever reason). Careless work may lead to plagiarism, but is not commonly considered as severe an cosmetics business, offence as the deliberate case. Careless work is often a sign of be in the introduction of a, students working too closely to the original, and this can be easily remedied. Without changing your habit, simply by including references to where you got the ideas from, and putting speech marks where you quote, you technically are done. In practice, you still might rely too much on the original and not deliver as good an essay as you could. Deliberate plagiarism, often motivated by laziness, can’t be remedied directly. At the time, it may seem a reasonable risk to copy from the internet, but is it really worth it?

Bear in mind that there is cosmetics something in for you, too—that is heros walk something in addition to the grades. The more you write, the easier it gets. If you work too closely to the original, there is cosmetics business a simple solution: don’t write the essay with the books in front of you. Space Homework. By so doing, there is very little danger that you copy word by business plan, word. In a way, you force yourself to space homework make the material your own: and that is a good thing—it makes a better argument, your essay will be more original, and not least, you’ll also get better grades.

Rather than having the original works in front of you, try using your notes. As you still will need to put those references for the ideas you take from others, make a note whenever you do so. I use brackets with three X inside, to remind myself that I need to put a proper reference. Often I remember very well who said this, so I include, for example, (Granovetter XXX) inside the text. When checking the essay, it’s hard not to business notice the triple X; and there is always the what be in the introduction search facility in the word processor. By putting a place holder, I can get on with the job of writing without interrupting my thoughts. Cosmetics Business Plan. Equally important, I leave some traces indicating to myself that there is space homework some more work to business plan be done: finding the heros walk essay proper reference, for example. If you think plagiarism is hard to detect by cosmetics business plan, your marker, think again. There are a great number of signs that give plagiarized work away.

Technology-wise, your markers are likely to toefl have the same possibilities than you have if not more. If you can copy and paste something you found on the internet, it’s equally easy for your marker to find it on a search engine, again. It would, of course, be possible, to cosmetics business plan change plagiarized work to the extent that the deed is no longer easy to spot. Usually, however, this is just as much work as writing the essay yourself. Just to give you an idea, the heros walk markers of your essay will not only have access to the same search engines than you have. There is software to scan essays for duplicates; and many institutes even have access to essay banks (sites on the internet where complete essays are sold). The most successful tool, however, is probably the human brain with its incredible ability to remember. Cosmetics. If you copy from a colleague, chances are that your marker has read this one, too. If you copy from a set reading, chances are that your marker has read this one, too. Knowing what is on short causes french, the reading list helps spot essays that refer to other works a great deal, or don’t refer to some of the core reading.

Your marker can estimate how many readings you had time to cosmetics read, or whether you’re likely to have read a great number of papers on the Belgian perspective of whatever issues is set in of clara barton the question. An even easier sign is plan having the same paragraph twice in the same essay, for example. There are more subtle signs, too, such as sudden changes in style or formatting. Many people are unaware of how idiosyncratic one’s writing style is. They are in fact so individual that writing styles can be used to determine how many people wrote a document, such as the Christian Bible (Jakoblich, 2001).

Writing style includes the tenses we use, the level of formality, our own choice of words, the kinds of metaphors we put, whether we use American or British English, choices over punctuation, the heros walk length of plan, sentences, or the use of what the introduction, specialist terms. Business. Typographic signs include font size, choices of where to break paragraphs, spaces in between lines, and things like proper m- and n-dashes (when copying from custom writting electronic articles). The presence or lack of references is often an easy sign: for example, where there are many references inside the text, but few at cosmetics business plan the end, or where the revolution citation style changes within a single essay. A marker may get suspicious where there is cosmetics business suddenly a section with many references, or suddenly none. Sometimes, students even include hyperlinks in references when copying from electronic journals; and what should be in have them automatically underlined by the word processor. Even where you take care of these issues, a paragraph copied from the internet will very unlikely link well with the rest of your essay. The style may be inappropriate, or just different.

Essays from an essay bank may be internally consistent, but very rarely are they really relevant to the exact question you have been set. In summary, you can avoid plagiarism easily. Plan. This is done by writing freely without having the books right in front of you. Instead, work with your notes, and essay take care to business put references where you use the ideas from essay others. Don’t use the internet to business copy from, no matter how tempting it is. It will hardly ever be worth it. There is an important difference between citations and quotations. Unfortunately, confusion is space homework commonplace; and business the terms are frequently used incorrectly. Knowing your citations from your quotations is useful when writing essays.

It’s essential, in fact, if you want to reference properly. Citations are about ideas you take from others. Quotations are about the exact words used by others. This is really the whole distinction. So, when using your own words, you cite; when you use the words of someone else, you quote. “Why can’t a man be more like a woman?” (Blankenhorn, 1995, p.117) is a quotation, because I use the exact same words Blankenhorn did.

However, when stating that families in the US are increasingly defined by custom writting, the absence of a father (Blankenhorn, 1995), I only use the idea, not the exact words. When putting a reference, the difference between a citation and a quotation is that for a quotation we always put a page number. This is done to cosmetics business enable the reader to check the short causes french words in cosmetics business plan the original context. In the essay french revolution list of references at the end of the text, there is no difference. Short quotations are included in the text, and enclosed by plan, speech marks. Longer quotations are set apart from the main text by indenting the quotations, and usually putting in a slightly smaller font. Longer means about 3 to 4 lines or more. Heros. For example: It is business true that many voters may be voting for reasons wholly unconnected with social inequalities in any of the thesis three dimensions. They may attach greater importance to some specific issue such as foreign affairs, or they may vote out of plan, personal reasons or habits with which egalitarianism has nothing to do. (Runciman, 1966, p.136)

When quoting someone else, you should take great care to copy the words exactly. Of Clara Barton. Sometimes, you might want to change a quote slightly in order to make it fit your essay. Cosmetics Business. If these changes are substantial, you should use your own words and cite the custom writting work instead. If the business changes are small, use square brackets to indicate that you have changed the text. For example, you might quote Rawls (1999, p.87) that intelligent people don’t “[deserve their] greater natural capacity”. I have included the words that I changed in square brackets, leaving the rest the same. This indicates to custom writting my readers that the words in square brackets are not the exact same as Rawls used. Cosmetics. For reference, the original reads: “No one deserves his greater natural capacity” (p.87). I made the changes, because I wrote about intelligent people, and essay causes Rawls was talking in more general terms. Whilst quotations can lighten up an essay, you should not rely on them too much.

Your own writing is much more important, and often text you quote was written for a different purpose. Business. The consequence is that the quotations may be relevant in content (what is being said), but in terms of style don’t fit well with what you wrote. If you rely too much on quotations, you run the risk that your readers will think that you maybe don’t really know what you’re writing about: that you have not understood the material well enough. When writing an custom writting, essay, particularly when writing an extended essay, it’s easiest to put the references whilst you write. This is the cosmetics case, because you still know where you got the idea from.

I keep a place holder to remind myself that a reference is needed if I can’t remember the author right away. Often, I will know at least some of it, and write this down. Space Homework. By putting a place holder rather than chasing the reference right away, I can stay focused on the writing. However, I also indicate that the essay is not completed. Place holders like (Baudrillard, XXX) or (XXX last week’s reading) will help me find the full references once I completed the essay or section.

References are needed whenever you write an academic piece of writing. Even where you can get away without referencing, by cosmetics plan, including references your essay will be taken more serious. It’s a good habit to put references all the time, so when you really need to—such as in your thesis—you’ll not struggle, or spend days trying to find out how to reference a chapter in a book. There are a number of software packages such as Endnote , Refworks , Scholar’s Aid Lite , or Bibus that help you putting references. These computer applications interact with your word processor, and automate much of the referencing process.

They manage citations, and usually let you search libraries and walk essay journal databases. Useful and flexible as they are, such software packages need some time to get used to. It’s thus a good idea to familiarize yourself with their working before the deadline is menacing. For example, make sure you know how to put page numbers for quotations. Even if you don’t use a dedicated computer program to manage your references, it might be useful to collect references in a separate file. Plan. So, after completing your essay, copy all the references to a separate file.

The next time you cite the same paper, it’ll be a simple case of copying and pasting, without the work of formatting the essay reference. Keeping the business plan full references with your notes can safe a great deal of time, too.