Robinson crusoe essay prompts

ann mcclintock essay Anne McClintock sheds light to some subtle, yet profound truth about essay prompts, nationalisms, while also revealing the implications women have within such nationalisms. She captures the position women were in during the early nation-building times of South Africa and utilizes it to life portray how all nationalisms are dependent on powerful constructions of gender difference (105). Although the top-most leadership of robinson prompts, all nationalistic movements were exclusively male, women still found themselves deeply rooted in the decisions and history of their nation. Plme Worked. Nationalism, therefore, can be viewed as a gendered discourse that can only be fully understood by theories of robinson crusoe essay prompts, gender power. In her discussion of internet, women and nationalism, McClintock goes on to speak about a broad spectrum of topics which range from the colonial era of Afrikaner nationalism to issues of feminism and robinson crusoe essay prompts, imperialism today. She utilizes a great deal of examples, quotes, and historical background to support her claim; a claim that suggests nationalism can only be explained and understood as a gendered discourse through the theory of gender power. More specifically, she brings to light that women throughout the course of history have been repressed and on drinking age, subjugated for the advancement of a nation, as well as for the patriarchal needs of men. When it comes down to it, a woman’s relation to nationalism can be served in at least five different images. - Biological reproducers of national groups (the biological mothers of the people) - Symbols and signifiers of national difference in male discourse. - Transmitters and producers of the cultural narratives themselves (mothers, teachers, writers, playwrights, artists) - Reproducers of the boundaries of the prompts nation (by accepting or refusing sexual intercourse or marriage with prescribed groups of men) - Active participants in national movements: in armies, congresses, trade union activism, community organizations.” (105) In consideration of the five forms listed above, women can then be essentially described as the “bearers of the nation” (105). So much responsibility has fallen on women that the sole foundation of any real-functioning nation are women, themselves. Nationalistic discourse says that if the women fall, the computer nation, too, will fall.

The irony of it all, however, lies in the unusual fact that women lack any nationality or identity of their own. They merely “serve to represent the limits of national difference between men” (105). In the beginnings of her essay, McClintock describes the essay histories of the early Afrikaner nation solely to portray the research limited position that men have placed their women into. For example, a wife’s nationality follows that of her husband's, where the sort of citizenship that she may enjoy is entirely moderated through her marital relationship. Though citizenship supposedly represents the bond between the robinson crusoe essay people and their rights, the association takes on a bit of a more extreme role in globalization regards to women. Robinson Essay. It follows the logic that “a man and his wife are one, and he is the essay on importance one” (112). Thus, women were only incorporated into society indirectly through men causing ties to crusoe essay prompts the nation to depend on unfair constructions of gender difference. Internet Globalization. McClintock further describes how black women in South Africa live in accordance to three legal systems as well as three other fundamental legal dimensions.

They include: customary law, native law, European law, influx control law, family law, and finally, labor law. These systems and laws invariably dominated the majority of the space in crusoe which women could freely move about. To provide a clearer description of the effects of these control units, regardless of whether a woman is legalizing online poker paper single or married, she is denied of all legal rights. Robinson Crusoe. This means that she cannot own any property, cannot bring any case to court, cannot marry without the consent of computer life, her father, cannot legally earn money unless being transferred to the husband, cannot enter into a contract, and cannot retain custody over her own children. Marriage, therefore, can sort of be viewed as a legal and political disaster: while marriage may be seen as the only means for a woman to gain access to housing or residence rights, entering into one contains the same amount, if not, more constraints and crusoe prompts, confinements. McClintock then goes on to compare how Afikaner nationalism differed from African nationalism.

She points out essay skills engineering, how women in Africa put forth an effort to be recognized and be treated as individuals, rather than be seen as a mere shadow to men. As such, their endeavors are what gradually allowed them to be more socially accepted into African nationalism instead of the invitation given by crusoe essay prompts, men. In time, women began to gain more and more opportunities, privileges, and the empowerment to online research their own rights. During this time, of course, feminism has started taking shape and with it, the robinson crusoe idea of “motherhood” drastically changed as well. From signs that say, “Women come out online poker research, of the kitchen!” (118) to chants that yell, “Stand up and robinson crusoe, be counted with other women,” (116) it is definitely apparent that women are taking a stand to emancipate themselves. Mothers were no longer seen as simple house caretakers, but to a transformed identity as “mothers of revolution” (116). All in all, McClintock believes that in a nationalist revolution, not only men but women as well, should be empowered to a persuasive essay make decisions, decide which traditions and changes should take place, and which aspects of society should be retained. The problem, however, comes in the fact that most nationalisms throughout history have been unenthusiastic about giving much concern to gender conflict and seeing it as a fundamental issue in society. Not only that, but feminism in its own sake has either been looked down upon or unjustly silenced.

There were times when male nationalists “condemned feminism as divisive, bidding women to crusoe essay hold their tongues until after the revolution.” (121) What those men do not realize, though, is that gender conflict is very real and exists in all aspects of society. Life. Attempting to silence this gender conflict only furthers the robinson prompts cause for globalization essay, women to crusoe essay prompts mobilize and fight. This becomes the computer life reason for which McClintock strongly believes that the nation-state will only remain a collection of male hopes and aspirations if nationalism is not explicated as a theory of gender conflict. Because nationalism is so deeply rooted in its struggles of men versus women, to understand any sort of meaning in nationalism means people must view the issue as a gendered discourse.

Prevenir les difficultes post-fusion/ acquisition en utilisant la gestion de crise. Sommaire des nouveaux numeros. Votre alerte a bien ete prise en compte. Vous recevrez un email a chaque nouvelle parution d'un numero de cette revue. Erreur lors de l'enregistrement de votre alerte. Vous avez deja enregistre cette alerte. Robinson Prompts! Vous pouvez gerer vos alertes depuis le menu Mon cairn.info. L’annonce d’une acquisition ou d’une fusion a la presse, aux milieux financiers, aux personnels se fait generalement dans un climat de d’eu phorie et de victoire.

On evoque la « taille critique pour rester dans la course », comme les « performances de la recherche permettant de mettre sur le marche les produits les plus innovants », ainsi que « l’aptitude de la firme a faire face aux challenges du futur » ou encore la volonte de « continuer a satisfaire les clients, employes et actionnaires du monde entier ». Cette perception tres positive de l’operation est normale car elle se fonde sur des realites financieres et economiques. On Importance Of Communication Engineering! Les aspects benefiques d’un regroupement sont voulus, recherches et attendus dans chaque domaine d’activite de l’entreprise. Pourtant, l’optimisme des dirigeants ne fait pas toujours l’unanimite. Robinson Prompts! Chacun sait qu’apres la periode d’euphorie, la realite reprend ses droits et qu’il faudra y faire face.

De nombreux changements se profilent et avec eux, les risques inherents a toute periode de destabilisation, inevitable puisque toute acquisition ou fusion implique restructuration, reorganisation majeure et integration, partielle ou complete. Cette notion d’integration partielle ou totale s’applique a des operations dans lesquelles de reelles synergies sont recherchees sur un plan a la fois strategique et organisationnel. Without Electricity Essay! Plus precisement, nous nous interessons dans cet article a l’integration du potentiel humain, qui peut etre partielle au niveau operationnel (unites de production), et complete au niveau des cadres et des fonctions si elle est necessaire pour le bon fonctionnement de la nouvelle entite. Prompts! Plus le degre d’integration souhaite par les directions generales est eleve, plus l’impact sur les organisations concernees par le rapprochement, et donc sur leurs salaries, est a meme de provoquer des difficultes potentielles dans la phase ulterieure de realisation. La phase d’integration, qui debute des que la fusion est annoncee officiellement aux personnels des deux societes, a donne lieu a de nombreux travaux de recherche, la plupart visant a proposer des actions contribuant a reduire le nombre d’echecs de ce type d’operations (Feldman et Spratt,2000; Angot et Meier, 2000; Cartwright et Cooper, 1992). On Importance Of Communication Skills In Civil Engineering! Il est aujourd’hui communement admis que la gestion de l’integration post-fusion/acquisition est le seul veritable facteur-cle du succes d’une acquisition (Demeure, 2000). Robinson! Le processus d’integration est percu par les dirigeants comme etant « difficile, incertain et generateur de risques importants » pour les societes fusionnees. Engineering! En effet, apres une phase de preparation souvent secrete qui implique un nombre d’acteurs limite, l’annonce d’une fusion ou d’une acquisition est un instant ou tout peut basculer de facon acceleree.

Ces moments d’incertitude, d’angoisse et d’acceleration s’apparentent fortement aux phenomenes observes dans les situations de crise. Robinson Crusoe Essay Prompts! P. Legalizing Online Poker Paper! Lagadec, pionnier dans l’etude de ce domaine en France, definit la crise comme etant un « bouleversement, une epreuve, une rupture, mais egalement une opportunite » (2000). Robinson Essay! Avant lui, le socio-logue E. Internet Globalization! Morin (1976) l’avait decrite en ces termes : « Crise signifie indecision : c’est le moment ou, en meme temps qu’une perturbation, surgissent les incertitudes ». Prompts! Les crises repondent a trois conditions qui les distinguent des situations de gestion dites « normales » : elles engendrent un processus de destabilisation de l’organisation dont les enjeux sont considerables; elles ont des consequences a la fois spatiales, temporelles, comportementales et strategiques, et. elles bouleversent le cadre de reference des decideurs, entrainant d’enormes difficultes d’apprehension et de gestion (Roux-Dufort, 1997; Forgues, 1996). Ces trois conditions peuvent se trouver reunies dans bon nombre de fusions et d’acquisitions, meme si celles-ci presentent des caracteristiques contextuelles qui leur sont propres. A Persuasive Essay Age! En effet, une fusion ou une acquisition n’est pas en soi une situation de crise.

Pour reprendre les termes de Lagadec (1996), la fusion de deux entreprises n’est pas un « accident » dans la mesure ou elle a ete decidee, puis preparee, mais plutot un « evenement majeur » dans la vie des entreprises concernees, qui peut, dans certains cas, se transformer en crise. Si l’objectif des dirigeants lorsqu’ils mettent en ?uvre une operation de croissance externe est d’obtenir des resultats rapides, ils savent que pour y parvenir, de nombreux services, departements de chacune des deux societes vont devoir s’integrer plus ou moins rapidement pour, a terme, ne plus en former qu’un seul. Crusoe! Le processus d’integration est donc, a ce titre, tres ambigu car d’une part, il vise a l’unification, et d’autre part, il va entrainer un elagage de tout ce qui est superflu, tant au niveau des produits ou des activites qu’au niveau des ressources humaines. L’objet de cet article est double : d’une part, nous tenterons de demontrer que la gestion de crise et les logiques de reponse qui lui sont rattachees peuvent permettre de mieux gerer cette ambiguite post-fusion/acquisi-tion; d’autre part, nous proposerons un outil de pilotage du changement lors de la phase d’integration qui s’appuie sur une synthese de deux domaines de la litterature en gestion qui ont, jusqu’alors, fait l’objet de peu de rapprochements. I. Brown Plme! – LES CARACTERISTIQUES DU PROCESSUS D’INTEGRATION AU REGARD DES DYNAMIQUES DE CRISE. 1. Robinson Essay! Le rapprochement des hommes et des ressources. Fusionner deux entreprises ne consiste pas seulement a additionner des chiffres d’affaires et des parts de marche, mais egalement a reunir des hommes, des methodes de travail et des cultures [1] [1] Nous souhaitons rappeler que les fusions ou les acquisitions. On Importance Of Communication Engineering! . Robinson Crusoe Prompts! C’est seulement a cette condition que l’operation peut etre creatrice de valeur a la fois pour les salaries et pour les actionnaires. Brown Essays Worked! Ainsi, toute operation visant a rapprocher les personnels de deux entreprises jusqu’alors independantes comporte des risques qui ne peuvent etre ignores des equipes dirigeantes.

Il peut s’agir de toutes les modalites de la croissance externe (fusion, absorption, scission), mais egalement des restructurations internes qui consistent a fusionner deux filiales. Robinson! Dans le cadre de cet article, nous limiterons nos recommandations aux cas de fusion complete car ce sont des situations qui portent a leur paroxysme les problemes operationnels, organisationnels et humains auxquels sont confrontes les dirigeants durant la phase d’integration. La recente prise de controle par France Telecom de l’operateur britannique Orange dans le domaine de la telephonie mobile montre bien a quel point les dirigeants ont conscience de ces derives potentielles : des l’annonce de la fusion Itineris/Orange, un vaste programme d’integration a ete lance, mobilisant une centaine de cadres issus des deux societes, et visant a mettre en place la nouvelle organisation. L’integration post-acquisition est definie par Haspeslagh et Jemison (1991) comme etant « un processus graduel au cours duquel les individus de deux organisations apprennent a travailler ensemble et cooperent afin de transferer leurs ressources strategiques ». Age! Ces auteurs entendent par « ressources strategiques » l’ensemble des competences operationnelles, fonctionnelles et manageriales ainsi que les differents avantages detenus par les deux societes qui font l’objet du rapprochement. Jemison (1988) precise cependant que les difficultes rencontrees lors du processus d’integration ne portent pas seulement sur ce transfert, mais plutot sur la facon dont les dirigeants vont parvenir a creer une atmosphere qui va favoriser ce transfert de ressources strategiques. Robinson Essay Prompts! De nombreux problemes sont en effet generes par les premiers echanges entre les deux firmes, c’est-a-dire des le debut de la phase d’integration. Importance! Ces interactions impliquent des le depart de multiples acteurs a differents niveaux et provoquent brusquement un bouleversement des reperes dont les consequences ne sont pas toujours bien maitrisees par les equipes dirigeantes. Cette dynamique de destabilisation et de turbulence s’apparente fortement aux difficultes, reelles ou percues, qui caracterisent les crises. Robinson Essay Prompts! Une crise implique de multiples problemes et menaces non circonscrits dans le temps, l’espace, les acteurs, le cout, etc. Importance Computer! (Lagadec, 1996).

Elle entraine egalement des sentiments de peur qui se traduisent par une inertie considerable. Crusoe! De la meme facon, l’annonce d’une fusion qui peut etre consideree sous le vocable de crise comme « l’evenement declencheur » de l’integration, provoque des changements soudains dans le mental comme dans le comportement des salaries et des cadres. A Persuasive On Drinking! Ils se mettent alors a batir des scenarios dans lesquels ils sont vainqueurs ou vaincus, gagnants ou perdants selon le cote ou ils se trouvent (ou croient se trouver). C’est pourquoi la periode de transition qui arrive immediatement apres l’annonce d’une operation de rapprochement est extremement importante et doit faire l’objet d’un management rigoureux par les dirigeants. Robinson! Nous la qualifions de periode de turbulence organisationnelle . On Importance Of Communication Skills In Civil Engineering! Cette periode, relativement courte dans le temps puisqu’elle ne depasse generalement pas quatre a cinq semaines, marque le debut du processus d’integration dans la mesure ou la fusion est subitement revelee au grand jour et plus ou moins mediatisee.

Les dirigeants doivent des lors amorcer le processus en informant, en confirmant ou infirmant des rumeurs, tout en restant credibles vis-a-vis des salaries et des actionnaires et en gardant le controle de ce qu’il se passe a l’interieur de l’entreprise. Lors d’une fusion, les changements previsibles sont nombreux et submergent les organisations comme les individus. Robinson! C’est pourquoi les dirigeants qui sont a l’origine de l’operation ont besoin de tous leurs moyens et en priorite des cadres-cles qui font les resultats et generent les profits. Life Without Electricity Essay! Il est donc essentiel que ceux-ci restent dans l’entreprise mais surtout participent et adherent pleinement au processus d’integration qui se met progressivement en place. Robinson Crusoe Prompts! Leur role durant la periode de turbulence organisationnelle est d’autant plus important que cette periode doit etre la plus courte possible pour que la nouvelle societe retrouve rapidement une certaine solidite vis-a-vis de ses salaries, mais aussi de ses clients, fournisseurs, banquiers et actionnaires (Feldman et Spratt, 2000). 2. Essay! Les difficultes inherentes a la periode de turbulence organisationnelle. La phase de turbulence organisationnelle est une periode de prise de conscience durant laquelle rien ne change en apparence.

Les structures des deux societes demeurent intactes, chacun est au meme poste et accomplit les memes taches qu’auparavant, tout en realisant qu’il a, dans la structure d’a cote, un homologue. Dans les jours qui suivent l’annonce de la fusion, les homologues sont peu a peu amenes a se rencontrer et commencent alors a percevoir les differences qui existent entre les deux societes. Crusoe Essay Prompts! Ces differences concernent aussi bien les methodes de travail et les procedures que les salaires, les avantages en nature, ou encore les langages et les facons d’agir. La fusion BNP-Paribas effectuee en 1999 permet tres bien d’illustrer cette notion de turbulence organisationnelle. A Persuasive On Drinking Age! Apres une OPA hostile tumultueuse sur le groupe Societe Generale/Paribas, la BNP prend finalement le controle de Paribas apres un raid particulierement offensif. Robinson Crusoe Essay Prompts! Quelques heures apres l’annonce de la fusion, le president de la BNP a souhaite rencontrer les principaux cadres dirigeants de Paribas. Essay! Six jours apres l’annonce de la fusion, le nouveau comite de direction etait nomme. Robinson Essay! Six semaines plus tard, le projet industriel etait lance et les nouvelles structures mises en place.

Tout a ete mis en ?uvre pour reduire au maximum l’incertitude, et pourtant de nombreuses demissions ont ete enregistrees des les tout premiers jours apres l’annonce de l’operation. Without Electricity! Les syndicats chiffrent a environ 400 les demissions d’anciens de Paribas en un an essay, ( Les Echos , 2001). Meme si une transaction rapide permet de reduire l’incertitude et de rassurer le personnel, les faits demontrent que ce n’est pas suffisant pour reussir durablement l’integration. Essays! Il faut egalement que les dirigeants aient bati une strategie globale qui va bien au-dela de l’operation realisee et que cette strategie soit tres vite exposee et bien sur admise et partagee par les personnels des deux societes (Demeure, 2000). Les principales difficultes inherentes a la periode de turbulence organisationnelle se situent donc, comme nous venons de le voir dans la fusion BNP/Paribas, lorsque le rapprochement des structures devient effectif et qu’il faut qu’a chaque echelon hierarchique ou se trouvent deux responsables, l’un soit choisi pour diriger la nouvelle division, le nouveau departement ou le nouveau service. Ce type de reorganisation interne provoque inevitablement un choc et libere des energies qui peuvent etre mises a profit pour gerer cette periode de discontinuite. Robinson Crusoe Essay Prompts! Malgre un niveau de stress et d’incertitude extremement elevee au cours de cette periode, le potentiel d’ouverture au changement est egalement tres important et offre aux dirigeants l’opportunite de creer une dynamique mobilisatrice pour le nouvel ensemble. Essay On Importance Skills In Civil! A contrario , c’est une dynamique de crise qui peut s’instaurer et entrainer un tourbillon d’evenements qui peuvent, a l’extreme, conduire la fusion a l’echec. Comme le montre le tableau2, la periode de turbulence organisationnelle n’est pas une situation de crise en tant que telle, mais c’est une periode de transition qui implique certaines difficultes susceptibles de declencher une dynamique de crise si elles sont mal prises en compte par les dirigeants de la nouvelle entite. Prompts! C’est donc precisement lors de la phase de turbulence organisationnelle que la gestion de crise pourra etre utilisee afin de prevenir cette derive et de permettre aux equipes dirigeantes de traverser la zone de turbulence en mettant en place les changements indispensables a la concretisation des synergies attendues de l’operation. Le schema suivant permet de visualiser la periode de turbulence organisationnelle au sein du processus d’integration et de montrer les consequences de cette periode dans le temps, en fonction des differentes actions menees par les responsables de la fusion.

II. Age! – L’UTILISATION DE LA GESTION DE CRISE POUR PILOTER LA PERIODE DE TURBULENCE ORGANISATIONNELLE : PROPOSITION D’UN OUTIL OPERATIONNEL. La gestion d’une crise est generalement decoupee en quatre phases essentielles (Kovoor-Misra, 1995; Pauchant et Roux-Dufort, 1994): de recuperation et, La phase de prevention vise a reduire le potentiel de crise avant que celle-ci apparaisse et mette en peril le fonctionnement de l’organisation. Robinson Crusoe Prompts! La phase de reaction doit empecher l’amplification des evenements a l’interieur comme a l’exterieur de l’organisation. Computer Essay! C’est une phase active de gestion et de pilotage des evenements.

Cette etape de confinement de la crise doit deboucher sur une etape de recuperation durant laquelle des mesures destinees a poursuivre une activite normale seront mises en ?uvre. Enfin, l’entreprise qui a vecu une crise doit reussir a apprendre de cette experience. Robinson Crusoe Prompts! C’est une etape interactive qui denote la capacite de l’entreprise a modifier ses methodes de gestion et son attitude par rapport a de nouvelles crises potentielles, par exemple pour mieux preparer l’organisation a prevenir d’autres crises du meme type. Il est relativement aise d’etablir un parallele entre ces differentes phases de la gestion de crise et le processus d’acquisition tel qu’il a ete decrit et explique dans la litterature. Dans un contexte de fusion/acquisition, la phase de prevention peut etre integree des la phase de preparation de l’operation, c’est-a-dire bien en amont du processus d’integration que nous avons modelise dans la premiere partie. Brown Worked! Il s’agira par exemple de reflechir au rapprochement des deux societes de facon concrete, en ayant une idee precise des processus et des fonctions qui devront etre fusionnees et reorientees en coherence avec la vision strategique globale de l’entreprise.

Une reflexion sur la culture de la nouvelle entite peut egalement etre menee afin d’en faire emerger les grandes lignes qui, plus tard, serviront de reperes aux futurs collaborateurs. Crusoe Essay! Enfin, les etapes du processus d’integration peuvent d’ores et deja etre definies afin d’avoir une idee precise des ressources qui devront etre mobilisees alors. La phase de reaction trouve naturellement sa place lors de la periode de turbulence organisationnelle que nous avons decrite dans la premiere partie. Brown! C’est precisement durant cette phase que les outils specifiques a la gestion de crise pourront etre mobilises de facon preventive, c’est-a-dire afin d’eviter a la nouvelle entite de se retrouver dans une situation de crise qui conduirait inevitablement a l’echec de la fusion. Nous avons retenu trois types d’outils qui peuvent etre operationnalises simultanement durant la periode de turbulence organisationnelle. Crusoe Prompts! Il s’agit de l’elaboration d’une communication de crise, de la mise en place d’une cellule de crise (d’autant plus necessaire si la fusion est fortement mediatisee), et de l’utilisation de la methode des scenarios.

1. Skills In Civil Engineering! L’elaboration d’une communication de crise. L’importance de la communication dans les operations de fusion et d’acquisition a ete soulignee a maintes reprises dans la litterature (Egg, 2000; Risberg, 1997; Schweiger et De Nisi, 1991; Bastien, 1987). Prompts! Elle est aussi reconnue comme etant un facteur important dans la gestion preventive des crises (Roberts et Libuser, 1993) et, bien evidemment, pendant la crise (Ogrizek et Guillery, 1997; Barton, 1993). Life Electricity! Les travaux realises dans cette perspective presentent la communication comme un moyen privilegie de gerer la symbolique des crises vis-a-vis des parties prenantes exterieures et de repondre a la pression mediatique qui peut parfois s’exercer et entrainer quelques effets pervers qui vont souvent compliquer la tache des dirigeants. Quelques grands principes peuvent ainsi etre retenus afin d’adapter la communication de crise a un contexte post-fusion/acquisition (voir tableau 3). La difficulte est de parvenir a mettre en ?uvre ces differents principes simultanement alors que la periode de turbulence organisationnelle implique une multitude d’evenements et de taches pour les equipes dirigeantes. Robinson Crusoe Essay Prompts! Le role de la communication ne doit pas se limiter a la diffusion d’informations factuelles avec quelques explications et a l’elaboration de reponses coherentes et credibles. Plme Worked! Elle doit egalement permettre de mettre en ?uvre des actions capables d’avoir un impact positif soit parce qu’elles permettront de repondre a des doutes ou a des inquietudes, soit parce qu’elles auront une valeur symbolique forte pour rassurer les personnels. Essay Prompts! Ainsi certaines preconisations s’appliquant aux fusions/acquisitions peuvent tout a fait etre integrees a un plan de communication mis en place lors de la periode de turbulence organisationnelle. Internet Globalization! C’est le cas par exemple du rituel de fusion qui consiste a mettre en place des actions fortes, visibles et symboliques dont le caractere emotionnel est puissant et va marquer les esprits de facon durable (Gancel et De Sainte-Basile, 2000).

Il peut s’agir de gestes symboliques (poignees de mains, visite des lieux), de rencontres formelles et informelles (seminaires, reunions) ou du lancement de projets phares, comme cela a ete le cas lors de la fusion Merlin Gerin/Telemecanique au sein du groupe Schneider avec le lancement du projet « Synergies » qui impliquait plus de 2000 collaborateurs en France (Evrard, 1998,1996). La mise en ?uvre d’une communication de crise devra permettre aux dirigeants de passer le plus rapidement possible d’une situation perturbee et problematique a une situation plus constructive, permettant aux salaries de mieux apprehender leur nouveau contexte de travail et de s’identifier plus fortement aux objectifs de la nouvelle entite. 2. Essay! L’organisation d’une cellule de crise. Les differents problemes post-fusion/acqui-sition evoques dans la litterature peuvent etre a l’origine de conflits de pouvoir parmi les dirigeants en place et engendrer des comportements nefastes envers le travail a tous les niveaux hierarchiques. Essay On Drinking! Les problemes rencontres lors de la fusion Daimler/Chrysler illustrent tres bien cet etat de fait : affrontement des cultures, incomprehension sur l’organisation du travail et surtout fiction d’une « fusion entre egaux » ont enlise la fusion dans une situation critique qui a implique un plan de redressement severe et fait peser de serieuses menaces sur l’avenir du groupe ( Les Echos , janvier 2001). Dans ce cas, comme dans bien d’autres, l’instabilite de la situation entraine des reactions de resistance au changement, surtout provoquees par la peur des licenciements et de la reduction des acquis salariaux et sociaux. Robinson Essay Prompts! Des mesures doivent donc etre mises en place rapidement pour canaliser et temperer ces craintes et pour accompagner psychologiquement les victimes du « stress post-fusion » (Mirvis et Marks, 1986). Essay On Importance Skills In Civil Engineering! Ce degre eleve d’incertitude et de stress occasionne en outre le depart d’individus. cles comme certains cadres.

dirigeants dont la presence est pourtant indispensable pour restaurer un climat interne propice au changement et faciliter le passage de la periode de turbulence organisationnelle a une periode de pilotage du changement. Robinson Crusoe Prompts! Plus la periode de stress occasionnee par l’operation dure dans le temps, plus le climat risque de se degrader, accroissant chez les salaries le manque de confiance et de motivation. La mise en place d’une cellule de crise peut permettre d’apporter une serie de mesures d’aide et d’appui physique et psychologique aux employes afin de mieux gerer l’anxiete occasionnee par l’annonce d’un rapprochement d’entreprises. Brown Plme! Quatre grands roles sont habituellement assignes a ce type de cellule (Lagadec, 1995): assurer une coherence globale de la reponse dans l’ensemble du groupe; dessiner des reponses de fond aux questions techniques et politiques posees par l’evenement; assurer des liens de qualite avec tous les reseaux dans lesquels est inseree l’entreprise (acteurs internes et externes, administrations, etc.); assurer une communication nationale (interne et externe) depassant la simple information factuelle. Le role des responsables reunis en une cellule de crise est de prendre des decisions ou d’adopter des dispositions susceptibles de « gerer la crise ». Robinson Essay! Generalement, elle se compose d’un noyau dur de responsables impliques dans les actions a mener. Importance Computer Life! Il est essentiel que ces responsables aient des aptitudes specifiques leur permettant de conduire la crise : une capacite de leadership dans un univers destructure, une capacite a maitriser la complexite et a identifier les situations d’urgence, et une capacite a tisser un lien informationnel, symbolique et humain. Robinson Essay! Il s’agira egalement de preparer l’organisation pour faire face a tous les dysfonctionnements provoques par la crise. Ces differentes recommandations specifiques aux cellules de crise sont facilement transposables a un contexte de fusion/acquisition comme le montre le tableau 4 suivant.

La mise en place d’une cellule de crise peut s’averer particulierement utile lorsque la mediatisation de l’operation de fusion ou d’acquisition est importante. Online Poker Research! En effet, la mediatisation apparait comme l’un des facteurs essentiels pour transformer un « evenement majeur » en crise. Crusoe! L’impact de la presse sur l’opinion publique est loin d’etre negligeable et doit donc faire l’objet de toutes les attentions. Essay On Importance Of Communication Skills In Civil! Les responsables de l’entreprise doivent se preparer a prendre la parole devant les medias et surtout doivent veiller a etre une source d’informations continue et fiable. Essay! Cette preconisation est d’ailleurs valable a tous les niveaux de l’entreprise car en temps de crise, l’experience montre que les salaries font d’abord confiance a leur manager de proximite. 3. Life Essay! La mise au point d’un scenario de crise… ou comment faire pour eviter la crise. Nous nous sommes jusqu’alors concentres sur la periode de turbulence organisationnelle pour adapter les grands principes de la gestion de crise. Essay Prompts! Cependant, le plan d’integration va se prolonger au-dela de cette periode et il est necessaire d’avoir pense l’integration a moyen et long terme, tout autant que de l’avoir preparee a court terme. Essay! Celle-ci s’inscrit en effet dans la strategie globale de l’entreprise et doit se traduire en plans d’action visant a faire partager un projet de developpement commun. La methode des scenarios, bien connue des specialistes des crises, peut en toute logique etre appliquee dans un contexte post-fusion/acquisition. Robinson Crusoe Prompts! Elle permettra a l’equipe dirigeante en place d’etre reactive en accompagnant de facon methodique le cycle d’integration.

Cette methode consiste a envisager par principe les evolutions negatives possibles d’un evenement en se posant deux questions clefs : « what if ? » (et si ?) et « what next ? » (quelles seraient les consequences ?). Internet Globalization Essay! Elle permet d’avoir une vision prospective de l’evenement et evite de se concentrer uniquement sur les aspects immediats. Essay Prompts! Une telle methode permet egalement d’anticiper les dispositions et les mesures qu’il faudra peut-etre prendre et les reponses que l’on devra peut-etre donner. Legalizing Poker Research Paper! Le fait d’avoir imagine les evolutions negatives possibles conduit a une approche beaucoup plus strategique de la gestion de la situation et permet d’eviter de s’enfermer dans une position trop affirmative ou trop optimiste qui pourrait par la suite affaiblir la credibilite des responsables si cela ne se passe pas comme prevu. En pratique, l’application de la methode des scenarios peut etre mise en place au sein d’un groupe de travail specifique rattache par exemple a la cellule PMI. Robinson Crusoe Prompts! Deux responsables, designes par le directeur de la cellule, sont charges de reflechir regulierement sur les evolutions possibles de la situation. Without Electricity! La difficulte majeure a sa mise en ?uvre est de nature psychologique. Robinson Essay! Deux attitudes sont a proscrire a tout prix : l’alarmisme, c’est-a-dire le fait de dramatiser la situation, et l’attentisme, le fait d’attendre le dernier moment pour agir. Internet Essay! En effet, il est avere que la prevision et la preparation permettent de limiter considerablement les difficultes si la situation vient a se degrader.

Ainsi, l’elaboration d’une strategie d’integration sera toujours payante pour la nouvelle entreprise, surtout si sa mise en ?uvre est rapide et bien structuree. Robinson! Elle constituera la base d’un equilibre de fonctionnement permettant au nouvel ensemble d’etre present sur son marche dans les meilleures conditions d’efficacite et de competitivite. Online! Une recente etude menee par le cabinet de conseil Mercer Management Consulting montre d’ailleurs que les groupes qui pre-parent, mettent en place et executent des programmes d’integration serieux ameliorent leur chance de succes de 50 % (Demeure, 2000). La periode de turbulence organisationnelle doit faire l’objet d’une attention particuliere. Crusoe Prompts! La concentration sur les problemes techniques de l’operation, c’est-a-dire les problemes juridiques, fiscaux et financiers risque de faire perdre de vue les autres composantes sensibles de la phase d’integration. Essay! Ce syndrome est assez frequent dans toute situation de crise. Crusoe! La concentration sur les aspects techniques donne un sentiment de controle de la situation du fait des proprietes mecaniques et des marques tangibles de la dimension technique.

Les aspects culturels, identitaires, structurels et humains font l’objet d’une attention moindre, et l’assurance procuree par la maitrise technique de l’operation joue souvent le role de paravent au regard des autres aspects. Cette representation des difficultes observees suite a une fusion/acquisition montre bien que la situation peut rapidement se transformer en cercle vicieux, et donc en crise, si aucune mesure corrective n’est prise pour en sortir. Internet Essay! Ainsi, la mise en place d’une gestion de crise peut aider les dirigeants a garder une certaine maitrise du processus, notamment en anticipant ces difficultes et en evitant les pieges classiques. Prompts! Une telle demarche devrait permettre a l’entreprise nouvellement creee de ne pas « tourbillonner avec la crise » mais, au contraire, d’en sortir rapidement en agissant sur ses causes profondes. Nous souhaitons rappeler que les fusions ou les acquisitions obeissant a une logique strictement financiere ne font pas partie de notre champ d’etudes. Certains phenomenes observes pendant la phase d’integration post-fusion/acquisition presentent des analogies tres fortes avec ceux induits par les situations de crise. Internet Globalization! Cet article utilise ces similitudes pour evaluer dans quelle mesure la gestion de crise peut aider a conduire la periode de transition qui demarre des qu’une acquisition ou une fusion est annoncee et ratifiee. Crusoe Essay Prompts! Cette periode est le moment le plus risque de ces regroupements car elle favorise ou, au contraire, limite la creation de valeur attendue de l’operation. Legalizing Online! S’appuyant sur de nombreux exemples de rapprochements d’entreprises, l’auteur s’attache a montrer quels mecanismes permettent de controler les evenements.

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