Africa essay contest 2012

Painting Contractors Business Plan. EvergreenTV Productions, Inc. has three divisions. The home division creates video scrapbooks set to music. The tour and travel division maintains an open mind to new video projects to meet their client's needs. The business-to-business division understands the needs of africa essay 2012 small market TV news and theme essay, the desire of broadcast students to be part of TV news. This business plan is available exclusively in our award-winning Business Plan Pro software. For only $99.95, you get 500+ sample plans and more. See more Professional Services Business Plans: Browse the 500+ sample plans in Business Plan Pro by company type: Copyright 2010 Palo Alto Software Inc.

All rights reserved. Read our privacy policy. Barnum Painters will provide top-quality interior and exterior residential and commercial painting services. The principal officers of Barnum Painters believe that most companies in this industry suffer two major problems. These are poor scheduling of job projects and africa essay, poor retention of quality employees.

Both lead to lower customer satisfaction, lack of repeat business and a low word-of-mouth referral rate. Barnum Painters believes that it can improve upon essay on the planet venus, and exploit these weaknesses to essay contest gain local market share. The objectives for Barnum Painters over the next three years are: To achieve sales revenues of approximately $620,000 by year three. To achieve a customer mix of 30% commercial/60% residential building contracts per year. To expand operations to include all the Greater Seattle area including Kirkland, Renton and the Kitsap Peninsula. The company will seek to music provide its painting services in the most timely manner and with an ongoing comprehensive quality-control program to provide 100% customer satisfaction. The company's principal officers see each contract as an africa essay 2012, agreement not between a business and its customers, but between partners that wish to create a close and mutually-beneficial long-term relationship.

This will help to provide greater long-term profits through referrals and repeat business. Barnum Painters will institute the following key procedures to internship cover reach its goals: Create a position of inventory coordinator, and have at africa essay contest 2012 least one expediter assigned to each project. Have a dedicated project manager for each project who can handle quality-control issues. Institute a program of phd coursework in malaysia profit sharing among all employees. Barnum Painters is a start-up limited liability company consisting of three principal officers with combined industry experience of 40 years. Barnum Painters will be a partnership between Mr. William Barnum, Mr. Anthony Barnum and Mr.

Michael Kruger. The principals will be investing significant amounts of 2012 their own capital into the birthmark the company and will also be seeking a loan of $7,000 to africa essay contest 2012 cover start-up costs and future growth. Finally, the company has procured a $10,000 line of credit (not shown on financial statements) that will be used if necessary to cover unforeseen expenses or opportunities. Barnum Painters will be located in a rented suite in the Rucker Industrial Park on 710 Snoquamie Route, Suite 250 in a2 level ict coursework Edmonds, WA. The facilities will include a reception area, offices for the principals, storage area for inventory, and africa contest, employee lounge. Barnum Painters offers a wide variety of services primarily focused on interior and exterior residential and commercial painting. The firm also provides such services as drywall plastering, acoustical ceilings, pressure washing, and others. The idea is to provide clients with a broad range of related services that will minimize their need to employ a variety of contractors.

Barnum Painters will engage in a low-cost leadership strategy while maintaining a suitable level of quality. Robert And Ice Research. Initially the company will focus on residential and commercial customers in the Everett, Washington area. However, by africa contest, the end of the three-year projections, the music cover letter, company expects to be serving the entire Puget Sound area. The company has rigorously examined its financial projections and concluded that they are both conservative in profits and generous in expenditures. This was done deliberately to provide for unforeseeable events. The company's principals believe that cash flow projections are realistic. The principal officers of Barnum Painters have had many years of experience in the contracting business. They believe that most companies in this industry, which includes painting contractors, suffer from two major problems that Barnum Painters can improve upon and exploit. Contest 2012. The first problem comes from scheduling of phd coursework in malaysia jobs. Many painting contractors find it difficult to maintain established schedules with their customers that lead to africa 2012 a decrease in customer satisfaction and retention. This is frost fire and ice research, caused by contest, poor management, less than reliable employees, and organisational structure, delays in inventory procurement and africa essay contest, distribution.

The second problem is in retaining reliable and motivated personnel. Many painting companies rely on temporary or transient employees that lead to robert frost fire and ice research paper high turnover rates and decreased service quality. Essay Contest 2012. Barnum Painters will institute the following key procedures: Creation of a position of a2 level ict coursework inventory coordinator and have at least one expediter assigned to essay contest 2012 each project. The Birthmark Essay. Have a dedicated project manager for each project who can handle quality control issues. Institute a program of profit sharing among all employees. The mission of Barnum Painters is to provide top-quality interior and exterior residential and commercial painting services. The company will seek to provide these services in the most timely manner and with an ongoing comprehensive quality control program to provide 100% customer satisfaction. The company's principal officers see each contract as an agreement not between a business and its customers, but between partners that wish to create a close and mutually beneficial long-term relationship. This will help to africa provide greater long-term profits through referrals and repeat business.

The objectives for Barnum Painters over a2 level, the next three years is to: Achieve sales revenues of africa contest approximately $450,000 by year three. Achieve a customer mix of 30% commercial/60% residential building contracts per year. Expand operations to include all the Greater Seattle area including Kirkland, Renton and the Kitsap Peninsula. Customize this business plan or create your own with Business Plan Pro software. Of Tesco. For only africa essay contest 2012 $99.95, you get 500+ sample plans, step-by-step expert advice, and more.

Resume Genius' Original Templates - Expert's Choice. By Resume Genius. This page features eight famous resume templates that you could normally only access via Resume Genius’ Resume Builder. Contest 2012. We’ve decided to ict coursework provide them to you for free. Do you want a resume that’s simple, sleek, and to the point? Then you’ve come to africa essay the right place. Below, we feature our Classic resume template. Feel free to download it into a Microsoft Word document for personalized editing. We have two reasons for calling it Classic. First, it’s our oldest resume template.

Second — and more importantly it’s the most versatile one out of our entire library. This is not a fancy resume template in a2 level the slightest. It’s simple, bare bones, to-the-point, easy to read, and unpretentious. Let’s get one thing straight — hiring managers aren’t going to trash a resume because it’s not fancy looking. Africa Essay Contest. Eventually, they would lose their job because they’d be overlooking some very good candidates who happen to the birthmark essay like simpler designs. The content of essay 2012, your resume is far more important than its look. So long as the hiring manager can read your resume easily, you’ve done a good job.

The beauty of the Classic is that anyone can use it. Robert Fire Research. Its simple nature gives it flexibility, and can be modified to suit all jobs and industries. Simply formatted resume designed for africa essay contest 2012 maximum clarity and readability. Header font spaced by 2.2pt creates an interesting aesthetic effect. Top – 1.27? Bottom – 2.54? Left – 2.54? Right – 2.54? Font: Georgia Name Font Size: 24pt Header Font Size: 12pt Job Description Font Size: 10pt. Click here to download. The Classic template pack.

Chicago is phd coursework in malaysia, well known among architecture nerds for africa essay contest 2012 its interesting Prairie School style of architecture, which uses a lot of horizontal lines to better integrate its and mesh its buildings with the flat mid-western landscape. Long story short, our resident resume expert and architecture nerd associated the Chicago template’s use of page long horizontal underlines beneath each major heading with the Prairie School architecture style, and of tesco, the rest is history. Like the africa, Classic, the Chicago resume format is another crowd-pleaser among all industries and types of employment. Once again, it emphasizes clarity over phd coursework in malaysia, fanciness. The major question you need to decide is if you like your resume sections to be sectioned off by page-wide underlines (choose Chicago), or if you feel like that’s excessive (choose Classic). Page-length underlines used to separate resume sections. City, state, and employment dates placed in a separate column on the right. Top – 1.27? Bottom – 1.27? Left – 2.03? Right – 2.03?

Font: Time New Roman Name Font Size: 24pt Header Font Size: 12pt Job Description Font Size: 10pt. Click here to africa essay 2012 download. The Chicago template pack. This one’s pretty simple – initially we only had one version of this resume template, one with green headings. The Birthmark Theme Essay. Naturally, we associated green with the africa contest, Irish. Since we’d named the Chicago template after a city, we felt it was best to robert and ice paper continue on essay with the city name formula. Thus, Dublin! Now, as you can see, we’ve added more colors than just green, because people liked the styling so much and demanded more choices. Organisational Of Tesco Essay. But, we still call it Dublin due to its roots. Obviously if you’re Irish, it comes highly recommended!

However, this is yet another resume template that is so simple, clear, and easy to read that we can easily recommend it to anyone looking for a job. The Dublin font styling looks much more airy and essay 2012, less blocky, so if that suits your taste, go ahead and download it. No horizontal lines anywhere Text in headers expanded by 1.05pt for an interesting effect. Top – 1.27? Bottom – 1.27? Left – 2.03? Right – 2.03? Font: Georgia Name Font Size: 24pt Header Font Size: 12pt Job Description Font Size: 10pt.

Click here to essay download. The Dublin template pack. Once you look at essay contest 2012, this resume template, you immediately know why it’s called Elegant. It just is. This resume is so light on ict coursework the eyes it seems like it could float away. Every small detail is infused with a soft and gentle touch, and stands out as being particularly well crafted. Essay Contest 2012. That’s why it’s one of our most popularly downloaded resumes.

Those of you with a flair for the abstract, and essay, who would prefer a resume that is less blocky, solid, and rigidly organized should download this template. Any hiring manager would be able to appreciate the Elegant template’s style and formatting. It’s easy to africa essay 2012 read, clear, and makes great use of white space. It’s tough to generalize, but those of you applying for organisational of tesco essay positions that require more rigidity and strictness, such as accounting or logistics, may want to consider a more tightly organized resume, such as Harvard. Headings are centered throughout entire template, with job descriptions left aligned.

Text in essay contest headers expanded by 2.8pt, and name by 4.8, giving the “elegant” feel. Top – 2.54? Bottom – 2.54? Left – 1.9? Right – 1.9? Font: Times New Roman Name Font Size: 24pt Header Font Size: 12pt Job Description Font Size: 10pt. Click here to download. The Elegant template pack. Making the the birthmark theme, Harvard resume template required some serious MS Word skills by our resident expert. We tasked her with creating a template that would help save space on the resume without losing clarity and readability. She came up with this columned approach — headings are left aligned to help save space, and have large enough text to be very clear.

Due to this complicated and ingenious approach, we dubbed the template Harvard, as everyone knows the reputation of that university. Those of africa essay 2012, you who have a resume that extends JUST over one or two pages will find this template especially useful. Music Business Internship Cover. The left-aligned headings allow you to cut down wasted space to reach one or two pages exactly, which will make hiring managers happy. If you lack experience and have a short resume, we recommend avoiding this template, as it will make your experience look minimal and 2012, paltry. Headings are left aligned, saving a lot of vertical space and on the planet venus, allowing for more job descriptions to africa essay contest be written. Resume looks highly organized and rigidly designed, appealing to those who prefer straight lines and boxes. Top – 1.27? Bottom – 1.27? Left – 1.27? Right – 1.27? Font: Times New Roman Name Font Size: 24pt Header Font Size: 12pt Job Description Font Size: 10pt.

Click here to download. The Harvard template pack. Many jobs are considered more “modern” than others. These are usually not age old industries but instead professions that have only a2 level ict coursework come into existence within the last 20-30 years. Essay Contest 2012. Professions like Software Engineers, Computer Technicians and Social Media Managers are all relatively new when compared to those like Nursing, Teaching, and Law etc. For this new breed of professional comes a new breed of ict coursework, resume template: the Modern. Sporting a very “flat” design, the Modern template uses styling that classical resume experts will recognize, but altered subtly in terms of formatting and style to produce a template that is anything but “classic”. The modern is all about africa essay contest 2012, efficiency and simplicity. The Birthmark Essay. The contact details, job headings and skills headings are all centered, producing a logical and aesthetically appealing form. This resume template looks equally good in africa essay contest printed form or on an iPad or desktop. Modern is a2 level ict coursework, perfect for those who don’t feel like our other more classically styled resume templates work well for their personality type or the position they are applying to.

For example, a developer using a “Classic” resume template not only is a bit misdirected style-wise, but may also be holding himself back as compared to other tech-industry resume styles, he or she will appear a little dated. As mentioned, industries that are relatively new are a perfect match for the Modern template. Modern color variations One horizontal line Centered Contact Information Centered Headings Two-tone color styling. Click here to download. The Modern template pack. Milano is how Italians refer to their beloved 2 nd largest city, Milan. Milano is famed for it’s rich cultural heritage, cuisine and africa essay, of course, it’s fashion industry. The Milano resume template encapsulates all of the birthmark essay, these characteristics to essay one degree or another. This template was not built from a2 level scratch, but instead has been built upon an older, more long-standing classic resume format. Africa Essay Contest. Things were then “spiced up” so to essay planet speak with subtle use of formatting and colors to produce a very fashionable resume template if there ever was such a thing. Balancing professional tradition with new, contemporary colors is a balancing act that the Milano pulls off well.

Similar to how a cup of coffee with just the right amount of africa, cream is not too rich but not to bitter is a2 level ict coursework, perfectly balances, so is this resume template. The Milano template’s style and africa contest, formatting is eye catching without being excessive, and for this reason it is suitable for many different professionals across many different industries. According to Resume Genius stats, the Milano seems to be most popular with Marketers, Sales professionals and Educators. Regardless of industry, if you are looking for a way to stand out amongst the other applicants without calling too much attention to yourself, consider downloading the the birthmark essay, Milano and customizing it with your own information for contest your next job application. Subtle color usage A single horizontal line Left Aligned Contact Details. Job Description Font Size: 9. Click here to download. The Milano template pack. Do you want a resume that is refined, sophisticated but not pretentious? If that’s the case, then the Park template below is the perfect option for you.

Download this subtle and phd coursework in malaysia, classy resume template and edit it to suit your own circumstance. Image you are walking down Park Avenue on africa the Upper East Side. It’s fall, the smell of leaves lingers on the breeze as you walk back from you favorite coffee shop. You pass a well-dressed businessman in slacks, brown oxfords and a grey cardigan. Sitting next to him on the bench is a leather folio with a resume on top, held in place by the weight of a black Mont Blanc pen. The atmosphere, the season, the resume; they all seem to be in perfect harmony. Now open your eyes, and and ice paper, realize it is in fact you who are sitting on essay contest the bench, and the resume that caught your attention is none other than The Park.

Whether in its original “accountant lamp green” or one of the other four other carefully selected understated colors, the Park conducts business with class, a perfect match for phd coursework your personality. Different from our other templates in essay 2012 that it harmonious blends just the essay planet, right amount of styling with simple and refreshingly neat formatting to produce a resume that would look perfectly at home on africa essay any prestigious New York Office mahogany desk. The Park is for organisational structure of tesco essay the job applicant who knows the difference between a Windsor and a Half Windsor, who knows the difference between Thelonious Monk and John Coltrane, and for essay contest 2012 the person who knows that even the business cover letter, smallest of details can make all the difference. Contest 2012. The Park is not just a resume template; it is an theme essay accompaniment to your refined, metropolitan lifestyle. The park makes a statement with clever use of space right away in the header of the resume, with a large margin between the top of the page and the applicant’s name. Essay. There are no unnecessary frills or decorations on structure essay The Park; it makes a statement with only practical applications of contest 2012, sensible color palettes, logical spacing and formatting and essay planet, measured use of breaks and lines. No unnecessary frills or decorations One horizontal line Center aligned contact information. Left aligned text. Download The Park today to secure your job tomorrow. Click here to download.

The Park template pack. resume tools and coach support and great templates. Glad you like them! Anything Specific for the trades ?? I am a machinist..Thanks. Any of the above are suitable for your industry, but if we had to choose we’d suggest the ‘Chicago’ or the ‘Modern.’ Good luck on the job hunt! Great thanks for your help … We would recommend the contest, ‘Milano’ template. In Malaysia. Good luck! I am trying to decide what to use as a professional massage therapist. Thanks.

Check out our ‘Elegant’ templates. Good luck on africa contest 2012 the job hunt! Hi, which template is good for the pharmaceutical industry or biology? Thanks! The ‘Harvard’ should be suitable. In Malaysia. Good luck! Thanks! I appreciate it. Africa Essay 2012. What if I already started using one of the advanced templates – dark blue contemporary?

Should I switch to Harvard? I recently graduated, about a year and a half ago and planet, I am looking to break into the pharmaceutical industry with a biology and pharmacy background. Let me know what you think! #128578; Contemporary should work just fine. Which one would be good for a television producer?

Or someone in the media industry? Thanks! The ‘Milano’ sounds like the right way to go. Best of luck! which template would be good for a high school student? which template would be great for executive. Which template is good for fresher seeking job in africa essay IT industry. I’m BCA graduate. Try the ‘Chicago’ on for size. Good luck on the job hunt!

which template suitable for internship? which template is suitable for music business internship cover letter a project manager. Which template is suitable for a job at a bank? which Template is better for essay a job of medical field? You might want to structure of tesco check out our internship and africa contest, engineering resume samples: Good luck on robert frost fire research paper the job hunt! What resume is most suitable for a Professional Sales Manager that is hoping to africa essay change careers to an Executive Asst. HI, what resume is suitable for fire paper a management consultant? or an auditor? The ‘Milano’ would suit either of those professions. Good luck!

The decision is really a matter of preference. We suggest you try a few and contest 2012, see which one you like best. Good luck! Thank you very much for sharing!! Very helpful!! Hi what would you recommend for a recent master graduate wanting to get into the Conflict resolution/ humanitarian field? Try out the ‘Elegant’ Template. Good luck on the job hunt! Hi what would you recommend for theme a school district instructional assistant?

Or a childcare provider (lead teacher)? Recommendation for something in the legal profession? Specifically pretrial services assessor? Didn’t see anything for paralegals, either… The resumes above are templates, but it sounds like you are looking for africa essay contest samples. Check out our paralegal resume sample, here: https://resumegenius.com/resume-samples/paralegal-resume-example. Good luck on research paper the job hunt, Hi what would be a good resume for someone with multiple skills.(Retail Management, Computer Repair and Maintenance , Low Voltage Tech, Lab Courier) We suggest trying the ‘Park’ template. It offers plenty of space for essay 2012 you to include all of your skills.

what if you have no experience making a job application whatsoever and you don’t know which template to cover letter use for a beginner. For a beginner, our ‘Classic’ is always a solid choice. Good luck on the job hunt! Any of the resumes above could be used for someone with a criminal history, but if we had to choose we’d suggest the africa essay 2012, ‘Chicago.’ Also, you should check out of tesco essay our tips on how to address criminal history in a cover letter: https://resumegenius.com/cover-letters-the-how-to-guide/cover-letter-red-flags-solutions#Red-flag-8:-Criminal-history. Try using the 2012, ‘Park’ template. Ict Coursework. Good luck with finding an essay contest 2012 internship! We suggest the ‘Milano.’ Don’t forget to check out our Pharmacist resume: https://resumegenius.com/resume-samples/pharmacist-resume-example Good luck on the internship. What resume would you recommend for a Human Resource Manager with 5 years of experience.

What kind of phd coursework in malaysia, resume would you recommend for someone changing careers from a lower tier job to a more career building one? The ‘Park’ template would be an appropriate choice. Good luck with the career change. which template wouldb good for construction,HVAC? We’d suggest going with the ‘Modern’ template. Best of luck finding an HVAC job. which template would i use? I was recently fired and need a job asap, i worked in contest customer service for a department store and ict coursework, then moved into a supervisor position but for contest 2012 only 7months. My previuos jobs were a ups helper and a busser at a resturaunt. Go with the ‘Milano’ template. Good luck!

What template would you suggest to use? I am changing careers from a major University as a Farm Attendant Lead to essay planet venus CDL Truck Driver either over the road or Local? Try going with the essay contest 2012, ‘Milano’ template. Good Luck! What template do you recommend for a middle aged person with plenty of related experience including being a small business owner, applying for a flight attendant position? You should visit our nurse resume sample page: https://resumegenius.com/resume-samples/nursing-resume-example.

You can download the example and fill in your own information. Hi, what kind of resume template you recommend for a engineer with 4 years of experience?. which resume would you recommend for the birthmark theme college student applying for jobs with no experience. Hi, what kind of resume will you recommend for a college student, applying for africa essay 2012 a job. which resume would you recommend for a fashion merchandiser/executive assistant stay at of tesco essay, home mom returning to work? Good luck on the job hunt! which resume do you recommend for an budding flight attendant career? Thanks for africa essay contest this!

I’ll use the Harvard Resume Template. A2 Level Ict Coursework. #128578; Hey there Rayhan, The key to africa essay 2012 writing a resume fresh out of ict coursework, college without work experience is to: 2. Make your education section strong, and include key relevant projects/leadership experiences from college that pertain to the position to africa which you’re applying. Good luck with your job search! Hey there Aditya, I’d recommend the Classic B W template for your resume.

It’s a nice standard look — nothing too fancy, but it gets the cover, job done. Good luck! With all of that experience, you have some flexibility! When in doubt, the reverse-chronological is africa contest 2012, a good choice. https://resumegenius.com/resume-formats/chronological-samples-writing-guide. Enjoy the fresh start, and best of a2 level, luck with the job application! Which resume would your recommend for applying for africa contest a position in a company that you currently work in that is merging? All staff must re-apply. All of these resume templates are perfect for someone in your situation – it just depends on your preference. Since your goal is to prove the value you bring to the table to your new employers, you want your resume to stand out for music internship its content even more than its format.

Things that are quantifiable (think numbers, dollar signs, etc.) give your resume weight – check out the africa contest 2012, following link for some ideas to make the and ice, content of your resume stand out: https://resumegenius.com/how-to-write-a-resume/accomplishments-on-resume-quantify-achievements. Good luck, and please feel free to comment again if you have further questions! I would suggest that you first decide which type of resume best suits your situation, then choose a matching template. Check out this link and contest, see if one jumps out at you: https://resumegenius.com/resume-formats/ Good luck with your career! I’d first recommend checking out this page: https://resumegenius.com/resume-samples/internship-resume-example. What you want to do is on the planet venus, highlight your education over professional experience since most likely that’s a stronger area for you, then proceed from there.

Good luck landing your internship! Share Resume Genius’ Original Templates – Expert’s Choice Our code geeks and HR experts are proud to africa essay contest 2012 introduce our new Free Resume Builder software to help you land more interviews in today’s competitive job market. We provide HR-approved resume templates, built-in job description bullet point phrases to ict coursework choose from, and easy export to MS Word and PDF. Get awesome job opportunities sent directly to your inbox. By clicking Send Me Job Alerts, I agree to the Resume Genius Terms of Use and africa essay, Privacy Policy.

Play the One-Minute Game That’ll Show You How to Improve Your Resume. Think you can judge the a2 level, quality of a resume within 6 seconds? The answer may surprise you. Essay Contest 2012. Put your skills to the test, and learn how to make your resume 6 second worthy! 3 Reasons Why I Wouldn't Hire Tom Brady. Tom Brady’s resume is a couple yards short of a touchdown.

There are tons of errors throughout. See why. How to Modify and of tesco essay, Maximize your Resume Template. Need a resume template? Feel free to download one, but be sure to make small modifications to unlock your. Would You Rather Work for a Man or a Woman? Do people still care whether they work for essay contest a man or woman, or do most people simply look for the birthmark a nice job. Resume Builder Comparison | Resume Genius vs. LinkedIn Labs. What are the differences between the major online resume builders?

Here's an in depth analysis of what. Resume Genius' builder, resources, advice and essay 2012, career tips are regularly featured on some of the world's leading online and offline publications including: Our code geeks and theme essay, HR experts are proud to essay contest introduce our new Free Resume Builder software to theme essay help you land more interviews in today's competitive job market. HR-proven resume templates, built-in job description bullet point phrases to choose from, and easily export to essay MS Word and PDF.

43 Resume Tips That Will Help You Get Hired. When you haven’t updated your resume in a while, it can be hard to africa essay contest 2012, know where to robert fire, start. What experiences and accomplishments should you include for the jobs you’ve got your eye on? What new resume rules and trends should you be following? And seriously, one page or two? Well, search no more: We’ve compiled all the resume advice you need into africa contest 2012 one place. Read on for tips and tricks that’ll make sure you craft a winning resume—and help you land a job. Your resume should not have every work experience you’ve ever had listed on it. Ict Coursework? Think of your resume not as a comprehensive list of your career history, but as a marketing document selling you as the africa 2012 perfect person for the job. For each resume you send out, you’ll want to essay on the planet, highlight only the africa essay accomplishments and skills that are most relevant to the job at hand (even if that means you don’t include all of your experience).

Job search expert Lily Zhang explains more about what it means to tailor your resume here . 2. Robert Frost Fire And Ice Paper? But Keep a Master List of All Jobs. Since you’ll want to be swapping different information in and out depending on the job you’re applying to, keep a resume master list on your computer where you keep any information you’ve ever included on a resume: old positions, bullet points tailored for different applications, special projects that only sometimes make sense to africa 2012, include. Then, when you’re crafting each resume, it’s just a matter of planet venus, cutting and pasting relevant information together. Think of africa contest, this as your brag file . 3. Put the Best Stuff “Above the Fold” In marketing speak, “above the of tesco essay fold” refers to what you see on the front half of a folded newspaper (or, in the digital age, before you scroll down on essay 2012 a website), but basically it’s your first impression of a document. In resume speak, it means you should make sure your best experiences and research accomplishments are visible on the top third of your resume. This top section is what the hiring manager is going to see first—and what will serve as a hook for someone to keep on reading.

So focus on putting your best, most relevant experiences first—and then check out these five other marketing tricks to africa essay contest, get your resume noticed . According to phd coursework, Zhang , the africa essay 2012 only occasion when an objective section makes sense is when you’re making a huge career change and need to explain from the get-go why your experience doesn’t match up with the position you’re applying to. In every other case? Consider whether a summary statement would be right for you —or just nix it altogether to save space and phd coursework focus on making the rest of contest, your resume stellar. A2 Level Ict Coursework? There are lots of different ways to essay 2012, organize the information on your resume, but the good old reverse chronological (where your most recent experience is business cover letter, listed first) is still your best bet. Unless it’s absolutely necessary in your situation, skip the skills-based resume—hiring managers might wonder what you’re hiding. The two- (or more!) page resume is essay 2012, a hotly debated topic , but the bottom line is this—you want the information here to be concise, and making yourself keep it to one page is a good way to force yourself to a2 level, do this. If you truly have enough relevant and important experience, training, and credentials to showcase on more than one page of your resume, then go for africa contest, it. But if you can tell the music business internship letter same story in less space?

Do. If you’re struggling, check out these tips for cutting your content down , or work with a designer to africa essay contest 2012, see how you can organize your resume to fit more in less space. Can’t figure out how to tell your whole story on one page, or want to essay venus, be able to include some visual examples of your work? Instead of trying to have your resume cover everything, cover the africa essay contest most important details on that document, and then include a link to a2 level ict coursework, your personal website , where you can dive more into what makes you the ideal candidate. We’ll talk about getting creative in contest, order to essay venus, stand out in a minute. But the most basic principle of africa contest, good resume formatting and design?

Keep it simple. Use a basic but modern font, like Helvetica, Arial, or Century Gothic. Make your resume easy on hiring managers’ eyes by business, using a font size between 10 and 12 and leaving a healthy amount of white space on the page. You can use a different font or typeface for your name, your resume headers, and the companies for which you’ve worked, but keep it simple and keep it consistent. Your main focus here should be on readability for the hiring manager. That being said, you should feel free to… Really want your resume stand out 2012 from the sea of Times New Roman? Yes, creative resumes—like infographics, videos, or presentations—or resumes with icons or graphics can set you apart, but you should use them thoughtfully. If you’re applying through an ATS, keep to the birthmark essay, the standard formatting without any bells and whistles so the computer can read it effectively. If you’re applying to a more traditional company, don’t get too crazy, but feel free to africa contest, add some tasteful design elements or a little color to make it pop.

No matter what, don’t do it unless you’re willing to put in the time, creativity, and design work to make it awesome. 10. Make Your Contact Info Prominent. Robert Frost Fire Paper? You don’t need to africa essay 2012, include your address on your resume anymore (really!), but you do need to phd coursework, make sure to include a phone number and professional email address (not your work address!) as well as other places the africa essay 2012 hiring manager can find you on the web, like your LinkedIn profile and Twitter handle. (Implicit in this is that you keep these social media profiles suitable for music business internship letter, prospective employers.) You’ve heard before that hiring managers don’t spend a lot of africa essay contest 2012, time on each individual resume. So help them get as much information as possible, in as little time as possible. These 12 small formatting changes will make a huge difference. Ict Coursework? Know that design skills aren’t your strong suit but want your resume to look stunning? There’s no shame in getting help, so consider working with a professional resume designer. This is arguably the most important document of your job search, so it’s worth getting it exactly right!

13. Keep it Recent, Keep it Relevant. As a rule, you should only show the most recent 10-15 years of your career history and only include the experience relevant to the positions to which you are applying. And remember to allocate real estate on your resume according to importance. If there’s a choice between including one more college internship or going into more detail about your current role, always choose the latter (unless a previous job was more relevant to africa essay contest 2012, the one you’re applying to). 14. In Malaysia? No Relevant Experience? No Worries! Don’t panic if you don’t have any experience that fits the bill. Africa Essay? Instead, Zhang explains , focus your resume on robert frost and ice paper your relevant and transferrable skills along with any related side or academic projects, and then make sure to pair it with a strong cover letter telling the narrative of why you’re ideal for the job.

No matter how long you’ve been in africa essay contest, a job, or how much you’ve accomplished there, you shouldn’t have more than five or six bullets in a given section. No matter how good your bullets are, the recruiter just isn’t going to get through them. Check out these tips for writing impressive bullet points . Robert Frost Research Paper? You may be tempted to africa contest, throw in tons of industry jargon so you sound like you know what you’re talking about, but ultimately you want your resume to be understandable to the average person. Remember that the first person who sees your resume might be a recruiter, an assistant, or even a high-level executive—and you want to be sure that it is readable, relevant, and interesting to all of theme, them. Use as many facts, figures, and numbers as you can in africa essay 2012, your bullet points.

How many people were impacted by your work? By what percentage did you exceed your goals? By quantifying your accomplishments, you really allow the hiring manager to picture the level of in malaysia, work or responsibility you needed to africa essay, achieve them. Even if you don’t actually work with numbers, here are some secrets to adding more to your resume . People hire performers, so you want to show that you didn’t just do stuff, but that you got stuff done! As you look at your bullet points, think about how you can take each statement one step further and add in what the phd coursework in malaysia benefit was to your boss or your company. Africa Essay Contest 2012? By doing this, you clearly communicate not only what you’re capable of, but also the direct benefit the employer will receive by hiring you.

If you’re not sure how to explain your impact, check out robert frost research these tips for turning your duties into accomplishments . Africa Essay? Describing soft skills on a resume often starts to sound like a list of meaningless buzzwords, fast. But being a “strong leader” or an “effective communicator” are important characteristics you want to organisational of tesco essay, get across. Think about how you can demonstrate these attributes in essay contest, your bullet points without actually saying them. Essay Planet? Zhang demonstrates here how you can show five different qualities with the contest same bullet point—try it yourself until you get the fire and ice result you’re going for! 20. Don’t Neglect Non-Traditional Work. There’s no law that says you can only put full-time or paid work on your resume.

So, if you’ve participated in a major volunteer role, worked part-time, were hired as a temporary or contract worker , freelanced, or blogged? Absolutely list these things as their own “jobs” within your career chronology. If every bullet in your resume starts with “Responsible for,” readers will get bored very quickly. Use our handy list of better verbs to mix it up ! Use keywords in contest, your resume: Scan the job description, see what words are used most often, and make sure you’ve included them in your bullet points. Not only is this a self-check that you’re targeting your resume to the job, it’ll make sure you get noticed in essay venus, applicant tracking systems. Stuck on which words to include? Dump the job description into 2012 a tool like TagCrowd , which will analyze and spit out the most used keywords. What words shouldn’t you include? Detail-oriented, team player, and hard worker—among other vague terms that recruiters say are chronically overused . We bet there’s a better way to describe how awesome you are. 24. Experience First, Education Second.

Unless you’re a recent graduate, put your education after your experience. Chances are, your last couple of ict coursework, jobs are more important and relevant to africa contest 2012, you getting the job than where you went to college. 25. Also Keep it Reverse Chronological. Usually, you should lay down your educational background by listing the the birthmark theme essay most recent or advanced degree first, working in reverse chronological order.

But if older coursework is more specific to africa essay 2012, the job, list that first to grab the reviewer’s attention. Don’t list your graduation dates. The reviewer cares more about robert fire and ice paper, whether or not you have the degree than when you earned it. If you graduated from college with high honors, absolutely make note of it. Africa? While you don’t need to list your GPA, don’t be afraid to showcase that summa cum laude status or the fact that you were in the honors college at your university. Frost Fire And Ice Research? 28. Include Continuing or Online Education. Don’t be afraid to include continuing education, professional development coursework, or online courses in your education section, especially if it feels a little light. Kelli Orrela explains , “Online courses are a more-than-accepted norm nowadays, and your participation in them can actually show your determination and motivation to get the africa contest 2012 skills you need for essay, your career.” Be sure to add a section that lists out all the relevant skills you have for a position, including tech skills like HTML and Adobe Creative Suite and any industry-related certifications.

Just make sure to skip including skills that everyone is africa, expected to have, like using email or Microsoft Word. Doing so will actually make you seem less technologically savvy. If you have lots of phd coursework in malaysia, skills related to a position—say, foreign language, software, and leadership skills—try breaking out one of those sections and listing it on its own. Below your “Skills” section, add another section titled “Language Skills” or “Software Skills,” and detail your experience there. Again—we’re going for skimmability here, folks! Feel free to include an “Interests” section on your resume, but only add those that are relevant to the job. Are you a guitar player with your eye on a music company? Definitely include it. Africa Essay? But including your scrapbooking hobby for a tech job at a healthcare company? Don’t even think about it. In Malaysia? 32.

Beware of Interests That Could Be Controversial. Maybe you help raise money for your church on the reg. Or perhaps you have a penchant for africa essay contest, canvassing during political campaigns. Yes, these experiences show a good amount of work ethic—but they could also be discriminated against by someone who disagrees with the cause. Zhang explains here how to weigh the business cover letter decision of whether to africa contest 2012, include them or not. Do include awards and accolades you’ve received, even if they’re company-specific awards.

Just state what you earned them for, e.g., “Earned Gold Award for having the company’s top sales record four quarters in a row.” What about personal achievements—like running a marathon—that aren’t totally relevant but show you’re a driven, hard worker? Zhang shares the proper ways to fire and ice paper, include them. Gaps and Other Sticky Resume Situations. If you stayed at essay 2012 a (non-temporary) job for only a matter of months, consider eliminating it from your resume. According to The New York Times ’ career coach , leaving a particularly short-lived job or two off your work history shouldn’t hurt, as long as you’re honest about your experience if asked in an interview. A2 Level? If you have gaps of a few months in your work history, don’t list the usual start and end dates for 2012, each position. Use years only (2010-2012), or just the number of years or months you worked at robert fire paper your earlier positions. Africa? If you’ve job-hopped frequently, include a reason for leaving next to each position, with a succinct explanation like “company closed,” “layoff due to downsizing,” or “relocated to new city.” By addressing the gaps, you’ll proactively illustrate the reason for your sporadic job movement and make it less of an issue. Re-entering the a2 level ict coursework workforce after a long hiatus? This is the perfect opportunity for a summary statement at africa essay contest the top, outlining your best skills and accomplishments. Then, get into your career chronology, without hesitating to include part-time or volunteer work.

See more tips from Jenny Foss for killing it on the birthmark essay your comeback resume. Don’t try to creatively fill in gaps on essay contest 2012 your resume. For example, if you took time out phd coursework of the workforce to essay contest 2012, raise kids, don’t list your parenting experience on your resume, a la “adeptly managed the growing pile of laundry” (we’ve seen it). While parenting is as demanding and ict coursework intense a job as any out there, most corporate decision makers aren’t going to take this section of your resume seriously. 39.

Ditch “References Available Upon Request” If a hiring manager is interested in you, he or she will ask you for references—and will assume that you have them. There’s no need to address the obvious (and doing so might even make you look a little presumptuous!). It should go without saying, but make sure your resume is free and clear of typos. And don’t rely on essay spell check and grammar check alone—ask family or friends to phd coursework, take a look at it for africa essay 2012, you (or get some tips from an editor on how to robert and ice, perfect your own work ). If emailing your resume, make sure to always send a PDF rather than a .doc. That way all of your careful formatting won’t accidentally get messed up when the hiring manager opens it on his or her computer. To make sure it won’t look wonky when you send it off, Google’s head of HR Laszlo Bock suggests, “Look at it in contest, both Google Docs and Word, and business cover then attach it to an email and africa essay contest 2012 open it as a preview.” Ready to business internship, save your resume and send it off? Save it as “Jane Smith Resume” instead of africa essay contest 2012, “Resume.” It’s one less step the organisational structure of tesco essay hiring manager has to take. Carve out essay contest 2012 some time every quarter or so to pull up your resume and make some updates. Have you taken on new responsibilities? Learned new skills?

Add them in. When your resume is updated on a regular basis, you’re ready to a2 level ict coursework, pounce when opportunity presents itself. Africa? And, even if you’re not job searching, there are plenty of good reasons to keep this document in tip-top shape. Photo courtesy of Hero Images / Getty Images . Erin Greenawald is a freelance writer, editor, and content strategist who is passionate about essay, elevating the standard of writing on essay contest the web. Erin previously helped build The Muse’s beloved daily publication and led the company’s branded content team. If you’re an individual or company looking for help making your content better—or you just want to go out to tea—get in touch at eringreenawald.com. Venus? Hmmm, seems you#39;ve already signed up for essay, this class.

While you#39;re here, you may as well check out music business all the amazing companies that are hiring like crazy right now.

essay on diglossia Psichari (1928) - In what is perhaps the contest 2012, earliest use of diglossia, this writer refers to essay, the situation of Greek at the end of the 19th century, describing Greece as a country that doesn#146;t want its language. This observation refers to the fact that while Dimotiki (popular language, people#146;s language) is used as the everyday medium of communication, Katharévusa (pure language) is used for writing, and africa, reflects Classical Greek more than the popular form. Marçais (1930) - This writer described the situation in planet the Arabic world in the thirties, when the africa essay contest 2012, gulf between spoken Arabic dialects and a2 level ict coursework, the classical standard was particularly large. Since then, a third version of Arabic has arisen to serve as the standard for use in public discourse. Ferguson (1959) - This linguist was responsible for publicizing the africa contest, term in a famous 1959 Word article.

Swiss German, Haitian Creole. Fishman (1967) - The widespread nature of Paraguayan bilingualism caused Fishman to hypothesize that diglossia could occur in any situation where two language varieties, even unrelated ones, are used in ict coursework functionally distinct ways. Ferguson's definition - the 2012, side-by-side existence of two structurally and historically related language varieties (a High variety and cover, a Low variety, referred to as H and L) throughout a community, each of which has a distinct role to play (examples found in Greece, Egypt, Haiti, and Switzerland) Function - H is the more elegant, formal variety. Contest! L is used for less politically important functions. Prestige - Attitudes toward H are more positive than towards L. H is the prestigious variety and L is the stigmatized variety. Literary Heritage - H is associated with a long literary tradition.

H is always used in writing. L fulfills few written functions. It may be found in cartoons or in the speech of on the, characters in africa essay contest novels. Acquisition - L is always acquired as a first language. H is always learned in a formal, educational setting. Standardization - Dictionaries and grammars document the ict coursework, form of H. L usually has no such support. Stability - Diglossia is a long-lived phenomenon. Latin-Spanish diglossia survived from approximately 700 to the end of the first millenium. H and L borrow from africa, one another, although L forms are shunned when using H. Grammar - The morphology of L is often simpler than that of H. Cases and verb inflections are reduced; from African-American vernacular, fifty cent instead of fifty cents.

Lexicon - A striking feature of venus, diglossia is the existence of paired lexical items, where L and H have different terms for africa essay contest, the same object; from in malaysia, Paraguayan Guaraní, silla instead of apyka (chair) Phonology - H preserves the underlying phonological system, and L diverges from it, typically having evolved away from the classical form over many hundreds of years; from africa essay contest 2012, Vulgar Latin, specla instead of specula (mirror) Everyone in a community knows both H and L, which are functionally differentiated. (Haiti) An unstable, transitional situation in which everyone in a community knows both H and L, but are shifting to H. (German-speaking Belgium) Speakers of H rule over phd coursework in malaysia, speakers of L (colonial Paraguay. A completely egalitarian speech community, where there is no language variation. (Humanity before the Tower of Babel) Hudson (1990) has pointed out that Fishman#146;s reformulation of the concept of diglossia is problematic, because the direction of language evolution in a classic diglossic situation is opposite to that in africa essay 2012 the case of widespread bilingualism. Ferguson#146;s diglossia: L/H Æ L. The Low variety takes over the outdated High variety; in Greece for example, Katharévusa has been modified over the years to reflect much more closely the vernacular currently in use.

The same phenomenon has occurred in the Arabic world. Fishman#146;s diglossia: L/H Æ H. The Low variety loses ground to organisational, the superposed High variety; in almost all situations of societal bilingualism, the contest 2012, L language loses ground to the H language. The H language is usually spoken by those in economic and political power. In the the birthmark theme, United States, some Spanish-speakers reserve their languages for africa contest 2012, different functions, Spanish in the home and English in public. This is similar to the birthmark theme essay, classic diglossia, but over time, Spanish gives way to English. Children end up learning the H variety and leaving the L variety behind. By the fourth generation following immigration, the contest, traditional language is present only in small ways: phrases and in malaysia, a few cultural features are all that remain.

Individual Bilingualism - The existence in the mind of an individual of two (native) languages; as Fishman conceives of it, a psycholinguistic phenomenon. Societal Bilingualism - The use in a society of two languages; conceivably, there could be a society in contest which two languages are used but where relatively few individuals are actually bilingual; as Fishman conceives of the birthmark theme essay, it, a sociolinguistic phenomenon. Stable Bilingualism - The persistence of bilingualism in a society over a period of several generations. Although no situation of bilingualism is perfectly stable, Paraguay constitutes one of the most interesting examples of this phenomenon. Over the last nearly 50 years, the relative proportions of contest 2012, monolingualism in Spanish and Guaraní and of Spanish-Guaraní bilingualism have remained essentially unchanged; however, the census figures mask a highly dynamic situation. Intergenerational Language Shift - The successive loss of the traditional language by younger generations. Typical Pattern of Intergenerational Language Shift in Immigrant Communities: first generation - Immigrants dominant in home language and know host language of host country to varying degrees.

second generation - Children of organisational essay, immigrants born in or who move to host country before age 16 often fluent bilinguals. third generation - Children of bilinguals may learn traditional language, aspassive bilinguals, understanding only and dominant in contest 2012 the host language. fourth generation - Children of passive bilinguals have no competence in robert frost fire research traditional language, except phrases and isolated words. code-switching - changing from one language to another: Sometimes I start a sentence in English, y luego termino en espanol. situational switching - a change in topic, person, or place could lead to a switch from africa 2012, one variety to the other. metaphorical switching - a switch from Ranamål to organisational structure of tesco essay, Bokmål in a public setting could have the effect of signalling solidarity between the interlocutors. code-mixing - speaking in one language, but using pieces from another. Shopper - ?Dónde está el thin-sliced bread? Clerk - Está en aisle three, sobre el second shelf, en el wrapper rojo. style-shifting - variation within a language (changing between Standard English and African-American Vernacular) language borrowing - permanent incorporation of words from one language into the lexicon of another language.

Many English words come from other languages: domain analysis - Domains of verbal interaction may be defined in part by person, place, social context (situation or level of formality) and topic. Sociologists of language analyze language choice by africa essay, domains. Varieties in a diglossic or bilingual situation are functionally differentiated by domain. place - location of conversation (topic); this is the birthmark theme essay, probably the most significant defining element of a given domain. Language choice in bilingual situations (and diglossic situations) changes according to essay contest 2012, place of in malaysia, discourse. Which of the essay 2012, places below would be more likely a setting for letter, use of Spanish in the US? person - roles of interlocutors in africa contest 2012 a conversation; these roles tend to structure, be played in certain settings, which in turn are associated with a given language; in a situation of Spanish-English bilingualism in the US, where would the following roles be played, and in what languages would communication occur?

context, or level of formality (also referred to as situation) - language choice depends on the social context. Looking at africa essay, the examples below, you might speculate as to which language, Spanish or English, would be used in phd coursework a given context in the US. evening meal (formal, at home) lunchtime chat (informal, in government cafeteria) pillow talk (intimate, at essay, home) introduction (formal, in neighborhood) arraignment (formal, in court) topic, or subject of business internship letter, conversation - topics tend to be discussed in given circumstances, and in bilingual situations, a given language will be used to discuss a given topic. cost of vegetables. reason for africa contest 2012, tardiness. whether evidence proves guilt. documentation of deductions. speech accommodation theory - All people have at least a few styles in their linguistic repertoire. Then they must make choices about which variety to use with a given person in music a given situation to realize a certain goal. linguistic repertoire - the linguistic varieties that an individual has at her or his disposal. speech accommodation - adjustments that one makes to africa essay 2012, speech in response to the speech of another.

convergence - the planet venus, choice of a language variety to make communication easier, to essay 2012, show solidarity. foreigner talk - use of circumlocutions, paraphrase, concrete words, simplified syntax and morphology, more standard pronunciation, raising one's voice. motherese or baby talk - simplified language designed to be comprehensible to a child. divergence - the choice of organisational essay, a language variety meant to essay 2012, make communication more difficult, to show sociocultural distance; a native speaker may speed up, use abstract words or words that are known to be difficult to understand to nonnatives, or lower the volume of speech. An example of internship cover letter, societal bilingualism (or Fishman-like diglossia) Frisian (summarized in Fasold 1984) Friesland, a province in northeastern Holland, is bilingual: Dutch-Frisian. Frisian is notable for being the contest 2012, closest linguistic cousin of the English language. Population - 550,000 (4% of the music internship cover letter, Netherlands)

Religion - First church service in Frisian held in 1915; first Frisian Bible published in 1943. Frisian 83% speak; 97% understand; 69% read; 11% write. Dutch and Frisian not mutually intelligible. Dutch and Frisian in a situation of Fishman-type diglossia, but with functional leakage . The following data (from Pietersen 1978, reproduced in Fasold 1984)) are from a survey by the Frisian Academy in 1969. At that time, as shown below, 28% of the africa, leaders surveyed used Frisian at home with the family. Nearly all farmers used Frisian at home. Theme Essay! All of the groups surveyed reported using more Dutch with notables (ministers and doctors, for example), but even in essay contest the more formal context, Frisian is used. The situation is certainly not perfectly diglossic, even in Fishman#146;s sense, but the robert fire and ice, pattern is clearly one that relegates Frisian to africa contest 2012, more informal situations and Dutch to more formal situations. A hallmark of business internship letter, diglossia, according to Hudson#146;s interpretation of Ferguson#146;s conceptualization of the africa contest, phenomenon, is that variation in language use depends not on who you are but instead on robert frost and ice research the social situation in which you find yourself. In the bilingual situation in Friesland, who you are certainly does have an impact on essay 2012 language use.

People of higher social class tend to use Dutch, even in the home, whereas people of lower social class tend to use Frisian, even in formal situations. functional leakage - partial overlap of language uses in a diglossic or bilingual situation: in Friesland, leaders use Dutch in informal situations and farmers use Frisian in formal situations. History of Frisian Language Policy. 1907, study of Frisian allowed outside of music business cover letter, school. 1937, Frisian allowed as school subject. 1938, Frisian Academy established. 1955, Frisian allowed in the courts (spoken only)

1972, Frisian obligatory in schools, beginning in 1980. Determination - Determination refers to africa, the decision-making process that is used to decide what languages will be promoted in a country or province. Dutch is music business internship letter, used for most public purposes, and has been historically. Standardization, Orthography and Vocabulary - Frisian is basically a spoken but it also written and used to publish books. Government - Government is in Dutch, Frisian allowed in courts. Education - Frisian required in primary schools; Dutch predominates.

Frisian-medium education does no harm, although progress in Dutch is slower for first three years. Frisian is a well developed small-group standard language. Educational language planning follows social and political rather than educational criteria. Criteria - Fasold (1984) states that if educational benefit were the criterion, the Frisian language program would be an unnecessary expense, because all children know Dutch; the africa essay, benefit is political. Attitudes - Frisian rated more highly than Dutch; there is an active Frisian preservation movement. Nevertheless, it is important to recognize that the language is associated with rural values and the farming life. In Friesland cities such as Leeuwarden, Dutch is heavily predominant. The most significant example of societal bilingualism in the US involves Spanish and English.

Think of attitudes in the US towards Spanish. Are they the same as in Friesland? Why do you suppose bilingualism provokes such an uproar in the US when in Friesland the situation is apparently much more positive? (Hint: Consider the organisational structure of tesco, historical relationship and 2012, linguistic relationship between the two languages involved.) Some Data on US Spanish-English Bilingualism. The claims published by proponents of official US English that US Hispanics are refusing to learn English are examined here in light of data produced in academic research and by the US Bureau of the Census. The purpose of this analysis is to use little-understood sociolinguistic aspects of national US English-Spanish bilingualism to refute incontrovertibly the claims of ict coursework, many official English boosters, but at the same time to contest 2012, reveal the dynamic effect of essay planet, change in language use on ethnolinguistic identity. In 1990, of the 230,445,777 persons in the U.S. who were age five or. Mother tongue of U.S. citizens 5 years and over who speak a language other than English. Number of U.S. Africa Contest 2012! citizens 5 years and over who speak a language other than English. Number of U.S. citizens 5 years and over who do not speak English #145;very well#146; Percent who do not speak English #145;very well#146;

Table 1. In Malaysia! US Language Use, 1990 (Persons 5 years and over: 230,445,777) over, 31,844,979 spoke a language other than English at home (see Table 1). Of these, 13,982,502, or approximately 6% of the U.S. population reported not speaking the English at the level #145;very well.#146; The census bureau reports that over contest 2012, 75% of nonnative English speakers claim to speak English at least #145;well#146;. This means that of the 32 million non-native speakers of English, slightly fewer than eight million, or 3.5% reported speaking English less than #145;well.#146; Even someone who reports that his or her English is only #145;fair#146; can hardly considered to be a non-English-speaker, so this method of determining acceptable English proficiency is conservative. Nonetheless, even using this conservative estimate, 96.5% of the country speaks English #145;well#146; or #145;very well.#146; Within this national context, the figures in Table 1 show that while the proportion of US Hispanics who report speaking English #145;very well#146; is somewhat higher than that of the total population of non-English-mother-tongue Americans, a higher proportion of the organisational essay, US population of contest, Asian/Pacific origin is of limited English proficiency (as defined by this overly conservative method).

The figures in Table 1 also reveal that although speakers of many other languages were also living in ict coursework and immigrating to the United States, speakers of africa essay contest 2012, Spanish constituted the overwhelming majority of individuals claiming a language other than English as their mother tongue. Bills, Hernández-Chávez and Hudson have refined a number of relevant measures which simplify the job of understanding language shift. The most basic and easily understood is and ice research paper, count , which is simply the total number of essay, individuals in a given group . In Table 2 the U.S. and U.S. Hispanic counts are presented. The figures are indeed striking. The historic increase in the numbers of United States Hispanics that occurred during the last decade was actually eclipsed in some respects by essay, the increase in Hispanics during the seventies, which alerted the supporters of official English to the challenge that their language faced.

In 1970, the essay contest 2012, total U.S. population count was 203,302,031, and Hispanic density , defined by Bills, Hernández-Chávez and Hudson as the proportion of the population that is of Hispanic origin , stood at only 3.9% (see Table 2). Music Business Letter! Just over 12% of those Hispanics had immigrated to africa contest 2012, theUnited States during the previous decade. By 1980, of the planet, total U.S. population of africa essay, 226,545,580, 6.4% was Hispanic. The Hispanic population had increased by a2 level, 5,536,017 to 14,608,673. United States Count (USC) Hispanic Density (HC/USC) Hispanic Immigrant Count (HIC)

Hispanic Immigrant Density (HIC/USC) Table 2. U.S. Hispanic Count and Density, 1970-1990. The data on the increase in the U.S. Hispanic count may be analyzed in greater detail in order to allow for a more complete understanding of this important demographic shift of the seventies (see Table 3). By comparing the essay, 1970 and 1980 figures on density and count, we can derive two rates of increase . The first is an increase in Hispanic count, calculated by expressing the music business cover letter, difference between the essay contest, 1980 and 1970 figures as a proportion of the essay on the planet venus, 1970 count: 14,608,673-9,072,602)/9,072,602 = .61. Multiplying this figure by 100 allows one to express the increase as a percentage of the 1970 figure: 61%.

The rate of increase in Hispanic count dropped to 50% in africa essay 2012 the next decade. A second rate of increase is in what Bills, Hernández-Chávez, Hudson, refer to as 'density,' that is, the percentage of the entire population that is Hispanic (see density figures in phd coursework in malaysia Table 2). The rate of increase in Hispanic density from 1970 to 1980 was 64%. During the next decade the rate of increase was much less at 38%. Another factor that has contributed to the perception in the early eighties that the population of U.S. Hispanics, especially Spanish-speaking Hispanics, was increasing rapidly, was the tremendous influx of essay contest, immigrants to essay on the planet, the United States. In 1970, only 0.5% of the U.S. population had migrated from Hispanic countries during the africa essay, previous decade (this is labeled Hispanic Immigrant Density in Table 2).

In 1980, 0.6% of the U.S. population had migrated from essay on the planet venus, Hispanic countries. Africa Contest 2012! Table 3 shows the increase from 1970 to 1980 in Hispanic immigrant density to be 20%. Certainly this increase was even more noticeable in border states. Hispanic Immigrant Count. Hispanic Immigrant Density. Table 3. Rates of Increase in U.S.

Hispanic and Hispanic Immigrant Count and Density, 1970-1990 . These figures are also important in explaining the nascent fear in the early eighties that English was under siege, since recent immigrants typically do not speak English as well as those who have lived here ten or more years. Structure! During the eighties, the increase in Hispanic immigrant count and africa essay, density was even more dramatic, and lends further support to ict coursework, the idea that the increased linguistic evidence of Hispanic presence fueled the anti-immigrant and English-only movements of the eighties. What is especially remarkable about the data in Table 3 is the africa essay contest, large difference between Hispanic and Hispanic immigrant rates of increase. Whereas the rate of increase in total Hispanic count and density dropped, the rate of increase in Hispanic immigrant count and density rose. To the casual observer, the effect was a notable increase in the use of Spanish in the United States during the seventies and robert frost fire and ice, especially during the eighties. The above analysis of the effect of rising Hispanic and Hispanic immigrant count and density shows the basis of some of the fears of those associated with U.S. ENGLISH, but an important question has been left unanswered.

Are U.S. Hispanics clinging to their mother tongue? Hispanic count and density are not direct measures of essay, language behavior and therefore cannot be used to answer this question. Bills, Hernández-Chávez, and Hudson identify two useful measures of language maintenance and shift by Hispanics. They include Spanish loyalty , the proportion of a group that is Spanish speaking ; and frost fire research, Spanish retention , the ratio of youth loyalty to adult loyalty . Data on loyalty and retention based on U. S. census data are presented in Table 4. These measures can be used to present a more accurate picture of africa, maintenance of Spanish in the United States. A glance a Table 4 will reveal that among young and old Hispanics alike, the vast majority report using Spanish. During the 1980 census, approximately 11,117,000 Spanish speakers were counted. This figure was later revised upward to 11,549,000. Of these individuals, a total of a2 level, 2,952,000 aged 5-17 spoke Spanish. The total population of Hispanic youth between ages 5 and 17 was 3,965,000, so their level of language loyalty was 74%. In 1990, 4,142,000 youths between the ages of 5 and 17 were reported to speak Spanish.

Since there were 5,370,000 Hispanic youths, that represents a loyalty coefficient of 77%, an interesting increase in youth language loyalty of 3.6%, but hardly the massive shift fears about which were expressed repeatedly in U . S . ENGLISH Update . The data from the adult population directly contradicts claims that Hispanics are turning away from English. In 1980, out of a total of 8,981,000 U.S. Africa Contest! Hispanic adults (18 and older), 8,164,000 spoke Spanish, a language loyalty rate of 91%. Music Business Letter! In 1990, out of a total adult Hispanic population of 14,956,000, 12,770,000 spoke Spanish, so the adult loyalty rate dropped to 85%. The figures in Table 4 show that the rate of retention (referred to on the chart as #145;youth/adult loyalty#146;) of Spanish has actually increased by just over essay contest, 10%. Since retention is the ict coursework, ratio of africa contest 2012, youth loyalty to adult loyalty, the increase to a large extent is and ice research paper, due to the decrease in africa essay adult loyalty, which makes retention by the younger generation appear all the more striking. This calls for caution in comparative use of the retention ratio when adult loyalty is not constant. Data on the birthmark Hispanic and Spanish-speaking count, density, and loyalty probably serve only to africa contest 2012, confirm the fears of U.S. ENGLISH boosters, and indeed they have embraced the new figures as evidence to bolster their cause. 16 The statistics welcomed by U.S.

English were merely increases in non-native count and density, which are not good measures of language maintenance. Even measures of language maintenance do not provide an adequate response to what is perhaps the most ardent claim by music business internship letter, supporters of official English, that Spanish speakers have stopped learning English. In order to answer the question of U.S. limited English proficiency (LEP), 1980 data are analyzed first. Essay Contest 2012! A section follows to clarify the problem of comparability of 1980 and 1990 census summary data. Finally, Total Hispanic Count 5 years old and over. Total Spanish Speaker Count 5 years old and over. Total Language Loyalty.

Hispanic Count 5-17 years. Spanish Speaker Count 5-17 years. Youth Language Loyalty. Hispanic Count 18 years old and over. Spanish Speaker Count 18 years old and over. Adult Language Loyalty. Youth/Adult Loyalty Ratio. Table 4 - Changes in U.S. Hispanic and Spanish Speaker Count, Loyalty, and on the, Retention, 1980-1990.

1990 data are analyzed and compared with those of 1980. Data on the issue of Hispanic ability in africa essay 2012 English are displayed in Table 5. The bureau of the census provided summary data on those Spanish speakers who reported no difficulty with English in 1980. Of the 14,609,000 Hispanics, approximately 11,117,000 age five and music internship letter, older reported speaking Spanish, and 2,708,000 (24% of Spanish speakers, 18% of all Hispanics, and 1% of the U.S. population) reported difficulty with English. During the essay contest 2012, previous decade, approximately 1,408,000 Hispanics had immigrated to US. Assuming that recently immigrated Hispanics have difficulty with English, by subtracting the theme, number of africa contest, recent immigrants from the total number of LEP Hispanics, a core of 1,300,000 long-term LEP (LTLEP) speakers of Spanish can be identified. To the extent that the assumption concerning the English ability of immigrants is wrong, the number of enduring monolingual Spanish speakers could be even greater. The procedure establishes a minimum limit to the count of LTLEP, the occurrence of music business, which may be due to linguistic isolation, economic marginalization, lack of motivation, or lack of educational opportunity. Just as other counts are not useful indicators of language maintenance or shift, the LTLEP alone is not adequate. Three indices of LTLEP density need to be derived.

The number of non-immigrant Spanish-speaking Hispanics is derived simply by subtracting the number of immigrants from the Spanish-speaking Hispanic total. Dividing the LTLEP count by this figure, we obtain an africa contest 2012, index of LTLEP density among non-immigrant Spanish-speaking Hispanics of 13%. This is an important figure, for it responds to the fear that supporters of official English had in the early eighties that those who had lived for an extended period of time in theme essay the U.S. and essay contest, persisted in using Spanish were rejecting English. That fear is simply unfounded. 87% of long-term U.S. Hispanic residents have no problem whatsoever with English. It is certainly not accurate to assert that because 13% of resident Hispanics have trouble with English that the entire minority is turning its back on English.

Critics of the US Hispanic presence almost unfailingly refers to all Hispanics without distinguishing on the basis of ability in Spanish, so it is appropriate that an index of LTLEP density among all Hispanics should be calculated. As can be seen in Table 5, the result is organisational of tesco essay, .09 or 9%. This figure takes into account the fact that many Hispanics do not speak any Spanish at all, a fact that is certainly not emphasized by those who whip up fear against Spanish-speakers and their descendents. Finally, since critics of bilingualism publicize the putative threat that the Hispanic refusal to learn English represents to national unity, it is important to contest, calculate the proportion of U.S. citizens who are Spanish-speaking LTLEP. The 1.3 million LTLEP Spanish speakers in the birthmark essay 1980 represented just under 6/10ths of one percent of the essay 2012, American population.

This, plus the a2 level ict coursework, newly arrived immigrants, in concrete, demographic terms, was the size of the threat that was faced in the US in the early nineties. Census statistics are found in widely disseminated publications such as the africa 2012, World Almanac or the Statistical Abstract of the United States . Since the 1980 summary described Hispanic ability in English in terms of reporting no difficulty with English, and the 1990 summary described Hispanic ability in the birthmark theme English in terms of not speaking English #145;very well,#146; the impression caused is that Hispanic ability in English has declined over the last decade. Rate of Increase. Total Hispanic Count. Total Spanish-Speaking Hispanic Count.

Non-Immigrant Spanish-Speaking Hispanic Count. Total Immigrant Count. Total Hispanic LEP Count. LEP Density among All Hispanic Spanish-Speakers. LEP Density among All Hispanics. Spanish-Speaking LEP Density in U.S.

Population. Total Spanish-Speaking LTLEP Count. LTLEP Density among Non-Immigrant Spanish-Speaking Hispanics. LTLEP Density among All Hispanics. Spanish-Speaking LTLEP Density among All U.S. Population. Table 5. Africa 2012! Hispanic Limited English Proficiency and music business cover, Long-Term Limited English Proficiency, 1980-1990. It is now easy to confuse two different statements about language ability. U.S. citizens in 1990 were asked to locate their language ability along a dimension ranging from #145;very poor#146; to #145;very well.#146; The 38% of Hispanics who did not choose the category #145;very well#146; did not necessarily rate themselves as #145;very poor,#146; #145;poor#146; or even #145;fair#146; (refer again to Table 1). In fact, as noted above, according to Barringer the bureau of the census reports that when the category #145;well#146; is added, the number of English speakers among non-native Americans jumps to 75%.

It is this figure which will be used below to calculate 1990 Hispanic LEP. The problems of comparability notwithstanding, a reasonable procedure can be formulated to determine in contest 2012 a future study the extent to which Hispanics and others who have been in in malaysia the United States for a decade or more continue to be limited in English proficiency (LEP). Using the census estimate that 75% of nonnative speakers of English speak the language #145;well#146; or #145;very well,#146; we can assume conservatively that 4,228,000 of the 16,912,000 Spanish-speaking Hispanics were LEP in essay 1990. Note that this figure is the birthmark theme essay, only roughly comparable with the 1980 census summary statistics, which reported ability in africa terms of having no difficulty. Until more detailed summaries are available from the census, indices of LEP and LTLEP density will have to be based on these more conservative figures. The data on the birthmark LEP and LTLEP density from essay, 1980 are even more revealing in comparison with those of the subsequent census. In 1990, as shown in Table 5, 21,900,000 of the the birthmark essay, total U.S. Africa! population of robert frost and ice, 248,710,000 was Hispanic.

The 4,228,000 Hispanics who in 1990 reported speaking English less than #145;very well#146; or #145;well,#146; represented only a slight increase in LEP among Hispanics (6%); however, in the United States the increase in LEP Hispanics jumped 100%. The huge increase in Spanish LEP as a percentage of the africa contest 2012, U.S. population was due largely to the 2,799,000 Hispanics who had immigrated during the previous decade. When this figure is subtracted from the LEP count, only 1,537,000 Hispanics are LTLEP, an 18% increase over the LTLEP count from the previous decade. Reiterating the essay planet venus, limited usefulness of count for essay, determining language maintenance and shift, we turn to the figures on planet LTLEP density. LTLEP density among non-immigrant Hispanics actually dropped , as did LTLEP density among all Hispanics. Whereas LEP increased 100% in the U.S. as a whole, LTLEP increased only essay, 9%. Many Americans worried about the imagined Hispanic refusal to essay venus, learn English when in fact the percentage of LTLEP Hispanics dropped by 15%. The statistical analysis of the census above reveals two facts germane to the issue of essay 2012, U.S. ENGLISH perceptions of sociolinguistic reality.

The first fact is the difference between adult and youth language loyalty evident from Table 4. This interesting attitudinal change was reported in the New York Times to be documented in a study of 5000 eighth and ninth grade children of immigrants, by Johns Hopkins sociologist Alejandro Portes, who discovered high ratings of self-proficiency in English among Mexican-Americans and Cuban-Americans (85% and 99%, respectively). Phd Coursework In Malaysia! These figures for Mexican-American children, in fact, correspond nearly exactly to the 1980 census data that indicated that 85% of Hispanic youth reported no difficulty with English. Essay Contest! These figures indicate that there has been no shift from a2 level, English. Portes makes the discovery in contest 2012 his study that 56% of the Mexican-American children prefer Spanish over English, despite their high level of English proficiency. The census analysis also reveals a striking difference between LTLEP density among Hispanics and in the U.S. as a whole. The impressive progress in English by Hispanics resident in the U.S. for ten years or longer has been completely overshadowed by the historic increase in Hispanic immigrants.

Table 6 presents data which shows that the rate of immigration remained relatively steady during the sixties and seventies. During the last decade the rate of immigration doubled. A series of events conspired to drive Hispanics to the U.S. in search of economic and political refuge. Frost And Ice! Fully two-thirds of the increase, one million immigrants, came from Mexico, which during the eighties endured a prolonged economic crisis. Political upheavals in Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Columbia added another 330,000.

The real culprits responsible for essay contest, the historic increase in the birthmark theme essay the number of Spanish speakers are poverty and war. Table 6. Africa Essay! Hispanic Immigration to the United States, 1960-1990 (not included: Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay)